igital Elechronics DEVARAKONDA SURESH JAHNAVI

’ Siqna: A Aunc ,that

Tepreients the Var
vo
tati on
ponamet
phyal quanty wtth any
Upect to

Sqnal ?s vaniaion of with

elecntead quantitylv e)) tirme.
Analog gnal: can deftne
deftne any
any valu oithin întesval

Qiscete ttme Stqnau : Can dettne foY diseyete tine inteval

(nubser ot analog sqnal).

Siqital S9hali- Heve, we mepreent both time magnituade.
to fed nmbey
Voe divide the magnttude 0
af levels and the stanals Can take Value equal to

these value hevels ony

Need of iqital Stqnal;
nAll Neal lide stqnals arre onolog
wed in Lornmunicari on process tD
Sqtal siqnal
minimige the efet of oise (unwanted Srgnal)
qood when noise s Smalu
Drgital sgnal
Intoduction of digital qnal i
muuibit
|Qigttal
syiem
cormpure s
fraley calulaloY Analog out
watch

Ggttal nyiern

modulu

easte unít (Aoqic qtu)

ciauitatranstftoYA, es isto Ys, Caparitos)
 AAvantage of digtal Siqnal anaog:
|Ovolt 'o"OEF"
Nose immuity
¬ncyptton
Hrciency is high fov ld dtitanu tran1mission
noo4 fevels
342 not
BoitChs
m no of bts
3-digit 3-bit
numbe1 numbeY
$7 o-s(1 switth)
’S bit Ibyte OV, 5V
O-5( a Sottehs)
Tnhodu ctton to Boolean Alqebia i
It is the Set of uules wed tu m‘, aceunay 1.
símpltty the givern kogic epression
wthout HS funetonalíty
It S changinq
UJed ohen noof vantables ane leS5.
Qules:

i) Complernent i A Complement (not n) T

CNoT)

""AND: (both tlp gho wd htah

+0R
"’AND

’A. 0
 area ‘, speud‘ Cost ’
qate) hadwane(l Reducthon
of ’
[c+]]
+BJ A[B+c minimigation: Advantage
of
tABC ABc +ABY- 3)
lauo: Morqan1 Dei)
NOTAND,
0R
+BC Ac
Jauwi Asoiat
tve (Vi)
te
A). (A+ law?Connutartre ()
+AB=
t3) =
tc) A+b)"
(A (6.c)
= A+ -’
AcAB+ A(B+c)
tv)0shburtue
lawi
=
A +0 A ~
hgh) ahould
be tlp leither
one oR: i1)
Eq' ) Y(A+ B+c)ln+õ +e)(9t8tt)|- (ntB)
tot)(A+5)(A13)(A1E
AH+o).(+B+c) (A+0).(ô +0)
(A+B). (+btc)

= AiBtAC (A')Be
Redundanay heoemt
’ mee vantables
Cach Vontable ts Yepeatd tie = ABlrtc)+ Ac(rHB)
One vaniabe tS Cornpementol
TakeMea
the dlont
Corplumentel that
yaniabyoY= AB+AC
Y- Ae +Ac+oedundant teY

Vedund ant

yedundaut
F= (At) "(5+c) vedinada

11 al vantably ane complementd than tke

non -comdamuuel term
F AB + A
Jum o poduct (sop fom): (ued ohen the olp s 7
Kotal no04 combinationg
n= noo vani abl e X

m
m+

fym) standavd (o) Canontcal Sop Joom

(becaus e we d'nectty ottten fom
uth tábu).
|Minteyms +50p|
FA) Bc) mom4 +m5tm6tm4
zm(a 4i576)
F= AbC+ 9Bc + nac +iC+ AB"C

= ABC+ A[8+6)
7

hoinimal soP fomtec

yEach minteYn doeu hot have all the
Vantables noYm al complemunttd fom
but in Canonical /stand and sop fom each mîn te Ym
is having al the vaniables fn normal oY
Cornplementtd torm leq: f= hB+ AB+ÃB here we hare

Foto ay Simplids the

e pessibn fot
Y(9B)= Zm(o,2/3)
m2 motmg n3
= Bt A8+
AB
Can aol
praduct of sum (pos) :
- pos fom is wed ohenthh olp is"o

0 I 0 | | M2

4 M5
M6
Y= (a+6+c). (9+8+a)·(a tB+)» Stándand
cononical/.
3 marntema
pos foh
pos Sop Y= (Are,c)-T(MO, MI, M3)
Ye (a+6+e)" (At+T)
Y- (atB) (A+B+)

Y=(A+&).(a+7) Minimal pos tom

A
Mo 0O
M, 0 1
Y- a+8)·( Standad pos tom
(Cn can onilal pos
Tom each maR h
Y-B Mtnimal turny wi|) baN e al the
vafableu (tn nomd/
Y- T(MI,M3) Compl menttd fom)
o minimal p0s
Poduct Vice veua
Y- TIMU,3)
Sop fom- More fND
qate
pol fom i-Moe DR
qate
Op 4 pos fom ample

Y
Pob,c) Zolmlo, ,,ms,m6,ma)
Testnumberf

Y(n 8.c) : TM(415)

Sop: Y hC t
JJop tomo
m I
-

Y= ABC+ Ab (T1c)+ A8(C+c)

Y ABc+ ABtAB

YAc+6 - Mînimal sop fomm

Pas:
Y=(A+84T)" ( "( wianonital
pas forr
Y-(te+8)·(F+6+c.)

