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The document contains sample answers to exercises involving functions and their domains and ranges. It includes: 1) Sets of numbers answering questions about functions. 2) Graphs of functions with their domains and ranges labeled. 3) Values of functions for given inputs and descriptions of functions based on their formulas.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

129 views94 pages

Answers

Uploaded by

Aya Abdelsanad

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Answers
1A → 1B
Chapter 1 6 a (−2, 3) b [−4, 1) c [−1, 5] d (−3, 2]
7 a
Exercise 1A −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
1 a {8, 11} b {8, 11} b
c {1, 3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30} −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
d {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} c
e {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f {1, 8, 11, 25, 30}
d
2 a −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 e
b −4 −3 −2 −1 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 f
c −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
8 a
d
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b
e
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f c
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 a {7, 9} b {7, 9}
d
c {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23} d {2, 3, 5, 11}
e {2} f {2, 7, 9} g {2, 3, 5, 7} −8 −6 −4 −2 0
h {7} i {7, 9, 15, 19, 23} j (3, ∞)
4 a {a, e} b {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u} Exercise 1B
c {b, c, d} d {i, o, u} Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞)
√ 1 a
5 a [−3, 1) b (−4, 5] c (− 2, 0) b Domain = (−∞, 2] Range = R
1 √
d − √ , 3 e (−∞, −3) f (0, ∞) c Domain = (−2, 3) Range = [0, 9)
2 d Domain = (−3, 1) Range = (−6, 2)
g (−∞, 0) h [−2, ∞) e Domain = [−4, 0] Range = [0, 4]
f Domain = R Range = (−∞, 2)

2 a y b y 7 a f (−1) = −2, f (2) = 16, f (−3) = 6,

f (2a) = 8a2 + 8a
3 b g(−1) = −10, g(2) = 14, g(3) = 54,
g(a − 1) = 2a3 − 6a2 + 8a − 10
Answers

1 x x
0 −3 0 3 8 a g(−2) = 10, g(4) = 46
Domain = R b i 12x2 − 2 ii 3x2 − 12x + 10
−3
Range = [1, ∞) iii 3x2 + 12x + 10 iv 3x4 − 2
Domain = [−3, 3]
Range = [−3, 3] 9 a 3 b 7 c x = − 32 d x > 3
c y d y 10 a x = −3 b x > −3 c x = 32
11 a y b y
2 (4, 2√2)
(1, √2) (6, 7)
x x
0 0 (2, 3)
8 Domain = [0, ∞) x x
0 0 (2, −1)
Domain = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞)
Range = (−∞, 2]
e y f y Range = [3, ∞) Range = (−∞, −1]
(4, 18) c y d y
5
(3, 11)
2
x −1 1 −
2
x 0
2 x
3 2 x
0 5 4 0 0
Domain = [0, 5] Domain = [0, 4]
Range = [0, 5] Range = [2, 18] (−4, −7) Range = (−∞, 11)
g y h y Range = [−7, ∞)
(2, 4) e f
y y
4 (6, 17)
0
x (3, 4) 1
−1 −2 2 −2 2 3
x −1 1 x
−5 0 x −1 0
(−1, −5) Domain = R 0
(−2, −7)
Domain = [−1, 2] Range = (−∞, 4]
Range = [−5, 4] Range = [−7, 17]
Range = (−∞, 4]
i y Domain = R g h
y y
Range = R (−5, 14) (4, 19)
1 (−1, 2)
x 0 x
0 1 x −1 0.2
0
(−2, −11)
3 a Not a function; Domain = {−1, 1, 2, 3};
Range = [2, 14] Range = (−11, 19)
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b A function; Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}; 12 a f (2) = −3, f (−3) = 37, f (−2) = 21
Range = {−4, −1, 0, 3, 5} b g(−2) = 7, g(1) = 1, g(−3) = 9
c Not a function; Domain = {−2, −1, 2, 4}; c i f (a) = 2a2 − 6a + 1
Range = {−2, 1, 2, 4, 6} ii f (a + 2) = 2a2 + 2a − 3
d A function; Domain = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; iii g(−a) = 3 + 2a iv g(2a) = 3 − 4a
Range = {4} v f (5 − a) = 21 − 14a + 2a2
4 Functions: a, c vi f (2a) = 8a2 − 12a + 1
vii g(a) + f (a) = 2a2 − 8a + 4
5 a A function; Domain = R; Range = {4}
viii g(a) − f (a) = 2 + 4a − 2a2
b Not a function; Domain = {2}; Range = Z
c A function; Domain = R; Range = R 13 a x = 32 or x = −1 b x = ± 23
d Not a function; Domain = R; Range = R c x = 0 or x = − 13 d x < −1 or x > 2

e Not a function; Domain = [−4, 4]; 3

Range = [−4, 4] e x < − 23 or x > 23 f − 13 ≤ x ≤ 0

√
6 y = x + 2, x ≥ −2; Range = [0, ∞) 14 a f (−2) = 2 b f (2) = 6
√ c f (−a) = a2 − a d f (a) + f (−a) = 2a2
y = − x + 2, x ≥ −2; Range = (−∞, 0]
e f (a) − f (−a) = 2a f f (a2 ) = a4 + a2

a+2

Answers
15 a x = 2 b x>2 c x= 8 a f (−4) = −8 b f (0) = 0
3 1
8 13 c f (4) =
d x=− e x=1 f x= 4 ⎧
3 18 ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
4 7 1 2 ⎪
⎨a + 3, a>0
16 a b6 c − d9 e f− d f (a + 3) = ⎪⎪
3 3 3 9 ⎪
⎪
⎩2(a + 3), a ≤ 0
6 1 1 ⎧1
17 a b c ± d1 e −1, 2 ⎪ 3
5 5 3 ⎪
⎪
⎪ , a>
⎪
⎨ 2a 2
e f (2a) = ⎪⎪
Exercise 1C ⎪
⎪
⎪ 3
⎩4a, a ≤

1C → 1D
Domain = R Range = R 2
1 a ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
b Domain = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) ⎪
⎨a − 3, a>6
c Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) f f (a − 3) = ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩2(a − 3), a ≤ 6
d Domain = [−4, 4] Range = [0, 4]
⎧
e Domain = R \ {0} Range = R \ {0} ⎪
⎪
⎪ −x − 4, x < −2
⎪
⎪
⎨1
f Domain = R Range = (−∞, 4]
9 y=⎪ ⎪ x − 1, −2 ≤x≤3
g Domain = [3, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) ⎪
⎪
⎪
2
⎩− 1 x + 2, x > 3
2 a Domain = R Range = R 2

b Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) 10 a Even b Odd c Neither

c Domain = [−3, 3] Range = [0, 3] d Even e Odd f Neither
d Domain = R \ {1} Range = R \ {0} 11 a Even b Even c Odd
√ √ d Odd e Neither f Even
3 a R \ {3} b (−∞, − 3] ∪ [ 3, ∞)
c R d [4, 11] e R \ {−1} g Neither h Neither i Even
f (−∞, −1] ∪ [2, ∞) g R \ {−1, 2}
1 Exercise 1D
h (−∞, −2) ∪ [1, ∞) i 0,
3 1 a ( f + g)(x) = 4x + 2 b ( f + g)(x) = 1
j [−5, 5] k [3, 12]
( f g)(x) = 3x2 + 6x ( f g)(x) = x2 − x4
4 a y b Range = [−2, ∞)
dom = R dom = (0, 2]
x+1
c ( f + g)(x) = √
x
( f g)(x) = 1
x dom = [1, ∞)
−1 0 1 2 √
−1 d ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 4 − x
−2 √
( f g)(x) = x2 4 − x
5 a Domain = (−3, 0] ∪ [1, 3); Range = [−2, 3) dom = [0, 4]
b Domain = [−5, 4]; Range = [−4, 0) ∪ [2, 5] f 3x
6 a 2 a i (x) = , dom = R \ {−2}
y g x+2
(2, 10) g x+2
(−4, 9) ii (x) = , dom = R \ {0}
f 3x
6
5 f 1 − x2
b i (x) = , dom = (0, 2]
x g x2
−4 0 g x2
−4 2 ii (x) = , dom = (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2]
f 1 − x2
b Domain = (−∞, 2]; Range = [5, 10] ∪ {−4} f
y c i (x) = x, dom = [1, ∞)
7 a g
(−3, 8) g 1
ii (x) = , dom = [1, ∞)
8 f x
f x2
5 d i (x) = √ , dom = [0, 4)
x g
√4 − x
−3 0
g 4−x
ii (x) = , dom = (0, 4]
f x2
b Range = [5, ∞)

3 a i Even ii Odd iii Even iv Odd 4 a x = 1 or x = 0

1 b y
b ( f + h)(x) = x2 + 1 + 2 , even;
x
1
(gk)(x) = 1, even; ( f h)(x) = 1 + 2 , even;
x g
( f + g)(x) = x2 + x + 1, neither; 1
1 x
(g + k)(x) = x + , odd; −2 0 2
x
( f g)(x) = x3 + x, odd f −1
Answers

4 a f (g(x)) = 4x − 1, g( f (x)) = 4x − 2
b f (g(x)) = 8x + 5, g( f (x)) = 8x + 3 Exercise 1F
c f (g(x)) = 4x − 7, g( f (x)) = 4x − 5 ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
d f (g(x)) = 2x2 − 1, g( f (x)) = (2x − 1)2 1 f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎩2x if x > 2
e f (g(x)) = 2(x − 5)2 + 1, g( f (x)) = 2x2 − 4
f f (g(x)) = 2x2 + 1, g( f (x)) = (2x + 1)2
y
5 a f (h(x)) = 6x + 3 b h( f (x)) = 6x − 1
c 15 d 11 e 21 f −7 g 3
8
6 a 9x2 + 12x + 3 b 3x2 + 6x + 1
c 120 d 46 e3 f1 4
7 a h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 1, g(x) = √ x4
b h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x4 + 3, g(x) = x x
c h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 2x, g(x) = xn 0 2 4
1
d h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = 2x + 3, g(x) = 2 V(x) = 4x(10 − x)(18 − x), domain = [0, 10]
x
e h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 2x, 3 a A(x) = −x2 + 92x − 720
g(x) = x3 − 2x b 12 ≤ x ≤ 60
f h(x) = f ( f (x)), f (x) = 2x2 + 1 c A
(46, 1396)
Exercise 1E
1 a Maximal domain = R \ {0}; Range = R+ (60, 1200)
1 1
b i ii iii 16 iv 16 (12, 240)
16 16 x
c y 0
d Maximum area 1396 m2 occurs when
x = 46 and y = 34
3V
4 a i S = 2x2 + 6xh ii S = 2x2 +
x
b Maximal domain = (0, ∞)
x c Maximum value of S = 1508 m2
√
0 5 Area = x 4a2 − x2 , domain = [0, 2a]
2 a Odd b Even c Odd 6a
6 a A=
d Odd e Even f Odd a+2 9
3 a x = 1 or x = −1 b Domain = [0, 6]; Range = 0,
b 2
y 9
c d y
2

g
4 6, 9
2
2
2
x
f 0 2 4 6
x
0 2 4

1 1 3

Answers
7 a a= , b= , c = 45, d = − , e = 75 2 a y
30 15 2
7 (5, 4)
b S c Range = 0,
2
7 3
75,
2 y = g(x)
2 x
−3 0
3 3
45,
2 t b ran g = ,4 c x=5
0 2
1 1 1

