UNIT III.

Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture No.:-27

Transmission Lines Introduction and General Approach

Transmission lines
Transmission line is conductor which takes energy from one point to another point. At
microwave frequencies, the following transmission lines will be employed,

1. Multi conductor lines

• Co-axial lines
• Micro strip lines
• Strip lines
• Slot lines
• Co planner lines

2. Single conductor lines

• Rectangular waveguides
• Circular waveguides
• Ridge waveguide

3. Open boundary structure

• Dielectric rode
• Open waveguides

Multi conductor line support TEM or quasi TEM mode of propagation. The single
conductor lines (waveguides) supports TE or TM waves while open conductor guides can
support a combination of TE or TM modes.

Waveguide:

At frequencies higher than 3GHz, transmission of electromagnetic waves along

transmission lines and cables becomes difficult mainly due to the losses that occur both in
solid dielectric needed to support the conductor and in the conductor themselves. A
metallic tube can be used to transmit electromagnetic wave at these frequencies.

A hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by
successive reflections from the inner walls of tube is called waveguide.

They are used in UHF and microwave regions as an alternative to transmission

lines. It may be noted that, no TEM wave can exist in waveguide but TE and TM waves

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

can exist. Induced currents in the walls of waveguide give rise to power losses and to
minimize this losses, the waveguide wall resistance is made as low as possible. Hence the
inner surface of the waveguide is usually coated with either gold or silver to improve the
conductivity and minimize losses inside waveguide because of roughness. The waveguide
is usually manufactured using copper. The waveguide are generally air filled. They are
superior to the coaxial cables at UHF and higher frequencies, can handle greater power and
possess less resistance.

Types of waveguide:

1. Rectangular
2. Circular
3. Elliptical

Comparison between waveguide and transmission lines

Sr Waveguide Transmission line

No
1 It is hollow metallic structure It is a conductor which is used to carry
through which electric and electrical signal over a long range.
magnetic fields are
transmitted.
2 It can handle large power. It can handle less power.
3 Dielectric losses are lower. Dielectric losses are more.
4 For analysis wave theory is For analysis circuit theory is considered
considered
5 Large surface area Small surface area
6 Radiation copper losses are Radiation copper losses are more.
less.
7 The operating modes are TE The operating modes are TEM or quasi
and TM mode. TEM mode.
8 The Operating frequency is The Operating frequency is up to 18 GHz.
3GHz to 100GHz in
waveguide.
9 It is simple to manufacture Complex to manufacture
10 Large cross section Large cross section transmission line can
waveguide are impractical transmit high power levels.
due to large size and high
cost

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Propagation of waves in waveguide

General approach:

Fig. General Shape Waveguide

The various components of electric field and magnetic fields are related through the Maxwell’s
equations; all the field components cannot be independent. We select some field components as
independent components and express the remaining field components as functions of the chosen
independent components. Without losing generality, if we assume that the wave is moving in z-
direction, the field components which are along the z-direction, have special significance as they
represent the longitudinal field components. The other four field components lie in a plane
transverse to the direction of the wave propagation and hence can be called the transverse

.
components. Since, the longitudinal components have special significance, let us assume and
to be independent and let us express the transverse components in terms of and

Let us first separate the longitudinal and transverse field components and write the total field as

E = E x xˆ + E y yˆ + E z zˆ

H = H x xˆ + H y yˆ + H z zˆ

E = E ⊥ + E z zˆ

H = H ⊥ + H z zˆ

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Where and are vector lying in the transverse plane. and are scaler
quantities as their direction z has been taken out explicitly.

E⊥ = E x xˆ + E y yˆ
H ⊥ = H x xˆ + H y yˆ

Let the differential vector operator ∇ also be split into its transverse and

̂
longitudinal part as

∇ = ∇ +

Where ∇ is derivative vector operator in the transverse plane. In Cartesians

coordinate system

∇ = +

Now substituting for ∇ ,E and H in Maxwell’s equation for the source free
homogenous medium
Using Maxwell’s 2nd equation:

∇ × E = − jωµ H
Using above equations,

∇ × × E⊥ × ̂ =-j H⊥ + ̂
̂

̂ ̂
∇ × E⊥ +∇ × ̂ + × E⊥ + × ̂ = −j H⊥ + ̂ ⋯ 1

In equation (1) we note the following points:

1. Any cross product with ̂ lies in the transverse plane.

2. Cross product of the two vectors in the transverse plane is along ̂ direction and hence

3. Cross product of ̂ × ̂ is identically zero.

represents a longitudinal vector.

