Discovering Psychology 7th Edition Hockenbury Test Bank Download

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1. The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and
using knowledge is:
A) cognition.
B) perception.
C) mental imagery.
D) sensation.
2. How we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve
problems, and use language are all key dimensions of:
A) perception.
B) sensation.
C) intelligence.
D) memory.
3. Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations:

A) concepts and mental images.
B) perception and intelligence.
C) learning and cognition.
D) prototypes and stereotypes.
4. The psychological process that involves manipulating mental representations of

information in order to draw inferences and conclusions is called:
A) perception.
B) sensation.
C) thinking.
D) learning.
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5. As part of his homework assignment, Kenny memorized the names of all the planets in
the solar system, learned the distance between the Earth and the Sun, decided what
items he still needed to research in the library, and spent some time daydreaming about
space travel. In the most general sense, Kenny was engaged in:
A) thinking.
B) functional fixedness.
C) constructing an algorithm.
D) developing a heuristic.
6. Mental images:
A) can involve any of the senses, including sounds, smells, and textures.
B) are typically only visual, although some exceptional people can form auditory
mental images.
C) are involved in processing visual stimuli only, and are not involved when stimuli
are sounds, smells, textures, or tastes.
D) cannot be studied scientifically.
7. While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and
his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that
lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog met in their journeys. Mary is
using:
A) mental imagery.
B) a mental set.
C) an algorithm.
D) a heuristic.
8. A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called
a(n):
A) algorithm.
B) mental image.
C) stereotype.
D) heuristic.
9. Joseph is trying to select a new couch for his living room. As he looks at each couch at
the furniture store, he tries to visualize how it would look in his living room at home.
Joseph is using _____ to help him determine which couch to buy.
A) a prototype.
B) a natural concept.
C) a formal concept.
D) mental imagery.
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10. The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind's Eye," reported
on an fMRI study of mental imagery. What was the central question being investigated
in this study?
A) whether all emotions activate the same areas of the brain or different areas of the
brain.
B) whether forming a mental image activates a different part of the brain than that
used in solving an arithmetic problem.
C) whether a mental image activates the same brain areas that are involved in the
perception of the actual scene or object.
D) whether auditory mental images of sounds activate the same brain area as do visual
mental images.
on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In the study, the researchers compared brain scans
of volunteers who were:
A) listening to music versus looking at paintings.
B) looking at an actual scene versus imagining the same scene.
C) imagining a sound versus imagining a smell.
D) watching a scary video versus imagining something scary happening to them.
on an fMRI study of mental imagery. One of the findings of the study was that:
A) looking at places activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining
places activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
B) imagining a scene activated different brain areas than were activated during
perception of the scene.
C) looking at faces activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining
faces activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
D) imagining a scene activated the same brain areas that were activated during
perception of the scene.
on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In comparing perception and imagery, the
researchers found that:
A) compared to imagining a face or place, perceiving a face or place evoked a stronger
brain response.
B) looking at faces activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining
faces activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
C) compared to imagining a face or place, perceiving a face or place evoked a much
weaker brain response.
D) looking at places activated the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and imagining
places activated the fusiform facial area (FFA).
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on an fMRI study of mental imagery. From simply looking at the brain scan images, the
researchers were able to determine whether the research participants were:
A) imagining a sound or a visual scene.
B) experiencing happiness, sadness, fear, or anger.
C) imagining a face or a place.
D) solving an arithmetic problem or scanning a visual image of a map.
15. Research on the cognitive ability needed to manipulate mental images indicates that:
A) the greater the distance between two points on the mental image, the less time it
will take to scan.
B) the greater the distance between two points on the mental image, the more time it
will take to scan.
C) the shorter the distance between two points on the mental image, the more time it
will take to scan.
D) there is no relationship between the size of a mental image and the amount of time
it takes to mentally scan it.
16. Your text described a classic study that involved participants memorizing a simple map,
and then measuring how long it took them to mentally scan from one location to another
across a mental image of the map. What was the main conclusion of the research study?
A) the vast majority of people are unable to mentally scan a remembered visual image.
B) people take much longer to scan a mental image than to scan an actual image.
C) people tend to scan a mental image in much the same way that they scan an actual
visual image.
D) people take much longer to scan an actual image than to scan a mental image.
17. A problem presented in your textbook asked you to look at five versions of the number
"3" that were displayed at different orientations, and then identify which were
backward. The point of the demonstration was that:
A) some people are better than others at mental rotation skills, which is why such
problems are often used in intelligence or IQ tests.
B) rotating a mental image is similar to rotating an actual physical object, and—just as
it takes time to rotate a physical object—it takes time to rotate a mental image.
C) rotating a mental image is not the same as rotating an actual physical object; it
takes much longer to rotate a mental image than the same physical object.
D) physically manipulating an actual object takes time, but manipulating a mental
image happens almost instantaneously.
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18. The mental categories we form to group objects, events, or situations that share similar
features or characteristics are called:
A) concepts.
B) mental images.
C) algorithms.
D) heuristics.
19. Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept?

A) the most typical instance of a particular concept
B) a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience
C) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it
D) a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present
20. When we form a concept by learning the rules or features that define a particular
concept, it is called a(n) _____ concept.
A) informal
B) formal
C) unnatural
D) natural
21. Which of the following is NOT true about concepts?

A) Concepts economize the cognitive effort required for thinking.
B) Concepts make it easier to communicate with people.
C) Formal concepts are much easier to acquire than natural concepts because they are
formed automatically through everyday experiences.
D) Thinking can be more efficient because concepts can be organized into orderly
hierarchies.
22. Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____.

A) mental image; physical object.
B) defining rules and features; everyday experience.
C) prototype; heuristic.
D) physical object; mental image.
23. In his chemistry class, Milton learned the rules and features used for classifying certain
chemical compounds. Milton has learned a(n) _____ concept.
A) formal.
B) natural.
C) informal.
D) unnatural.
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24. The word "school" is used to describe the place where teachers and students can be
found. It can also be used to describe a college, a kindergarten, and a place in which
people learn to cut hair or play a musical instrument. "School" in this example is a:
A) formal concept.
B) natural concept.
C) prototype.
D) heuristic.
25. Two of your friends are having a heated argument about whether a particular basketball
player is one of the "super-greats" or just one of the "greats" of basketball. Because you
have read this chapter, you point out to them that their argument may never be resolved
because "super-great basketball players" is a(n):
A) natural concept with fuzzy boundaries.
B) heuristic without hard and fast rules.
C) formal concept, but your friends are unaware of the rules that define it.
D) algorithm, and requires a clear prototype for accurate classification.
26. A natural concept is:

A) the most typical instance of a particular concept.
B) a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience.
C) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
D) a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present.
27. A concept that is formed as a result of everyday experience, rather than by learning
strict rules or features, is called a(n) _____ concept.
A) informal.
B) formal.
C) unnatural.
D) natural.
28. Psychologist Eleanor Rosch noted that the rules or attributes that define categories of
natural objects and events in everyday life are usually not as clear and distinct as those
that define formal concepts. Thus, she described natural concepts as:
A) being more susceptible to functional fixedness than formal concepts.
B) having fuzzy boundaries.
C) being derived by trial and error.
D) having sharply defined boundaries.
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29. With virtually no hesitation you can say that pigs, sheep, and cows are all examples of
the concept of mammal, but you may hesitate a few seconds before deciding whether
bats and porpoises are also mammals. This suggests that pigs, sheep, and cows are
_____ of the concept mammal.
A) stereotypes
B) prototypes
C) algorithms
D) heuristics
30. In general, you can quickly identify an item as being an example of a natural concept if
the item:
A) closely matches the prototype of the concept.
B) is very different from the prototype of the concept.
C) is identified using the additive model.
D) has functional fixedness.
31. Mary had trouble recognizing that snails can be a food because snails did not fit with her
_____ of food.
A) prototype
B) heuristic
C) intuition
D) generative idea
32. When Hillary was asked what comes to mind in response to the word "animal," she
immediately said "horse." For Hillary, "horse" is a(n) _____ of the category "animal."
A) prototype
B) formal concept
C) stereotype
D) additive feature
33. Rachel took longer to agree with the statement "An ostrich is a bird" than the statement
"A crow is a bird, " because for Rachel an ostrich is dissimilar to her _____ of the
category "bird."
A) formal concept
B) heuristic
C) prototype
D) stereotype
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34. Which of the following BEST defines a prototype?
A) the most typical instance of a particular concept
B) the beliefs and expectations we have about the characteristics of a particular group
C) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it
D) individual instances of a concept or category held in memory
35. Nikki wandered into a produce store in Chinatown and saw a bin marked "LITCHIS"
that was filled with small round objects with bumpy red shells. As she was trying to
decide whether "litchis" were fruits or vegetables, she was mentally comparing them to
her memories of other instances of fruits and vegetables, such as cherry tomatoes,
raspberries, strawberries, and grapes. In her attempt to classify the litchis, Nikki was
using:
A) exemplars.
B) formal concept rules and features.
C) stereotypes.
D) prototypes.
36. Exemplars and prototypes are similar in that:

