1.

OVERVIEW

AngularJS is an open source, JavaScript based web application development

framework.

Definition of AngularJS as put by its official documentation is as follows:

AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets you use
HTML as your template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express
your application components clearly and succinctly. Its data binding and
dependency injection eliminate much of the code you currently have to write. And
it all happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server
technology.

It was originally developed in 2009 by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now
maintained by Google.

General Features
The most important general features of AngularJS are:
 AngularJS is a efficient framework that can create Rich Internet Applications
(RIA).
 AngularJS provides developers an options to write client side applications
using JavaScript in a clean Model View Controller (MVC) way.
 Applications written in AngularJS are cross-browser compliant. AngularJS
automatically handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser.
 AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of
developers around the world. It is licensed under the Apache license version
2.0.

Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale, high performance, and

easy- to-maintain web applications.

Core Features
The most important core features of AngularJS are:

 Data-binding: It is the automatic synchronization of data between model

and view components.
 Scope: These are objects that refer to the model. They act as a glue
between controller and view.

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 Controller: These are JavaScript functions bound to a particular scope.

 Services: AngularJS comes with several built-in services such as $http to
make a XMLHttpRequests. These are singleton objects which are instantiated
only once in app.
 Filters: These select a subset of items from an array and returns a new array.
 Directives: Directives are markers on DOM elements such as elements,
attributes, css, and more. These can be used to create custom HTML tags
that serve as new, custom widgets. AngularJS has built-in directives such as
ngBind, ngModel etc.
 Templates:These are the rendered view with information from the
controller and model. These can be a single file (such as index.html) or
multiple views in one page using partials.
 Routing: It is concept of switching views.
 Model View Whatever: MVW is a design pattern for dividing an application
into different parts called Model, View, and Controller, each with distinct
responsibilities. AngularJS does not implement MVC in the traditional sense,
but rather something closer to MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel). The Angular
JS team refers it humorously as Model View Whatever.
 Deep Linking: Deep linking allows you to encode the state of application in
the URL so that it can be bookmarked. The application can then be restored
from the URL to the same state.
 Dependency Injection: AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection
subsystem that helps the developer to create,understand, and test the
applications easily.

Concepts
The following diagram depicts some important parts of AngularJS which we will
discuss in detail in the subsequent chapters.

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Advantages of AngularJS
The advantages of AngularJS are:

 AngularJS provides capability to create Single Page Application in a very

clean and maintainable way.
 AngularJS provides data binding capability to HTML. Thus, it gives user a
rich and responsive experience.
 AngularJS code is unit testable.
 AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.
 AngularJS provides reusable components.
 With AngularJS, the developers can achieve more functionality with short
code.
 In AngularJS, views are pure html pages, and controllers written in
JavaScript do the business processing.

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On the top of everything, AngularJS applications can run on all major browsers and
smart phones, including Android and iOS based phones/tablets.

Disadvantages of AngulaJS
Though AngularJS comes with a lot of merits, here are some points of concern:

 Not Secure : Being JavaScript only framework, application written in

AngularJS are not safe. Server side authentication and authorization is must
to keep an application secure.
 Not degradable: If the user of your application disables JavaScript, then
nothing would be visible, except the basic page.

AngularJS Directives
The AngularJS framework can be divided into three major parts:

 ng-app : This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model : This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to
HTML input controls.
 ng-bind : This directive binds the AngularJS application data to HTML tags.

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 2. ENVIRONMENT Angular JS Tutorial

This chapter describes how to set up AngularJS library to be used in web application
development. It also briefly describes the directory structure and its contents.

When you open the link https://angularjs.org/, you will see there are two options to
download AngularJS library:

 View on GitHub- By clicking on this button, you are diverted to GitHub and
get all the latest scripts.
 Download- By clicking on this button, a screen you get to see a dialog box
shown as:

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This screen offers various options for selecting Angular JS as follows:

 Downloading and hosting files locally

o There are two different options : Legacy and Latest. The names
themselves are self descriptive. The Legacy has version less than
1.2.x and the Latest come with version 1.3.x.
o We can also go with the minimized, uncompressed, or zipped version.
 CDN access: You also have access to a CDN. The CDN gives you access
around the world to regional data centres. In this case, the Google host. This
means, using CDN transfers the responsibility of hosting files from your own
servers to a series of external ones. This also offers an advantage that if the
visitor of your web page has already downloaded a copy of AngularJS from
the same CDN, there is no need to re-download it.

We are using the CDN versions of the library throughout this tutorial.

Example
Now let us write a simple example using AngularJS library. Let us create an HTML
filemyfirstexample.html shown as below:

<!doctype html>

<html>

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<head>

<script
src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.0-
beta.17/angular.min.js"></script>

</head>

<body ng-app="myapp">

<div ng-controller="HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>

</div>

<script>

angular.module("myapp", [])

.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {

$scope.helloTo = {};

$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";

});

</script>

</body>

</html>
Let us go through the above code in detail:

Include AngularJS
We include the AngularJS JavaScript file in the HTML page so that we can use it:

<head>

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">
</script>

</head>

You can check the latest version of AngularJS on its official website.

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Point to AngularJS app

Next, it is required to tell which part of HTML contains the AngularJS app. You can
do this by adding the ng-app attribute to the root HTML element of the AngularJS
app. You can either add it to html element or body element as shown below:

<body ng-app="myapp">

</body>

View
The view is this part:

<div ng-controller="HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Tutorialspoint!</h2>

</div>

ng-controller tells AngularJS which controller to use with this view. helloTo.title
tells AngularJS to write the model value named helloTo.title in HTML at this
location.