̂
−j H ⊥ = = ∇ × ̂ + × E⊥

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

−1 ̂
H⊥ = #∇ × ̂+ × E⊥ $ ⋯ %
j
,+
* *,- *
,
→ × → = )%+ %- % )
.+ .- .
& (

= %- . − % .- *
,+ − %+ . − % .+ *,- − %+ .- − %- .+ *
,

Using Maxwell’s second equation,

∇ × H ⊥ = -j / E⊥

Similarly, form Maxwell’s equation

1 ̂
E⊥ = #∇ × ̂+ × H⊥ $ ⋯ .
j /
From equation A and B =>

1 1 ̂ −1 ̂
E⊥ = ∇ × ̂+ × #∇ × ̂+ × E⊥ $
j / j / j
Bringing the term of E⊥ on the left side of the equation and rearranging the term we get,

̂ −1 ̂
j / E⊥ − ×0 #∇ × ̂+ × E⊥ $1 = ∇ × ̂
j
1 ̂ ̂ 1 ̂
j / E⊥ + × × E⊥ = ∇ × ̂− ×∇ × ̂
j j

Multiplyby– j ,
̂ ̂ ̂
3
/ E⊥ − × × E⊥ = −j ∇ × ̂+ ×∇ × ̂⋯ 4

Using vector triple product identity:

A × B × C = ( A .C ) B − ( A .B )C

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

The term:

× × E⊥ = . E⊥ ̂− .
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
E⊥

=−
5
5
E⊥

The term:
̂ ̂ ̂
×∇ × ̂=# ̂$ ∇ − # ∇ $ ̂

6
=∇

Equation (C)therefore, finally becomes

3
3
/ E⊥ + E⊥ = −j ∇ × ̂ +∇ ⋯ 7
E⊥
3

If we now assume that the wave has propagation constant 8 ,all field components will have z-
direction as : ;< . The derivatives with respect to z can then be written as

≡ −8

3
≡ 83

Substituting for derivatives with respect to z in (D) we get

3
/ E⊥ + 8 3 E⊥ = −j ∇ × ̂ + ∇ −8

Where 3
/ + 8 3 = ℎ3
The transverse electric field can be written as

−j 8
E⊥ =
∇ × ̂ − 3 ∇ ⋯
ℎ 3 ℎ
On similar lines, the transverse magnetic field can be written as

−j / 8
H⊥ =
∇ × ̂ − 3∇ ⋯ ?
ℎ 3 ℎ
For loss-less medium@ = 0 , 8 is purely imaginary,

8 = @ + BC

8 = BC
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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

The expression for the transverse field components in the Cartesian system. The transverse curl
and gradient can be written as
̂
∇ × Ψ ̂ = E 0E
0 0 Ψ
Ψ Ψ
∇ ×Ψ ̂ = −

Ψ Ψ
∇ Ψ= +

Here,Ψ is a scalar function of (x,y,z).Ψcan either be or .

Separation of x and y components in equation (E) and (F) yields

−j BC
= − ⋯ F
+
ℎ3 ℎ3
j BC
= − ⋯ FF
-
ℎ3 ℎ3
j / BC
= − ⋯ FFF
+
ℎ3 ℎ3
−j / BC
= − ⋯ FG
-
ℎ3 ℎ3
It is clear from equation (i) to equation (iv) that if we know and/or H the transverse fields can
be derived. Indeed and are to be obtained independently form the wave equation.
We know that for TEM wave,

= 0 and = 0.

+ , - , + , - vanish and hence TEM wave cannot exist inside a waveguide.

Substituting these value in equation(i) to (iv) all the field components along x and y direction

University asked questions:

Q. Show that TEM mode of wave propagation is not possible in waveguide.

…...(W 17/18)

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no: -28

Rectangular Waveguide: TM mode analysis

x a
Fig: Rectangular Waveguide

For TM mode we have Hz=0, Ez≠ 0

Wave equation in the Cartesian co-ordinate system

∇3 Ez + ω3 μ ∈ Ez = 0

ω = Angular frequency

μ= Permeability

∈= Permittivity

Expanding ∇ in cartesian co-ordinate system

+ + + ω3 μ ∈ Ez = 0…………(A)
N5 OP N5 OP N5 OP
NQ5 NR5 NP5

Equation can be solved by using separation of variables method

Ez (x, y, z, t) =X(x)Y(y)Z(z)………… (B)

Rewrite (A) using (B)

+ XZ + XY + ω3 μ ∈ XYZ = 0
S5 T S5 W S5 Y
SQ5 SR 5 SP5
YZ

Divide by XYZ

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

1 d3 x 1 d3 y 1 d3 z
+ + + ω3 μ ∈ = 0
X dx 3 Y dy 3 Z dz 3

= −A3 ……Standing wave travelling in direction of X

] S5 Q
T SQ5

= B 3 ……Standing wave travelling in direction of Y

] S5 R
W SR5

= −β3……Standing wave travelling in direction of Z

] S5 P
Y SP5

The above equation is second order homogeneous equation whose solution can be directly
written as

X(x)= C] cosAx+C3 sinAx ………… (1)

Y(y)= Cb cosBy+Cc sinBy …………. (2)

Z (z)= Cd e;fgP + Ch eifgP …….…... (3)

For simplicity, we assume that there is no wave propagation in backward or negative direction.