A) both are effective problem-solving strategies.
B) they both involve strict rules and procedures for categorizing novel objects or
situations.
C) they are used to determine whether an object or situation is an instance of a
particular natural concept.
D) both can be obstacles to successful problem solving.
37. Our memories of individual instances of a particular concept are called:

A) categories.
B) attributes.
C) stereotypes.
D) exemplars.
38. Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available is
called:
A) wishful thinking.
B) displacement.
C) generative thinking.
D) problem solving.
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39. When Valerie decided to return to college, she had to figure out how she was going to
support herself financially and still maintain a high grade-point average. Valerie is
engaged in:
A) problem solving.
B) concept formation.
C) prototypical thinking.
D) stereotypical thinking.
40. Problem solving is defined as:

A) thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.
B) the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.
C) the mental activities that involve learning rules and features.
D) the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
41. Trial and error is defined as a:

A) problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and
eliminating those that do not work.
B) problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or
method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.
C) problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce
the number of possible solutions.
D) sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
42. Dr. Milovitch systematically mixed thousands of different combinations of chemical

compounds in order to find one that would be a pollution-free refrigerator coolant. Dr.
Milovitch's approach best illustrates:
A) trial-and-error problem solving.
B) the use of algorithms for solving the problem.
C) prototypical thinking.
D) the use of heuristics for solving the problem.
43. When there is a limited range of possible solutions, _____ can be a useful problem-
solving strategy.
A) stereotypical thinking.
B) applying a formal concept.
C) trial and error.
D) insight and intuition.
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44. When LaToya got her new computer, she carefully followed the steps described in the
manual, and by the end of the evening, her new computer was up and running. LaToya
used:
A) an algorithm.
B) a heuristic.
C) insight.
D) trial and error.
45. In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as:

A) a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and
B) a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or
C) a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to
reduce the number of possible solutions.
D) the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
46. Kesha forgot her locker combination at the gym. She decides to apply what she knows
about algorithms to figure out her combination. This technique:
A) will produce a correct combination about 60 percent of the time.
B) is the most efficient approach to solving Kesha's problem.
C) is not a practical approach, as there may be thousands of potential combinations to
try.
D) may or may not work; it depends on the type of locker she has.
47. Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic?

A) the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
D) a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and
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48. Gregory decides to drive to Toronto to visit a college friend. After crossing the
Canadian border, he discovers that the speed limits are posted in kilometers per hour
rather than miles per hour. Luckily, Gregory remembers that one kilometer equals 1.6
miles and that to convert kilometers to miles, he can multiply the number of kilometers
by 0.6214. This method would be an example of a problem-solving strategy called:
A) a heuristic.
B) an algorithm.
C) insight.
D) trial and error.
49. David and Alice plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and
then decide how much they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay
for their holiday. David and Alice are using:
A) insight.
B) the working backward heuristic.
C) trial-and-error planning.
D) an algorithm.
50. Derek learns that his apartment building has been sold and that he needs to move by the
end of the month. He develops the following plan of action: (1) look for a new
apartment; (2) arrange for utilities; (3) contact a moving company and schedule the
move; (4) start collecting empty boxes; (5) pack nonessential items first; and other
preparations. What kind of problem-solving strategy is Derek using to solve the problem
of moving before the end of the month?
A) the heuristic of identifying subgoals
B) trial-and-error planning
C) an algorithm
D) functional fixedness
51. Tom, whose story was told in the chapter prologue, was diagnosed with Asperger's
syndrome (now referred to as a mild form of autism spectrum disorder). Like many
people, he can become frustrated when he is "stuck" on a problem. However, unlike
other people who recognize when it's time to switch to a new strategy or accept defeat
and give up, Tom perseveres in trying to find the "right" solution, demonstrating _____,
which are characteristics of autism spectrum disorder.
A) cognitive rigidity and inflexible thinking.
B) intuitive thinking and insight.
C) creativity, displacement, and generativity.
D) intellectual disability and a low IQ.
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52. Kip is a professional auto mechanic whose hobby is restoring old cars. He picked up a
classic Thunderbird convertible at an auction, but after spending several weekends
tinkering with the engine, he still couldn't figure out what was wrong with it. As he was
waking up one morning, he suddenly realized what the problem was. Kip's sudden
realization of the problem's solution is an example of:
A) mental set.
B) a heuristic.
C) insight.
D) functional fixedness.
53. Insight is defined as:

A) a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and
method that inevitably produces the correct solution.
D) the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
54. Which statement best characterizes the process of insight?

A) Insight rarely occurs through the conscious manipulation of concepts or
information.
B) Insight involves a systematic search of thoughts and ideas that will lead to a
solution.
C) Insight often involves using the working backward approach for problem solving.
D) Insight typically involves the subgoal analysis approach to problem solving.
55. The process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious

awareness of the thought processes involved is called:
A) functional fixedness.
B) a mental set.
C) intuition.
D) prototypical thinking.
56. In which stage of the two-stage model of intuition does a person perceive a pattern in
the information that is being contemplated, but not consciously?
A) the representative stage
B) the guiding stage
C) the integrative stage
D) the generativity stage
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57. Dr. Majid met with a new patient who had a long list of puzzling symptoms. After
talking with him for about 10 minutes, Dr. Majid told the patient that she needed to run
some tests. Dr. Majid ordered a series of blood and urine tests but privately believed that
the patient probably had diabetes. When the test results came back, Dr. Majid sat down
to analyze them. Analyzing the test results to confirm or disprove her hunch is an
example of the _____ stage of intuition.
A) integrative
B) guiding
C) displacement
D) generativity
58. Dr. Foster has been a clinical psychologist for 15 years and has worked with hundreds
of patients. One day, a patient came to Dr. Foster's office and began to describe his
concerns and problems. Dr. Foster listened to what the patient said and observed the
patient's posture, movements, and facial expressions. Based upon this information, Dr.
Foster began to get a sense of what the pattern of symptoms probably meant. In which
stage of Bowers's model of intuition was Dr. Foster operating?
A) the integrative stage
B) the generativity stage
C) the displacement stage
D) the guiding stage
59. In the _____ stage of the two-stage theory of intuition, conscious, analytic thought
processes take over, and you try to prove or disprove your hypothesis.
A) guiding
B) integrative
C) generativity
D) heuristic
60. An intuitive hunch is most likely to be accurate when:

A) you have no prior knowledge or experience regarding the problem or issue.
B) the hunch is based upon conscious, logical analysis of the problem.
C) you already have a broad base of knowledge and experience in the given area.
D) the hunch is strong and emotionally compelling.
61. Functional fixedness is defined as the:

A) tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
B) process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious
awareness of the thought processes involved.
C) tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
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62. When Jean-Claude came back from skiing, he wanted to brew a cup of coffee. Because
he was out of coffee filters, he settled for tea. Jean-Claude's failure to realize he could
use a paper towel as a coffee filter best illustrates:
A) a mental set.
B) intuition.
C) functional fixedness.
D) the availability heuristic.
63. A mental set is defined as the:

A) tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
B) process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious
awareness of the thought processes involved.
C) tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.
64. When Adrian's computer would not respond to commands from the wireless keyboard,
he tried restarting the computer, as that strategy had worked in the past. After several
tries, the keyboard still did not work so he gave up and called a computer repair service.
A technician easily solved the problem: The batteries in the wireless keyboard needed to
be replaced. Adrian's inability to solve the problem on his own had been hampered by
his:
B) use of an incorrect algorithm.
C) mental set.
D) decision-making strategy.
65. Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip, but used her down-filled jacket as a
substitute pillow. This is an example of:
A) overcoming functional fixedness.
B) developing a mental set.
C) using exemplars as an aid to intuitive problem solving.
D) the availability heuristic.
66. Mental set is sometimes MOST likely to block insight in areas in which you are:
A) already knowledgeable or well trained.
B) a novice.
C) untrained.
D) neither knowledgeable nor trained.
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67. The _____ model is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many
alternatives, and although useful for minor decisions, can increase the riskiness of
complex decisions.
A) single-feature
B) additive
C) elimination by aspects
D) availability
68. Jorge is faced with the decision of which of two equally attractive condominiums to
buy. He makes a list of the factors that are most important to him and numerically rates
the two condominiums on each factor. Jorge is using the _____ model of decision
making.
A) single-feature
B) additive
D) availability
69. Whenever Rachel is faced with choosing from a wide range of brand-name products,
she always buys the cheapest brand. Rachel is using the _____ model of decision
making.
A) single-feature
B) additive
D) availability
70. Kyle is trying to decide which brand of diapers he should buy for his newborn daughter.
Each of the brands has its own unique features that make it seem better than the others.
Some diapers have extra padding so that they retain more fluid. Another brand touts
special elastic bands around the legs to prevent leakage. Still others have fancy Velcro
fasteners. Finally, confused about all of the features, Kyle buys the brand that he
recognizes from commercials. What decision-making strategy did Kyle use?
A) the additive model
B) the elimination by aspects model
C) representativeness heuristic model
D) the single-feature model
Page 15
71. Sonia has been offered a job by two different companies. Since she is uncertain about
which job offer to accept, Sonia makes a list of the features of each company. She then
rates these features using a 10-point scale, with 10 being the best. Finally, Sonia adds up
the ratings for each company. She accepts the job offer from the company that had the
highest score. Sonia used the _____ model to help her make her decision.
A) single-feature
B) elimination by aspects
C) additive
D) rule-of-thumb
72. A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important

features of each alternative and rating each one using an arbitrary scale is called the
_____ model.
A) single-feature
B) additive
D) availability
73. Marilyn wanted to buy a new sport utility vehicle (SUV). First, she identified those
SUVs that were in her price range. Next, she only considered SUVs that possessed four-
wheel drive, and then identified the model with the best safety record. Finally, there was
only one SUV that met all of her criteria. Marilyn was using the _____ model of
decision-making.
A) elimination by aspects
B) multiple features
C) single-feature
D) rule-of-thumb
74. A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all of the options one characteristic
at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding an option if it doesn't meet
that criterion, is called the _____ model.
A) single-feature
B) additive
D) integrative
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75. Faced with a wide variety of computers to choose from, Mary first eliminated all models
that would not fit comfortably on her desk. Next, she eliminated all models costing more
than $1,000. Finally, she eliminated all models without a full year's warranty. It appears
that Mary is using the _____ model of decision making.
A) single-feature
B) additive
C) elimination-by-aspects
D) integrative
76. When decisions are complex and involve the comparison of many choices that have
multiple features, people usually use:
A) only the single-feature model.
B) both the single-feature model and the additive model.
C) both the elimination by aspects model and the additive model.
D) both the single-feature model and the elimination by aspects model.
77. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily we
can remember other instances of the event is called the:
A) availability heuristic.
B) availability algorithm.
C) representativeness heuristic.
D) representativeness algorithm.
78. State lottery commissions capitalize on the _____ by running many TV commercials
showing that lucky person who won the $100 million Powerball jackpot. A vivid
memory is created, which leads viewers to an inaccurate estimate of the likelihood that
the event will happen to them.
A) availability heuristic
B) availability algorithm
C) representativeness heuristic
D) representativeness algorithm
79. After media coverage of two spectacular train crashes, people overestimated the
probability of being killed or injured in a train crash and exaggerated the dangers of
train travel. This example illustrates:
A) the availability heuristic.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) mental set.
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80. Research suggests that the _____ is most likely to be used when people rely on
information involving vivid memories to determine the likelihood of events occurring.
A) elimination by aspects model
B) representative heuristic
C) additive model
D) availability heuristic
81. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it
is to the typical prototype of the event is a definition of:
B) the confirmation bias.
D) mental set.
82. Jonathan is untidy, outgoing, and a chain smoker. He frequently stays up late and has a
very flexible work schedule. Given this description, most people would guess that
Jonathan is a bartender (which he is not) rather than a tax accountant (which he is). This
example illustrates the influence of:
D) linguistic relativity.
83. The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

A) we generalize our views to other, nonrepresentative heuristics.
B) the representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic.
C) we take too much time considering all possible variations from the prototype.
D) we fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.
84. The _____ occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their
conviction, rejecting or ignoring any evidence that does not
A) confirmation bias
B) fallacy of positive instances
C) belief-bias effect
D) overestimation effect
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85. People who are depressed usually do not accept the possibility that good things can
happen to them, or that they have control over good things happening to them. When
good things do happen to depressed people, they dismiss, discount, or ignore them. This
is an example of:
A) the overestimation effect.
B) the belief-bias effect.
C) the fallacy of positive instances.
D) confirmation bias.
86. A system which provides arbitrary symbols that can be combined in an infinite number
of meaningful statements is a definition of:
A) a mental set.
B) language.
C) the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
D) an algorithm.
87. Which of the following is NOT one of the obstacles to logical thinking that accounts for
the persistence of many unwarranted beliefs?
A) the confirmation bias
B) the fallacy of positive instances
C) the overestimation effect
88. Many people were convinced that Ethan had psychic abilities after he identified the park
where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take
into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This example
illustrates the:
A) belief-bias effect.
B) confirmation bias.
C) overestimation effect.
D) fallacy of positive instances.
89. Kahal has very conservative political beliefs, and he prefers listening to radio talk shows
and reading magazines that are consistent with his views. Kahal's tendency to search
only for information and evidence that support his perspective illustrates the:
A) fallacy of positive instances.
B) overestimation effect.
C) confirmation bias.
D) belief-bias effect.
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90. The _____ is the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a
belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the
belief.
A) belief-bias effect
B) confirmation bias
C) fallacy of positive instances
D) overestimation effect
91. Students were amazed when Professor Diaz walked into class on the first day of the
semester and correctly "sensed" that two people in his class of 23 were born on the same
day. The tendency to think that it is very unlikely that two people in a class of 23 could
share the same birthday is an example of the:
A) belief-bias effect.
C) fallacy of positive instances.
D) overestimation effect.
92. People tend to believe evidence that confirms what they want to believe is true, a bias
that is sometimes called the:
A) wishful thinking bias.
93. Faced with evidence that seems to contradict a hoped-for finding, people may object to
the study's methodology. This is an example of the:
94. While evaluating evidence that seems to confirm a hoped-for finding, people may
overlook flaws in the research or argument. This is an example of the:
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95. Parents with children in day care may be motivated to embrace research findings that
emphasize the benefits of day care for young children and discount findings that
emphasize the benefits of home-based care. This is an example of the:
96. For the vast majority of words, the connection between the symbols and the meanings:
A) always follows an algorithm.
B) is completely determined by linguistic rules.
C) is completely arbitrary.
D) is completely determined by syntactic rules.
97. Which of the following is NOT true regarding language?

A) The meaning of words as language symbols remains constant and reflects the
inflexibility of rule-governed language.
B) For most words, the connection between the symbol and the meaning is completely
arbitrary.
C) The meaning of language symbols is shared by others who use the same language
symbols.
D) Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules.
98. Which of the following statements regarding language is FALSE?

A) Language is a system in which arbitrary symbols can be combined to produce an
infinite number of meaningful statements.
B) Displacement is one important characteristic of all human languages.
C) In most languages, words are similar in sound to the object or meaning that they
symbolize.
D) Language can create a gender bias.
99. Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules for combining words.
These rules are referred to as the _____ of a language.
A) symbols
B) syntax
C) displacement rules
D) generative rules
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100. Syntax is to _____ as generative is to _____.
A) rules for combining words; creative
B) creative; rules for combining words
C) displacement; rules for combining words
D) rules for combining words; displacement
101. Emily created a new sentence that neither she nor anybody else had ever heard before:
"The chinless human-factors-interface-technician roamed the halls of academia looking
for a lobotomized bureaucrat to interface with." This example most clearly illustrates the
_____ of language.
A) generative property
B) symbolic nature
C) syntactical properties
D) displacement aspects
102. A characteristic of human language is that we can use it to communicate meaningfully

about ideas, objects, and activities that are not physically present. This characteristic is
called:
A) syntax.
B) symbolism.
C) displacement.
D) generativity.
103. The linguistic relativity hypothesis is the idea that:

A) the meaning of language is determined by the relative perceptions of the people
who use that language.
B) most languages have a common root and thus are relatively similar.
C) differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts and perceptions of
their speakers.
D) all languages have a relatively similar basic syntax.
104. Benjamin Whorf is best known in psychology for his:

A) work in comparative linguistics and formulation of the linguistic relativity
hypothesis.
B) work in comparative cognition and his research on animal language.
C) creation of the first practical intelligence test for use with schoolchildren.
D) advancement of the notion of multiple intelligences rather than a single global
intelligence.
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105. _____ proposes that differences among languages cause differences in the thought of
their speakers.
A) Comparative cognition theory
B) The linguistic relativity hypothesis
C) The belief-bias hypothesis
D) The elimination by aspects model
106. The Dani speakers of New Guinea have names for only two classes of colors. When
psychologist Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues studied color perception in the Dani
speakers, Rosch found that the Dani:
A) could not perceive the difference between red and green.
B) perceived colors in much the same way as English-speaking people.
C) could only distinguish among primary colors.
D) suffered from a hereditary form of color blindness.
107. Cross-cultural research on color names and color perception has shown that:
A) colors are perceived and classified differently in the languages spoken in remote,
isolated areas.
B) speakers of languages that do not have a written form classify and perceive colors
in a way that is fundamentally different from that of speakers of written languages.
C) although color names may vary, color perception does not appear to depend on the
language used and is much the same in all cultures studied.
D) color perception appears to depend on the language used and these variations in
color perception have been found in all cultures studied.
108. Benjamin Whorf's belief that language determines perception and the structure of
thought:
A) has been supported by numerous cross-cultural studies.
B) has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to
influence perception and thought.
C) has been supported by research with hearing-impaired people who use American
Sign Language.
D) has been challenged by numerous research findings in the field of comparative
cognition.
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109. What research finding has demonstrated the influence of language on perception and
thought?
A) The finding that the Eskimo language has many more words for "snow" than the
English language.
B) The discovery that the Dani people of New Guinea perceive only two distinct
categories of colors, "mola" and "mili."
C) The revelation that experts perceive objects in their field of expertise differently
than nonexperts.
D) The finding that people whose languages lack number words or counting systems
are unable to complete simple arithmetic tasks, such as matching specific
configurations of objects.
110. Research suggests that bilingual individuals are:

A) better able to control attention and inhibit distracting information.
B) less able to switch attention to new stimuli when necessary.
C) less protected from dementia in old age.
D) often confused during language development and have difficulty learning either
language properly.
111. In many cultures, bilingualism is

A) frowned upon.
B) not taught in schools.
C) first introduced in high school.
D) the norm.
112. _____ describes a characteristic of individuals who are equally proficient in two
languages.
A) Telegraphic speech
B) Syntax
C) Balanced proficiency
D) Pragmatics
113. Being bilingual may protect against:

A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) autism.
C) ADHD.
D) bipolar disorder.
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114. Animal communication research has shown that:
A) parrots like Alex can only "parrot" or mimic speech and have no understanding of
what they are "saying."
B) chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to be able to learn symbols and comprehend spoken
English.
C) animals can communicate, but there is no evidence that they are capable of using
language even in the most elementary way.
D) only humans can communicate and use language.
115. The results of studies with bonobo chimpanzees, parrots, and bottle-nosed dolphins have
provided some compelling demonstrations of animal communication learning.
According to your textbook:
A) most psychologists now agree that nonhuman animals are not only capable of
complex linguistic feats, but are clearly self-aware, and have a remarkable ability
to think.
B) although the results of these studies are fascinating, many psychologists caution
against trying to determine whether animals can "think" like humans, and instead
they focus on the evolved cognitive abilities of specific species.
C) most psychologists working in the area of comparative cognition now agree that
only humans can communicate using true language.
D) although the results of these studies are fascinating, most comparative
psychologists believe that nonhuman animals are only capable of
"communicating," and these "language" demonstrations lack proper syntax and
grammar.
116. Jill, a psychology major, was fascinated by a television special she saw about a
psychologist who was testing the ability of ravens to solve novel problems, such as
retrieving food that was hanging from a long string. If Jill wanted to do similar research,
what area of psychology should she pursue?
A) developmental psychology
B) cognitive psychology
C) comparative cognition
D) biological psychology
117. Animal cognition, an active area of psychological research:

A) studies memory, problem solving, planning, cooperation, and even deception.
B) is concerned with animal intelligence and the construction of intelligence tests for
animals.
C) investigates the influence of language on thought and cognition in animals.
D) is concerned with studying genetic influences on intelligence and, in particular,
heritability and heritability estimation.
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118. To David Wechsler, intelligence is reflected in:
A) creative behavior.
B) effective, rational, and goal-directed behavior.
C) bodily-kinesthetic behavior.
D) logical-mathematical behavior.
119. According to the textbook, which of the following cognitive abilities is NOT an aspect
of what is commonly called intelligence?
A) the use of mental images
B) problem solving and decision making
C) the use of language
D) artistic ability
120. _____ developed the first systematic intelligence test.

A) Alfred Binet
B) David Wechsler
C) Lewis Terman
D) Louis L. Thurstone
121. When Binet developed the first intelligence test, he believed that:
A) he was measuring an innate, fixed level of mental ability.
B) he was measuring multiple intelligences, including musical intelligence, spatial
intelligence, personal intelligence, practical intelligence, and others.
C) he was NOT measuring an innate or permanent level of intelligence.
D) a single global intellectual ability could be quantified in an individual IQ score.
122. Which theorist believed that intelligence test scores were useful primarily to identify
children who needed special help?
A) Lewis Terman
B) David Wechsler
C) Alfred Binet
D) Charles Spearman
123. _____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is

expressed in terms of a given age.
A) Intelligence quotient (IQ)
B) Mental age
C) Chronological age
D) Mental set
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124. A measure of general intelligence that is derived by comparing an individual's score to
scores of others in the same age group is a definition of:
A) intelligence quotient(IQ).
B) mental age.
C) chronological age.
D) mental set.
125. Which of the following individuals developed and promoted the use of the intelligence
quotient or IQ as a measure for intelligence?
A) Alfred Binet
B) David Wechsler
C) Charles Spearman
D) Lewis Terman
126. Binet's intelligence test was translated and adapted by American psychologist Lewis
Terman. He called this test the:
A) Terman Intelligence Scale (TIS).
B) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
C) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
D) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
127. Jonathan is a very bright 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. If tested on the Stanford-
Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:
A) 100
B) 83
C) 120
D) 160
128. 10-year-old Sydney's IQ score on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test was 130. It is
likely that her mental age is:
A) 10.
B) 13.
C) 6 1 2 .
D) 15.
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129. During World War I, the U.S. military developed the _____ to screen millions of
recruits.
A) Army Alpha and the Army Beta tests.
B) Army and Navy Intelligence test.
C) Navy, Army, and Air Force Aptitude test (NAAA).
D) Military Achievement Test (MAT).
130. Your text notes the misuse of group intelligence tests shortly after World War I.
Specifically, group intelligence tests were inappropriately administered to:
A) people in mental institutions.
B) newly arriving immigrants to the United States.
C) all children enrolled in public schools.
D) politicians running for elective office.
131. David Wechsler developed the _____ intelligence test.

A) Army Alpha
B) Stanford-Binet
C) WAIS
D) Army Beta
132. Wechsler's intelligence test (the WAIS) was specifically designed to test _____ rather
than _____.
A) army recruits; navy recruits.
B) children; adults.
C) army recruits who could not read; army recruits who could read.
D) adults; children.
133. Like Binet, Wechsler believed that:

A) intelligence was a single global ability that could be quantified in a single IQ score.
B) intelligence involved a variety of mental abilities.
C) intelligence was primarily a function of genetic inheritance.
D) IQ scores had little or no correlation with academic success.
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134. On the WAIS, the _____ score represents subtest scores on verbal tasks, such as
vocabulary, comprehension, and general knowledge; the _____ score represents subtest
scores on nonverbal tasks, such as identifying missing parts in incomplete pictures,
arranging pictures to tell a story, or arranging blocks to match a pattern.
A) performance; verbal
B) spatial; linguistic
C) verbal; performance
D) linguistic; spatial
135. Unlike the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, the WAIS:

A) provided subtest scores on different abilities.
B) provided only a single global IQ score.
C) measured multiple intelligences such as musical intelligence, practical intelligence,
creativity, and others.
D) measured componential intelligence, experiential intelligence, and contextual
intelligence.
136. Wechsler's test provided scores on 11 subtests measuring different abilities, which are
grouped to provide an overall _____ and _____ for the test taker.
A) mental age; chronological age
B) verbal score; performance score
C) aptitude score; achievement score
D) validity score; reliability score
137. On Wechsler's WAIS intelligence test, the _____ is calculated by comparing an

individual's overall score to the scores of others in the same general age group whose
average score was statistically fixed at 100.
A) mental age
B) overall, global IQ
C) chronological age
D) g factor
138. According to the In Focus box, "Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?" which
of the following statements about the relationship between IQ and success is FALSE?
A) IQ scores do not reliably predict academic success.
B) Academic success is no guarantee of success beyond school.
C) Many different personality factors are involved in achieving success.
D) Terman found that highly intelligent children tended to be socially well-adjusted,
as well as taller, stronger, and healthier than average children.
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139. Psychologist Lewis Terman tracked 1,500 California schoolchildren with high IQs
throughout their lives. The general finding was that high:
A) intelligence can contribute to success in life but motivation and other personality
factors are equally important.
B) intelligence is related to social and personal maladjustment, physical weakness, and
mental instability.
C) IQ scores in schoolchildren had virtually no predictive value of success in adult
life.
D) IQ scores were the best predictors of alcoholism, drug taking, and antisocial
behavior.
140. Lewis Terman studied 1,500 California children between the ages of eight and 12 who
had IQs above 140. What were the findings of Terman's research?
A) Other than their high intelligence, there were no significant differences between
them and other children in their age group.
B) The highly intelligent children tended to be socially well adjusted and healthier and
taller than other children of their age.
C) Although intelligent, the high-IQ children were socially and physically inept.
D) As compared to the control group of average children, the highly intelligent
children were much more prone to illness and accidents.
141. Lewis Terman's colleague, Melita Oden, continued to study Terman's gifted children
after they had reached adulthood. Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the A
group) with the 100 least successful men (the C group). What did Oden find?
A) The Cs were less healthy, had higher rates of alcoholism, and were more likely to
be divorced than the As.
B) Although the Cs had less professional success, they were more likely to be happily
married.
C) Because the As were workaholics, they tended to have higher rates of alcoholism
and stress-related illnesses than the Cs.
D) The As were "creative" geniuses but the Cs were not.
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142. Melita Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the A group) with the 100 least
successful men (the C group) from Lewis Terman's original sample of 1,500 children
with genius-level intelligence. Given that the IQ scores of the A and C groups were
essentially the same, what accounted for the difference in the levels of accomplishment?
A) Birth order differences: As were more likely to be only children or first-borns than
Cs.
B) Socioeconomic status: As came from families that were wealthier and better
educated than the Cs' families.
C) Creativity and flexibility: Cs were less creative and flexible than the As.
D) Personality factors: As were more goal-oriented, more likely to persevere, and had
a greater desire to excel than the Cs.
143. In the In Focus box, "Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?" what was the
general conclusion, based upon the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the
genius-level children who grew up to be genius-level adults?
A) the higher a person's IQ, the more success the person would have later in life.
B) IQ scores have virtually no relationship to personal success.
C) although IQ is important, socioeconomic status accounts for a larger part of life
success.
D) personality factors, such as motivation, emotional maturity, willingness to work
hard, and commitment to goals, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant
role in life success.
144. A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a

particular area is called a(n):
A) achievement test.
B) aptitude test.
C) alpha test.
D) beta test.
145. Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____
and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.
A) 100; 150.
B) 50; 150.
C) 85; 115.
D) 60; 130.
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146. Nathan's score on the WAIS was 105. Nathan's score indicates that he is in the:
A) normal, or average, range of scores.
B) above-average range of scores.
C) below-average range of scores.
D) upper 2 percent of scores.
147. Sheldon's score on the WAIS was 160. Sheldon's score indicates that he is in the:
A) normal, or average, range of scores.
B) above-average range of scores.
C) below-average range of scores.
D) upper 2 percent of scores.
148. A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training is
called a(n) _____ test.
A) achievement
B) aptitude
C) alpha
D) beta
149. Amy is applying for a job at a large multinational corporation. As part of the job
application process she is given a test to see if she is suited to work in sales. This is an
example of _____ testing.
A) intelligence
B) achievement
C) aptitude
D) motivational
150. Ali took a test that measured his level of knowledge, skills, and accomplishment in
particular areas such as mathematics and writing ability. Ali took a(n) _____ test.
A) intelligence
B) achievement
C) motivational
D) aptitude
151. _____ means that a test is given to a large representative sample of people under
uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.
A) Standardization
B) Reliability
C) Validity
D) Representativeness
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152. Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates.
In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and
compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of
college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:
A) evaluating the test's validity.
B) establishing the test's reliability.
C) standardizing the test.
D) establishing the test's representativeness.
153. Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement of a good test design?
A) reliability
B) aptitude
C) validity
D) standardization
154. Any psychological test must fulfill certain requirements to be considered scientifically
acceptable. Which of the following answers include the three basic requirements of
good test design?
A) standardization, brevity, and representativeness.
B) being completely culture-fair, subjective, and standardized.
C) that the test measures both achievement and aptitude, is completely culture-fair,
and is easy to take.
D) standardization, validity, and reliability.
155. The new Aristographic Creativity Scale had test and retest scores that were highly
similar, but it lacked predictive value. In addition, there was some uncertainty about
precisely what ability the test was actually measuring. The Aristographic Creativity
Scale has:
A) high validity but low reliability.
B) high reliability but low validity.
C) high validity and high reliability.
D) low validity and low reliability.
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156. The new Simonian Personality Scale had test and retest scores that were very dissimilar,
and it also appeared to show little predictive value. In addition, there was some
uncertainty about precisely what the test was actually measuring. The Simonian
Personality Scale has:
A) high validity but low reliability.
B) high reliability but low validity.
C) low validity and high reliability.
D) low validity and low reliability.
157. How would you characterize the distribution of scores in a normal distribution?
A) scores cluster around the average score
B) scores exhibit good reliability and validity
C) scores cluster around each end of the distribution
D) scores are spread out across the distribution evenly
158. Scores on tests of individual differences, including intelligence test scores, often follow
a pattern in which most scores are in the average range with fewer scores in the
extremely high or extremely low range. What is this pattern of distribution of scores
called?
A) the normal distribution
B) the reliability distribution
C) the variability distribution
D) the standard distribution
159. Approximately _____ percent of the population will have IQ scores between 85 and
115.
A) 50
B) 95
C) 100
D) 68
160. Approximately _____ percent of the population will have IQ scores between 70 and
130.
A) 50
B) 95
C) 100
D) 68
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161. Approximately what percentage of the population is likely to score above 145 or below
55 on an intelligence test?
A) 10 percent.
B) 68 percent.
C) 50 percent.
D) one-tenth of 1 percent (0.1%).
162. When a test has the ability to produce consistent results when administered on repeated
occasions under similar conditions, it is said to be:
A) reliable.
B) valid.
C) standardized.
D) representative.
163. A test is considered to be reliable when it:

A) produces different data following repeated testing.
B) measures what it is supposed to measure.
C) is given to a large number of subjects that are representative of the population.
D) consistently shows similar results after repeated testing.
164. When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be:
A) reliable.
B) valid.
C) standardized.
D) representative.
165. Dr. Lopez assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new
test measuring the ability to cope with stress. He is checking the _____ of his new test.
A) reliability
B) validity
C) norms
D) variability
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166. In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was
designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and
grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this
instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:
A) establishing the test's reliability.
B) establishing the test's validity.
C) standardizing the test.
D) establishing the test's variability.
167. Charles Spearman believed that _____ was/were responsible for overall performance on
mental ability tests.
A) exercise and diet
B) schooling and education
C) general intelligence, or the g factor
D) general environmental factors, or the e factor
168. _____ was the primary proponent of the notion that general intelligence, also referred to
as the g factor, was the variable responsible for overall performance on mental ability
tests.
A) Alfred Binet
B) David Wechsler
C) Charles Spearman
D) Lewis Terman
169. Dr. Hiroshiko believes that a general factor (called the g factor) is responsible for
overall performance on mental ability tests, and that it can be expressed as a single
number, such as an IQ score. Dr. Hiroshiko's views are most consistent with those of:
A) Charles Spearman.
B) Louis L. Thurstone.
C) Howard Gardner.
D) Alfred Binet.
170. Which of the following is NOT an ongoing controversy in the field of intelligence
research?
A) whether intelligence is a single, global ability or a cluster of different abilities
B) whether intelligence is a formal concept or a natural concept
C) whether the definition of intelligence should be restricted to the mental abilities
measured by IQ and other intelligence tests
D) the degree to which intelligence should be narrowly defined by a person's IQ score
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171. Louis L. Thurstone believed that there:
A) are three forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
B) are seven different primary mental abilities, each of which is a relatively
independent element of intelligence.
C) are multiple intelligences, some of which are not measured by standard intelligence
tests.
D) is one general intelligence, or g factor, that is responsible for overall performance
on tests of mental abilities.
172. _____ put forth the notion that different mental abilities are biologically distinct and
controlled by different parts of the brain.
A) Charles Spearman
B) Louis L. Thurstone
C) Howard Gardner
D) Alfred Binet
173. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are
seven different primary mental abilities, each of which is a relatively independent
element of intelligence?
A) Charles Spearman
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Louis L. Thurstone
D) Lewis Terman
174. Rather than being interested in a single factor to identify intelligence, Louis L.
Thurstone believed that it was more important to consider:
A) the multiple g factors.
B) verbal and performance test scores.
C) an individual's specific pattern of mental abilities.
D) a person's problem-solving abilities.
175. Which one of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there
are "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct?
A) Charles Spearman
B) Claude Steele
C) Howard Gardner
D) Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
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176. Which of the following statements best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of
intelligence?
A) "There is a single factor that can explain the pattern of specific mental abilities that
is called intelligence."
B) "There are multiple independent intelligences, and each must be defined within the
context of a particular culture."
C) "There are three mental abilities that together make up what is called successful
intelligence."
D) "There are three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical."
177. According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, there are _____ distinct types of
intelligence.
A) two
B) three
C) five
D) eight
178. The table pictured here provides a list of eight abilities that all reflect intelligence.
Which of the following theorists is most likely to endorse this view of multiple
intelligences?
A) Lewis Terman
B) Louis L. Thurstone
C) Howard Gardner
D) Robert Sternberg
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179. In Howard Gardner's theory, distinct forms of intelligence include:
A) verbal comprehension, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning.
B) linguistic, creative, musical, scientific-mathematical, performance, intellectual,
interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences.
C) linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal,
intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligences.
D) analytic, creative, and practical intelligences.
180. _____ argued that some of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences were actually
specialized talents.
A) Lewis Terman
B) Benjamin Whorf
C) Robert Sternberg
D) David Wechsler
181. The hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder, according to the In Focus box on
neurodiversity, are:
A) problems with communication and social interactions.
B) a high level of social competence but a low IQ.
C) IQ scores of 70 or below combined with a high level of artistic ability.
D) a high level of mathematical skill and a low score on the Raven's Progressive
Matrices test.
182. People with _____ typically have impaired social interactions, impaired verbal and
nonverbal communication skills, engage in repetitive or odd motor behaviors, and have
highly restricted routines and interests.
A) intellectual disability
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) neurodiversity disease
183. Trent does not respond to attempts at social interaction. He also engages in repetitive or
odd motor behaviors and has a few restricted routines and interests that he focuses on.
According to the In Focus box, "Neurodiversity: Beyond IQ," these characteristics are
typical of a disorder called:
A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) neurodiversity syndrome.
C) mental set disease.
D) intellectual disability.
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184. Philip, who displays the hallmark characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, is likely
to have:
A) a high level of mathematical skill and a low score on the Raven's Progressive
Matrices test.
B) a high level of social competence and a high score on the Raven's Progressive
Matrices test.
C) IQ scores of 70 or below combined with a high level of artistic ability.
D) problems with communication and social interactions with others.
185. According to the In Focus box, "Neurodiversity: Beyond IQ," intellectual disability is a
disorder:
A) characterized by intellectual function that is significantly below average, usually
defined as a measured IQ of 70 or below and which is caused by brain injury,
disease, or a genetic disorder.
B) in which scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test are consistently 25
percent lower than scores on the WAIS.
C) characterized by above average spatial intelligence, with IQ scores at the 50th
percentile or higher on the performance subtest score on the WAIS.
D) in which scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test are consistently 25
percent higher than scores on the WAIS.
186. The In Focus box, "Neurodiversity: Beyond IQ," presents information on the idea of
neurodiversity and notes that people with a mild form of autism spectrum disorder
typically:
A) have IQ scores of 70 or below but high levels of social competence.
B) show normal, even advanced language development, have narrow interests and
inflexible behavior, and by definition, have normal-to-above-average intelligence.
C) have low scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test (50 or below) and high
scores on the WAIS (100 or above).
D) show abnormal and slow language development, have narrow interests and
inflexible behavior, and by definition, have an IQ of 70 or below.
187. According to the In Focus box, "Neurodiversity: Beyond IQ," about _____ percent of
people with autism spectrum disorder are autistic savants who have some extraordinary
talent or ability in math, music, or art.
A) 75
B) 25
C) 10
D) 0
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188. As discussed in the chapter prologue, Tom had been diagnosed with Asperger's
syndrome (now considered a mild form of autism spectrum disorder). According to the
In Focus box on neurodiversity, Tom is likely to:
A) show abnormal and slow language development, to have narrow interests and
inflexible behavior, and by definition, have an IQ of 70 or below.
B) show normal, even advanced language development, to have narrow interests and
inflexible behavior, and by definition, have normal-to-above-average intelligence.
C) have a low score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test (50 or below) and a high
score on the WAIS (100 or above).
D) have an IQ score of 70 or below accompanied by a high level of social competence.
189. Michelle Dawson and her colleagues gave children and adults with autism and a
matched group of individuals without autism a Wechsler-based intelligence test and the
Raven's Progressive Matrices test. What were the results of this research?
A) On average, the autistic group scored fully 30 percentile points lower on the
Raven's test than on the Wechsler test.
B) On average, the autistic children scored at the 26th percentile on the Wechsler test
while their average score was 56 percent on the Raven's test.
C) Members of the matched non-autistic control group achieved significantly lower
scores on both tests than did the autistic group.
D) Autistic children and adults scored below the 25th percentile on both tests.
190. Many researchers, parents, and people "on the autism spectrum" are embracing a new
approach to autism spectrum disorders. They recognize that people with autistic
spectrum symptoms process information, communicate, and experience their social and
physical environment differently than neurotypical people who don't have these
symptoms. This approach is called:
A) the neurotypical approach.
B) neurodiversity.
C) the autism spectrum approach.
D) the savant syndrome approach.
191. Robert Sternberg believes:

A) that successful intelligence involves three distinct mental abilities.
B) that most studies of animal cognition are seriously flawed.
C) that there is one general intelligence, or g factor.
D) that there are eight distinct and independent factors involved in intelligence.
Page 41
192. With whom do you associate the "triarchic theory of intelligence"?
A) Louis Thurman
B) Howard Gardner
C) Charles Spearman
D) Robert Sternberg
193. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the components of Sternberg's
"successful intelligence"?
A) practical intelligence
B) creative intelligence
C) analytic intelligence
D) interpersonal intelligence
194. Brian's car was not running smoothly. The car would occasionally lose power or stall
out. Brian thought about the possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an
additive in the gas tank, or taking his car to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure
out the problem. Brian decided that he would try putting an additive in the gas tank first
to see if that corrected the problem. Which one of Sternberg's intelligences was Brian
MOST likely using?
A) naturalist intelligence
B) creative intelligence
C) analytic intelligence
D) logical-mathematical intelligence
195. Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

A) creative
B) practical
C) successful
D) analytic
196. Since moving to the United States, Ernesto has established a very successful consulting
business that advises U.S. corporations that plan to market their products in Central and
South America. Ernesto appears to excel in what Robert Sternberg would call _____
intelligence.
A) practical
B) logical-mathematical
C) naturalist
D) spatial
Page 42
197. When Jennifer lived in the Eastern European country of Slakia for a year, she found it
very difficult to adapt to the strange customs and diet of the Slakian culture. Robert
Sternberg might suggest that Jennifer is low in _____ intelligence.
A) analytic
B) spatial
C) creative
D) practical
198. Desmond and Deirdre are two biological siblings who are being reared in the same
home. Their IQ scores are much more similar that those of Glen and Giselle, who are
biological siblings who were separated as infants and are being raised in different
homes. The fact that the IQ scores of Desmond and Deirdre are much more similar than
the IQ scores of Glen and Giselle provides evidence for the influence of _____ on
intelligence and IQ scores.
A) the environment
B) genes
C) standardization and validity
D) linguistic relativity
199. In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree
that:
A) intelligence is primarily inherited.
B) intelligence is primarily determined by the environment.
C) both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence level.
D) intelligence is determined by a single pair of genes.
200. 25-year-old Connor is six feet two inches tall. According to your textbook, his present
height is a result of:
A) genetic factors only.
B) environmental factors only.
C) the interaction between genetic and environmental factors.
D) doing stretching exercises throughout his teenage years.
201. Which of the following is the research method MOST commonly used to explore the
role of genetic and environmental factors in human intelligence?
A) research using nonhuman animals as subjects
B) studies of twins and other genetically related individuals
C) computer models and simulations
D) a systematic comparison of individuals' scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices
test with their scores on the WAIS and WISC
Page 43
202. When David goes to graduate school, he wants to investigate aspects of the heredity-
environment debate as it relates to human intelligence. He is most likely to:
A) use cross-cultural research to explore the effect of different languages on
intellectual development and perception.
B) conduct twin studies.
C) explore creativity and intuition.
D) study cognitive abilities in primates and other animals for clues about the origins of
human intelligence.
203. _____ share exactly the same genes, and thus any differences between them must be due
to environmental factors rather than hereditary differences.
A) Fraternal twins
B) Same-sex siblings
C) Identical wins
D) Same-sex fraternal twins
204. Jaclyn and Jade are identical twins who were raised in different homes, but nevertheless
have very similar IQ scores. This example provides support primarily for the influence
of _____ on intelligence or IQ.
A) environment
B) genes
C) innate language capacity
D) neither genes nor environment
205. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the determination of