1 review
3 a x= b x≤ c x=−
5 5 10
Chapter 1 review
4 y
Technology-free questions
1 a Domain = R y (2, 3)
Range = [1, ∞)

f(x) = x2 + 1 x
0 1 2
(0, 1) (0, −1)
x
0 √ √
5 a R \ {3} b R \ [− 5, 5] c R \ {1, −2}
d [−5, 5] e [5, 15] f R \ {2}
b Domain = R y
6 ( f + g)(x) = x + 5x + 1,
2
Range = R ( f g)(x) = (x − 3)(x + 2)2
f (x) = 2x − 6
7 ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 1, x ∈ [1, 5]
( f g)(x) = 2x(x − 1)2 , x ∈ [1, 5]
x 8 a ( f + g)(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3
0 3
b ( f g)(x) = −x2 (2x + 3)
−6 c x = −1 or x = 3
9 a f (g(x)) = −2x3 + 3
c Domain = [−5, 5] y
b g( f (x)) = −(2x + 3)3
Range = [−5, 5] c g(g(x)) = x9 d f ( f (x)) = 4x + 9
5
x2 + y2 = 25 1
10 a h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x3 − 1, g(x) = x 3
1
x b h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 + 1, g(x) =
−5 0 5 x
1
c h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x − 1, g(x) =
2
−5 x
Multiple-choice questions
d Domain = R y
1 E 2 B 3 E 4 E 5 C
Range = R y ≥ 2x + 1 6 E 7 C 8 B 9 C 10 B
1 11 B 12 C 13 C 14 D
Extended-response questions
x
0 1 a C1 = 64 + 0.25x, C2 = 89
1
− b C ($)
2 C2
100
80
e Domain = R y 60 C1
40
Range = R 20
y<x−3
020 40 60 80100120 x (km)
3 c x > 100 km
x 2
0 2 a S = 6x
√ 2
2
b S = 6V
√ 2
3
−3
3s 3h
3 a A= b A=
4 3

√
2A

4 a d(x) = 9 − x2 b dom = [0, 3] 3 a (4, 7) b (5, −2) c (2, 19)

d ran = [0, 3] 4 a y b y
Answers

3 0 4
x 3
−1 1 2
x −2 1
0 3 −3 x
160x 0 14
5 S (x) = 3
x + 80
h2
6 a V1 (h) = πh 36 − , h ∈ (0, 12) c y d y
√ 4
b V2 (r) = 2πr2 36 − r2 , r ∈ (0, 6)
7 a y 4 2
2
x x
0 3 6 0 3
2 (3, 3)
e y f y
x
−2 0 2
6 x
0 2
−4
b f (−1) = −3, x −4
⎧ f (3) = 3 −3 0
⎪
⎪
⎨4x2 − 4 if x < 1
c f (h(x)) = ⎪ ⎪ 5 a y = 2x − 6 b y = −3x − 5
⎩2x if x ≥ 1
⎧ c 3y − 4x = 5 d y = 2x + 1
⎪
⎪
⎨2x − 8 if x < 2
2 y x x y x y
h( f (x)) = ⎪ 6 a − =1 b + =1 c − =1
⎪
⎩2x if x ≥ 2 2 3 4 6 6 2
⎧ 2 x y y x
⎪ 3t 7 a + =1 b − =1
⎪
⎪
⎪ , 0<t≤1 4 2 3 4
⎪
⎨ 2
8 A(t) = ⎪ ⎪ y y
⎪
⎪
⎪
3
⎩3t − , t > 1
2
Domain = (0, ∞); Range = (0, ∞) 2 3
9 a i YB = r ii ZB = r
iii AZ = x − √ r iv CY = 3 − r x x
0 4 −4 0
x + 3 − x2 + 9
b r= x y
c − =1
2 6 3
c i r=1 ii x = 1.25
q √ y
10 b f (x) = c x = 3 ± 17
x
11 a i f (2) = 3, f ( f (2)) = 2, f ( f ( f (2))) = 3
ii f ( f (x)) = x x
0 6
−x − 3
b f ( f (x)) = , f ( f ( f (x))) = x −3
x−1

11
Chapter 2 8C=
200
n + 2, $57
9 a C = 5n + 175 b Yes c $175
√ √
Exercise 2A 10 a 5 ≈ 2.236 b 20 ≈ 4.472 c 5
√ 1 13
1 a 205 b 1, − c − 11 a i y = 2x + 4 ii 2y + x = 13
2 6 b i y = −2x + 7 ii 2y − x = 4
d 13x + 6y = 10 e 13x + 6y = 43
25 12 y = 2x − 3
f 13y − 6x = − 13 y = −5 or y = 3
2
5 3 1
14 a 32.01◦ b 153.43◦ c 56.31◦ d 120.96◦
1
2 a (3, 7 2 ) b − , −2 c ,
2 2 2 15 45◦

Answers
16 a = −12 or a = 8 e Domain = R \ {1} y
17 a y = 3x − 6 b (2, 0) Range = R \ {0}
1
18 k = 5 and h = 4, or k = −2 and h = −3 y=
x−1
4
19 a a + 2 b 0
5 x
1 (0, −1)
20 a m = b (5, 7)
2√ √
c AB = 13, AC = 2 13 x=1
21 a (2, 3) f Domain = R \ {0} y

2B
b y + 5x = 13
Range = R \ {−4}
c i 2y = 3x − 13 ii (3, −2) iii (1, 8) 1, 0
4
x
Exercise 2B 0
1 a (−1, 3) b (−5, 10) c (−5, 7) d (−3, 6) y=−4
1 1
2 a y= −3 b y= +3 1−4
y=x
x−2 x+2
1 2
c y= +4= +4
x − 12 2x − 1 g Domain = R \ {−2} y
3 a Domain = R \ {0} y Range = R \ {0} x = −2
Range = R \ {3} 0, 1
1+3 2
y=x x
0
y=3 y= 1
x+2
x
0 h Domain = R \ {3} y
− 1, 0
3 Range = R +

b Domain = R \ {0} y 1
0, 1 y=
Range = (−3, ∞) 9 (x − 3)2
y = 12 −3 x
x 0
− 1,0 − 1,0
√3 √3
x x=3
0
y = −3 i Domain = R \ {1} y

c Domain = R \ {−2}
Range = R \ {1} y= 1 +1
x– 1
Range = R+ y
y= 1 2 y=1
(x + 2)
x
0
0, 1
4 x=1
x
0 y
4 a
x = −2
y = f(x −1)
d Domain = [2, ∞) y
Range = [0, ∞) 0 x
y = √x − 2
(0, −1)
x =1
x
0 (2, 0)

1 1
2C

b y c i y= + 1 ii y= −6
(x − 7)3 (x + 2)3
1 1
y = f(x) + 1 iii y = − 3 iv y= +4
(x − 2)3 (x + 1)3
Answers

1 1
y=1 d i y= + 1 ii y= −6
(x − 7)4 (x + 2)4
x 1 1
( −1, 0) 0 iii y = − 3 iv y= +4
(x − 2)4 (x + 1)4
7 a y = (x + 1) + 5
2
b y = 2x2
y 1
c c y= +1
(x − 6)2
x = −3 8 a (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 3)
1
0, 3 b (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 3)
c (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 2)
x
0
Exercise 2C
y = f(x + 3)
3 3
1 a y= b y=
x x

d y √ x
2 a y=2 x b y=
y = f(x) − 3 2
1, 0 x3
3 3 a y = 2x3 b y=
x 8
0 4 a y b y
y = −3
1
1,
(1, 4) 2
x x
e y 0 0
y = 4x y=
1
x = −1 2x
c y d y
(0, 1) y = 3x
x (3, 3) y = 22
0 1, 1 (−1, 2) x
3 (1, 2)
x x
y = f(x + 1) 0 0
5 a y b y
f y
2
y = f(x) −1 y = 12 y=
x2
4x (1, 2)
(1, 0) x x
x 0
0 0
y = −1 c y d y

4
y=
x2 y = 32
(1, 4) x (1, 3)
5 a Translation (x, y) → (x − 5, y)
x x
b Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 2) 0 0
c Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 4)
6 y 7 y
d Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 3)
e Translation (x, y) → (x − 3, y) y = 3x
f(x) = 3÷x
y= 3
1 1
6 a i y = (x − 7) 4 + 1 ii y = (x + 2) 4 − 6 (1, 3)
2x
1 1 1, 3 1
iii y = (x − 2) 4 − 3 iv y = (x + 1) 4 + 4 2 y= x (1, 3)
√3 √3 (1, 1)
b i y = √x − 7 + 1 ii y = √ x + 2 − 6 x x
3 3
iii y = x − 2 − 3 iv y = x + 1 + 4
0 (−1, −1) 0
−1, −
3 Range = R+
2
(−1, −3)

1 √

Answers
8 a b 5 2 y 3 y
5
(5, 4)
9 a Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis
1
b Dilation of factor from the y-axis x −8 0 x
5 0 3 −3
1
c Dilation of factor from the y-axis (8, −2) (−4, −3)
3
d Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis

10 a i y = 4x2
2
ii y = x2 4 a i y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
3 ii y = −2(x − 3)2 + 4

2D
1 2 iii y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
iii y = 4x2 iv y = x
25 iv y = −2(x − 3)2 − 8
4 2 v y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
b i y= 2 ii y = 2 vi y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
x 3x √3
1 25 b i y = −2√ x − 3 − 4
iii y = 2 iv y = 2 ii
3
y = −2√ x − 3 + 4
4x x 3
√3 2 √3 iii y = −2√ x − 3 − 4
c i y=4 x ii y = × x iv
3
y = −2√ x − 3 − 8
3
v
3
y = −2√ x − 3 + 8
√3 x 3
iii y = 2x iv y = 3 vi y = −2 x − 3 + 8
5 −2 −2
4 2 c i y= −4 ii y= +4
d i y= 4 ii y = 4 x−3 x−3
x 3x −2 −2
iii y = −4 iv y= −8
iii y =
1
iv y = 4
625 x−3 x−3
16x4 x −2 −2
v y= +8 vi y= +8
1 2 1 x−3 x−3
e i y = 4x 5 ii y = x 5 −2 −2
3 d i y= − 4 ii y= +4
1 x1 (x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
5
iii y = (2x) 5 iv y = −2 −2
5 iii y = − 4 iv y= −8
(x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
11 a y = −(x − 1)2 b y = (x + 1)2
−2 −2
12 Reﬂection in the y-axis v y= + 8 vi y= +8
(x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
13 a i y = −x √
3
ii y = −x√
3
−2 −2
b i y = −3 x ii y = − 3 x e i y= − 4 ii y= +4
(x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
−1 −1 −2 −2
c i y= 3 ii y = 3 iii y = − 4 iv y= −8
x x (x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
−1 1 −2 −2
d i y= 4 ii y = 4 v y= + 8 vi y= +8
x x (x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
e i y = −x 4
1
ii y = (−x) 4
1

x + 12
5 y=−
3
Exercise 2D
x + 2 2 6 a y
1 a i y = 2(x − 2)2 − 3 ii y = −4
3
iii y = 2x 2
1
√3 3 x+2 x
b i y=2 x−2−3 ii y = −4 −2 − √6 −2 0 −2 + √6
√ 3
iii y = −2 3 x
2 9
c i y= −3 ii y = −4
(x − 2)2 (x + 2)2
2
iii y = 2
x
6
b y=1−
(x + 2)2

Exercise 2E 2 a y Range = (−∞, 0]

1 a y Range = R \ {0}
3 3
Answers

y= x
x−1 0
y = −√x − 3

x
0
(0, −3) b y Range = (−∞, 2]
x=1
b y Range = R \ {−1} (3, 2)
x = −1 x
0 (7, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, 0) y = −√x − 3 + 2
x
0
y = −1 c y Range = [0, ∞)
y = 2 −1
x+1 (0, √6)
y = √2(x + 3)
c y Range = R+ x
0
3 −3
y=
(x − 2)2
0, 3
4 d y Range = R \ {0}
x y= 1
0 2x − 3

x=2 x
0
d y Range = (−1, ∞) 0, − 1 3
3 x=
2
y= 2 2 −1
(x − 1) e y Range = [0, ∞)
(0, 1)
(1 − √2, 0) (1 + √2, 0) (0, 5√2)
x y = 5√x + 2
0
y = −1 x=1 x
−2 0
e y Range = R \ {0}

x=3 f y Range = (−∞, −2]

0, 1
3 x
x (−2, −2) 0
0
y = −1 (0, −5√2 − 2)
x−3

f y Range = R \ {3} y = −5√x + 2 − 2

g y Range = R \ {0}
y = −1 + 3
x+2 x=2
y=3
0, 3
x 2
2 0 x
−1 , 0 1 0
3 0, 2
x = −2 2
y = −3
x−2