Y- (o+)· (Bt')>Minimal foi tomy

Mintmal to Cononi ta torm Convesston

Mi Ma
Y AB C
Step-I: houo many voniables :3
what ae they A0.c

Ate p-a:
Y- A(at)- (C+) +
Mi Av

tep3: see enanpe Ye fAe+AB). Cct)+

BCA+ cA
a F-(a+8tt) (õ+c) Y=98.c+ AB.+
t) A , C A8Ct ABC+
Sarne A+ 8CÔ:
|) fem -I
c
+8cA

- (BCpet B).(+C+8) anonteal pos

Q an a minimal sop tom the numbea ot mine
in ogal npiean on t5C aTe 5

F=D utop eianple)

With 2 Vont abex mainum possibu mintm £
mantey ade:
a" = mtn/ max ma
4 mor po Mible min B mad tm are the e.
O foy nD, wha is the total no b4 Logital
ngital piem10 n
Lno o vaitobu

16 Jogtcal enp

h noc varsiably
n4 A 6 5536
eupienton
toral noo! logital

Positve and Neqative oqtc:

tve Coqiu ~Ve loqic
5Hghe oitage ’Hiqher voltage
Comepond to Coneponda to
Aogic o
’Jaes voltaqe
Comupoolt to 6TYesponda to
Logie'o' dogic '1'
5V’Loqfc's'
Aogc
Logic
dogic -o6V
ADgte Posttye gtc v
 Qual tom: OR
+ve loqie DR
qote AB
’
¬-ve ogic ORoR qae
We-ve LLI1
L)
LLL
LH 44
ve loic DNO qate-ye loqlc L HL H
AND qat
-ye logicOR

DI

ve Logic ANO 9at = Jgic oR gau

dogic ANO
yeve ogie qati

Self Qual:
’for any sogtcal engression , a tiies dual gre the
ACAme epeion.
One tÉme dua gTve4
’ tn sel4 dual epeAion
the Jame erpreanion
Qual

F- (A+B+) (A + tc) (Atete)

F (A-g)+ (A8)+C:9
Bel?ual:

B+c) +(A +)
(Aie))
(A+B+)
At
A V=
tAB F:AB
= A-o}
t) (At5)- F- A-fareri}
0-fo}
+5) - U-{a,e,i,Duy
)
Complement:
+B+
AC BA Y
Y-(B+(ã.).
(+)
(A+t) (B+8).
neYa+B)·
fual Seli
,
then
4
many an- how ableyn-vant
y posS pot aneare at du eH se
 Venn Oacq1om i B=0
nw0 yoniablu (A,B)

Mintmi the sop epeaion foY Ahadd ne gio

a)

G=

(A8+8cHcn)E/e
Bc
AC
 Soitchinq cheuit :
MSotte vorniableA +
N’ ombinattory
M=lo9 |OFFo
ION'

Seste port alll

B |v(bub)
+

NAND:
OR:
8Ylyl) +

dettetu7
Ex OR; Codd %
A B
A
o

ioqic
y
¬X NOR: ogie

AlBtc) logic o

A-(erc)TY

Y ACB+c)"D
 Atalment. probeo!
) omtde a Loqic Ctait lth 3 flp ard C olp s
Thig)
oY the
tollouing
hu A0R Y Bc4ñ+ABC+ ABC
() A and C ne
() A and c ane falueac

(tv) P BC on e -fale A--C

Minimi ze the unction Y.
2) Y tor the

() T Y- AB+ ABc+A BC
B’f

t1) 4T (B+ B(c +T))

3) A dogic cxt have 83 ?lps

PlpA AB 4c he outputiF is high
ohen the majonity ot tlpA anfe Logic |.
a) Minimige the func
b) 4mpleMent the Crt
49l: oA c|F f= A Be+n8C +ABcHBC

F 8(AC+ H)+ Ac
f 8c+n)+Ac)
D f= 6c+ BA+ Ac
 lx1 Ox2t |x16+0x8tI
+X4
0x2+1x29+
ditta 6ihony
"brta". a7e (o)
Cald /rad4
2 ease
1},
foNoqtens - Brnany
eO)6 342)1o- (4
digira
(634 b (9342)10 no0f total
(t892)0-’ Ni>N Ne
q:
adi?
pastiory ewetqh t90+2t000+800 4342=
bad
cn LS
3-tDd ereeiA dtvdidb
Codu LGay Unwetqhed codex &yntem
4 ’Numbe
Binmy, Cdecimal, wetghtd
0l,2,3 4-
-0,|,2 -l6decimal Hera
&9,A ,3,45/6,
9A
B 5
e, 6/ 2,3,4 - 12
O,, uodcimal-
5)6+819 4,2,, -0, Decimal- Ib
-0t2)3,4,56,1 al ct
(a-) to O () Gaue Name
lo) nadiz
quantiy pieent ne
tued Valuat
t0 of Set defnea
a Number
SyiSyttmem Nombn
 B#0e
we change LSe (no uch ehange)
CHwe thange (Atmost eveaything otil change
b4 ba bb bo

Srnalest untt 0+ dlta

|Nibble 4b t

I8yte
ldoub

e9noy Recima
ConveioM;- Becinalottal Binnyoctal
Henadecimal hena deß m
Recimal Biny
octal Bfnony e1adctmalecimal
Hezadctmal hena ducfmal.