intelligence?
A) Twin studies clearly indicate that heredity is much more important than the
environment in determining intelligence.
B) Psychologists can estimate the relative contribution of heredity to the development
of intelligence through the use of the heritability estimate.
C) Psychologists still disagree in identifying how much of intelligence is determined
by heredity and how much is determined by the environment.
D) Twin studies have helped scientists better understand the contributions of heredity
and environment to intelligence.
206. The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to genetic factors is
called:
A) reliability.
B) validity.
C) heritability.
D) variability.
Page 44
207. According to some psychologists, there is a heritability estimate of about 50 percent for
intelligence in the general population. This statement means that:
A) half of an individual's IQ score is due to genes, and the other half is due to
environmental factors.
B) the intelligence of about half of the general population is primarily determined by
their genes, and the intelligence of the other half is primarily determined by their
environment.
C) about half of the difference in IQ scores among people within a particular group is
due to differences in their genetic makeup.
D) half of the population have IQ scores that are above the inherited norm, and half of
the population have IQ scores that are below the inherited norm.
208. A heritability estimate of about 50 percent for intelligence in the general population
suggests that:
A) genetics has no bearing on IQ.
B) the home is essential for the determination of IQ.
C) the difference in IQ scores within a specific group of people is due to differences in
their genetic makeup.
D) heritability estimates can be used to predict improvements in IQ scores over a
person's lifetime.
Page 45
209. The two-pots analogy in this figure is used to illustrate which of the following?
A) Because the two environments are very different (poor soil versus rich soil), no
conclusions can be drawn about possible overall genetic differences between the
plants in pot A and the plants in pot B.
B) Because the seeds are not genetically identical, the plants within pot A and within
pot B will have the same variability in height and this variation within each group
of seeds is completely due to environmental factors.
C) Because the two environments are very different (poor soil versus rich soil), it can
be concluded that differences between the plants in pot A and the plants in pot B
are due entirely to genetic factors.
D) Because the seeds are not genetically identical, the plants in pot A will be taller
than the plants in pot B and this difference between each group of seeds is due
completely to genetic factors.
210. Why can't heritability estimates be used to explain group differences in intelligence?
A) Heritability estimates can only be used to predict individual variation from
standardized test scores, and do not apply to group differences.
B) Heritability estimates apply only to characteristics that are determined by a single
gene or gene pair.
C) Heritability estimates can only be applied to differences within a particular group,
because environmental conditions vary for different groups.
D) Heritability estimates only apply to intelligence scores that are averaged over a
period of at least 20 years, and group data does not exist for that period.
Page 46
211. Psychologist Claude Steele coined the term _____ to refer to the belief that you might
be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong,
especially when that belief creates anxiety or self-doubt.
A) neurotypical threa.
B) stereotype threat
C) neurodiversity threat
D) prototype threat
212. Lindsay hopes to gain admission to graduate school to become a chemical engineer, and
needs to take the Graduate Record Exams (GRE) in physics and chemistry as part of her
application. Although she has gotten excellent grades in both chemistry and physics in
college, when she enters the room for her physics test she can't help but notice that
almost all of the students taking the test are male, and she is only one of a handful of
female students. According to research by Claude Steele, what might be the effect of
Lindsay's awareness that she is vastly outnumbered by male students?
A) Her score on the exam will probably be higher than it would be if she were less
aware of her gender identity.
B) Her score on the exam will probably be lower than it would be if she was less
aware of her gender identity.
C) It will have little or no effect on her test score.
D) Because Lindsay is so highly motivated to succeed, her score on the exam will
probably be higher than expected.
213. According to research by Claude Steele and other psychologists, how does stereotype
threat tend to impair performance?
A) irrelevant mental images and concepts come to mind, which interfere with insight,
intuition, and creativity
B) mental sets are produced, which interferes with effective problem solving and
performance
C) functional fixedness is experienced, which interferes with flexible and creative
problem solving
D) psychological distress, anxiety, and self-doubt interfere with thinking and problem-
solving abilities
Page 47
214. According to research by Claude Steele and other psychologists, how does stereotype
threat tend to impair performance?
A) Irrelevant mental images and concepts come to mind, which interfere with insight,
intuition, and creativity.
B) Mental sets are produced, which interferes with effective problem solving and
performance.
C) Functional fixedness is experienced, which interferes with flexible and creative
problem solving.
D) The fear that one might confirm the stereotype negatively affects the ability to
carry out an action.
215. In a phenomenon known as _____, awareness of positive expectations can actually

improve performance on tasks.
A) neurotypical threat
C) neurotypical lift
D) stereotype lift
216. Psychologist Margaret Shih and her colleagues conducted a study where mathematically
gifted Asian American female college students were randomly assigned to three groups.
Group 1 filled out a questionnaire about their Asian background, designed to remind
them of their Asian identity. Group 2 filled out a questionnaire designed to remind them
of their female identity. Group 3 was the control group and filled out a neutral
questionnaire. What were the results of this study?
A) The students who were reminded of their racial identity as Asians scored
significantly higher on the exam than the students who were reminded of their
gender identity as women.
B) The students who were reminded of their racial identity as Asians scored
significantly lower on the exam than the students who were reminded of their
gender identity as women.
C) Racial identity had no effect on exam scores
D) Gender identity had no effect on exam scores.
Page 48
questionnaire. The students who were reminded of their racial identity as Asians scored
significantly higher on the exam than the students who were reminded of their gender
identity as women. The effect of racial identity in this study is an example of:
A) neurotypical threat.
B) stereotype threat.
C) neurotypical lift.
D) stereotype lift.
questionnaire. The students who were reminded of their racial identity as Asians scored
significantly higher on the exam than the students who were reminded of their gender
identity as women. The effect of gender identity in this study is an example of:
D) stereotype lift.
219. In one study, psychologist Margaret Shih and her colleagues assessed the performance
of Asian American women on a test of verbal ability, an area in which women are
stereotypically expected to excel but Asians are not. In this study, the women scored
higher on the verbal test when reminded of the gender identity, but scored lower on the
test when reminded of their racial identity. The effect of racial identity in this study is
an example of:
D) stereotype lift.
Page 49
220. In one study, psychologist Margaret Shih and her colleagues assessed the performance
of Asian American women on a test of verbal ability, an area in which women are
stereotypically expected to excel but Asians are not. In this study, the women scored
higher on the verbal test when reminded of the gender identity, but scored lower on the
test when reminded of their racial identity. The effect of gender identity in this study is
an example of:
D) stereotype lift.
221. When a test was described as measuring "problem-solving skills," African American
students did just as well as white students. But when told that the same test measured
"intellectual ability," African American students scored lower than white students. This
example illustrates which of the following?
D) stereotype lift
222. When tests were described as measuring intelligence, Hispanic students performed more
poorly than white students; children from a low socioeconomic background performed
more poorly than students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds; and social science
majors scored lower than natural science majors. These examples all illustrate which of
the following?
D) stereotype lift
223. When reminded of the stereotype of the "elderly as forgetful," older adults scored lower
on a memory test than a matched group not given that reminder. This example illustrates
which of the following?
D) stereotype lift
Page 50
224. When reminded of the "elderly as wise" stereotype, senior adults scored higher on a
memory test than those who were not reminded of that positive stereotype. This
example illustrates which of the following?
D) stereotype lift
225. In a driving simulator, women who were reminded of the stereotype that females are
bad drivers were more than twice as likely to run over pedestrians as women who were
NOT reminded of the stereotype. This example illustrates which of the following?
D) stereotype lift
226. Your textbook discussed research on the effects of stereotype threat involving all of the
following stereotypes EXCEPT:
A) physical appearance.
B) race.
C) age.
D) gender.
227. Which of the following is the best example of the phenomenon called stereotype threat?
A) Noah develops a sudden fear of flying after repeatedly watching graphic film
footage of a commercial aircraft crashing shortly after takeoff and killing all of the
passengers.
B) Haley thinks she's more likely to win the lottery after someone she knows wins five
million dollars.
C) Hannah does poorly on her calculus final after overhearing her math instructor
make a joking remark about how few female students manage to pass his course.
D) Eric is an extremely talented artist and sculptor, but his IQ score is only within the
average range.
228. A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains
in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support
for _____ on IQ scores.
A) the effect of racial characteristics
B) environmental influences
C) genetic influences
D) the effect of diet
Page 51
229. A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains
in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support
for environmental influences on IQ scores because:
A) the amount of time involved is far too short for genetically influenced changes to
have occurred.
B) genetics have no contribution to IQ scores.
C) evolution only occurs in nonhuman animals.
D) the amount of time involved is far too long for genetically influenced changes to
have occurred.
230. The Buraku people of Japan, who are looked down upon by other Japanese and whose
IQ scores are 10 to 15 points below mainstream Japanese, illustrate the fact that:
A) IQ scores are genetically determined.
B) IQ is fixed at birth and unlikely to change.
C) Social discrimination can affect IQ scores.
D) Environmental factors have no effect on IQ scores.
231. Cross-cultural research has found that members of stigmatized groups in many different
societies tend to score _____ on intelligence tests than members of dominant social
groups, even if the stigmatized group members are of the same race as the dominant
group.
A) about the same
B) 10 to 15 points higher
C) 10 to 15 points lower
D) 25 to 30 points lower
232. When Dr. Cera, an expert on intelligence testing, is asked if it is possible to design an
intelligence test that is culture-free, she is most likely to suggest that it is:
A) not possible, because intelligence itself is not free of cultural influence
B) possible, because intelligence is genetically determined
C) possible, because intelligence itself is not affected by cultural influences
D) not possible, because nobody has yet formulated a theory of what intelligence is
233. Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test-taking, previous