Answers
h y Range = (−∞, −4) 4 y
x = −2 y = 4x− 5
2x+ 1
x
0
y = −4 y=2
1 0 x
0, −4 (0, −5)
2 5, 0
x =−1
y = − 2 2 −4 2 4
(x + 2)

2F
i y Range = R \ {−5} Exercise 2F
1 a y b y
3,0
10
x
0 (0, 0) (1, 2)
x (−1,2) (0,0)
y = −5 x
y= 3 −5
2x

j y Range = R \ {5}
c y d y

5
x
(0, 1) (1, 2) 0 2
x x −4 23
−1 0 −1 0
2

k y Range = [5, ∞)
e y f y
23
x x
0 1 0 2
−4 (1, −2)
−7
5 (3, 5) (−1, −8)
x
0 3
g y h y 1
Range = R \ {4}
)
l y )
2+ 4
3
3
x=3 x
0
0, 5 1 4 (1, 2) (2, –4)
3
y=4 x
0 2
x −28
0 (4, 0)
y = 2 +4 i j
3 −x y y

3 y
1
(1, 2)
1−23 0
x x
y= 3x +2 0 −2
(1, −4)
x+ 1
y=3
(0, 2)
x
0
2
− ,0
x = −1 3

k y l y e y

x
0 1 (−4, 1)
x
0 2 x
(−5, 0) 0
−31 −4 (1, −2)
(−3, 0)
(−1, −32)
(0, −255)
2 a = −3, h = 0, k = 4
f y
3 a y = 3x3 b y = (x + 1)3 + 1
c y = −(x − 2)3 − 3 d y = 2(x + 1)3 − 2
Answers

x3 x
e y= 0 (2, −3)
27
(3 − x)3
4 a y= +1 (0, −51)
27
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation
1 unit to the left and 4 units up 9
(x + 2)4 7 a=− , h = −2, k = 3
5 a y= −1 16
16 8 a = 16, h = 1, k = 7
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 2G
1 unit to the left and 5 units up 9 1
6 a 1 a= ,b=− 2 A = 1, b = −1, B = 2
y 2 2
5 3
3 a= ,b=− 4 A = 2, B = 3
2 2
(0.096, 0)
5 A = 2, B = −1 6 A = 8, b = 2, B = −3
(0, 1) 7 a = −2, b = 1 8 a = −6, b = −2
x
0 (1.904, 0)
(1, − 2) Chapter 2 review
b y Technology-free questions
1 a y b y
(−2, 0)
x
0 0, 5
3 x
0 x
5 ,0 0 (6, 0)
(0, −32) 2 (0, –6)
c y c y

(0.435, 0) (0, 3)
(0, 10) (2, 0)
x
0
x
0 (3.565, 0) √
(2, −6) 2 13
d y 3 (1, 7)
4 a y = −2x + 5 b y = 2x + 2
(2.159, 0) 1 1
c y= x+ d y = −2x + 3
(0, 161) 2 2
5 a (22, 4) b (5, −12)
x 6 y = 24 or y = 0
0
(3, −1)
(3.841, 0)

Answers
7 a y b y b y
1, 10 (1, 8)
3 0
x x 1
0 0 45 + 1
y=−3 0 x
x = 2
Range = R \ {−3} Range = (0, ∞)
c y d y Point of zero gradient (1, 8);
1
5,

2 review
Axis intercepts (4 5 + 1, 0), (0, 10)
3 0 y
x c
0
y=4
y=−3 x
(0, −5) 0 (2, 1)
x=1 x=2 0 x
Range = R \ {−3} Range = (4, ∞)
e y
x=1
(0, 2) 63
y=1
Point of zero gradient (2, 1);
x 1
0 (2, 0) Axis intercepts (2 − 2− 5 , 0), (0, −63)
d y
Range = R \ {1}
8 a y
0 x
y = 2 x −3 + 1
2
(3, 1) (1, −4)
x −8
0
b y Point of zero gradient (1, −4);
Axis intercepts (2, 0), (0, −8)
(2 − 3, 0) 10 a = 2, b = 4
0 (2 + 3, 0) 11 a = −6, b = 9
x
(x − 4)2
12 a y=6−
y = −1 4
1 b Reﬂection in the x-axis, dilation of factor 4
0, − 4 x=2
from the x-axis, then translation 1 unit to
c y the right and 6 units up
x=2 13 Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
translation 5 units to the right and 3 units up
x
0 y = −1 y
7
0, − 4

9 a y 3

x
0 5
(−1, 0) 0 78
x Asymptotes x = 5, y = 3; Intercept 0,
−2 25
14 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
translation 32 units up
Point of zero gradient (−1, 0); 15 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
Axis intercepts (−1, 0), (0, −2) translation 3 units to the left and 2 units down

Chapter 3
3A

Multiple-choice questions
1E 2 E 3D 4C 5A 6A
7 C 8 B 9 C 10 D 11 C 12 B Exercise 3A
13 B 14 E 15 D 16 B 17 A
Answers

1 a y b y
Extended-response questions y = 2(x −1)2
1 a y = 2 (x −1)2 − 2
P
$
(0, 2) (2, 0)
100 x x
0 (1, 0) 0
(100, 50) (1, −2)

c y
0 N
1
b P = − N + 100 y = –2(x – 1)2
2
c i $56 ii N = 80 (1, 0)
x
2 a p = 1448t + 7656 0
(0, –2)
b p

d y

(8, 19 240) y = 4 −2(x + 1)2

7656 (−1, 4)
0 t (0, 2)
x
c 22 136 d 1448 people per year 0
5 66 82
3 a y= x−4 b , (−1 − √2, 0) (−1+√2, 0)
3 7 7
5 629 e y
c d 15 e square units
3 14
4 31 59 √
4 a y= x+ b c 65 1 2
7 14 14 y=4+2 x+
65 2
d square units
28 √ √
5 a (1, − 12 ) b 269 c 269
–1 , 4 0, 4
1
13 4 10 33 2 2 x
d y=− x+ e y= x− 0
10 5 13 26
7 15
f ,− g (26, −33) f y
2 4
3 y = 2 (x + 1)2 − 1
6 a i ii (x, y) → (x, −y)
125
iii (x, y) → (x + 25, y + 15) (0, 1)
−3
iv (x, y) → x + 25, y + 15 x
125 0
(−1, −1)
−3
b i y= (x − 25)2 + 15 −1− 1 , 0 −1+ 1 , 0
125 √2 √2
ii (x, y) → (x + 50, y)
−3 g y
iii y = (x − 75)2 + 15 y = 3(x − 2)2 − 4
125

m 4n
c i (x, y) → x + , − 2 y + n 2 − 2√3 , 0
2 m 3
(0, 8)
4n m 2
ii y = − 2 x − +n x
m 2 0
4n 3m 2 (2, −4)
iii y = − 2 x − +n 2 + 2√3 , 0
m 2 3

Answers
h y c y

y = ( x+ 1)2 − 1 −2 1 , 1
2 4
x
−3 −2 −1 0
x
(−2, 0) (0, 0)
(−1, −1) −6

i y d y

3A
(2, 2)
y= 5x2 − 1 2
x
− 1,0 1
,0
0 1 2 3
√5 √5
x
0
(0, −1) −6

e y f
2 a f (x) = (x + 32 )2 − 4 14 y
Minimum = −4 14 ; Range = [−4 14 , ∞) 9
b f (x) = (x − 3)2 − 1
Minimum = −1; Range = [−1, ∞) x
−2 0 3
c f (x) = 2(x + 2)2 − 14 2
Minimum = −14; Range = [−14, ∞)
x
5 2 25 0 − 1, −147
d f (x) = 2 x − − 3 −18 4 8
4 8 2
25 25
Minimum = − ; Range = − , ∞ 4 a y = (x + 1)2 − 7 y
8 8
1 2 22
e f (x) = −3 x + +
3 3
22 22 x
Maximum = ; Range = −∞, 0
3 3 −1 − 7 7−1
9 2 169
f f (x) = −2 x − + −6
4 8
169 169
(1, –7)
Maximum = ; Range = −∞,
8 8 b y = (x − 2)2 − 14 y
3 a y
0 x
(1, 1)
1 2− 14 2 + 14

0 x −10
1 2 (2, −14)
b y 13 5 2
c y= − x+ y
4 2 5 13
8 − ,
2 4
− 5 + 13
3 2 2
x x
0 2 4 0
(3, −1) 5
− − 13
2 2 −3

1 1
3B → 3D

d y = −2(x − 2)2 − 2 y 8 y = − x2 + x + 1, y = x2 + x − 5
8 8
x 9 A = 1, b = 2, B = 4
0 (2, −2)
Exercise 3C
17 9
1 a 3 b −5 c 7 d −21 e f −
8 8
−10 2 a 6 b 6 c 18 d 12
e a3 + 3a2 − 4a + 6 f 8a3 + 12a2 − 8a + 6
7 2 37
Answers

40
e y= x− − y 3 a a = −5 b a = c c=8
2 4 9
d a = −23, b = −4 e a = −17, b = 42
3 7 − √37
2 2 4 a 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 2 b 2x3 + 5x
x c 2x3 − x2 + 4x − 2 d 6x3 − 3x2 + 9x
0
7 + √37 e −2x + 5x − 5x + 6x
4 3 2
f 4x − x3
2 2 g 2x3 + 4x + 2
h 2x5 + 3x4 + x3 + 6x2
7 , − 37 5 a x3 − 5x2 + 10x − 8 b x3 − 7x2 + 13x − 15
2 4 c 2x3 − x2 − 7x − 4
d x2 + (b + 2)x2 + (2b + c)x + 2c
5 y e 2x3 − 9x2 − 2x + 3
6 a x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c
b b = −2 and √ c = −4 √
1 c (x + 1)(x + 5 − 1)(x − 5 − 1)
x=
3
7 a a = 2 and b = 5
0 x b a = −2, b = −2 and c = −3
− 13 1
−1 8 A = 1, B = 3
9 a A = 1, B = −2, C = 6
6 aC bB c D dA
3
7 a Crosses the x-axis b A = 4, B = − , C = 5
2
b Does not cross the x-axis c A = 1, B = −3, C = 5
c Just touches the x-axis
d Crosses the x-axis Exercise 3D
e Does not cross the x-axis
1 a x2 − 5x + 6 b 2x2 + 7x − 4
f Does not cross the x-axis 34
8 a m > 3 or m < 0 b m=3 2 a x2 − 4x − 3 +
x+3
2 54
9 m = 2 or m = − b 2x + 6x + 14 +
2
9 x−3
10 a < −6
5 15 145
11 Show that Δ > 0 for all a 3 a x2 − x − +
2 4 4(2x + 3)
12 Show that Δ ≥ 0 for all k 33
13 a k < −5 or k > 0 b k = −5 b 2x + 6x + 7 +
2
2x − 3
14 a k > −6 b k = −6 33
4 a 2x2 − x + 12 +
15 Show that Δ ≥ 0 for all a, b x−3
b 5x4 + 8x3 − 8x2 + 6x − 6
Exercise 3B 26(x − 2)
5 a x2 − 9x + 27 − 2 b x2 + x + 2
1 y = −2(x + 3)(x + 2) 2 y = (x + 3)(2x + 3) x −2
3 y = 32 (x + 2)2 + 4 4 y = −2(x + 2)2 − 3 6 a −16 b a=4
5 y = −5x2 + 6x + 18 6 y = −2x2 − 8x + 10 7 a 28 b0 c (x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 3)
4 2 11
7 a y=4− x b y = −x2 8 b k=
25 2
c y = x + 2x
2
d y = 2x − x 2
9 a a = 3, b = 8 b 2x − 1, x − 1
e y = x2 − 5x + 4 f y = x2 − 4x − 5 −92
g y = x2 − 2x − 1 h y = x2 − 4x + 6 10 a= , b=9
9

Answers
11 81 e
+ 4 5
12 b 6x − 4 x
−
13 x − 3, 2x − 1
14 b x2 − 3, x2 + x + 2 f
15 a (2a + 3b)(4a2 − 6ab + 9b2 ) + 4 5
x
b (4 − a)(a2 + 4a + 16) −
c (5x + 4y)(25x2 − 20xy + 16y2 )
d 2a(a2 + 3b2 ) 2 a
+ −1 2 3
1 x
−