We assume that Ch ≡0

Now substituting for X, Y and Z from equations (1) to (3) in equation (B) the field can be written
as

Ez= Cd [C] cosAx+ C3 sin Ax][Cb cosBy+ Cc sinBy]e;fgP ..(C)

This is general solution for Ez component of wave.

To obtain exact solution, we have to obtain boundary condition.

Boundary Condition:
x =0, y =0, x=a, y=b

At x=0, to satisfy Ez=0, C] ≡ 0

At y=0, to satisfy Ez=0, C3 ≡ 0

Ez=Cd C3 Cc sin Ax sin By e;fgP

Ez=C sin Ax sin By e;fgP

At x=a, to satisfy Ez =0, Aa = mj
At y=b, to satisfy Ez = 0, Bb = nj

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves
kl nl
m o
A= , B=

: ;uv
pq+ sq-
r t
Ez=C sin sin

This is exact solution for Ez component of wave.

TM]] is the lowest order possible mode in rectangular waveguide.

If m=1 and x=0 → 0

m =1 and x=a → j

If m=2 and x=0 → 0

m =2 and x=a → 2j
From general approach:
Substituting Hz = 0
;fz{ N}P fg NOP fg NOP
Ex= − |5 ⇒ − |5
|5 NR NQ NQ

fz{ N}P fg NOP fg NOP

Ey= − ⇒−
|5 NQ |5 NR |5 NR

fz• NOP fg N}P fz• NOP

Hx= |5 − |5 ⇒
NR NQ |5 NR

;fz• NOP fg N}P fz• NOP

Hy=
|5 NQ
− |5 NR
⇒− |5 NQ

;fg kl klQ nlR

Ex = C cos sin e;fgP
|5 m m o
;fg nl klQ nlR
Ey = C sin cos e;fgP
|5 o m o

fl∈ nl klQ nlR

Hx = C sin cos e;fgP
|5 o m o

;fz• kl klQ nlR

Hy = C cos sin e;fgP
|5 m m o

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no:-29 (TE Mode analysis of Rectangular Waveguide)

TE mode analysis of Rectangular Waveguide

The analysis of the TE modes can be carried out on the lines similar to that of the TM modes.
However, TE modes have little different properties. For TE modes we have

Ez=0 and Hz≠ 0

By standard wave equation

∇3 + 3
∈ =0

Expanding ∇ in cartesian co-ordinate system

+ + + ∈ = 0…………(A)
5 5 5
6 6 6 3
+5 -5 5

Solution of equation can be written by separation of variable method

Hz[x,y,z,t]=X(x),Y(y),Z(z)

Equation (A) becomes

YZ €+ 5 + ‚ƒ €- 5 + ‚… € + ∈ ‚…ƒ = 0
€5 • €5 „ €5 † 3
5

Divide by XYZ

1 ‡3‚ 1 ‡3 … 1 ‡3ƒ
+ + + 3
∈= 0
‚ ‡ 3 … ‡ 3 ƒ ‡ 3

Let,

= −%3 ……Standing wave travelling in direction of X

] €5 •
• €+ 5

= . 3……Standing wave travelling in direction of Y

] €5 „
„ €- 5

= −C 3……Standing wave travelling in direction of Z

] €5 †
†€ 5

The above equation is second order homogeneous equation whose solution can be directly
written as

X(x) =7] cosAx+73 sinAx

Y(y) = 7b cosBy+7c sinBy

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Z(z) =7d : ;uv + 7h : iuv

For simplicity, No wave travelling in backward direction 7h ≡0

Hz=7d [7] cosAx+73 sinAx][7b cosBy+7c sinBy]: ;uv ……….. (B)

This is general solution of Hz component of wave.

Since, is the tangential component at the waveguide walls, there is no boundary condition for
Hz.

Remember, there is boundary condition only for the normal component of magnetic field and not
for tangential component

z
Ey

x 0
Ex

Therefore, arbitrary constant (7] ,73 ,7b ,7c ,7d ,7h ) cannot be evaluated directly from Hz.Instead,
first we have to derive the transverse components and then apply the boundary conditions.

Substituting Ez=0 and Hz from (B) in general solution of Ex and Ey

− Š5
;uˆ‰ 6 uv 6
Š5 - +
Ex=

=0
;uˆ‰ 6
Š5 -
So, Ex=

From (B)

7d [7] cosAx+73 sinAx] [ -7b CcosBy+7c Csin. : ;uv ]

;uˆ‰
Š5
Ex=

Now,

− Š5
uˆ‰ 6 uv 6
= Š5
+ -

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

uˆ‰ 6
Š5 -
Ey= if =0

7d [-7] AsinAx+73 Acos% ][7b cosBy+7c sin. : ;uv ]

uˆ‰
Š5
Ey=

Boundary Condition

We can apply boundary conditions and as follows:

1) Since Ex is tangential to the horizontal walls of the waveguide, we have =0 at y=0 & y=b

2) Since Ey is tangential to the vertical walls of the waveguide, we have =0 at x=0 & x=a

o The boundary condition (1) yields:

At y=0 ; To satisfy =0;7c =0
At y=b; To satisfy Ey =0;.t =nj
o The boundary condition (2) yields:
At x=0; To satisfy =0;73 =0
At x=a; To satisfy =0;%r =mj

Now, (B)becomes,

= 7d .7] .7b cosAx.cos . : ;uv

pq sq
)x.cos( t )y: ;uv
r
=D cos(

pq+ sq-
Hz=D cos(
r
).cos( t
): ;uv …………(C)

This is complete solution of Hz component of waves.