experience with tests, and use of different strategies in problem solving may affect
performance and test scores. The textbook notes that these factors:
A) explain all aspects of individual, racial, and ethnic differences in IQ scores.
B) may relate to cultural differences in test-taking behavior.
C) have little or no influence on differences in IQ scores.
D) are less likely than genetics to influence IQ scores.
Page 52
234. _____ refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and
novel ideas or solutions.
A) Intuition
B) Insight
C) Creativity
D) Functional fixedness
235. When a young scientist went hiking in the Swiss Alps, he found that the thorny burrs on
some plants stuck to his pants and shirt. Rather than dismissing this trivial annoyance,
Heinz took the burrs to his lab and analyzed their properties. His work eventually led to
the invention of Velcro. This illustrates one aspect of creativity called:
A) algorithmic thinking.
B) problem finding.
C) trial and error approaches.
D) heuristic thinking.
236. Being motivated by a challenge and a personal sense of satisfaction is to _____ as being
motivated by rewards such as money, grades, or fame is to _____.
A) extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation.
B) divergent thinking; convergent thinking.
C) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation.
D) convergent thinking; divergent thinking.
237. People are most creative when influenced by:

A) money.
B) extrinsic factors.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) creativity "managers."
238. The act of creativity is typically:

A) associated with solving some problem.
B) restricted to artistic expression, such as painting or writing fiction.
C) motivated only by intrinsic rewards.
D) extremely rare.
Page 53
239. In many ways, creativity depends on:
B) usefulness.
C) heuristics.
D) problem finding.
240. Your textbook discusses Art Fry, a singer in his church choir and a researcher at the 3M
corporation. His case illustrates the importance of:
A) extrinsic motivation.
B) uselessness.
C) heuristics.
D) problem finding.
241. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for enhancing creativity?

A) use the additive model
B) acquire relevant knowledge
C) try different approaches
D) engage in problem finding
242. Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?

A) A useful technique to help inspire creative thinking is to engage in problem
finding.
B) Divergent thinking, in which you consider a problem from a variety of angles, can
help generate creative solutions.
C) Only a small percentage of people have the capacity to be creative.
D) Creativity requires effort and persistence.
243. The acronym CREATE may be used to capture the following elements of creativity
EXCEPT:
A) choose the goal of creativity.
B) reinforce creative behavior.
C) engage in extrinsically motivated activities.
D) acquire relevant knowledge.
244. A technique known as _____ is one useful strategy for problem finding.
A) intrinsic thinking
B) usefulness analysis
C) differences analysis
D) bug listing
Page 54
245. When Louis Pasteur said "Chance favors the prepared mind," he was talking about one
particular ingredient that is central to creative thinking. What is that ingredient?
A) choosing the goal of creativity
B) reinforcing intrinsic motivation
C) engaging in problem finding
D) acquiring relevant knowledge
246. One way to creatively generate new ideas is to consider a problem from different angles
or from a variety of perspectives, a technique that is called:
B) algorithmic thinking.
C) using a heuristic.
D) divergent thinking.
247. Flashes of insight typically involve:

A) large quantities of caffeine.
B) a great deal of work.
C) motivation by extrinsic rewards.
D) convergent thinking.
Page 55
Answer Key
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. C
22. B
23. A
24. B
25. A
26. B
27. D
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. A
32. A
33. C
34. A
35. A
36. C
37. D
38. D
39. A
40. A
41. A
42. A
43. C
44. A
Page 56
45. B
46. C
47. C
48. B
49. B
50. A
51. A
52. C
53. D
54. A
55. C
56. B
57. A
58. D
59. B
60. C
61. A
62. C
63. C
64. C
65. A
66. A
67. A
68. B
69. A
70. D
71. C
72. B
73. A
74. C
75. C
76. C
77. A
78. A
79. A
80. D
81. C
82. C
83. D
84. C
85. B
86. B
87. D
88. D
89. C
90. B
Page 57
91. D
92. A
93. A
94. A
95. A
96. C
97. A
98. C
99. B
100. A
101. A
102. C
103. C
104. A
105. B
106. B
107. C
108. B
109. D
110. A
111. D
112. C
113. A
114. B
115. B
116. C
117. A
118. B
119. D
120. A
121. C
122. C
123. B
124. A
125. D
126. C
127. C
128. B
129. A
130. B
131. C
132. D
133. B
134. C
135. A
136. B
Page 58
137. B
138. A
139. A
140. B
141. A
142. D
143. D
144. A
145. C
146. A
147. B
148. B
149. C
150. B
151. A
152. C
153. B
154. D
155. B
156. D
157. A
158. A
159. D
160. B
161. D
162. A
163. D
164. B
165. A
166. B
167. C
168. C
169. A
170. B
171. B
172. C
173. C
174. C
175. C
176. B
177. D
178. C
179. C
180. C
181. A
182. B
Page 59
183. A
184. D
185. A
186. B
187. C
188. B
189. B
190. B
191. A
192. D
193. D
194. C
195. B
196. A
197. D
198. A
199. C
200. C
201. B
202. B
203. C
204. B
205. A
206. C
207. C
208. C
209. A
210. C
211. B
212. B
213. D
214. D
215. D
216. A
217. D
218. B
219. B
220. D
221. B
222. B
223. B
224. D
225. B
226. A
227. C
228. B
Page 60
229. A
230. C
231. C
232. A
233. B
234. C
235. B
236. C
237. C
238. A
239. D
240. D
241. A
242. C
243. C
244. D
245. D
246. D
247. B
Page 61

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Hockenbury Nolan ISBN 146417105X 9781464171055

Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-discovering-psychology-7th-edition-by-

3. Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations:

4. The psychological process that involves manipulating mental representations of

19. Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept?

21. Which of the following is NOT true about concepts?

22. Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____.

26. A natural concept is:

36. Exemplars and prototypes are similar in that:

37. Our memories of individual instances of a particular concept are called:

40. Problem solving is defined as:

41. Trial and error is defined as a:

42. Dr. Milovitch systematically mixed thousands of different combinations of chemical

45. In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as:

47. Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic?

53. Insight is defined as:

54. Which statement best characterizes the process of insight?

55. The process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious

60. An intuitive hunch is most likely to be accurate when:

61. Functional fixedness is defined as the:

63. A mental set is defined as the:

72. A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important

83. The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

97. Which of the following is NOT true regarding language?

98. Which of the following statements regarding language is FALSE?

102. A characteristic of human language is that we can use it to communicate meaningfully

103. The linguistic relativity hypothesis is the idea that:

104. Benjamin Whorf is best known in psychology for his:

110. Research suggests that bilingual individuals are:

111. In many cultures, bilingualism is

113. Being bilingual may protect against:

117. Animal cognition, an active area of psychological research:

120. _____ developed the first systematic intelligence test.

123. _____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is

131. David Wechsler developed the _____ intelligence test.

133. Like Binet, Wechsler believed that:

135. Unlike the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, the WAIS:

137. On Wechsler's WAIS intelligence test, the _____ is calculated by comparing an

144. A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a

163. A test is considered to be reliable when it:

191. Robert Sternberg believes:

195. Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

205. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the determination of

215. In a phenomenon known as _____, awareness of positive expectations can actually

233. Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test-taking, previous

237. People are most creative when influenced by:

238. The act of creativity is typically:

241. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for enhancing creativity?

242. Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?

247. Flashes of insight typically involve:

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22. Formal concept is to _ as natural concept is to _.