3E
16 a −4, 2, 3 b 0, 2 c , 2 d −2, 2
2
e 0, −2, 2 f 0, −3, 3
1 1 1 3 b
g 1, −2, − , h 1, −2 i 1, −2, , −3
4 3 3 2 + −2 4 2 x
17 a (−1, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0) −
b (−2, 0), (0, 6), (1, 0), (3, 0)
c (−1, 0), (0, 6), (2, 0), (3, 0)
1 c
+ −1 2 6
d − , 0 , (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0) x
2 −
e (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (0, −2), (1, 0)
2
f (−1, 0), − , 0 , (0, −6), (3, 0) d 1
3 2 + −3 − 2 2
x
g (−4, 0), (0, −16), − , 0 , (2, 0) −
1 1 5
h − , 0 , (0, 1), , 0 , (1, 0) 3 a y
2 3 3 y = f(x)
i (−2, 0), − , 0 , (0, −30), (5, 0) 1
2
18 p = 1, q = −6
x
19 −33 −0.62 0 1 1.62
20 a (x − 9)(x − 13)(x + 11) 4 , −0.19
b (x + 11)(x − 9)(x − 11) 3
c (x + 11)(2x − 9)(x − 11)
b y
d (x + 11)(2x − 13)(2x − 9)
y = f(x + 2) y = f(x − 2)
21 a (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 7)(x + 6)
b (x − 3)(x + 4)(x2 + 3x + 9) y = f(x)
22 a (x − 9)(x − 5)(2x2 + 3x + 9)
b (x + 5)(x + 9)(x2 − x + 9) (−2, 1) 1 (2, 1)
c (x − 3)(x + 5)(x2 + x + 9) x
d (x − 4)(x − 3)(x + 5)(x + 6) −3 −2 −1 0 2 3 3.62

Exercise 3E 10
, −0.19
−2 3
1 a + , −0.19
1 3 6 3
x
− For clarity the graph of y = 3 f (x) is shown
on separate axes:
b + y
−6 −3 1 x
− y = 3f(x)
3
y = f(x)
c+ 1
−1 3 5 x x
− 0
4
d 1 , −0.56
+ 3
2 4 5 x
−

Exercise 3F b y
1 a +
−4 1 3 5 9 , 81
x − 9 , 81
− 2 2 2 2
Answers

b
+ −1 2 x
x 0
− −3 3
2 (0, 16) y y
c
( 23 , 0)
16
(− 23 , 0) 9 −1, 81
− 9 −1, 81
2 2 2 2
16
x x
0 −4 −1 0 2
−2 2
3 3
3 a y d y

y = f (x) 9, 0
– 9, 0
2 2
x
0
1 0, − 81
(−0.37, 0.75) (1.37, 0.75)
x 4
0
e y
b y
y = f(x) y = f(x − 2)
− 9 , 85 9 , 85
2 4 2 4

(0, 1)
x
0
x
0 (1.63, 0.75) (3.37, 0.75) 5 y
For clarity the graphs of the dilations are
shown on separate axes:
y x
y = f(2x) (iii) y = f 2
8.00 (i) (ii) y = f(x) 1
x
6.00 0
−1 1
4.00 −1 , −2 −1 1 , −2
4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2.00
(−0.73, 0.75) (2.73, 0.75) 6 y
x
−2.00 −1.00
0 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 1
Turning points for y = f (2x) are at
(−0.18, 0.75) and (0.68, 0.75) − 3, 1 6 3
y 5 25 5
4 a
x
−1 0 1
− 9 + 1, 81 9 + 1, 81
2 4 2 4
3 , −1 3
6
8 5 25 5
x −1
−2 0 1 4

−130 − 80√2 60 − 64√2

Answers
Exercise 3G 8 , ,
10 70 √ 41 √ 41
1 a a = −2 b a = 3 c a= , b=− 80 2 − 130 64 2 + 60
3 3
,
2 a = −3, b = 2, c = −4, d = 5 41 41
11 √
1 + 21 −1 − √21 1 − √21 −1 + √21
3 y= (x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 6) 9 , , ,
60 2 2 2 2
5 4
4 y = (x + 1)(x − 3)2 10 ,2
9 9
5 a y = x3 + x + 1 b y = x3 − x + 1 11 (3, 2), (0, −1)
c y = 2x3 − x2 + x − 2 −8 −15 27 10

3G → 3 review
12 a (3, 2), , b , , (5, 9)
6 a y = (2x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 2) 5 4 2 3
−12
b y = x2 (x + 1) c y = x3 + 2x2 − x − 2
c (6, 4), , −10
d y = (x + 2)(x − 3)2 5
7 a y = −2x3 − 25x2 + 48x + 135 13 c − ac + b = 0
2

b y = 2x3 − 30x2 + 40x + 13 14 y = −7x + 14, y = 5x + 2

8 a y = −2x4 + 22x3 − 10x2 − 37x + 40 15 m < −7 or m > 1
b y = x4 − x3 + x2 + 2x + 8 16 c = −8 or c√= 4
31 4 5 3 157 2 5 11 5 ± 4m + 25
c y= x + x − x − x+ 17 a x=
36 4 36 4 2 2m
−25 2 5
Exercise 3H b m= , − ,
4 5 2
6 m+n a2 −25
1 a x= b x= c x= c m<
q − p√ m−n a−1 4
−1 ± 1 − 4k2 18 y = 3x + 3, y = −x + 3
d x= , for k ∈ [− 12 , 12 ] \ {0}
2k
e x = 0, x = 3a or x = 4a
1 Chapter 3 review
f x = 0 or x = a 3
√ Technology-free questions
k ± k2 − 4k
g x= , for k ≥ 4 or k ≤ 0 1 a y
2 √
h x = 0 or x = ± a if a > 0 i x = ±a
j x = a or x = b h(x) = 3(x − 1)2 + 2
1 √
k x = a or x = a 3 or x = ± a if a ≥ 0
(0, 5)
3 2c − b c+b (1, 2)
2 a x= b x=± x
a a 0
a−c
c x=± d x = a3 b y
b
c
e x = (a − c)n f x = 2b + 3 y = (x − 1)2 − 9
a
b 3 1
g x= h x = (c + d) 3 x
a
(−2, 0) 0 (4, 0)
3 a (0, 0), (1, 1) b ( 12 , 12 ), (0, 0)
3 + √13 √ 3 − √13 √ (0, −8)
c , 13 + 4 , , 4 − 13 (1, −9)
2 2 y
c
4 a (13, 3), (3, 13) b (10, 5), (5, 10)
c (11, 8), (−8, −11) d (9, 4), (4, 9)
y = x2 − x + 6
e (9, 5), (−5, −9)
5 a (17, 11), (11, 17) b (37, 14), (14, 37) (0, 6) 1 3
c (14, 9), (−9, −14) ,5
2 4
x
6 (2, 4), (0, 0) 0
√ 5 + 5 √5 + 5 5 − √ 5 5 − √ 5
7 , , ,
2 2 2 2

d y d y

y = x2 − x − 6
(0, 26)
x (−2, 0)
(−2, 0) 0 (3, 0) x
0
(0, −6) (−3, −1)
Answers

1 25
,−
2 4
e y e y
y = 2x2 − x + 5
1, 1
(0, 2) 2
(0, 5)
1 , 39
4 8 x
x 0
0 (1, 0)

f y
5 a (x + 2)2 − 4 b 3(x + 1)2 − 3
3 2 17
y= 2x2 −x−1
c (x − 2)2 + 2 d 2 x− −
2 2
7 2 81 3 2
7
x e 2 x− − f − x− −
0 4 8 2 4
−1 1
6 a
2 +
(0, −1)1, − 9 x
4 8 0 −
4 1 4 1 −2 −1 2
2 y = x2 − ; a = , b = −
3 3 3 3 b +
1 √ x
3 (1 ± 31)
3 0 −
4 a y −1 1 3
c +
x
0 −
(3, 0) −4 −2 −1
x
0 d +
0
(0, −18) (1, −16) x
−
−3 −1 2
b y 3
7 a 8 b 0 c 0
8 y = (x − 7)(x + 3)(x + 2)
(0, 7) 9 a (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 3)
(−1, 8)
x b (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 3)
0 (1, 0) c (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − √3)(x + 2) √
d 14 (x − 1)(2x + 3 + 13)(2x + 3 − 13)
10 x2 + 4 = 1 × (x2 − 2x + 2) + 2x + 2
c y 11 a = −6
12 a y
x y = f (x − 1)
(−3, 0) 0
(−2, −1)
x
0 3
(0, −9)
9 , −2187
4 256

Answers
b y 2 a i 2916 m3 ii 0 m3
y = f (x + 1) b
V(m3)
(0, 2916)
x
−2 0 1
−8
0 9 t (hours)
1 , −2187
4 256 c 3.96 hours
y 64π 224π
c 3 a i cm3 ii 45π cm3 iii cm3

3 review
3 3
y = f (2x) b 144π cm3
c V
x (6, 144π)
1 , 0 1
− 0 −2 4, 224π
2 5 , −2187 (3, 45π) 3
8 256
d y 2, 64π
y = f (x) + 2 3
x
0 3 6
d x = 5; depth is 5 cm
(–1, 2)
x h2
0 4 a r = 25 −
4
5 , −1675 b V
(5.77, 302.3)
4 256
13 k = ±8
14 (4, −5), (3, 9)
5 13 0 h
15 a = 3, b = , c = − 10
6 12
c V = 96π cm√ 3
16 64x3 + 144x2 + 108x + 27
d h = 2, r = √
2 6, i.e. height = 2 cm and
17 a = 1, b = −1, c = 4 radius = 2 6 cm, or h = 8.85 and r = 2.33
18 −2 < p < 6 5 a V = (84 − 2x)(40 − 2x)x
19 y = −x3 + 7x2 − 11x + 6 b (0, 20)
Multiple-choice questions c y
1 E 2 D 3E 4C 5E 6A (8.54, 13 098.71)
7 C 8 E 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 B
Extended-response questions y = V(x)
4
1 a k=
3375 x
b 11.852 mL/min 0 20
c i Rnew ii 23.704 mL/min d i x = 2, V = 5760
ii x = 6, V = 12 096
(15, 40)
iii x = 8, V = 13 056
iv x = 10, V = 12 800
e x = 13.50 or x = 4.18
f 13 098.71 cm3
0 20 t 6 a i A = 2x(16 − x2 ) ii (0, 4)
d i R ii 11.852 mL/min out b i 42 ii x = 0.82 or x = 3.53
out
c i V = 2x2 (16 − x2 ) ii x = 2.06 or x = 3.43
40 π
0 t 7 a A = x2 + yx
20 2
π
b i y = 100 − πx ii A = 100x − x2
100 2
(35, -20)
iii 0,
π

c x = 12.43 4 a 0.52 b −0.68 c 0.52 d 0.4

x2 π 100
e −0.52 f 0.68 g −0.4 h −0.68
d i V= 100 − x , x ∈ 0,
50 2 π i−0.52 j 0.68 k −0.4
ii 248.5 m3 iii x = 18.84 5 a 0.4 b −0.7 c 0.4 d 1.2
1 1 2 17 e −0.4 f 0.7 g −1.2 h −0.7
8 a y= x3 − x + x
12000 200 120 i −0.4 j 0.7 k −1.2
b x = 20 √
1 3 29 2 1 1 3 1 1 1
d y=− x + x − x 6 a , − , −√ b −√ , −√ , 1
6000 3000 20 2 2 3 √2 2
Answers