• Using general approach

;uˆ‰ 6
Š5 -
Ex=

uˆ‰ 6
Ey= Š5 -

;uv 6
Hx= Š5 -

;uv 6
Hy= Š5 -

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

uˆ‰ sq pq+ sq-

): ;uv
Š5 t r t
Ex= D ).cos( ).sin(

;uˆ‰ pq pq+ sq-

): ;uv
Š5 r r t
Ey= D ).sin( ).cos(

uv pq pq+ sq-
): ;uv
Š5 r r t
Hx= D ).sin( ).cos(

uv sq pq+ sq-
): ;uv
Š 5 t r t
Hy= D ).cos( ).sin(

• • ŽŽ mode:

m=0,n=0, =D

It is some constant transverse and H transverse i.e. E⊥ and H⊥ are identically zero in the four
equation (Ex,Hx,Ey,Hy),because space derivative is zero.So,constant D must be zero. Although
Hz approach to be non-zero. It cannot exist without any electric field. So,• ŽŽ mode cannot
survive.

• • •Ž or• Žs and • ]Ž or • Ž] :

It can exist means field have at least variation in one direction and in other direction it can be
constant.

Lowest order possible TE modes are • ]Ž or • Ž] Combinely TE &TM we have 3 lowest order
mode.

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no: -30 (Cut off frequency and wavelength)

Cut-off frequency of mode:

Wave equation in cartesian co-ordinate system

‘3 + 3
∈ =0

Where = permeability and ∈ = permittivity

Expanding ‘ in cartesian

∈
€5 6 €5 6 €5 6 3
€+ 5 €- 5 € 5
+ + + =0 …………………………………….(A)

Using separation of variables method

, , ,’ = ‚ Y(y) Z(z)

Equation (A) becomes;

+ “3 /‚…ƒ=0
€5 • €5 „ €5 †
YZ €+ 5 + XZ€- 5 + XY€ 5

Divide equation by XYZ

/=0-------------(B)
] €5 • ] €5 „ ] €5 † 3
• €+ 5
+ „ €- 5 + † € 5 +

Assuming,

] €5 • ] €5 „ ] €5 †
• €+ 5
=−%3 , „ €- 5 =-. 3 ,† € 5 =-C 3

pq sq
r t
We also know that, A= and B=

Rewrite (A)

-%3 -. 3 -C 3 + 3
/ =0
3
/ =0
pq sq 3
-C 3 + 3
r t
-( ) -

3
C=” /-(
3 pq sq 3
r t
) -

For the mode to be a travelling mode, C has to be a real.

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

The frequency at which C changes from real to imaginary is called the cut-off frequency of the
mode. At the cut-off frequency, therefore C =0.

Giving,

3 3
/=(
pq sq 3
• r
) + t

3
]5̃
] pq sq 3
•=
√‰— r t
[( ) +

3
™• = ]5̃
] ] pq sq 3
3q √‰— r t
[( ) +

This is generalized equation for cut-off frequency.

3
™•š› ]] = ]5̃
] ] q q 3
3q √‰— r t
[( ) + --------------(1)

3
™•š [( ) ]5̃
] ] q
]Ž 3q √‰— r
=

]
3r√‰—
= --------------------(2)

3
™•š [( ) ]5̃
] ] q
Ž] 3q √‰— t
=

]
3t√‰—
= -----------------------(3)

Comparing (1),(2)&(3)

™•š ]Ž
<™•š Ž]
<™•š› ]]

Hence the lowest frequency which can propagate from the waveguide is ™•š ]Ž
.

No energy can propagate in a rectangular waveguide below frequency ™•š ]Ž

.

• ]Ž , therefore, is called the dominant mode of the rectangular waveguide.

The dominant mode is that mode for which the cut-off wavelength assumes a maximum value.

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Cut-off wavelength of mode:

We know that,

•j j
™•œ ” 3 + 3
* ¡
˜
5•√žŸ

™•œ
•
¢ i.e. λ • =
λ¢ £¢

•
λ •=
˜
” ¤• 5 ¦• 5
i
5•√žŸ ¥ §

•3q√‰—
λ •=
” ¤• 5 i ¦• 5
¥ §

We know that,
]
√‰—
C=

3q
λ •=
” ¤• 5 i ¦• 5
¥ §

λ• p.sœ 5¥§
¨¤5 §5 ©¦5 ¥5

This is a generalised equation for cutoff wavelength of the mode.

All the wavelength greater than λ • are attenuated & those less than λ • are allowed

to propagate inside the waveguide.