Controller
The controller part is:

<script>

angular.module("myapp", [])

.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {

$scope.helloTo = {};

$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";

});

</script>

This code registers a controller function named HelloController in the angular

module named myapp. We will study more about modules and controllers in their
respective chapters. The controller function is registered in angular via the
angular.module(...).controller(...) function call.

The $scope parameter model is passed to the controller function. The controller
function adds a helloTo JavaScript object, and in that object it adds a title field.

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Execution
Save the above code as myfirstexample.html and open it in any browser. You get
to see the following output:

What happens when the page is loaded in the browser ? Let us see:

 HTML document is loaded into the browser, and evaluated by the browser.
 AngularJS JavaScript file is loaded, the angular global object is created.
 The JavaScript which registers controller functions is executed.
 Next, AngularJS scans through the HTML to search for AngularJS apps as
well as views.
 Once the view is located, it connects that view to the corresponding
controller function.
 Next, AngularJS executes the controller functions.
 It then renders the views with data from the model populated by the
controller. The page is now ready.

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3. MVC ARCHITECTURE Angular JS Tutorial

Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern

for developing web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the
following three parts:

 Model - It is the lowest level of the pattern responsible for maintaining data.
 View - It is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user.
 Controller - It is a software Code that controls the interactions between the
Model and View.

MVC is popular as it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and
supports separation of concerns. The controller receives all requests for the
application and then works with the model to prepare any data needed by the
view. The view then uses the data prepared by the controller to generate a final
presentable response. The MVC abstraction can be graphically represented as
follows.

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The model
The model is responsible for managing application data. It responds to the request
from view and to the instructions from controller to update itself.

The view
A presentation of data in a particular format, triggered by the controller's decision
to present the data. They are script-based template systems such as JSP, ASP, PHP
and very easy to integrate with AJAX technology.

The controller
The controller responds to user input and performs interactions on the data model
objects. The controller receives input, validates it, and then performs business
operations that modify the state of the data model.

AngularJS is a MVC based framework. In the coming chapters, let us see how
AngularJS uses MVC methodology.

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4. FIRST APPLICATION Angular JS Tutorial

Before creating actual Hello World ! application using AngularJS, let us see the
parts of a AngularJS application. An AngularJS application consists of following
three important parts:

 ng-app : This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model : This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to
HTML input controls.
 ng-bind : This directive binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.

Creating AngularJS Application

Step 1: Load framework
Being a pure JavaScript framework, it can be added using <Script> tag.

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">

</script>

Step 2: Define AngularJS application using ng-app directive.

<div ng-app="">

...

</div>

Step 3: Define a model name using ng-model directive.

<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>

Step 4: Bind the value of above model defined using ng-bind

directive.

<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>

Executing AngularJS Application

Use the above mentioned three steps in an HTML page.

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testAngularJS.htm

<html>

<title>AngularJS First Application</title>

<body>

<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app="">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>

<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>

</div>

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">
</script>

</body>

</html>

Output
Open the file testAngularJS.htm in a web browser. Enter your name and see the
result.

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How AngularJS integrates with HTML

 The ng-app directive indicates the start of AngularJS application.
 The ng-model directive creates a model variable named name, which can be
used with the HTML page and within the div having ng-app directive.
 The ng-bind then uses the name model to be displayed in the HTML
<span> tag whenever user enters input in the text box.
 Closing </div> tag indicates the end of AngularJS application.

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5. DIRECTIVES Angular JS Tutorial

AngularJS directives are used to extend HTML. They are special attributes starting
with ng-prefix. Let us discuss the following directives:

 ng-app - This directive starts an AngularJS Application.

 ng-init - This directive initializes application data.
 ng-model - This directive defines the model that is variable to be used in
AngularJS.
 ng-repeat - This directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a
collection.

ng-app directive
The ng-app directive starts an AngularJS Application. It defines the root element. It
automatically initializes or bootstraps the application when the web page
containing AngularJS Application is loaded. It is also used to load various AngularJS
modules in AngularJS Application. In the following example, we define a default
AngularJS application using ng-app attribute of a <div> element.

<div ng-app="">

...

</div>

ng-init directive
The ng-init directive initializes an AngularJS Application data. It is used to assign
values to the variables. In the following example, we initialize an array of
countries. We use JSON syntax to define the array of countries.

<div ng-app="" ng-init="countries=[{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'},

{locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">

...

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</div>

ng-model directive
The ng-model directive defines the model/variable to be used in AngularJS
Application. In the following example, we define a model named name.

<div ng-app="">

...

<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>

</div>

ng-repeat directive
ng-repeat directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a collection. In the
following example, we iterate over the array of countries.

<div ng-app="">

...

<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<ol>

<li ng-repeat="country in countries">

{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}

</li>

</ol>

</div>

Example
The following example shows the use of all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.htm

<html>

<title>AngularJS Directives</title>

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<body>

<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app="" ng-init="countries=[{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'},

{locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">

<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>

<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>

<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>

<ol>

<li ng-repeat="country in countries">

{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}

</li>

</ol>

</div>

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">
</script>

</body>

</html>

Output
Open the file testAngularJS.htm in a web browser. Enter your name and see the
result.

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