e i y 1 1 3 1 √
c √ , √ , 1 d − , − , 3
2 2 2 2
√
(40, 3) 1 1 1 3 1
e √ , √ , 1 f − , , −√
2 2 2 2 3
x Exercise 4C
0 40 80
ii Second section of graph is formed 1 a 0.6 b 0.6 c −0.7 d 0.3
reﬂecting the graph of y = f (x), e −0.3 f
10
g −0.3 h 0.6
x ∈ [0, 40], in the line x = 40 7
10
i −0.6 j −0.3k l 0.3
7
4 4 12 5
Chapter 4 2 a − , −
5√ 3
b − , −
13 12
2 6 √ 5 12
Exercise 4A c − , −2 6 d − ,
5 13 5
5π 34π 25π 3 3 12 5 3 3
1 a b c e − , − f− , g − , −
18 45 18 5 4 13 12 5 4
17π 7π 49π
d e f
9 3 18 Exercise 4D
2 a 60◦ b 150◦ c 240◦ 2π 1
d 140◦ e 630◦ f 252◦ 1 a 2π, 3 b , 5 c π, d 6π, 2
3 2
3 a 45.84◦ b 93.97◦ c 143.24◦ π 1
e , 3 f 2π, g 4π, 3 h 3π, 2
d 226.89◦ e 239.50◦ f 340.91◦ 2 2
4 a 0.65 b 1.29 c 2.01 2 a Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis, dilation
d 2.13 e 5.93 f 2.31 of factor 13 from the y-axis;
2π
Amplitude = 4; Period =
Exercise 4B 3
b Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis, dilation
1 a 0 b 0 c −1 d −1 e0 of factor 3 from the y-axis;
f 0 g 0 h0 i −1 j0 Amplitude = 5; Period = 6π
k −1 l 0 m0 n1 c Dilation of factor 6 from the x-axis, dilation
2 a 0.99 b 0.52 c −0.87 d 0.92 of factor 2 from the y-axis;
e −0.67 f −0.23 g −0.99 h 0.44 Amplitude = 6; Period = 4π
i −34.23 j −2.57 k 0.95 l 0.75 d Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis, dilation
√
1 1 3 1 of factor 15 from the y-axis;
3 a √ b− c − d 2π
2 2 2 2 Amplitude = 4; Period =
1 1 1 1 5
e− f −√ g −√ h 3 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, dilation
2 2
√ 2 2 √ of factor 13 from the y-axis;
1 3 1 3 2π
i j k l Amplitude = 2; Period =
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, dilation
m √ n − o √ p−
2 2 2 2 of factor 4 from the y-axis;
√ √ 1 √ Amplitude = 3; Period = 8π
q − 3 r − 3 s √ t 3 c Dilation of factor 6 from the x-axis, dilation
3
1 of factor 5 from the y-axis;
u −1 v −√ Amplitude = 6; Period = 10π
3

Answers
d Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, dilation 6 y
of factor 17 from the y-axis; 3
2π
Amplitude = 3; Period =
7
4 a Amplitude = 2 y t
0 1
2π
Period =
3 2 7 y

5
θ

4E
0 π 2π π 5π
3 3 2 6
−2 x
0 π π 2π π
b Amplitude = 2 6 3 3
y
−5
Period = π 2
8 y
θ
0 π π 3π π 1
−2 4 2 4 2

c Amplitude = 3 y x
−π −π 0 π π 3π 2π
Period = 6π 3 2 2 2
−1
θ 2
0 3π 3π 9π 6π
−3 2 2 9 y
1
d Amplitude = y 2
3
Period = π 1 5π
3 3 x
θ 0 π 2π π 4π 2π
0 π π 3π π 3 3 3
−1 4 2 4 −2
3
e Amplitude = 3 y 10 y
π 3
Period = 3
2
θ x
0 π π 3π π 0 π 2π 3π 4π
−3 8 4 8 2
−3
f Amplitude = 4 y x
Period = 8π 4 11 y = 2 sin
3
1 x
12 y = cos
2 3
θ
0 2π 1 x
6π 8π 13 y = sin
2 2
−4
Exercise 4E
5 y π 3π 9π 11π π 11π 13π 23π
1 a , , , b , , ,
3 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6
4π 5π 10π 11π
c , , , d π, 3π
3 3 3 3
t 5π π π π
1 2 a − ,− b − ,
1 6 6 6 6
2 5π 5π π
−3 c − , d
6 6 2

π 3π 3π 5π 5π 7π
4F

3 a , b , c , b Period = π; Amplitude = 1; y = ±1
4 4 4 4 6 6 y
7π 11π π 7π 2π 4π
d , e , f ,
6 6 4 4 3 3
Answers

4 a 0.643501, 2.49809 b 0.643501, 5.63968 1

c 3.60836, 5.81642 d 1.77215, 4.51103
5 a 17.46◦ , 162.54◦ b 66.42◦ , 293.58◦ 0 θ
c 233.13◦ , 306.87◦ d 120◦ , 240◦ π 2π
◦ ◦
6 a 60 , 300 b 60 , 120◦◦
c 225◦ , 315◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ −1
d 120 , 240 e 60 , 120 f 150◦ , 210◦
2π
7 a
7π 11π 19π 23π
, , , c Period = ; Amplitude = 2; y = ±2
12 12 12 12 3
π 11π 13π 23π y
b , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 5π 13π 17π 2
c , , , 13π
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 5π 7π 23π 12
d , , , , , 0 θ
12 12 12 4 4 12
5π 7π 17π 19π 5π
e , , , −2 12
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 15π √ √
f , , , d Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ± 3
8 8 8 8 y
5π 7π 17π 19π 29π 31π
8 a , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 √3
π 5π 13π 17π 3π
b , , ,
12 12 12 12 2
π 7π 3π 5π 17π 23π 0 θ
c , , , , , π π
12 12 4 4 12 12 2
π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π −√3
d , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 e Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3
π 3π 9π 11π
e , , , y
8 8 8 8
5π 7π 17π 19π 29π 31π 3
f , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18
5π 7π 13π 5π 7π 23π
g , , , , , x
12 12 12 4 4 12 0 π π
π 2π 4π 5π 2
h , , ,
3 3 3 3
3π 5π 11π 13π −3
i , , , 2π
8 8 8 8 f Period = ; Amplitude = 2; y = ±2
9 a 2.03444, 2.67795, 5.17604, 5.81954 3
b 1.89255, 2.81984, 5.03414, 5.96143 y
c 0.57964, 2.56195, 3.72123, 5.70355 2
d 0.309098, 1.7853, 2.40349, 3.87969,
4.49789, 5.97409
θ
−π
0 π 5π
Exercise 4F 4 12 12
−2
1 a Period = 2π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3
y √ √
g Period = π; Amplitude = 2; y = ± 2
y
3
2
0 θ
π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 0 θ
−3 π 5π 4π
3 6 3
− 2

Answers
h Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3 Exercise 4G
y 1 a y
3
4
4π, 2
3
x 2
0 π, 2
− π π π 7π 5π
6 12 3 12 6 3
x
−3 0 7π 13π

4G
i Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3 12 12
y b
−π ,1 y 5π , 1
4 12
3 1
x
0 π
θ 12
0 π
−π 2
2
−3 −3
1 1 2 a y
2 a f (0) = , f (2π) =
2 2
b 3
y π, 1
3 1
1 x
1 2π,1 −1 0 7π 11π
0, 2
2 x 6 6
0
5π 11π b y
−1 6 6 π π 7π 4π
4π, −1 2 − √3 6 3 6 3
3 x
0
√ √ − √3
3 3
3 a f (0) = − , f (2π) = −
2 2 −2 − √3
b y y
c
1 (0, 1 + √2)
x 0
−3 0 π 5π 4π 11π x
2 1 − √2 3π 5π 2π
−1 3 6 3 6
2π, − 3 4 4
2 y
d
1 1 π 5π
4 a f (−π) = − √ , f (π) = − √ 4 4
2 2 x
0
b y −2
1 1 −4
0, y
√2 x e
0
1 + √2
−π, − 1 −1 π, − 1
√2 √2 0 (2π, 0)
x x
1 − √2 3π
5 a y = 3 sin b y = 3 sin(2x) 2
2x π 3 a y
c y = 2 sin d y = sin 2 x −
3 3 −π −π π π 5π 3π
1 π −π
2 6 6 2 6 2
2π
e y = sin x + x
2 3
(−π, −2) 0 (2π, −2)
−2
−4

b c y Period = π
y
Amplitude = 3
−11π −7π −π π 5π 9π 13π 17π 21π 3 Range = [−3, 3]
12 12 4 12 12 12 12 12 12
2
Answers

(−π, √2) 0 x θ
−π π 2π −π 0 π 3π
−2
(2π, −√2) 4
−3
4 4
c
y 2π
d y Period =
−π π 2π 3 √
x Amplitude =√ 3√
−1 0 Range = [− 3, 3]
(2π, −3) √3
−3
(−π, −3)
−5 θ
0 π 5π 7π
d −√3 2 6 6
y
(−π, 3) (2π, 3) 2π
e y Period =
3 3
Amplitude = 2
3
0 1 x Range = [−1, 3]
2
−π −2π −π −1 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
x
e 0 π π π 2π
y −1
–5π –π π π 7π 3π
6 3 2 3
2 2 6 2 6 2
x f y Period = π
–π 0 π 2π Amplitude = 3
−2 2 Range = [−4, 2]
(−π, −2) −3 (2π, −2)
1
f x
y −1 0 π π
−7π −π 5π 3π 17π 7π −2 2
(−π, 1 + √3) 12 4 12 4 12 4 (2π, 1 + √3)
3 −3
−4
1 +√3
x g y Period = π √
−π 0 −1 π 2π
4 Amplitude =√ 2 √
4 a Period = 2π Range = [− 2 + 2, 2 + 2]
y 3
Amplitude = 2 2
2 Range = [−2, 2] 1
θ
θ 0 π 7π
0 π 4π 7π −1 6
3 3 3 6
−2
h y Period = π
b y Period = π Amplitude = 4
Amplitude = 1 7 Range = [−1, 7]
1 Range = [−1, 1]

θ 3
0 π π
2
−1 x
1
0 π π
2

Answers
i y Period = π c y
Amplitude = 3 7π
5
Range = [−1, 5] (0,√2 − 1) 4
4 x
0 π π 2π
3 4
2 (0, −√2 − 1)
1 π 3π
π 7π
2 2
θ Intercepts: ,0 , ,0
−1
0 π 4 4
1 d y
1 π
5 a y= x−

4G
cos
2 3 4 x
π 0 π 2π
b y = 2 cos x −
1 4 π
c y = − cos x −
3 3
6 a Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis −4
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis Intercepts: (0, 0), (2π, 0)
Reflection in the x-axis
e y
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis
Reflection in the x-axis 1 + √2
π
Translation units to the right
3 (0, 2) (2π , 2)
c Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
3π
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis 2
π x
Translation units to the right and 0 π π 2π
3
2 units up 1 − √2 2
d Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis 3π
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis Intercepts: (π, 0), ,0
2
Reflection in the x-axis
π 8 a y
Translation units to the right and
3 (−π, 1+√2)
5 units up (π, 1+√2)
–7π 3 π
7 a y 12 12
−π 0 x
π
3 −1 1 − √2
2
1 b y
x
0 2π π 4π 2π
−1 3 3 3
2π 4π (π, 1)
Intercepts: ,0 , ,0 (−π, 1) 1
3 3 0 x
b y −π −1 π π
5π
(0, 2 − √3 ) 6 6
1
x c y
0 π π 3π 2π
−1
−2 2 2 −11π −7π −π π 5π 9π 13π
−3 12 12 4 12 12 12 12
2
(0, −2 − √3 ) (−π, √2) (π , √2)
π 11π x
Intercepts: ,0 , ,0 , −π 0 −√2 π
12 12
13π 23π −2
,0 , ,0
12 12

π −π
4H → 4I

d y 5 A = 4, n = , ε =
4 2
(Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
2 π −π
6 A = 2, n = , ε =
√2 3 6
0 x (Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
–π π −π
(–π, –√2) (π, –√2) 7 A = 4, n = , d = 2, ε =
2 4 2
–9π –5π –π 3π 7π 11π (Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
π −π
Answers

12 12 12 12 12 12 8 A = 2, n = , d = 2, ε =
3 6
e y (Note: ε can take inﬁnitely many values)

