3.4 Mesh Analysis Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing cir- cuits, using mesh currents as the cireuit variables. Using mesh currents Recall that a loop is a closed path with no node passed more than once. Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given For example, the circuit in Fig. 3.15(a) has two crossing branches, but it can be redrawn as in Fig. 3.15(b). Hence, the circuit in Fig. 3.15(a) is planar. However, the circuit in Fig. 3.16 is nonplanar, because there is no way to redraw it and avoid the branches crossing. Nonplanar cir- cuits can be handled using nodal analysis, but they will not be con- sidered in this text. 1A 1A 22 28 19 3a 4a 1a 52 62 sq 52 6a 42 8a 72 ) 82 72 Figure 3.15 (a) A planar circuit with crossing branches, (b) the same circuit redrawn with no cross fa) ing branches.Steps to Determine Mesh Currents: 1. Assign mesh currents i, i, ..., i to the n meshes. 2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. 3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents. For the citcuit in Fig. 3.18, find the branch currents 1, J, and Jy using. Examples ‘mesh analysis, 1 L 4 52 2 62 AWWWWe first obtain the mesh currents using KVL. For mesh 1, =15 + 5i, + 10(i, — 4) + 10=0 or 3i) — 2 = 1 (3.5.1) For mesh 2, 6iy + 4i, + 10(i2 — iy) — 10 = 0 or iy = 2-1 (3.5.2) HM METHOD 1 Using the substitution method, we substitute Eq. (3.5.2) into Eq, (3.5.1), and write 6i9-3-2%=1 4S %=1A From Eq. (3.5.2), i) = 2i7 — 1 = 2-1 = 1A. Thus, h=i=1A. bh=bh=1A, k= -h=0 Use mesh analysis to find the current J, in the circuit of Fig. 3.20. 4 fy —. A — Von 7 was ) S20 4Q 2av ©) Cy) Ras Cs) OaSolution: We apply KVL to the three meshes in turn. For mesh 1, —24 + 10(i — in) + 12(i, — 3) = 0 or 1li, — 5iz — 613 = 12 For mesh 2, 241, + 4( — i53) + 10( — 4) = 0 or —Si, + 19% — 213 = 0 For mesh 3, Al, + 12(i3 — i) + 40 — b) = 0 But at node A, J, = i, — in, so that ACG) — is) + 1203 — 1) + 403 — H) = 0 or i) —ip +21; =0 Ai _ 432 _ Aa _ 144 i) = Sb = =“ = 225A i = = 0.75 A nA 192 7 A 192 : — _ As _ 288 _ i= A > Jon TSA™ GASEM When a current source exists only in one mesh: the circuit in Fig. 3.22, for example. We set i) = —5 A and write a mesh equation for the other mesh in the usual way; that is, “10+ 4, +6, —-4)=0 = _{=-2A GAN MI CASE 2 When a current source exists between two meshes: Con- der the circuit in Fig. 3.23(a), for example. We create a supermesh by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it, as shown in Fig. 3.23(b). Thus, 42 3Q Figure 3.22 A circuit with a current source. 40 @ elements Figure 3.23 (a) Two meshes having a current source in common, (b) a supermesh, created by excluding the current source.However, a supermesh must satisfy KVL like any other mesh. Therefore, applying KVL to the supermesh in Fig. 3.23(b) gives 20 + 61) + 10/2 + 4i2 = 0 6i, + 14i, = 20 3.18) We apply KCL to a node in the branch where the two meshes inter- sect. Applying KCL to node 0 in Fig. 3.23(a) gives b=i +6 (3.19) Solving Eqs. (3.18) and (3.19), we get = -3.2A, b= 28A 3.20) Note the following properties of a supermesh: 1. The current source in the supermesh provides the constraint equa- tion necessary to solve for the mesh currents. 2. A supermesh has no current of its own. 3. A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL. For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find /, to i, using mesh analysis. 22 > at te 6a sa (a) vv Figure 3.24 For Example 3.7.Note that meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh since they have an independent current source in common. Also, meshes 2 and 3 form another supermesh because they have a dependent current source in common. The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger supermesh as shown. Applying KVL to the larger supermesh, 2i, + 4i; + 8(i; — iy) + 67, = 0 or i, + 3i, + 61; — 4i, = 0 (3.7.1) For the independent current source, we apply KCL to node P: ip =i, +5 (3.7.2) For the dependent current source, we apply KCL to node Q: b =i; +31, But J, = —iy, hence, iy = is — 3ig (3.7.3) Applying KVL in mesh 4, 2ig + Big — 45) + 10 = 0 or Sig — 4iy = -5 (3.7.4) From Eqs. (3.7.1) to (3.7.4), = -T5A, f= -25A, =3.93A, ig=2.143A 3.33 Which of the circuits in Fig. 3.82 is planar? For the planar circuit, redraw the circuits with no crossing branches.20 32 S40 50 62 2a (a) 30 40 5a 20 12 ) 29 42 32 30 rr Ar 1a fan 6a AA— 2A 4Q W- 32 52 s 20 19 WW AM 7 Wy 10 19 $ S30 62 WV (+ 5a 40 AW3.59 Rework Prob. 3.30 using mesh analysis. 3.30 Using nodal analysis, find v, and J, in the circuit 120V 402 102 it 202 1o0v @) S ° 3 may CO) For loop 1, -100 + 30i; — 20i2 + 4vo = 0, where vo = 80is or 5= 1.Sij — in + 16i3 dd) For the supermesh, 60i2 — 20i; — 120 + 80is - 4 vo = 0, where vo = 80is or 6=-i) + 3in— 125 2) Also, 2[o = i3— ip and Io = b, hence, 3i2 = is GB)