3rt
λ•š ˜ª
= tiŽ

λ•š ˜ª
= 2a
λ¢«¬˜ª
3
a=

It means that the longest wavelength which can propagate on the rectangular waveguide is
equal to the twice the width of the waveguide.

In other words, for propagation of an EM wave of wavelength λ the width of waveguide as to be

3
λ
greater than .

Generally, a> b or a = 2ab

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no:-31 (Phase and Group velocity)

Guide Wavelength (λg):
• It is defined as the distance travelled by the wave in order to undergo the phase shift of 2π
radians.
• The wavelength in a wave guide is different from the wavelength in the free space. In fact
it is related to free space wavelength λ0 and cut-off wavelength λc by
λ0
λg =
2
λ 
1−  0 
 λc 
This equation is proved for any mode in a wave guide of any cross section, provided λc
corresponds to the mode and the cross section of the wave guide.

• Conclusion:
1. If λ0<< λc ; λg= λ0
Wave propagation is possible.
2. If λ0= λc ; λg –›∞
Wave propagation is not possible.
3. If λ0>> λc ; λg–›Img
Wave propagation is not possible

Phase velocity (vp):

• Phase velocity is defined as the rate at which the wave changes its phase in terms of the
guide wavelength
• We know that wave propagates in the wave guide when guide wavelength λg>λ0
• Since the velocity of wavelength is product of λ and f it follows that in a wave guide
vp=λg.f
Were, vp–› space velocity
• But the speed of light is equal to the product of c=λ0.f. This Vp is greater than the speed
of light. Since, λg>λ0.
• This is contradicting, since no signal can travel faster than speed of light. However, the
wavelength in the guide is the length of cycle and
Vp–› represents the velocity of phase.
λg
vp =
unittime
v p = λg f

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

2πλg f
=
2π
ωλg
vp =
2π
ω
=
2π
λg
ω
=
β

ω
vp =
β

This is the equation of phase velocity

Since no intelligence or modulation travel at this velocity Vp is termed as phase velocity.

• Group Velocity:
It is defined as rate at which wave propagate through wave guide and it is given by
dω
vg =
dβ

Expression for vp :

We know that,

2 2
 mπ   nπ 
β = ω 2 µε −   − 
 a   b 

at cut-off frequency, f = f c , ω = ωc and β = 0

β = ω 2 µε − ω 2 µε

β = µε (ω 2 − ωc 2 )

ω ω
vp = =
β µε (ω 2 − ωc 2 )

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

1 ω
vp =
µε ω 
2

ω 1−  c 
ω 

c
vp =
2
ω 
1−  c 
ω 

c
=
2
 f 
1−  c 
 f 

fc c λ0
But, =
f λc c

c
vp =
2
λ 
1−  0 
 λc 

Expression for Vg:

dω
We know that, vg =
dβ

Also, β = µε (ω 2 − ωc 2 )

Now, differentiating β with respect to ω, we get

1
dβ 1 
= µε (ω 2 − ωc 2 )  2 2ωµε
( )
dω 2  

dβ ωµε µε
= =
dω µε (ω 2 − ωc 2 ) ω 
2

1−  c 
ω 

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

µε
=
2
f 
1−  c 
 f 

2
λ 
1−  0 
dω  λc 
vg = =
dβ µε

2
λ 
vg = c 1 −  0 
 λc 

Relation between vp and vg:

2
λ  c
vg v p = c 1 −  0 
 λc  λ 
2

1−  0 
 λc 

vg v p = c 2

Relation between λg , λ0 , λc :

We know,
c
v p = λg f = λg
λ0

………… 1
λg
vp = c
λ0

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Also,

…………. 2
c
vp =
2
λ 
1−  0 
 λc 

Comparing equation 1 and 2

λg c
c =
λ0 λ 
2

1−  0 
 λc 

λ0
λg =
2
λ 
1−  0 
 λc 

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no :- 32 (Numericals on Rectangular WG)

Q 1) A Rectangular waveguide has dimension 2.5*5cm2 determine the guide wavelength λg

phase constant ®, phase velocity at signal wavelength 4.5cm for the dominant mode.

Solution: Given that,

a=5cm, b=2.5cm

λc=2×a =2*5 =10cm

λ0=4.5cm
¯°
¯° ¯°
”±; ∗
λg =
¯² ¯²

´.µ
´.µ ´.µ
”±; ∗
= =5.04 cm
±° ±°

C=
3∗b.]c 3∗b.]c
¯¶ d.Žb
= =1.246 rad/cm

3∗b.]c·
vp= v̂ =
v

=3.36*108 m/s

Q.2) A Rectangular waveguide has dimension a=4cm b=3cm find all the modes which will
propagate of 5GHZ.

Solution: Given that

a=4cm , b=3cm, f=5GHZ

¸ ¸
F= ¹Ž λ0= º = 6cm

Condition for mode Propagations .