2
Exercise 4I
π 2π
1 a b 2π c d 1 e 2
3 3
x 2 a y
π 0 π

f y
2π
x x
−π −π 0 π 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π
−1 (π, 1) 4 2 4 4 2 4
( π, 1) 2
−2
b y
Exercise 4H
π
1 a n= y
3 x
0 π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11 π 2π
A=4 4 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

t c y
0 3 6

−4
b n=
2π x
7 y 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
A=2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

t 3 a y
0 7 7
2
−2
(0, 2) 3π (2π, 2)
2π 4
c n= y x
5 0 π 5π 7π
A=3 3 4 4 4

15
4 b y
t
0 5 5
4
−3
π π x
2 a A = 3, n = b A = −4, n = 0 π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π
4 6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
−π
3 A = 0.5, ε =
3
4 A = 3, n = 3, b = 5

Answers
c y 9 y

x
0 π π 3π π 3π 2π 0 x
4 2 2 2 −π
2 −π
4
π π
4 2

π 5π 9π 13π 5π π 3π 7π

4I
4 a , , , b − ,− , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2π π π 5π 5π π π 2π
c − ,− , , d − ,− , , 10 a y
3 6 3 6 6 3 6 3
11π 5π π 7π
e− ,− , , 1
12 12 12 12 y = cos 2x
11π 23π 35π 47π
5 , , ,
24 24 24 24
y = −sin 2x
7π 19π x
6 , −π −3π −π −π 0 π π 3π π
12 12
4 2 4 4 2 4
7 a y
−1
−5π −1 −π 1 3π −1 7π 1
(0, 1) (2π, 1) b ,√ , ,√ , ,√ , ,√
x 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2
0 π 3π π 7π
2 2 11 a ,
6 6
π 5π 9π 13π 17π 21π 25π 29π
b , , , , , , ,
b y 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
π 7π 13π 19π
c , , ,
12 12 12 12
5π 11π 17π 23π
d , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 7π 11π 5π 19π 23π
x e , , , , ,
4 12 12 4 12 12
0 π 2π
f 0.4636, 3.6052
g 1.1071, 4.2487
3π 7π 11π 15π
h , , ,
8 8 8 8
c y π 7π 13π 19π 25π 31π
i , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
j , , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9
12 a y
x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2 √3
y = cos x
1

8 y
x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2

−3 −1
2 x −√3 y = √3 sin x
−2 −1 −1 0 1 1 3 2 π √3 7π √3
2 2 2
b , , ,−
6 2 6 2

7π 19π 31π 43π

4J → 4 review

13 a , , , 3 a y
24 24 24 24
5π 11π 17π 23π f(x) = sin 3x
b , , , 1
12 12 12 12
11π 23π 35π 47π 59π 71π
c , , , , ,
36 36 36 36 36 36 x
14 A = 5, n = 3 0 π 2π
π 3 3
15 A = 6, n =
2 −1

Exercise 4J b y
1 a i Amplitude = 1 12
Answers

ii Period = 12 f(x) = 2 sin 2x − 1

π 1
iii d(t) = 3.5 − 1.5 cos t x
6 0
iv 1.5 m −1 π 5π π
b t ∈ [0, 3) ∪ (9, 15) ∪ (21, 24] 12 12
π π
2 a A = 3, n = , b = 5, ε = −3
6 2
b 2:21 a.m., 9:39 a.m., 2:21 p.m., 9:39 p.m. c y
c y
f(x) = 2sin2x + 1
y = h(t) 3
8

5 1
y=5
x
2 0 7π 11π
−1 12 12
t
0 d
6 12 18 24 y
3 a
h
(metres) (120, 30.99) f(x) = 2sin x − π
31.5 2 4

16.5 x
0 π 5π 9π
(0, 5.89) 4 4 4
−2
13.5 31.5 49.5 67.5 85.5 103.5 120 t (s)
e y
b 5.89 m c 27.51 s d 6 times
e 20 times f 4.21 m g 13.9 m πx
f(x) = 2sin
2 3
Chapter 4 review
x
Technology-free questions 0 3 6
1 3 −2
1 a −0.4 b −0.6 c 2 d −0.7 e f
5 5
π 5π −2π 2π 4π f y
2 a , b , ,
6 6 3 3 3 h(x) = 2 cos πx
−π π 11π −3π −π 5π 7π 2 4
c , , d , , ,
6 6 6 4 4 4 4 x
−π −5π 7π 11π −π 3π 7π 0 2 4 6 8
e , , , f , ,
6 6 6 6 4 4 4 −2
−3π −5π 3π 5π 11π 13π 4 a 30, 150 b 45, 135, 225, 315
g , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 c 240, 300 d 90, 120, 270, 300
−7π −11π π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π e 120, 240
h , , , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

Answers
5 a y 6 y
π
y = 2sin x + + 2 1
y = cosx
4 3
(0,√3 + 2) x
y=2 0 π π 3π 2π
−1 2 2
y = sin2x
a 4 solutions b 4 solutions c 2 solutions
x
−π 0 2π 7π 5π 7 a y

4 review
3 3 6 3
b y
3
3 x
π 0 180 360
−π 2
−3
6 y=1
x b y
−π 0 2π 5π
3 3 3
−1 (0,1 − √3 ) 1
90 270
c y x
0 180 360
−1
√3 + 2 c y
y = √3

0
1 360,√3
x √3 2
√3 − 2 π 19π 23π 9π
4 12 12 4 2 x
0 30 210 360
d y
−1
3 y = −3 sinx
−2π π −π 3π
8 a , b ,
0 x 3 3 4 4
π 2π −5π −π 3π 7π −2π −π π 5π
c , , , d , , ,
−3 8 8 8 8 3 6 3 6
2π π
e 9 − ,
y 3 3
1 5π
10 a √ b −
4 3 6
y=3
Multiple-choice questions
2
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 B
x 6E 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 C
0 π 7π 13π Extended-response questions
6 6 6
1 a y
f y
y = cos πt + 4
5 6
3 4
y=1 3
0 2π
x
−1 π 5π t
3 3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
b 9:00, 15:00 c 8:00, 16:00

π
5 revision

2 a Maximum = 210 cm; Minimum = 150 cm; e nr tan

Mean = 180 cm n π
π −π π
b A = 30, n = , ε = , b = 180 f i n sin cos
6 2 n n
c i 165 cm √ ii A
ii 180 − 15 3 ≈ 154 cm
d ≈ 4:24, ≈ 7:36 A=π
3 a a = −3, n = 2π (3, 1.3)
Answers

x
b y 0
y = 3 cos(2πt)
3
Chapter 5
t
0 0.5 1 Technology-free questions
3 1 a Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R \ {2}
2
1 1 b Domain = , ∞ ; Range = (−∞, 3]
c i t= second ii t = second 3
3 6
d t = 0.196 seconds c Domain = R \ {2}; Range = (3, ∞)
2π d Domain = R \ {2}; Range = R \ {4}
4 a a = 20 000, b = 100 000, n = , ε ≈ 5.77 e Domain = [2, ∞); Range = [−5, ∞)
365
b 7π π 5π
y 2 x=− or x = or x =
9 9 9
120000 3 a Range = [2, 8]; Period = 6
π 3π
80 000 b x= or x =
12 4
t 4 a = −2 and b = 1
0 121 303.5 486 √ √ √
5 a m= √ ±2 2 b√m > 2 2 or m < −2 2
c i t = 242.7, t = 364.3 c −2 2 < m < 2 2
ii t = 60.2, t = 181.8
6 a i a = −3 ii a = 5 or a = 1 iii a = −3
d ≈ 117 219 m3 /day 3
5 a i 1.83 × 10−3 hours b 5y − 3x + 4 = 0, tan−1
5
ii 11.79 hours √ √
7 a i 4 ii 5 iii 2 − 2a iv 2a − 5
b 25 April (t = 3.856), 14 August (t = 7.477)
103
b i x = −8 ii x = iii x < 1
6 a D 2
13 8 a i f (g(x)) = 4x + 8x − 3
2
10
7 ii g( f (x)) = 16x2 − 16x + 3
b Dilation of factor 14 from the y-axis, then
translation 34 units to the right
0 3 6 12 18 24 t
c Translation 1 unit to the left and
b t ∈ [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ [23, 24] 1 unit down
c 12.9 m 3π 11π
√ 9 x= or x =
7 a i 25 3 ii 30 2 6
1
b 2.27, 0.53 d b = 8√ 10 a −2 ≤ x ≤ or x ≥ 3 b x<0
2
e θ = 0.927 or 1.837 f a = 4 3
Multiple-choice questions
8 c A
1 D 2 B 3 E 4A 5 C
(3, 5.196) 6C 7 A 8 B 9 B 10 A
11 B 12 C 13 C 14 D 15 D
π
x 16 E 17 E 18 A 19 D 20 A
0 21 E 22 D 23 E 24 A 25 A
d i 2.055 ii 0.858 26 E 27 C 28 D 29 C 30 B
iii 0.0738 iv 0.0041 31 B 32 C 33 D 34 D 35 D
36 A 37 A 38 D 39 E 40 B
41 D 42 E

Answers
Extended-response questions Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
1 a a = −0.09, √
b=9 b DE = 2.79 m Simple familiar questions
c Length = 2 30 ≈ 10.95 m 1 a f (x) = 2(x − 3)2 − 11 b −11
1 c [−11, ∞)
2 a a = −3 b x = −1, x = − , x = 2 √ √
2 3 2 1
7 3 2 a 0 b 1 c d e
c ii b = , c = 2 2 2
2 2 √
3 a −1 ± 5
y 3 x=
2
x = − 4 sinπt 4 [0, 9]

5 revision
4
2π
5 a b 8
5
x
0 1 2 c i Dilation of factor 8 from the x-axis
Dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis
−4
ii Dilation of factor 8 from the x-axis
π
b i x = 0 ii x = −4 iii x = 0 Translation units to the right
7 2
c t= Reﬂection in the y-axis
6 Dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis
2π √ √
d Period = = 2 seconds
π 6 a
2 2
b
2
4 a i 0 ii 2.5 iii 0 3 4
b 1 second c y 7 20◦ , 100◦ , 140◦ , 220◦ , 260◦ , 340◦
8 −10, −2, 2, 10
1
9 (3x − y)(9x2 + 3xy + y2 )
27
10 (x − 1)(x + 2)(x2 + x + 3)
1
11 −∞,
0 0.5 1 t (s) 5
d t = 0.35 seconds 12 h(x) = f (5x − 7) + 3
5 a 62.5 metres b x(m) 13 a Period = 12; Amplitude = 4
b Maximum = 6; Minimum = −2
40 c t = 0, 6 or 12
d y

0 α 6
45° 90°
◦
c 24.3 or 65.7 ◦ 4
(12, 2)
6 a i 12 units ii OQ = h − k, OR = h + k 2
b T
(°C) x
0 3 6 9 12
16.5 –2
12
7.5 Complex familiar questions
1 (−∞, −4] ∪ [2, ∞)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t 2 a a = 20, b = 29 b −14
(months) 3 n=3
λ − 2
c h = 12, k = 4.5
4 a M 3, b λ = 4 or λ = 6
7 a D = 0.05t2 − 0.25t + 1.8 b $3 000 000 2
−7 23 5 a = −3 or a = 2 or a = −1
8 a= , b= , c = 7.5
48 24 6 a a = −6, b = 13
35 b P(x) = (x − 1)2 (x − 2)2
Rainfall at noon was mm per hour
6 7 a = −6, b = 4, c = 3
23
Rainfall greatest at hours after 4 a.m. 8 a = −18, b = 30
7
(approx 7:17 a.m.)