Qecimal +o
to Binoy octal hena dactrnal : -
for ihteqeY port s- weiqhted dtvtaíon
for troactionad ponnt we fohe d. mutipltCarion;
to Bi e) Ci3), -(2 ),
6 LSB

3
MSB

eq2) (25625)o ’ 100l-01),

2l25
2 LSB
6

stop 6625- l0)

 9 to 0 (1), 60 ), O(2s.62 s)o (31 s0)
O625X-io00
3
I-6

oG25 X1G I00000

Broy to Decimal: Biqaly octal tlexade trnal

to
Decima
weiqhttd mutplrcaupD
JoiOIæxnt+bx2x'+ox2'+1 xX2+

- l6 +0+y H0+l++4

4915
H to i

162 16
= 1Bx6l0x16+4x16+ 4x16l
= 2tl6 +16 0tI3 + o2
29895
 Octal to irny etnery t ottal t

:
+legadectma to Binany & nny to hexadeetmal
C00 1010 ||n0-001110,
+ to B:
(Cns"30)is

ID00100l y00
8
Hea to Dctal:.
Detal to h a
Binay to he NQ:
to octal? betal to
hen a tD Binony
(652)eC
(65 Cuo1o10 o),
 tate boDo
Binoy hddttion: 1u bhraC1on:
In24+1x2oxS+Ix2+x2

Cany Yum (3-1) x

Jum Cony (-) Ox2 41*22
,o
()|I0 + 1x2

Binay Mutipltcatfon -

( )I x |

(a ()

Bingy ivtston:
101b>||0
2X2

1010

I10x1

lto (0001)+0
Ocral addtion OCtal multiplcaton
T) 56 4
()
2 | 2 (t) X| 2
103 ost
10=X8+2

L 1404.
Octal ubhgctioh H=9 (6) 3 5
R13-||
56 4 265
334
&x2+1
&x143
( 6X16
&X143
|0 6 -
Hexadecimal fddTtiop:
| ) S6q
4S4 pA p 16 x149 Hern adecfrna subta #on
4 BF D A ) q654
24
16x I48 (53 2 )
4 333
Hezoducimal Multpltcatton 3+16= tq-

=2t-12
I2 58 C |5
(K)
3E C F
4 68
24’ l6XI+
l6xi+4

20H*
2116x1+5
Ts Complement- n's5Conplement (adia complepent
14 Conmpumen Cdiminihud 1adin
Complumen)
ued to Stmpy luaactton operattor
e omp of (1o |DN5640
Ad
Deteamtne 104
formul a : nN A conplement
Complement
ADhry=10, N=5690
N qiven nu.
n= 4
n total nood digita 10t-5690 t31 0,
3) N t6845 4) N1101)
2) N= II01
a'A comp de tkomihe sh (omp
1D-4641 105-|o1|
=t00000 -+689S (32),-1ol n-
4 o
= 23105 =(10000o)- 110|
o10000D 10000-|01

+1-nconpumant: n Comp H)' comp

t'a Comp
16 Comp
Dctalnc

x = (4096/0-[6 4-1
(z(0000564
(7-js
2103
r-)'^conmp +í= q4 Comp- bomow invelskd
NO bono) Operatlon
ordded AD)4 omp ot S6Y +
a103t1= 2104
 o10
O1D60I10

+|

Ahotul o o' comp:

tep i: alt down the
qiven umbe
Aepa:Atantng hom LSB copy all Comp
or00too
the 3e04 tll the it 1 :
Jhps: Copy the
the inst 1 o00

Atep4 Complemend au the

emaiing
Rata
epeentarion uing Srned Magnitude :
Data epseveNation

Magpitude Complemet

stqned
+We both te -Ve

4 ep eentaioD +Ve no a repetaod

orh Tange har ep 4-bit, 010D0 +6=
fon vange tohave wil
tationsepiesen nepstgrnedue betng -q weou
bit (nemben
4 bes nepratted-
I000 8 becan't thiA
but oil, qet we
t9, Tor cDp nuoith (-9
ve 0101 +5- t1)
to -8 w)
eonga)to to -5 1hart001l of+4=e
4 n (bitn) n6 fe noA
+32 to-32
,iange ot
îxt23 becauae
3ea0 one Only 101o00 -23
oI f)+23
-4-101|
oI0| =| -I0
(i)
rang
bitn (4
++ to ’- n=4
--6
o|0 =+6 ranqs
mplement: 9tv)
hre -o=)thi we
0000J -I6-
t3/ 3| - Comel oves) to
1?1) onp
+4 to ’- n4 ?4
+{3 to -(3= P
O10 =+6
ange
ttIS -I5 =01|01l
n=5
munt comple ( (0)
+13 (ft)
^epeent Coant =-6
btSign 1Dn-4 -0l +6
Magnitudei stgneod Magnitude- gned Dbl
 Binny ubiaction uing 1 omplement :
SI: Coneat numbes to be kubhacüd to Ph 4
A-B At(-B
Cormple ment fovm
pefovm the addt tion.
*S3:)T4 the tnal comy ts , then add tt tb the
Atep2, Cend nound crn)
Dbtafd tn
Obtaîned
44 the final Cors o so'then eut
() 04 the A comp tom
ngatte
(oto)- (i 100)
S B ||00

A+CB) 0D +1000 A+-b) -

finottocany
So ddd nesit Rest Obtaind. J000

Binany Aub uing a'n Conypument:

S: Corveat no to be Aubhactd to t: O (10o)-(o 100)
itn shcomp ovm
: petor m additjon
I001
S): (1) fc n then rerut n tve
n=4
(t) Fc inO, then e t - Ve anqe i-tb
&0, we
torn) negleg tae fC
th en
Note: Neqlect fic tn at comp Dves-to
Cie don't wntt fc In am)
not inange
X Conditton toy
ovestioo
ane the Sqn bit 0+
1 iA the Stn bit o4
7 y z +7.4z o(No OVe stto
- 1(ove9tHow)
Co|0), -Cio w)a

no fic , n e t u ve în
gh comp tom

)
 ~
\4Je t<J hted
c.od~
1 t 1
Se~nrfal
Cede,
~:8i~ fa; ft:il
' I
. 84:iJ €icS -o
e~ •··

• Oe-Jlectf'ie
C'a:lfA:
q--:,Co""f> ~o
fAse-st reacJ /
f '

t:.(
I
I
l?-:1 c.o mp t>J-1
t,
.. ' l j
\'lecl m tU - ~411 Coclt
D 0000-
1 OOOl
2 0010 t '
·3 OOI I
' I

-t 01 00 I

S- to f I
t' f I 00 ·

\ C, I o I
l 1 1t 0
' f ( '

'lo.·

r'·· ..
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.
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.

