DIVINE PUBLIC SCHOOL

MOHANAPUR ,GORAKHPUR
CLASS XII- CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL 2023-24
Analysis /Classification of Anions(acid radicals)
Group Group Observation Inference
Reagent
A.Dilute sulphuric acid test
Pinch of salt + 2 ml dil sulphuric acid + heat (if necessary) + now observe the evolved gas
A Dilute H2SO4 (a) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence (CO2) which C𝑂32− (Carbonate)

R
turn lime water milky.

I
(b) Colourless gas with rotten egg like smell (H2S) which turns S2- (sulphide)

S
lead acetate paper black.
(c) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur (SO2) which turns S𝑂32− (Sulphite)

H
acidified dichromate paper green.

S
(d) Brown coloured gas (NO2) which turns ferrous sulphate N𝑂2− (Nitrite)
solution black or brown.

A CH3COO-(Acetate)
(e) Colourless gas with vinegar like smell.

K
B. conc. sulphuric acid test

A
Pinch of salt + 2 ml conc. sulphuric acid + heat (if necessary) + now observe the evolved gas
B Conc. H2SO4 (a) Colourless pungent smelling gas (HCl) which gives white Cl– (Chloride)

Y
dense fumes with glass rod dipped in NH4OH.

B 1 4
(b) Violet coloured vapours (I2) which turns starch paper blue. I– (Iodide)

N 87
O 6
(c) Reddish brown gas (NO2) having pungent smell (On adding N𝑂3− (Nitrate)

I
copper turning, fumes becomes intense)

T 0 Br– (Bromide)

LU 30 5
(d) Brown colour gas with pungent smell (Br2) which turns starch
paper yellow.

O 9
(e) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence C2𝑂42− (Oxalate)

S
(CO + CO2) which turns lime water milky and burns on the
mouth of test tube with blue flame.

A M C. No specific reagent( acid independent radicals)

X S𝑂42− (sulphate)
Salt + HNO3 White ppt. of BaSO4 is formed.

E
+ dil.BaCl2
Salt + conc, Cannary yellow ppt. of phospho ammonium molybdate P𝑂43−
HNO3 + boil (NH4)3 PO4.12 MoO3 . 6H2O (phosphate)
+Ammonium
molybdate
3(NH3)4MoO4

1
 Classification of cations (basic or metallic radicals)

Group Group reagent Cations Ppt Colour

+
zero No NH4 Smell of NH3
1 Dil HCl Pb2+ PbCl2
Ag+ AgCl White
Hg22+ Hg2Cl2
2 H2S in presence of Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+ , Cd2+ PbS Black
dil . HCl CuS Black
As2S3 Yellow
CdS Yellow

Fe3+ , Al3+ , Cr3+

I R
S
3 NH4Cl in presence of Hydroxides
NH4OH Fe(OH)3 Reddish brown

H
Al(OH)3 Gelatinous white
Cr(OH)3 Green ppt

A S
K
4 H2S gas in presence Co2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+ , Zn2+ Sulphides

A
of NH4Cl+ NH4OH CoS Black
NiS Black

Y
MnS Flesh/buff colour

4
ZnS Dirty white

B
5 (NH4)4CO3 in Ba2+ , Sr2+ , Ca2+

1
Carbonates

N 87
presence of NH4Cl+ BaCO3 White
NH4OH SrCO3 White

I O 6
CaCO3 White
6 Na2HPO4 in presence Mg2+ MgNH4PO4 White

T 0
of NH4Cl+ NH4OH

LU 30 5
S O 9
A M
E X

2
 EXPERIMENT No. – 10
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic(anion) and basic (cation) radical.
Apparatus and Chemical required:- Test tube , boiling tube , test tube holder , test tube stand ,filter paper , delivery
tube , distilled water, dilute/conc. H2SO4, beakers, ,funnel, spirit lamp / gas burner, reagents , glass rod, spatula , wash
bottle , watch glass.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ ions are absent)
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH4+ may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water

R
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+ , Ba2+ ,Sr2+ ,Pb2+ , Zn2+absent)

Test for Acidic Radical

SI
H
Preliminary test:
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 colourless gas with brisk

A S
Group A anion (C𝑂32− may be

K
effervescence present)

A
Confirmatory test :
2. Pass the evolved gas into lime water milky C𝑂32− Confirmed

Y
lime water by passing tube

B 4
3. MgSO4 Test : White ppt of MgCO3 C𝑂32− Confirmed

1
Salt solution + MgSO4

N 87
O 6
Test for Basic Radical

I
Preliminary Test:

T 0
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1.
2. Place a red litmus on the
LU 30
Salt solution + NaOH + Heat
5 Smell of Ammonia
Red litmus turns blue
Zero group (NH4 + )present
NH4 + present

O 9
mouth of test tube

S
Confirmatory Test:
3. NaOH Test : Smell of NH3 NH4 + Confirmed

M
Salt Solution + NaOH + white dense fumes of NH4Cl are formed

A
Heat Bring a glass rod
dipped in dil HCl

X
4. Nessler Test: Salt solution + Reddish brown ppt is formed NH4 + Confirmed

E
NaOH + Nessler’s reagent
Chemical Reactions for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
(NH4)2CO3 + dil.H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + CO2 ↑+ H2O
Confirmative Test
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Milky (white ppt)

(NH4)2CO3 + MgSO4 →MgCO3 ↓+ (NH4)2SO4

Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)
NH3 + red litmus → litmus turn blue
Confirmative Test :
NaOH Test :
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 (g)
3
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(Dense white fumes)
Nessler’s Test :
(NH4)2CO3 + 2KOH → K2CO3 + H2O + NH3
2K2HgI4 + 3KOH+ NH3 → NH2HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
(Nessler’s Reagent) Iodide of Millon’s base
( Brown ppt.)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - C𝑂32−
Basic Radical : NH4 +
Precaution:
1. Use a apron , an eye protector and hand gloves while working in the laboratory .

I R
S
2. Never taste a chemical
3. Never point the test tubes towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding any reagent.

H
4. Keep your working place clean and do not throw filter paper in sink.

S
5. Use dustbins for throwing waste .

A
6. Wash your hands properly after completion of your laboratory work.

A K
B Y 4
N 87 1
I O 6
T 0
LU 30 5
S O 9
A M
E X