1 √
Chapter 6
6A

9 a a = 2, b = − b2 5
2
3 + α 10 + β
10 a , b α = 5, β = 8 Exercise 6A
2 2
Answers

11 p = −2, x = −3 1 a Range = (−2, ∞) y

12 a = 1 or a = 2 y = 2x+1 −2
13 c y 2

90 x
−1 −1 0 1
70
50 −2
30
12 b Range = (−1, ∞) y
d
0 72 24
7 y = 2x − 3 −1
d i $41.75 ii $30
e Thrifty Taxi
72
f Greater than km x
7 0 y = −1
3
Complex unfamiliar questions
1 a a=5 b b = −6 c Range = (−1, ∞) y
2 a (a − b)2
y = 2x + 2 −1
a−1 (a − 1)2
4 a h = (a − 1)x − x2 b c
2 4 3
√ √
d i 2 ii 3 iii 1 + 2 5 iv 7 v 1 + 2 10
a + b b 2 − a2 −2
5 a (0, 0), , x
2 4 0 y = −1
b y
d Range = (2, ∞) y
1
y= x2−ax 0, 2
4
2
x
0 x
y = bx − x2 0
2 a y
(a + b)2
c (a + b)x − 2x2 d y = 3x
8
147 7 7 y = 2x
Min area = when x = , y =
(0, 1) y = 0
6 b
2 2 2 x
3a2 a a 0
c Min area = when x = , y =
2 2 2 b y
2
v y = 3x
7 a a=
10
125 125
b i a=
125
ii , iii
25
, 50 (0, 1)
2 4 8 2 y = 2x y=0
√
45 3 135 x
√ 0
c i , ii a = 45 3
2 4 c y

(0, 1) y = 5x
y=0
x
0 y = −5x
(0, 1)

Answers
d y b Range = (−4, ∞) y

y = 2 5x − 4
(0, 1) y= (1.5)x x
y=0 0
x −3
0
(0, −1) y = −(1.5)x
c Range = (−∞, −2) y

6A
x
0
3 a Range = (0, ∞) y
y = −2
y = −10(x −2) − 2

3 y = 3 × 2x

x 5 a y b y
0
(0, 2)
b Range = (0, ∞) y (0, 1) y=0 1 x
x 0
0 Range = (1, ∞)
Range = R+
1 y = 12 × 5x c d
2 y y
x
0
1 x
0 1 y=0
c Range = (0, ∞) y
x
0
Range = (−∞, 1) Range = R+
y = 23x e y f y
1
x 3
0
x
2 x 0
y 0 −1
d Range = (0, ∞)
Range = (2, ∞) Range = (−1, ∞)
6 a Range = R + y

x
1 y = 23
x (0, 4) y = 0
0 x
0
4 a Range = (2, ∞) y
b Range = (−1, ∞) y

−x
3 y=3 +2
2
x
x 0
0 −1

c Range = (1, ∞) y b Range = (1, ∞) x

y 10
y = 10 + 1
5
Answers

(10, 11)
2 (0, 2)
y=1
1 x
x 0
0 1 2
c Range = (−20, ∞) y
7 a y b y y = 2(10x) − 20
y = f(x + 1) y = f(x) + 1
(−1, 1) (0, 2) y= 1
(0, 2) y = 0
x x
0 0 x
0 (1, 0)
c y d y (0, − 18) y = − 20
y = f(−x) + 2 0
(0, 3) x d Range = (−∞, 1) y
y=2 y = –1
x (0, –2)
0
y = –f(x) – 1
y=1
e y f y x x
y=f 2 0
(1, 8) (2, 2) y = 1 − 10−x
y = f(3x) (0, 1) y = 0 (0, 1) y=0
x x
0 0 e Range = (3, ∞) y
y = 10x+1 + 3
g y
(−1, 4) (0, 13)
y = 2 f(x − 1) + 1 y=3

(0, 2) x
y=1 0
x f Range = (4, ∞) y
0
x
h y y = 2 10 10 + 4
(10, 24)
y = f(x − 2) (0, 6)
y=4
(2, 1) x
0
0, 1 y=0
4 x
0 9 a C1

8 a Range = (−1, ∞) y
(100, 408.024)
y = 10x − 1
x
0
x b i $408.02 ii $1274.70
0
y=−1 c 239 days
d ii 302 days

Answers
10 36 days f y
11 a i y
y = 5x y = 3x y = 2ex
y = 2x
(0, 2)
x
(0, 1) 0
x Range = (0, ∞)
0
g y
ii x < 0 iii x > 0 iv x = 0
y = 2(1 + ex)

6B
b i x
1 y
y=
3 x (0, 4)
1 y=2
y=
x 5 x
1 0
y=
2 (0, 1) Range = (2, ∞)
x
0 h y
ii x > 0 iii x < 0 iv x = 0
c i a>1 ii a = 1
y y y=2
y = ax
x
y=1 0
(0, 1) 1 x
x y = 2(1 − e−x)
0 0
Range = (−∞, 2)
iii 0 < a < 1
i y
y

y = 2e−x + 1
y = ax (0, 3)
(0, 1) x
0 y=1
x
0
Exercise 6B Range = (1, ∞)
1 a y b y j y
y= ex +1
(0, 2) y=1 (1, 2)
y=1 y = 1 − ex (0, 2e−1)
x x
0 0 x
0
Range = (1, ∞) Range = (−∞, 1)
c d Range = (0, ∞)
y y
k y l y
y=1 y= e−2x
y=1− e−x
(0, 1) y=2
x
0 x (0, 3e − 2) x
0 x 0
Range = (−∞, 1) 0 (0, −1)
Range = (0, ∞) y = −2
e y Range = (−2, ∞) Range = (−∞, 2)
2 a Translation 2 units to the left and 3 units
y = ex−1 − 2 down
(0, e−1 − 2) b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
0 x
translation 1 unit to the left and 4 units
down
y = −2 c Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis and
factor 12 from the y-axis, then translation
Range = (−2, ∞) 1
unit to the left
2

d Reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 6D

1 unit to the right and 2 units up 1 a 3 b −4 c −3 d 6
e Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, e 6 f −7
reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation
2 a log10 6 b log10 4 c ln(106 ) = 6 ln 10
2 units to the left and 3 units up
f Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis and 1
d ln 7 e ln = − ln 60
factor 12 from the y-axis, then translation 60
1 unit down f ln(u v ) = 3 ln(uv ) g ln(x7 ) = 7 ln x
3 6 2

h ln 1 = 0
Answers

3 a y = −2e x−3 − 4 b y = 4 − 2e x−3

c y = −2e − 4
x−3
d y = −2e x−3 − 8 3 a x = 100 b x = 16 c x = 6 d x = 64
e y = 8 − 2e x−3 f y = −2e x−3 + 8 e x = e3 − 5 ≈ 15.086 f x = 12 g x = −1
1
4 a Translation 2 units to the right and h x = 10−3 = i x = 36
1000
3 units up
4 a x = 15 b x = 5 c x=4
b Translation 1 unit to the right and 4 units
d x = 1 (x = − 12 is not an allowable solution)
up, then dilation of factor 13 from the x-axis
e x = 32
c Translation 12 unit to the right, then dilation
5 a log10 27 b log24 = 2
of factor 15 from the x-axis and factor 2 a
from the y-axis 1 a 10a
c log10 = log10 d log10 1
d Translation 1 unit to the left and 2 units 2 b b
1 b3
down, then reﬂection in the x-axis
e log10 = −3 log10 2
e Translation 2 units to the right and 3 units 8
down, then dilation of factor 12 from the 6 a 1 b1 c 2 12 d 3 e 0
x-axis and reﬂection in the x-axis 7 a −x b 2 log2 x c 0
f Translation 1 unit up, then dilation of 3e
factor 14 from the x-axis and factor 2 from 8 a x=4 b x= ≈ 0.7814
5 + 2e
the y-axis √
−1 + 1 + 12e
5 a x = 1.146 or x = −1.841 9 a x= , i.e. x ≈ 0.7997
6
b x = −0.443
b x = ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
c x = −0.703 1
d x = 1.857 or x = 4.536 10 a x=3 b x=
2
6 a y b y 1
11 ,2
y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x) 4
2 3 8
12 N = =
3 27
1 y = f(x − 2) 1 y=f x
3
e −2 Exercise 6E
x x
0 0
1 a y

Exercise 6C y = ln(3x)
6y2
1 a 6x6 y9 b 3x6 c d8
x2 x
28
5x 1
e 16 f g 24x5 y10 h 2xy2
y6 3
i x2 y2
1 1 3 b y
2 a4 b c 8 d e f3
2 4 5
5
g h 6 i4 y = 4 ln(5x)
2
3
3 a1 b1 d3 c −e −2 f 4
2
10 3 3 1
g − h − i6 j k± x
3 2 5 2
1
4 a1 b2 c 1 d 1, 2 e 0, 1 5
f 2, 4 g 0, 1 h −1, 2 i −1, 0

Answers
c y f Domain = (2, ∞) y
Range = R
x=2
y = 2 ln(4x)
(3, 0)
x
0 2
x
1
4
g Domain = (−1, ∞) y
d y x = −1
Range = R

6E
x
y = 3 ln 2 ()
x (0, 1)
2 x
−1 0
(1.72, 0)
h Domain = (−∞, 2) y
2 a Domain = (3, ∞) y Range = R x=2
(0, 0.69)
Range = R x=3
x
0 1
x
0 3 4 4
i Domain = −∞, y
x=4
3
b Domain = (−3, ∞) y
Range = R 3
Range = R x = −3

(4.39, 0) (0, 0.39)

x
0 0
x
−3 −0.9 (0.43, 0)

3 a Domain = R+ y
c Domain = (−1, ∞) y
Range = R x = −1 y = log2 2x

x
(0.65, 0) 0 1, 0
−1 0 x 2
(0, −1)

2 b Domain = (5, ∞) y
d Domain = ,∞ y x=5
3
x=2
Range = R 3 y = log10 (x − 5)
x
0 (6, 0)
x
0 2 (0.79, 0)
3
c Domain = R+ y
e Domain = (−2, ∞) x = −2 y
Range = R y = −log10 x
(1, 0)
0 x
x 0
−2 −1 (0, −1.4)

d Domain = R− y k Domain = ( 12 , ∞) y y = ln(2x − 1)

x= 1
y = log10 (−x) 2
0 x
x 1
(−1, 0) 0

y
Answers

e Domain = (−∞, 5)
x=5 l Domain = (−∞, 32 ) y
y = − ln(3 − 2x)
y = log10 (5 − x)
(0, log10 5) x=3
x 2
0 x
(4, 0) 0 1
(0, − ln 3)
f Domain = R+ y

1 4 a x = 1.557 b x = 1.189
,0
4 x 5 a y b y
0 y = f(3x)
y = f(−x) y = f(x)
y = 2 log2 2x + 2 1 y = f(x)
+ y 3 (1, 0)
g Domain = R x x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0) 0 3
y = −2 log2 (3x)
x
y = −f(x) y=f
1, 0 3
3 x 6 A dilation of factor ln 3 from the y-axis
0
1
7 A dilation of factor from the y-axis
ln 2

h Domain = (−∞, −5) y Exercise 6F

x = −5 6 5e4 − 11
1 a= ,b= 4
e4 −1 e −1
1
−5100, 0 2 a=
2
, b = −4 3 a = 2, b = 4
x ln 6
0
14 14
4 a= ,b= (a ≈ 8.148, b ≈ −8.148)
e−1 1−e
1
y = log10 (−x − 5) + 2 5 a = 250, b = ln 5 6 a = 200, b = 500
3
i Domain = R− y 7 a = 2, b = 4 8 a = 3, b = 5
1
9 a = 2, b = ln 5 10 a = 2, b = 3
3
− 1, 0 11 b = 1, a =
2
, c = 8 (a ≈ 2.885)
3 x ln 2
0 2
12 a = ,b=4
y = 4 log2 (−3x) ln 2

Exercise 6G
j Domain = (−∞, 2) y
1 a 2.58 b −0.32 c 2.18 d 1.16
y = 2 log2 (2 − x) − 6 x = 2 e −2.32 f −0.68 g −2.15 h −1.38
i 2.89 j −1.70 k −4.42 l 5.76
x m −6.21 n 2.38 o 2.80
(−6, 0) 0
(0, −4) 2 a x < 2.81 b x > 1.63
c x < −0.68 d x ≥ 0.57

1 −1 P − b

Answers
3 a log2 5 b (log3 8 + 1) 12 t = ln
2 k A
1
c (log7 20 − 1) d log3 7 e log3 6
y−5 1 P
3 13 a x = e 2 b x = − ln
y 6 A
f log5 6 g x = log3 8 or x = 0 h x = 1 ln y
a
1 c n= d x = log10
4 a x > log7 52 b x < log3 120 ln x y 5
5 2
1 ln
c x ≥ log2 d x ≤ log3 7290 1 5−y 6
6 4 e x= e 3 f n=
3 2 2 ln x
5
e x < log3 106 f x < log5 1
g x = (ey + 1) h x = ln