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 8'?n00~ eocltcl ~ cimaJ ~ ) CA:)c:te.·~ Ct4-?. I toc!L) I

➔ eo..ch d.tcin--aJ. di~U- I';\

b'J a -4- -btt- bYna"'1J nlJ,
'lepoeAeAft.d
(o-9)
u'Uf' run~
-- P~Tti'Ona.J. wetQIAl- ~(1 ~•4 .,. J.. - 1
<0e.cimC\l. l?)c.()t~ 4 :>. 1
0 ~000
t 000 I e,co C(:)(UJ ,1o,
2 0010
2> 0011 dttitf\o.l dr~i '1-
1- 0 I Ob
5" 0101
('., 0 II 0
i- 0 ( I I
R f O OD
I OO I
9
to
tJ
o o o t oa o -f- 'f-.f-Y.,.
O O OI DOI O clori t ta'1 (?/.,
0

0 DO\ 0 ¢, II ' f n-.JcJ. l d..

ooororo .
oootoJOI I 1 f 1
.I lo f' ir.c1ec"·
n ()C.~ f;;:7

corWe..lj\Dn o} de.tirncJ to _g>:- . ~ ,1

~:f ~~Q-+~ _,,_ (ooo 101111c_
0
(n) ( 1<h),. ➔ @oo I o1 01 o11 O,su.-i
0001 otll . ·
' IU. ec..v to clL c1 rnru. :-
~r,..-~SVH.QO ~ ~ - -

~: U) \!_ 0 I O9) 2,W _, (_ t 4 ) ro l19 Q__0 0 I OO j)[bCD -J (_ l-f 9 ) 10

o 1oorool
Lt q
~~il\ij ~nrl q.

· ~ BC~ tA ~, e..Hrrreru- .
fuo-n 8in~ .
I \I , - 000 I O I O I ~ 'fl'i it-N. rncutl ope1YatW')A,
1
a,e d.i-l-Jt~
•
 '
t I
IOI 0
l1ti) l__i) 10 +(q), 0
I +- 01 1 0
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00010 000 - t
1DOO
I r o · · ...
1001
----
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t
1
l OO_DJ
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~<?£1 > Cs~J
f
+(:is)
, I /
('\urn::- I c 9 0101 0 I J J . ' .
f \ C. ~ I \·t) 0 010 011 0 I .'

cJ JI ' 1..iJ21
10001
. 0 I I O ,'
~ --------C 13 >Cf I co..ry !. O
,. -------- ~~'j · t10 oci~ I ,
1 r~ -.
00010 11' II t I t ,

~
G-1- fo1 ~ "B11
OJJ1 flOI
I dd 2~,"
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roo{2.0 t 11 Q II OJ
-~ ~ ffl'A

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1£__Corwt~ B ~ to_l3 cQ : .
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0 e'l'o.JiO{\f- 'i'e""" , One.-< , 6001 OlO]

. U\t~·lno.1 ~ . , I J
'/\ V\i4-l- ml I I ~. ~ ti~?
. ~n\<tt-' 0>1 \ . I I •. . '!+ we_ d.o -~ t't~ ~
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0JI . \,Oe '}t.t-· I >1. .
t OI O \
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ooo O O 0 ,0(? 1
0001 · OOOI ·
ooro ooro
OblJ DOIi
oroo oroo
~ 0 J O I I O I I

~,0 I I0 t, DO
0 . fr I t ro,
r r ro r , ro
I It \ t r I I
i
.6 ::c~

~:: 4
I I '
1
e,_a:
_,_• [?>=r) 10 ~ 14- :i. 1 i,J' o t oo t I o'o t r J Q_
2> -=t- 1- -b- \~
oo I I 01 r, r •·

·I
Oe-crmaJ
 ~cfmW BcG t!:1-t ttiti - 3
_
\I.
0 bOOo O000-t-O0 11 ::.- 00 IJ
l

I · 0 00 I · ooo r t-oo" -. 0100

1 oo ro 00) 0 + 001 I; 0 IO I . e_,

.b 00rI O DI I 't-- oo I I c. 0 I I b
4 oroo D l OD + 001 I -=- 0 I I I
1
r- 0 IO i 0101' + ·0011 ::. 100J 1

6 0 rI0 0 l IO + ·0011 -== f . OO I

'
-=r- o rr I 0111 +ooq = tor o
'
t [ 00 D \ 0 OD +: oo I I -= r O I I
Io o f I OD I + 00 I f =- l J 0 o•
f l) :)
°'+J,t>
c~
J{i / "-
oao
+- Ooit
0100 -J n-1
O OI I 'l '.,/{"1_-_; 'lJ t l. -a c.ocif_ ~ . ti,~. D~
( ~) Le, S- 'i ='= f\.lnwe,T~ h.tt_d_ cod~ UJhtr.h ~
/ I '--..
000 10 o0 "~ ,oo o t\ elf- C.O rYflLtru l\.tf '1J
I l I 0011
ll , oo , i o-o r • -If-- w~ w?-w,cuo
loot I ooo 10 1 1
W'b t-W?--+w I +too ::. 9
~ T ll
t '1
~
Q-4-l-l
2--tl.( +'l- H ~q ✓

i+l.ft-':).tl -::..l~ -/=.1

✓ .tt.. °I
.2,- ~- I - t =- i
. ,t+!+I -H .~-9 ✓ .