λ0< λc

Mode

TM11 from generalize equation from cut off wavelength

For TM11 Mode

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

3rt
λc TM11= √p5
t 5 is5 r5

3∗c∗b
=√b5
ic5

λc TM11=4.8cm

For TM10 Mode

λc TE10=2a

=2*4

λc TE10=8cm

For TE01 Mode

λc TE01=2b

=2*3

λc TE01=6cm

For TM11 Mode

λc TM11< λ0

TM11 mode will not propagate through waveguide

Q.3) A Rectangular waveguide a= 3cm , b=1.5 »r1=1 , ∈r=2.25 calculate cutoff wavelength
and cutoff frequency for TE10, TE20 and TM11 modes .

Solution: For TE10 Mode

λc TE10=2*a

=2*3

λc TE10= 6cm
]
Fc TE10=3r√‰—

]
=3∗b√¼.¼d∗]Ž½˜5 ∗].3d∗]Ž½¾

Fc TE10 =3.33GHZ

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

For TE20 Mode

3rt
λc TE20= √p5
t 5 is5 r5

3rt
=√p5
t 5 iŽ

= 3cm
•
¹¿√{À ÁÀ
Fc TE20=

•
¹¿√{À ÁÀ
=

b∗]ŽÂ
=b∗]Ž½5 √3.3d

Fc TE20=6.66GHZ

For TM11 Mode

3rt
λc TM11=√p5
t 5 is5 r5

3∗b∗].d
=√b5
i].d5

λc TM11=2.68cm
•
¹¿¨{À ÁÀ
Fc TE11=

b∗]ŽÂ
=3.h¼∗]Ž½5 √3.3d

Fc TE11 =7.46GHZ

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture no:-33 (Wave impendence and Numericals)

Wave Impedance
Wave impedance is the ratio between transverse components of the electric and magnetic field.
OQ
}R
Zz =

Derivation for Wave Impedance :

žÃ ÅÆ6 È Å¬6
OQ ;u ∗ ;u ∗
Ä∗Ä ÅÇ Ä∗Ä ÉÊ
}R ;u
À Ŭ6
∗ ;u
È ÅÆ6
∗
Zz= =
Ä∗Ä ÅÌ Ä∗Ä ÅÇ

Wave impedance in TM mode:

ÉÍÎ
uv g
ÉÊ
ÉÍÎ =ˆ€
uˆ€
ZTM =
ÉÊ

( )
2
2
β = µε (ω ) − (ωc )

ZTM =
(
µε (ω ) − (ωc )
2 2
)
ωε

2
 ωc 
ω µε 1 −  
ω 
=
ωε

2
 ωc 
µε ( 1 −  
ω 
=
ε
now the equation in terms of λ0 λc,; fc /f0 = λ0 /λc

{
2
λ 
=”— * 1 −  0 
 λc 

2
λ 
ZTM= ῃ0 * 1 −  0 
 λc 

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Wave impedance in TE mode:

µω dHz dEz β
OQ
−j 2
* −j 2
*
h dy h dx
}R
ZTE= =
ωε dEz β dHz
−j 2 * −j 2*
h dx h dy

For Tm mode Ez=0

ÉÏÎ
ˆ‰
ÉÊ
v
ÉÏÎ ĝ
ZTM = =
ÉÊ

(
β = µε (ω ) − (ω c )
2 2
)
ωµ
ZTE=
( 2
µε (ω ) − (ω c )
2
)
µ 1
ZTE= *
ε 2
 λ0 
1−
 
 λc 
η0
ZTE =
2
 λ0 
1−
 
 λc 
Numericals Based On Wave Impendence

Q 1) A Rectangular waveguide of cross sectional 4*2cm is used to propagate TM11 mode wave
at 10GHZ determine cutoff wavelength and wave impedance.

Soln: Given that ,

a=4cm, b=2cm, f=10GHZ

3rt
λc TM11= √p5
t 5 is5 r5

3∗c∗3
=√35
ic5

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

λc TM11= 3.57cm

λ 
2
µ λ 
ZTM= ῃ* 1 −  0  = * 1− 0 
 λc  ε
 λc 
Ð
¹Ž
F=

Ð
º
λO =

b∗cÂ
= ]Ž∗]ŽÑ

=3cm

µ = 1.25*10-6

ϵ =8.85*10-12

ZTM=203.72ῼ

Q.2) Calculate wider dimension of wave guide operating at 10GHZ in TE10 mode and wave
impedance 410 ῼ

Soln: Given that,

F = 10GHZ
Ð
λO = º

b∗cÂ
= ]Ž∗]ŽÑ

= 3cm

η0
ZTE =
2
 λ0 
1−
 
 λc 

λC =3.82cm

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Lecture 34: Microwave Transmission Lines

Microstrip and Other T-Lines

All electrical and electronics devices with high-power output commonly use conventional
lines, such as coaxial lines or waveguide, for power transmission. However, the microwave
solid-state device is usually fabricated as a semiconducting chip with a volume on the order of
0.008 – 0.08 mm3. The method of applying signals to the chips and extracting output power from
them is entirely different from that used for vacuum – tube devices. Microwaves integrated
circuits with microstrip lines are commonly used with chips. The microstrip line is also called an
open-strip line. In engineering applications, MKS units have not been universally adopted for use
of designing the microstrips line.

