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    1.02 - Foundation Part 1

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    Sweta Balakrishna
    This document provides an overview of key physics and math topics relevant to communications systems, including: 1. Electromagnetism concepts like electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, and how changing electric and magnetic fields interact. 2. Common wave properties like frequency, wavelength, period, angular frequency, and the relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength. 3. Representing signals using basic waveforms like sine waves and combining them to represent more complex signals.

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    1.02 - Foundation Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Sweta Balakrishna
    11 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of key physics and math topics relevant to communications systems, including: 1. Electromagnetism concepts like electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, and how changing electric and magnetic fields interact. 2. Common wave properties like frequency, wavelength, period, angular frequency, and the relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength. 3. Representing signals using basic waveforms like sine waves and combining them to represent more complex signals.

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    This document provides an overview of key physics and math topics relevant to communications systems, including: 1. Electromagnetism concepts like electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, and how changing electric and magnetic fields interact. 2. Common wave properties like frequency, wavelength, period, angular frequency, and the relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength. 3. Representing signals using basic waveforms like sine waves and combining them to represent more complex signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views18 pages

    1.02 - Foundation Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Sweta Balakrishna
    This document provides an overview of key physics and math topics relevant to communications systems, including: 1. Electromagnetism concepts like electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, and how changing electric and magnetic fields interact. 2. Common wave properties like frequency, wavelength, period, angular frequency, and the relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength. 3. Representing signals using basic waveforms like sine waves and combining them to represent more complex signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    02.

    Foundation
    Knowledge
    Topics

    Physics Topics Math Topics


    Electromagnetism Logarithms (Base 2 and 10)
    Frequency, wavelength, time and frequency Decibels
    domains Binary and Boolean Algebra
    Basic Transforms (time to Frequency domain) Information theory – Shannon and Nyquist
    Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Impedance
    AC/DC, RMS, Power,
    Basic Circuit Theory
    Key takeaways

    Fundamental laws of physics: Or


    The speed of light is constant – you can’t go any There’s no such thing as a free lunch
    faster (but you can go slower)
    Energy cannot be created or destroyed – 1st
    Law of Thermodynamics
    High energy particles want to give off energy –
    2nd Law of Thermodynamics
    Changing Temperature and Frequency will
    change the channel characteristics
    Range, Bandwidth and Mobility (pick 2)
    Key takeaways
    Electromagnetism

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

    • Electromagnetic wave.
    • E : Electric field vector
    • B : Magnetic field vector
    • Note that E and B are perpendicular and both oscillate in a plane
    perpendicular to the direction of the wave
    Maxwell’s Equations
    Maxwell’s Equations Common Name Explanation
    Gauss’s Law Charge creates electric field

    Gauss’s Law for No magnetic ‘monopoles’


    magnetism

    Faraday’s Law Changing magnetic field creates


    electricity

    Ampere’s Law Changing electric field creates


    magnetism

    Published in 1865 – before we knew light was a wave!


    Maxwell’s Equations
    • Tells us that an electric current
    will produce a magnetic field and
    vice versa.
    • They are critical to
    understanding communications
    systems, particularly antennas
    and induction
    Maxwell’s Equations – Fun Fact
    • By manipulating Maxwells’ Equations, we get an equation for the velocity of an
    EM wave:

    • μ0 is about 0.000001256637061, and


    • ε0 is about 0.0000000000088541878176

    • Turns out ν = speed of light

    • Maxwell had discovered that visible light is an EM wave


    Sine Function (the most basic waveform)

    opposite
    sin 𝜃=¿ ¿
    hypotenuse
    hypotenuse
    opposite adjacent
    cos 𝜃=¿ ¿
    θ hypotenuse
    adjacent
    In a unit circle (r=1)
    In a unit circle – the sine wave
    Frequenc
    y
    1
    𝑓=
    𝑇
    (t) Period (T) (t)
    +Vm +Vm

    t t

    -Vm -Vm

    Low frequency High frequency


    Frequency
    Angular Frequency
    or or
    So that:
    Relationship Between Time and Distance
    Distance and time are related by velocity:
    velocity = distance / time
    In wave propagation:

    The velocity of propagation in space is c = 3x108 ms-1, so:


    or
    Frequency /
    Wavelength
    Example 2.3
    A sinusoidal wave travelling in space has a wavelength of 10 m.
    Calculate its frequency.
    Solution:
    Using Equation (2-12):
    310 8
    f 10 7 Hz  30
     3
     10 MHz

    Example 2.4
    A sinusoidal wave travelling in space has a frequency of 10 MHz.
    Calculate its wavelength.
    Solution:
    Again, using Equation (2-12):

    310 8  30
     10 106 m
    Complex
    Waveforms
    v
    v 7 kHz
    t
    +
    v
    6 kHz
    t t
    +
    v
    5 kHz
    t
    Exampl
    e

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