-,
 ,·& ce~A ... 2, rode • -~ddrtion :
--===- ----
( 2) IO + ['5) I~
eco e'l.-2> ,~, oro,. ~~x-3
l~) 10 ~ o o Jo I
~ o t Ol 10 D q ~~-s
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au

byb bibo bybe bjbo bË bo

-o-o
bsba
10 boa d
bba
bab2
Gontguta
o--oo-o

Ca
n patitng' SrglePain.
Po= bgb, bibot bb b, bo t
- ba by b,bot b¡b,b, be +
- ba b¡ b,bo + bsb,b, bo +
bz ba by bo t babab bo
P, b.bo bz ba thabs) P. B,b, (bibo t bi bo) t
+ b,0bo ( bsba tbba) b,B,(b,botbibo) +
Po =by Obo(bba)+ bsb, (bi bo +bjbol+
b,Obo (bs ba) bs bs (b, bot (bsbo)a
Po (b.b (bob)+
Po babs'(bi 9 bo) +
bz b, Cb,O b)+

Po = (6t bo) (bba) bgb, lb6 be

TPo bo bOb20bB
Seven Seqment play deuodar : (0 o 4)
b ba bi boa b c d e fqlep
TO)oI 0 000 el. d

b
bo
lis b
Heqmen
|ba deod
bz
10 O

onr Cane fof |4 H

a seven Egment
displayduoduy
NOw o a nucl

\bibo
bgba 101
|2

a= bg tbi+ bbo + bo b.

batbzt by +bo b- b +bibo tb, +b, bo

d b +b,bp tb¡ by t
ba bË tbb bo
e: bb t+b, bo
q= b+ b2b1 tabi tbi
 CombinaTOnal Ns Soquanttal i
o Rs depende on
OJp ts ONy duperdnt pieent lp past olp
pierent lp
eq: ountey
+ prevfouA Olp

/prerolp
memony

4ve)

: nemoyl

HAIF ADDER;
to add siqnu bit no.
Soesn't take camy tom piev tum
Sum
canyuut
S= AOB
CofB
Cout
 tul addu
Cout Sum
Ctn -Comy
(Cour
out
fot Sum
Chee bo0vd Con

o Cout

Cout BCn t
ACio+AB

out # (B+5Cto) +ÃBtn

D A(etCi) +Bn

futt addu in Hh
-AOBO Ctn

HA1
Cin

Cin Cour -A+Cin(He9)

AD

Cin
4-bit parnallt ddu uing A :

fum may be
46Tt 07 b+
3 5
So Sbit
Ao Bo

FA Isto A

Tc fnal sum
74Hc283 fox 4-6t tull Adde
o1).
fo bit FP!
Asa A fb
4bit f
Cin

Cour

Sy-9

Ba B6 Bo
tnalau m
HAIF SUBT RHCTOR:
esen
0
-B
bomooaut

bo

dout
full AubnactoYS
bin

Bout

ol oWo
Choelk boand
tontlqunatton
1-6-0-0 ABO Bin

rHA uing AAND

=AABBAD
HA wtng NOR gate s

FA
F# uinq NAND au 3
S- ABO C;
Co AB +C+ (AOB)

AB

$= A BG

A+Cin (AOB)
Dazlo4a)
Jum s4o)
(0s405)
fA urg NOT gola
qak -

HS uing NANS qat

bovey
(A+5)+5
o,
= wa4b)
Naso)
0,

A+
AB
Hs uinq NDR

Full dubhacroi NAND gate ony

02

Bin
8o

(AB0)B; 8r

A+5+(40+B
:)/
 R-Bit Multplier3 muutt plu a bth noh

Bo
ABo
X
Po Ao B0
Ca Ci
P,=piBtAoB)

Po =0
IAo
fJum=XO
AB0 X
xOY

ABtC

I A
B1
Cony dook head addu CeLn addo) mdiet th cany
Gupeio than CA duw to pead
o--- glo o

S S

dourt dapend GatP (G,+PGo+P.AC)

P
Co =62tPa4, tP,60t
popoqation
Cont Pp P, PoC
qerinatoi

Co= GtPCn
Co= 6 t PC) hed C2n fA we ed to
Genat lon; watt oy Co,CI
CG=G; + P: C
but

Co =60+PoC-0 tme of ll Saved

P(Got C)’
Po
C, = G+
Oalt
A0 ho nud t0
dor cat to qehati
i- 3

P,Po C-)
C3- 6 tPal 6tBG, +PaA, 6o +Pa
6a +P6a t Psla + Ps PsP,6ot PaP, P, Po C
Ca

Pe
L

P
G C
P, = A0Bi
Po Ao Bo G Co

min:0t0
Mar :4t9

otO fo000 (o-18)

rom o to Alde
1001
fo000 B,
1001
9
chy op9
Ug
weau adirg
decinal
Which

* heye we
don't
outdu comy
mev dum
Corutdu
Cay thun
19.
dum 0to
Decemal Biray um B( kurm
ss s S c S S, S, So eothar bt
C
D001

11||
Sanea

Jum

(Ws -(s+s)
(m) $t.s
zct+S(s+s)

12

13

14

15 y-bit addy
Juf
16 I00 0 0 S

I00 0
1000
I006
| 1001
19
ablu

(8c0Jun)
Tntoductton to MuaiplererA i- (MUX)
into dom
CombinLional CKt that nelectx bingny to. 0lp 1ine
3lp 1ines diaecta E
ne many
data Selueto

becauu
Ober
Reduu noiot
W
Ckt complezity e coAt MUX
3 mplementarion vantow Ckt wing
untveASal Logte ckt aselectd
Noníabl
S, So = 0 0
th to of)
Selee ttd

then I3 wil)
sele ced
noof
Select LineA
Se noo}
p'% )