Modes on microstrip lie are only quasi-transverse electric and magnetic (TEM` posts, and corner
and so on. A microstrips line has an advantage over the balanced strip line because the open strip
has better interconnection feature and easier fabrication.

Fig. Schematic diagrams of strip lines

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Characteristics impedance of microstrip lines

Fig.
Cross section of (a) a microstrip line and (b) a wire-over-ground line

Microstrips lines are used extensively to interconnect high – speed logic circuits in digital
computer because they can be fabricated by automated techniques. In fig. microstrip line is
function of the strip – line width, the strip line thickness, the distance between the line and
ground plane , and homogeneous dielectric constant of the board material. Several different
method for determining the characteristics impedance of microstrip line have been developed.
The well-known equation of the characteristics impedance of wire – over –ground transmission
line, as shown in fig, is given by

hŽ cŠ
Z0 = ln 4 € for h>>d
√ÒÓ

Where ÔÕ = dielectric constant of the ambient medium

h = the height from the centre of the wire to the ground plane

d = diameter of the wire

If the effective or equivalent value of the relative dielectric constant ÔÕ of the ambient medium
and the diameter d of the wire can be determined for the microstrip line, the characteristics
impedance of the microstrip line can be calculated.

There are some other microstrip T lines these are described as follows

1. Parallel strip lines

2. Coplanar strip lines
3. Shielded strip line

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

1.Parallel strip line :Parallel strip line consist of two perfectly parallel strip separated by a
perfect dielectric slab of uniform thickness, shown in fig. The plate width is w, the separation
distance is d, and the relative dielectric constant of the slab is ÔÕ‡.

Fig. Schematic diagram of parallel strip line

Characteristics impedance

The characteristics impedance of a lossless parallel strip line is

Ö € ‰€ bØØ €
Z0 =√¸ = × √ Ò€ = √ÒÓ€ × for w >>d

The phase velocity along a parallel strip line is

ˆ ] ] ¸
Ùp =v = √Ö¸ = √‰€Ò€ = √ÒÓ€ m/s for Ú= 0

The characteristics impedance of a lossy parallel strip line at microwave frequencies

(R<< L and G<< 4 ) can be approximate as

Z0 = √ÜÛ = √ßàÅ
ÝÞÞ Å
á
for w>>d

1. Coplanar strip lines: A coplanar trip line consist of two conducting strips on one
substrate surface with one strip grounded, as shown fig. The coplanar strip line has
advantages over the conventional parallel strip line because its two strips are on the same
substrate surface for convenient connections. In microwave integrated circuit (MICs) the
wire bonds Have always presented reliability and reproducibility problems. The coplanar
strip lines eliminate the difficulties involved in connecting the shunt elements between

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

the hot and ground strips. As result, reliability increased, reproducibility is enhanced, and
production cost is decreased.

Fig. Schematic diagram of coplanar strip line

Characteristics impedance
The characteristics impedance of coplanar strip line is
Z0 = 5â¥ãä
åª5

Where I0is the total peak current in one strip and Pavgis the average power flowing in the positive
Z direction. The average flowing power can be expressed as

Pavg = 5̃ Re∬ × ∗ . ‡ ‡

Ex = electric field intensity in the positive x direction

H = magnetic field intensity in the positive y direction

* = conjugate

2. Shielded strip lines: A partially shielded strip line has its strip conductor in dielectric
medium, and its top and bottom ground planes have no connections, as shown in fig

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Fig. Partially shielded strip line

Characteristics impedance
The characteristics impedance for wide strip (w/d>>0.35) is
Z0 = Ñç.˜è
√ßà
(áÅé+Â.Âèçßà
Üê
)-1

˜
Where K = ˜½ë/Å

t = the strips thickness

d = the distance between the two ground planes
Cf =Â.Âèçßà
•
[2K ln (K +1) – (K -1) ln (K2 -1)] and is the fringe capacity in pF/m

Losses in microstrip lines

Microstrips transmission lines consisting of a conductive ribbon attached to a dielectric sheet

with conductive backing are widely used in both microwave and computer technology. Because
such lines are easily fabricated by printed – circuit manufacturing techniques, they have
economic and technical merit. The characteristics impedance and wave propagation velocity of
a microstrip line analysed in section given above the other characteristics of microstrip line is
on its attenuation. The attenuation constant of dominant microstrip mode depends on geometric
factor, electrical properties of substrate and conductor, and on the frequency. For a
nonmagnetic dielectric substrate, two types of losses occur in the dominant in the microstrip
mode .(1) dielectric loss in the substrate and (2) Ohmic skin loss in the strip conductor and
ground plane. These are described as follows.

