MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS

CLASS XI (Theory) - 2021-22

Unit-I: Sets and Functions

1. Sets
Sets and their representations, Empty set, Finite and Infinite sets, Equal sets, Subsets.
Subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations). Power set.
Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets.

2. Relations & Functions

Ordered pairs. Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product
of two finitesets. Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself. Definition of relation,
pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special
type of relation. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range
of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant,
identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest
integer functions, with their graphs.

3. Trigonometric Functions
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and
conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with
the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity cos2x + sin2x = 1, for all x. Signs of
trigonometric functions. Domain and range of trigonometric functions and their
graphs. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their
simple applications. Deducing identities like the following:

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦) ∓ 1

𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = , cot(𝑥 ± 𝑦) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 cot 𝑦 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝛼±𝛽 𝛼∓𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ± sin 𝛽 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2

𝛼+𝛽 α−β
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = −2 sin ( ) sin( )
2 2

Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan2 x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Complex numbers and Quadratic Equations

Need for complex numbers, especially √−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some
of the quadratic equations. Algebraic properties of complex numbers. Statement of

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 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations (with real
coefficients) in the complex number system.

2. Linear Inequalities
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their
representation on the number line. Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two
variables. Graphical method of finding a solutionof system of linear inequalities in two
variables.

3. Permutations & Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. (n!) Permutations and combinations,
simple applications.

4. Sequence & Series

Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression (A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
Geometric Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite
G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M.

Unit-III: Co-ordinate Geometry

1. Straight Lines
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes. Slope of a line and angle
between two lines. Various forms of equations of a line: parallel to axis, point -slope
form, slope-intercept form, two-point form,intercept form and normal form. General
equation of a line. Distance of a point from a line.

2. Conic Sections
Sections of a cone: circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola. Standard equations and
simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Standard equation of a circle.

3. Introduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry

Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions. Coordinates of a point.
Distance between two points and section formula.

Unit-IV: Calculus

1. Limits & Derivatives

Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and
geometrically. Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials and rational functions
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Definition of derivative relate it
to scope of tangent of the curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient
of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions.

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Unit-V: Statistics & Probability

1. Statistics
Measures of Dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation of
ungrouped/grouped data.

2. Probability
Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces (set representation). Events:
occurrence of events, ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events, exhaustive events, mutually
exclusive events. Probability of an event, probability of ‘not’, ‘and’ and ‘or’ events.

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 MATHEMATICS (XII)
CLASS XII (Theory) - 2022-23

Unit-I: Relations & Functions

1. Relations & Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations.
One to one and onto functions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix,
transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on
matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple
properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. On- commutativity of
multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the
zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of
the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and
applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a
square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of
linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three
variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit-III: Calculus

1. Continuity & Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric
functions like sin−1 𝑥, cos −1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions. Concept
of exponential & logarithmic functions.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives.

2. Applications of Derivatives
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing
functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and
second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate
basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real- life situations).

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 3. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions
by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the
following types and problems based on them.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 , ∫ , ∫ , ∫ , ∫ ,
𝑥 ± 𝑎2 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ √𝑎2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite
integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of Integrals
Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/
parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)

5. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential
equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree.
Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞, where p & q are functions of x or constants
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑞, where p and q are functions of y or constants
𝑑𝑦

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and
direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear
vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector,
addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point
dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation,
properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product
of vectors.

2. Three- Dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation
and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle
between two lines.

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Unit-V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function,
optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible
and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions,
optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit-VI: Probability

1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events,
total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution,
mean of random variable.

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