81 MuX
16:1 MUX- 4
32: MUY- 5

E 3 Y
X
IoIo
MUY
E
II
Enable

= E(3 IotSI)
4XI MUX:

vlouput)
mlog,t
m-aAeetttd vanTabu MUX

So
S, So y

S,So Ia

SisoTa
8XI MUYS

D=8
S Si So
8X1
mloa! o
MUY

loqic qan alc to egn

MUX hee ((htghes MUX om ooes MOr]
Gmpumnt uinq
X NUX utng axtMUY -
4X Ax (Muk
thun I
h4 9-Qx| MUX
Sequentut

- axIMUY neg to truplumen xIMUY

onu we have
4x1 MUX
..8, So
10
I,

Y=I

MäX uing axI MUX; |S, S,SoY

8x
n2 avatlabL mux
Ovailabu muY t
I

sequre I4

to jnpument
+ 8x1 MU
 (S)
Io

lo

T4

do

lo

SxI MUY uing 4XL MUX:- Lipectal ue)

h = 4

= 5 4xI MUX fo tx1 MUX

it man the lp '0t the
Ra not ued

can't do t noimal Oat

we can do enable.
 Lo I
+ t we ned y-I
thes

S So
8, =0
)4MuK OFF
Iy O4XIMUr

8, 3o wil) ke

S, So than Y=I

O uxI ON Dlp v then G=I

)4 MUX ON

S, So fI| be)
then Y- I+
32 x) MUX uinq &xi MUx Sy Sa S, S, So
Óoo-.-O-..
32 oo--oo..
S S

y ) IJ
 thun N=10
Io

for V= I6, to , 6)

y toy al

:|8X) i we udY= Ic

y =| , that
enase =|
 mplemertarton ot boolean func uing MUY?
Crnpumen F (ArB,eo) z m(i45,t,9,12,13)
uing 4Y| tMuX So=b

A13

ut!

oJ7aEolIs
1
I-eit fA uing MUX 3 doY surn-B=|
46 Cen Cou Chur boand,

A=tB-0
A o ane
selelteol

for tomyautt

&um
C Ct

MUY
C

So
Si
Loqical eupressibn hom MUX:

sx
Y- + AB

Qemu : emultiplexua

Reve eie operation b4 multt ple

eKt o data dytttbutu
One to
to many

tMany
n olp Iinea
9atath

n eleet Iine

select tlPx

SoYo
Yo,
1:2
Y
I 4 0emutipleaes 3 |:4 Deu

S, So Yo Y,
Yi Y,Ya Y
OX X .Y2

Yo E S,ST D
hES, So I

Fuu uohactor ing emukt plez Celti

Bo Ya Y3
Bin

Standond op
RlA, 6,Bin)-Zmt.a,4A
Eml,2,3)
Bo (A, BRin)

Auy bo= YitatY4Y

 Qemux fng 931

Yo

1:2

ecodu - 2:4 duodu uig 134 Qemu

Qemu
[3: eod,

Yo=D
1:4
o
Dem
Ya0
T :4 Aemud
H
tere Q14 peuody o Yo ,. Y, Y
etd vanialdy
RBit Gmpanato
n-bit
’A digttal ompanator a
Gornponato1
(omb CKt dutqneol to tonpne
olp-1B
npuh Dlp fo

A Ao

0)

A Bo
C

Ato

Ato 0001. AAo B, Bo t

00

= Ao Bo B+A16)4

AoBot ho Bo 06)
CA,5,tA81
 to to En CoderS 4daeodexs - (Mcdium sau Ic)
Mhay ane Condb Ckt m" olp
enode1 have n" tlp
funuton of daodas s opp to encodua
p

ym logryp
OPNionity enodu:
it) Qecial to BCA
zlduoda
| t03) octal to Biray ermusd

|iv) Ha to Bny

owet piioiy
T3 I, I o Y Yo Jo
P«¬

then wedon't hare

X0oo
Jo,IT du to Hp

10
Recimal to B0
O encodos -

0 to
0 to 9

Dectrnal
to
entodu

D-649
C=4 5+6+7
B=t3+6+7

nodj
Otal to Binay kLodly
Otoy 2
3
Binag
4 7 t6 t4

Ba
 Hena cecirnal to tnany Enco des
B Ba hl6
fe

m: 4

2 Heg B
6

enoy

A
bo= I+349+ 4H)H3+H
C

B 4t1644 t 2+3H41
49+10+1 H2+13H4+1T
Logte imement

DB0
Fuu oddu tir4 duedu
re
ady: Cinqle Ic but conenttanal retho d qatea
Cost Javed.
paa

uhtast
O Mo

dacodu
m
Cin
00
m
Cot

m?

fa Em(mT,ms m,m) not give antie

neplen
O he cKt Ahon iolou
s(A)8) =S0,2) yexoe qadu oth

Y- AB-0+AD-0+

ilo,3)
 îne CKt beto uw epieent tune X. (n 1bC, 0) ay
z(39,9i0)
b) (3,S AD,4)

AB C
m
C 001

I001 t |000

Zm(3, 8,9, 10)

o A MUX i
Y selita one ot the 'Je veaal flp aNmit t to a
A) YotA The data tom aa
stngle p o Ot many
onn eah dato to pe)tal data
y Corto crt
at same timo
XNOR
AMouldbe
 ttatu m nt to touowng
Ddentlty th Conrect

Can act
a) x+Y
b) y-x -4-6tt addu/
Y-bi
4- uadou Jup
d)y+}
z (4 bit o l p ) E

Vo
Yo t XD
a' op Y
adding ah cop - Sub tt auted Ife
dubtratos
houput V-x Qch y a h

Olp of a/
o Consides the CKt nhown belo.he
the functon q= actbc
ven by aCtbT

fine n
a) x xOR Y
B) YV+ ExY
c) YEtX
d) onu.
 A4T+AB+

X= A9BC + AD2C

lovcuan r alqe a enprenion

an Q$1 MUX

f(ADCZm (350, 1213,14)+d(02)