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

1. Dielectric losses: As stated in section when the conductivity of a dielectriccannot be

neglected, the electric and magnetic fields in the dielectric are no longer in time phase. In
that case dialectic attenuation constant, as expressed is given by

@d= í5√žß Np/cm

Where @ is the conductivity of the dielectric substrate board. This dielectric constant can
be expressed in terms of dielectric loss tangent as shown in eqn

í
tanî = Ãß

Then the dielectric attenuation constant is expressed by

@d = Ã5√ Ôtanî Np/cm

If the loss tangent tan î is independent of frequency the dielectric attenuation per
wavelength is also independent on frequency. Moreover, if the substrate conductivity is
independent on frequency as for a semiconductor the dielectric attenuation per unit is also
independent on frequency.

2. Ohmic losses: in microstrip line over a low loss dielectric substrate ,the predominant
sources of losses at microwave frequency are the non perfect conductor. The current
density in the conductors of microstrip line is a concentrated in sheet i.e. approximately a
skin depth thick inside the conductor surface and expose to the electric field both the
strip conductor thickness and ground plane thickness are assume to be at least three or
four skin depth thick the current density in the strip conductor and ground conductor are
not uniform in the transverse plane. The microstip conductor contributes a major part of
ohmic loss. The conducting attenuation constant of a wide microstrip line is give n by

@Ú = Â.¾Â¾ïð
ñòá
dB/cm for áÄ>1

3. Radiation losses :In addition to the conductor and dielectric losses, microstrip line
also has radiation losses. The radiation loss depends on the substrate’s thickness and
dielectric constant, as well as its geometry the radiation loss for several discontinuities
using the following approximation.

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

a. TEM transmission

b. uniform dielectric in the neighbourhood of the strip, equal in magnitude to an effective

value

c. neglect of radiation from the transverse electric (TE) field component parallel to the
strip

d. substrate thickness much less than the free – space wavelength

Numerical :-

1) A lossless parallel strip line has a conducting strip width w. The substrate dielectric
separating the two conducting strips has a relative dielectric constant ∈rdof 6 (beryllia or
beryllium oxide BeO) and a thickness d of 4 mm. (Summer-15)

Calculate:

a) The required width w of the conducting strip in order to have a characteristics impedance of
50 Ω.
b) The strip-line capacitance.
c) The strip-line inductance.
d) The phase velocity of the wave in the parallel strip line.

Solution:-

a) The width of conducting strip is,

bØØ € bØØ c×]Ž½Ý
= 12.31 × 10;bm.
¨∈àÅ † √h dŽ
w= =

b) The strip line capacitance is,

∈à × ¼.¼dc×]Ž½˜5 ×h×]3.b]×]Ž½Ý
€ c×]Ž½Ý
C= = = 163.50 pF/m
c) The Strip-line inductance is,
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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

‰¢ € cq×]Ž½Þ ×c×]Ž½Ý
/•
× ]3.b]×]Ž½Ý
L= = = 0.41
d) The phase velocity is,

• b×]ŽÂ
= 1.22× 10¼ m/s
¨∈àÅ √h
vp = =

2) A gold parallel stripline has the following parameters:-

Relative dielectric constant = 2.1, Strip width = 26 mm, Separation distance = 5mm,
f = 10 GHz, Conductivity of gold = 4.1 × 10Ø Ω/• .
Calculate :
1) Surface resistance of gold strip,
2) Characteristics impedance
3) Phase velocity.

Solution:-Given data:- ∈€ = 2.1 , w =26 mm , f=10 GHz, d = 5mm, ó• = 4.12 × 10Ø Ω/m

1) Characteristics impedance,

ƒŽ =
bØØ € bØØ d×]Ž½Ý
¨∈àÅ × √3.] 3h×]Ž½Ý
=

= 50.029 Ω
2) Phase velocity,

Gô =
• b×]ŽÂ
= 2.07× 10¼ m/s
¨∈Å √3.]
=

3) Characteristics impedance,

Rs = ” =”
q£‰ q×]Ž×]ŽÑ ׉ª ×]
õ¢ c.]3×]Ž½Þ
= 0.0309 Ω

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

Que3) Derive an characteristics impedance of parallel strip line.

Solution:- For a transmission line,

ƒ• = ”
öiu×Ö
÷iuו

At ø£ , jwL >> R, jwc >> G

ƒ• = ”
Ö̧

From me distributed parameter we have,

ƒ• = ”
Ö̧

=ù
‰¢
=” • = ” ¢
á € € ‰ €5
á
Ò¢ × ×ÒÅ ÒÅ × 5
Å

ƒ• = ” ª
€ ‰ ‰à¢
× Òª —àÅ

For conducting plate Ó• =1,

ƒ• = ”
€ ‰ª ]
× Òª ÒàÅ

”Ò
€ ] ‰ª
× ¨ÒàÅ ª
=

”
€ ] cq×]Ž½Þ
× ¨ÒàÅ ¼.¼dc×]Ž˜5
=

€ bØØ
× ¨ÒàÅ
=

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 UNIT III. Transmission of Microwaves

ĥ =
€ bØØ€
× × ¨ÒàÅ
Ω

This is the characteristics impedance of parallel strip line.

Page 38