JDI:
000 )

10
t

S Si So
 Comb ekt with
and ohen the

Dl2 sthe
qre alu than
the lp hn the bfnay tp 4 4156 TT
olp u 9 lean Than the Plo
the binany
d'iety

C= Z
(

MUX as univeASal ktc Cruit ;

OR NOT NND
fND

MUX MUA
AB
MUX

NoR EXNOR
B
B a)
MOX MUX
 Seguentfal Cheuits i
’ me Sequunttal cHuita. the present olp duperda on
the ppelent tlp past ole oY olp4

0ut be faptto ps
tn Sequrtial an gs
CKt evething Combinatun
Conbctt Ckt pat olp
eaupt to stoe
numoy
feudbak feudba Memory
patolp

NANDEATE
SP-latc h < NOR GAte
’ ihe bac Atorag ement s calluod LATCH the
name
&uqgeststt lat Ches
uet
NOR GATE Cae )
gertQ=
3O, Q=D, =|
Gatis
bur BY

ger ae ti
Cae (f)

buti - 17@-0
2 Pos =0 Q1
 tHs tutal
htgh S1qral thre
total 8inal ttme o4Ratio cyca uRuy
to h¡ht
TV co 4 spud Kah CKt matntan Mo
=50 edqe
feading
L T
FF eCIK
SR t
6 tatg
stgnaledqe cocre a hat
d not -0 2 =0
. ’not 0 oS- uol. NOt
lsle'
Caue)s4
ud Nor
beyove) memoy
(al
O0
GALE NONP qatt NDP soY
higening Muthody s leved (ohen evea 3iqrd hgb
chap/ tanaitton
Stati edqeN
omb
labchlFf
memoy
CIk pe

c|k. tVe Low to hla

Llevel senuttvedge senumve. high to louw
-ye
OHienenu bho Larch
tirptopt
S 4n lath
Lbe don't
have corto
()Erable Signal Ce)
out tn iptep
we haWe cIk

R means Latch cant

nable
latch be u ed au ff
Abve Ckt oll act a
) but f£ can be uud cy
?4 enad Aatch
tevel
erable
hiqging:

hecaue

En
mam
Se latchv
when thure
edge tgertng
SR Flrpilop: lateh
SP Aatch with
NAND

not u .

Cx

wed to pevent CKt thum changhg

whn eveg
Mend to
ccintty ofl chorge change

CIK
Rec1e= R+ TE R

nei edg biggeredalcto0

C1K
3 R Ont

Mamet
ihvalid 0
Not id.
Chonactenuttc tatlu
#erctation tabui-!
R SR

X
 ip ttopi e becaue
e need gtve a ilp ohich ane condemented
to each othey thy qne 8 R. 0 n 0ff
ve one lp % tomplumerted o that îlp

an
CIK

|CIit

miam Q=0
elle 3 R

Chon tab:
tacttaton tobe?
Qn D Qnt ivalid

1
JK Iipilop
SRe FF hae fvalid A but we wfl)
Ovescome that probun OlK= o , c k

|1= Ik+ J+
CIR

(NAND
omSRbtes
y
fare ):
J-0, K=l, Q-0 - au tn a m
C
1= Cik +3+y- Cik+K+ Canebr):
d= 0+!+Q4= 0+0+Q
aMume ) -0 =

A0, Gom JR latth T+3tcic

1+T-+T
=0

=0: k.cIE

then, sl ,Y=O

renotibydo on
 Chat table:.
ruth tatL:

eucttarton tabu:

do

Raa asound Cond o iacing in TKfho opi

olP
-nachg

K:l
 CondttCA to o vegome actng: - so'not uud
not pNotltal
< piopagation dulay of Ff
(m tuttad of lovel tgg edqe toigg
(in) Mata 4laye

Mastes slave o4 Tk pttops togy muana

Tacing u unconbolatu Ir ahould togu
which e
Coollabu
tre edqe qgei
edge arggening edge gYTng Matka ilave
Mastro ilpllop igTSa
2slave 4ilptlop

Jtate
Hoved oont
Blarsi4
’ l a e ON

cIK=

044initalu

stave?sON
now 0
eIK
Mattes shye
save Aptto Ps -
3

s,4 same a 6N

CiC
MOt slave X

Do
 char tabu
T-ipttops do TfF
Lttoqgle T

Rmor
KQ
encitatton talou
Odd i
h QnHT deteetoY

X-OR

Fitpftop Convession?
f:f
) unttty avatlable Teg
characterest tate fo ea
3) Mal for aNatlabu fE
encttarton taho to aVatlabe PA
3) Mar
boouan enpression
the ckt

lpfop coves tio

JK dor J
l) citatton taby |i)
to

1) availablu ff= JK

ot
(ty chanactetate tasu

wrie TR theu
SP to ptlop i )ect ation table of SR
ovailole SR TV
T

chan tabl o SR

T
O X

TV

(V)

SK
()fyttatton tabu of sRi
ke
(fv) Gooeon expeALDN

IXo lolx

O x

XD

(
CAL
SR toT: (t) attation tob to Spi- v) foT S:
ano
r i) Chan tor T

X
P foy 2 -

TK to Se -
Fo
aChn sRi SR

Ontt
0 X
K:-R

X-X

X0 K
XX

TK to T fF:
Ovailou Ye

TK T=1
OX
1X
X0
 to SP - (i)f : t0T: (N)-fo :
avoibda ea avaiobu o
Chor Sp Tab
Ey, i) Chon T- eT O
Ont en T
o-x-0->X

C
S
CI

T. D
(it)
¬u Tá£b
(iv) fox:
har - E7]

T= pOBo

T to Sp foY

-
Ho
0-0
T= QnR+ Sn

CI
Piesegt and cleon înputni auynchronou tlpA.
lp'a oT
nhey me dítect tlpa or oves71dirg
be Synchsonou lp ane

preereluarQn
hot
duar 0 6n becouu @n =l ucd

what e vea be the

fe
ynehnounus ?lp nora

,presetlo) PrutO

CIK

clean(o)
Stare table : A tablu telua uu the Telarlon bw
rlent atau nt Atatu ard op.
stau tabbi

ps S

ka an yondoly

ke

Jeg CKr
sOrarm
4stoti
no ot ttpttops
LAtat'
Jk fP we
can

NS
oxE) IX

So si=I
 Qestqn poudue Jo Cked oguuntial CCA -
) A sate dtaq+am ot timtng d(agam gtven,
Ct
descoroles the behaviout of the
ohich.
that s be deitgrud.
1) Obtain the staue tabi
be eduud by statt
) nhe States Can

Neductton mthod
) D0 Atalu airtqhmen (tf uq) uttea ymbo
) Qetemine the no.ot tlpttops e9
Vi) Qectdu the Ype ot Hltop to be
tabe ho Atatr
eLcltaton
vit) eatve the tabu.
wtt ebtaio the eapiexnioo tor ctt Olp $Plpttop p
tr) mplment the )State.
tploolp) tablu

(t) .Ps NS
1=0
QA
D

d /olo

olp otp

Kmilan

brCd to biroy
a alody gven M re thu POtnt
 eciatton tabe
B
4rtp tlop
Ps NS

6n

(:)

A
 Machine
Mealy modalh developecd toi 7epseurtingy
’heve ane

ynohot teq Ckh

tatiMachin.1- o/p u the ur
(0 Mooe CKt/ MOOTe 44tati lp

t) Maaly crt / Maly the oay

the op ?!t! qenealal

(ony op ddune ot ttp)
Moole SBau Machre :

deuod Ps
NS lombloge olp
Cob loqie
CIk.

frdsperdunt

-TA

PerfP

nehtdiqn -Y (olp)
mooe
dagam Y-agt®aty
p omb logYc
Mel ta
 Stat1 machine i- Mhe olo A the fune ot
Mealy
Presen Atat oell Pee
Det Atare
olp
Cornt logc| 4 eornb logte

orth wth ent

Anaksis od doctd Sequuntial Chuét (uith 9 fF)

GA

yole

(1) ttepI: fnd our the tlp e olp 'eqn

Ole
 tep 2: SBatu table
Pst NS

00t0
0

H=0D +0:0=|
& dilpttops 60 4 4taby
Blep 3: Atate diaqiam
ep 13 Plp egna

o/ KA = Qa'
olo lo

a fnays clockudlsoguurtta cKt

Cwtth Jk fP)

D
Atat tabu
ps

--o-o Rtan diaqram

&) =00

00

clocieud Seqeinttal
tralynta of cdocnd
() () TA 7
TA

Te
ytau dtoag Tam

nealy
NS
4
2 To Te
Q--o--o

C
10
PatteYn 01 Sequnu Netecto1i
ben ?lp, ohun the
he She am of bft hu
clK Ps high and port'ula1 parern equuree ty
detetttd.
becomy
oenu dteetcd the olo
hiqh
htgh thun aqain beLpme Low
ovealap
oletecto1
dtele cIK bme Tandoro
e.

atepl' Aata diaqam: (Mualy Mat hine) GJ Ovealappng

Jo= Teet (powes up) () No ÔeAlappiig
S|=0
(so oo
Te?\ate mtqnm nt
($2

3 07 moYe
Jequene detectoY to dutect
Rengn a
CouecttVe
bihh Coming
throngh
do
non 07y
o
frat

S
So=00 1

S 11 11
S|0
Sa=l|
8 tate tabk ;

Ps

cor nt;- DA

fov 4 A
 3}ate Neductton utannt
Bat taLe olo
NS
Ps

b olo
d+

a
yeltmirati
NS olp 0+
3 prelent Atai are NS olp
Can ps
Same thun
ehtinate one Atate
a

o afes eliminatig 9 a d
mare

fd
now, no
NS a
ps £ olo
olo olo
olec
%
Vo
ASm chasti
ttgoithmtc Atata Machine:
olo
Aue box

det ion b0

Cord bol
Vo
olo
4

at
 ASM Chant bi M00IQa achin
olp deperda on ps
g0

11

A’olp:)
-C-olp-0

Synchro no ftynchronow
-’ hese ckta ane di4t to
’feu ckA e eony
dutgn but thuy oe oleiqn but thy not prestn

d
ttmu delay element tu
memory elanintn CFF] a mumoiy element (iate
’ne statun ot mumony ’ fhe otatuy of mameny
alarnent a ate cted ondyvonl change
at the aottve edge any tirn a
CIk
 noduetton t0
Te 2Tc
a divid1 by

u h a o u s

CK e

3 4

TA (hee P no ot.PF
Je=i)
Ve edge
Treg wi

coujt
joromoDtb8.
tb8- i we have

o l6’0 to )5

eippu Aynchonoy
nype o4 Counktvt
<y nehono
CounteM zourte

CaunteA
UPountn(ot-24-) Noun aouney Upldaw
 Aynchoung hppl ynchnenou Cou n
Counte
ConnecHon
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elected o No change
atably
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be harso a deeibed below.

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Cnot epeai)
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C
ABAc, BC
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ct !t mottty commonts 24ed type od PLO
frud OR gma
preammabu NÐ amoy

x(ABc) = }m(&3,5/) - AetfC

By solving
y(nB)Em lo, ,5) K-Maps

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ABC

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btteyamano.

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=3
BO we have to
ta! 3 AND fon
each Cale

total = q AND