6H → 6I
5
19 16 2 5−y
5 a x= b x= 14 a a ≈ 0.544 b k ≈ 549.3
2 5
1 2
2 25 16 a 9u b u+ c
6 a x= b x= 2 u
3 11 1
9 2 7 17 x = 625 or x =
7 a x= b x= c x= 625
5 9 2 2
1 log2 7 − 4 18
8 a k= b x= p
log2 7 log2 7 19 b x = 4
ln 7 − 1
c x= Exercise 6H
ln 14
y+4 t
9 x= e 3 1 a N = 1000 × 2 15 b 50 minutes
13 1 1 20
1 y 1 y−1 2
10 a x = e b x= e 3 2 d0 = 52 , m = log10
2 2 20 2 13
c x = ln(y − 2) d x = ln(y) − 2 3 a i N0 = 20 000 ii −0.223
1 1 y b 6.2 years
e x = (ey − 1) f x = e4 − 2
2 3 4 a M0 = 10, k = 4.95 × 10−3
y b 7.07 grams c 325 days
g x = 10y − 1 h x = ln +1
2 1
11 a i 5 a k= ln 2 b 3924 years
y y = ex y = x 1690
6 55 726 years
7 7575 years
1 y = ln x
8 a 16 471 b 35 years on from 2002
x
0 1 9 18.4 years
ii 10 a 607 millibars b 6.389 km
y x−3 y=x
y = e2 11 21.82 hours
y = 2 ln(x) + 3 12 6.4◦ C
13 k = 0.349, N0 = 50.25
5
− 23 14 a k = ln b 7.21 hours
e 4
x 1
0 −3 15 a a = 1000, b = 15 5 b 3 hours
e2 c 13 hours d 664 690
iii y y = 10x
y=x Exercise 6I
1 a m = 2 and c = log4 3
b log y c y
4
1 y = log 10 x 5 1024
4 256
x 64
0 1 3
2 16
1 log4 3 4 3
b The graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are x 1 x
0 0 1 2 3
reﬂections of each other in the line y = x 0 1 2 3

2 a m = 3 and c = log5 2 Exercise 6J

b log5 y c y
1 a = 4.77, b = 0.976
5 3125 2 y = 0.145x2 + 2.065x + 6.011
Answers

4 625
125 3 a y = 1.04 × 1.25 x b y = 1.1 × 1.05 x
3
2 25 4 a y = 3 + ln x b y = 5.23 + 8.5 ln x
1 log5 2 5 2 c y = 6.28 + 9.49 ln x
0 x 1 x
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
5 a P
3 Street 10−9 watt/cm2 ; Quiet car 10−11 watt/cm2
95
4 a Increases by 10 log10 2 ≈ 3 dB
b Increases by 10 log10 10 = 10 dB
c Pnew = (Pold )3 × 1032
d P = 10−16 e P = 10−6
λ d2
5 P1 = 10 10 × P2 6 5 + log10 5 ≈ 5.7 0 625
7 7.3 − log10 4 ≈ 6.7 8 [10−4 , 10−2 ]
b Answers will vary. Linear regression gives
9 a 10−7 moles per litre b 2.3 (P = 0.14d 2 + 7. 4)
c 1.48 litres d 2.66
2 6 a y = 3.14 sin(3.05x + 0.04) − 0.14
10 a R = (log10 E − 4.4) b y = 4.97 sin(3.01x + 3.14) + 4.97
3
b i 7.943 × 1011 J ii 2.512 × 1013 J 7 a = 751.733, k = 0.35
iii 7.943 × 1014 J iv 2.512 × 1016 J 8 a ln N
v 1.995 × 1017 J
c 5.73 10.6
11 100 + 10 log10 2 ≈ 103 dB
12 a i $4024.23 ii $6500.00
iii $11 903.09 iv $17 647.05
2000
b 1.5 log10 x + ln t
x 0 3
c i $8.05 ii $6.50 iii $5.95 iv $5.88
b a = 2.98, b = 1.65 c A = 2.98, B = 5.21
4
13 a T 0 = 80, c = ≈ 8.511 9 a
ln( 85 ) P
b 5.90 minutes c 8.36 minutes 26.25
−2
14 a y = e2 · e 3 x b y ≈ 7.39(0.51) x
15 a 7.3 b 63.55
16 a i 15.75 days ii 18.62 days
iii 30.40 days iv 34.80 days
N
2000 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b n= t
1 + 1999e− 4 b a = −1.5, b = 12, c = 2.25
17 a P 10 a ln T
95.5 10.33

4.48
30
ln D
t –0.95 0 3.4
0 60 b ln T = 1.5 ln D + 5.90
b 78% c 22.76 minutes c T = 365 × D1.5 d T 2 ∝ D3
P−30
d t = e 16
1 T0 − Ts
18 t = ln
k T − Ts

Answers
Chapter 6 review ln 11 ln 0.8 ln 3
3 a x= b x= c x=
ln 3 ln 2 ln( 23 )
Technology-free questions
2 1
1 a y b y 4 a x=1 b x= c x=
3 20
f(x) = ex − 2 d x = log10 3 or x = log10 4
(ln 2, 0) 2 6
5 a = 2, b = 2− 3 − 1 6 10 5 − 1
x f(x) = 10−x + 1 1 287
0 (0, 2) 7 ln 8 2a
(0, −1) 3 4
y=1 9 x = 3y + 4
y = −2 x

6 review
0 10 a = ln 5, b = 5, k = 2
y 1
c y d 11 x = ln(y + 4) 13 3
1 3
x
h(x) = (e − 1)
2 y=2 1 3
14 a k = b q=
(0, 1) 7 2
15 y = ea · xb
x
x 0 16 a f (−x) = f (x) b 2(eu + e−u )
0 c 0 d e2u + e−2u
y =−1 (− ln 2, 0) e g(−x) = −g(x) f 2e x , 2e−x , e2x − e−2x
2
e y Multiple-choice questions
1 C 2 D 3B 4 A 5 C
f (x) = ln(2x + 1) 6 B 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 C 12 C 13 B 14 D
x Extended-response questions
0
1 a 73.5366◦ C b 59.5946
x= − 1 2 a 75 b 2.37 c 0.646
2
f y 3 a k = 22 497, λ = 0.22 b $11 627
4 k = −0.5, A0 = 100
x=1 5 a y

x
0t
0
0+ 100
(1 + e−1,
0) 000
h(x) = ln(x − 1) + 1 y=1

g y y = 8000 + 3 × 2t
t
g(x) = −ln(x − 1) 0 15
b i (12.210, 22 209.62)
(2, 0) ii t = 12.21 iii 22 210
x c ii (12.21, 12.21)
0
d c = 0.52
1
x=1 6 a iii a = or a = 1
2
h y iv If a = 1, then e−2B = 1, and so B = 0;
1 1
f(x) = −ln(1 − x) If a = , then B = ln 2
2 2
v A = 20 000
0 b n
x

x=1 20 000
2 a y = e2 x b y = 10x c y = 16x3
x5 e3 t
d y= e y= f y = e2x−3 0
10 x

ln 0.1 2 ln 10
Chapter 7
7A → 7B

c 1
= ≈ 6.644
2
ln( 12 ) ln 2
After 6.65 hours, the population is 18 000 Exercise 7A
7 a k = 0.235 b 22.7◦ C c 7.17 minutes
4 1 −1
8 a i 5 ln ≈ 1.44 minutes 2 −1
3
ii 5 ln 2 ≈ 3.47 minutes 3 a h+9 b 9
iii 5 ln 4 ≈ 6.93 minutes 4 a x+1 b 2x3 + 1 c 40 d 0
7
Answers

e 5 f 1 g 2x + 1 h 3x
b 8 1 − e− 5 ≈ 6.03 grams
t
i 3x3 + x j 6x
c x = 8 1 − e− 5 5 a 2 + 3h + h2 b 2
10R+75
6 2x + h, 2x
9 a A= − 4800
10 23
b 2 010 537.68 km 7 h + 6, 6
c 7.69 8 a 10x b 3 c0 d 6x + 4
d i 291.7 km ii 800.0 km iii 1320 km e 15x2 f 10x − 6
10 a α = −0.25, β = 3
Exercise 7B
d 0 1 3 7 15 31
1 a 5x4 b 28x6 c 6 d 10x − 4
A 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75
e 12x + 12x + 2
2
f 20x3 + 9x2
b 4095 cm g −4x + 4 h 18x2 − 4x + 4
c 146 cm 2 a −4 b −8 c −2 d −4
11 a s 3 a −4 b −36
84.5 4 a 3t2 b 3t2 − 2t c x3 + 9x2
5 a −2 b 0 c 15x2 − 6x + 2
6x2 − 8
d e 4x − 5 f 12x − 12
5
g 50x4 h 27x2 + 3
6 a 4x − 15x 2
b −4z − 6 c 18z2 − 8z
d d −2 − 15x 2
e −4z − 6 f −3z2 − 8z
0 14 41 7 a 1 1
(− 2 , 3 2 ) b (2, 32), (−2, −32)
b ln s c (2, 6) d (0, 0), (2, −4)
5 59
4.4 8 a (1, 7) b ,
4 8
√
1+ 3
9 a x=1 b x=0 c x=
√ 2√
3+ 3 1− 3
d x= e x=
6 2
ln d 10 a 78.69◦ b 0◦ c 45◦ d 135◦
0 2.6 3.7 e 63.43◦ f 116.57◦
11 a 8x − 4 b 2x + 2 c 6x2 − 12x + 18
c ln s d x2 − 2x + 1
4.4 12 a (3, 16), gradient = 8
b (0, −1), gradient = −1
c (−1, 6), gradient = −8
d (4, 594), gradient = 393
d e (1, −28), gradient = −92
0 14 41 f (2 12 , 0), gradient = 0
d ln s = 0.139d − 1.243, s = 0.289e0.139d 13 a x=1 b x=1 c x>1 d x<1
e x = 2 23 f x = 4 or x = −2
14 a x < −1 or x > 1 b −1 < x < 1
c x = −1 or x = 1

Answers
15 a −1 < x < 0.5 or x > 2 b
b x < −1 or 0.5 < x < 2 dy
dx
c x = −1 or x = 0.5 or x = 2
1 1 x
16 a − < x < 2 or x > 2 b x<− 0
4 4
1
c x = − or x = 2 (0, −3)
4
5 183
17 a (2, −12) b (3, −11) c ,− c
4 16 dy
21 a (−∞, −1] b [2, ∞) c (−∞, 0] dx
3

7C → 7D
d ,∞ x
2 0 2
Exercise 7C
1 a f(x)
d
dy
dx
f(x) = 22
x x
−1 0
x
0
−2(2 + h)
b c −4 e dy
(1 + h)2
−1 −1 dx
2 a b
(x − 3)2 (x + 2)2
x
3 −4x−5 0
15
4 a −6x−3 − 5x−2 b 12x − 4
x
15 8 2
c 4 − 3 d −18x−4 − 6x−3 e− 2
x x x f dy
4 −18 − 2z dx
5 a 2 b c 3z−4
z z4
−2z3 + z2 − 4 6 − 12z x
d e
z2 z4 −10 2
6
f −6x − 2
x
1
6 a 11 4 3
b c −1 d5 2 a dy
32
7 f (x) = 10x−6 > 0 for all x ∈ R \ {0} dx 1
1
8 ± 9 a = −1, b = 4
2 x
1 0 1
10 11 a = −9, b = 1
2
3 −1
12 k = 0 or k =
2
b dy
Exercise 7D dx
−3, 2
1 a 3 2
dy 3
dx
(0, 2) x
0
x
0 −5 3, −5
3
3

c dy 3 a D b F c B d C e A fE
dx 4 a b y
y = f(x)
y = f ′(x)
x
0
Answers

x
0 1 2
d dy
(1, 2)
dx
c i 0 ii 0 iii 0 iv 96
d i 1 ii 0.423
x 5 a
−1 0 1 2 y
(−3, −0.25) (1, −2.5)
y = f(x)
(2, −2.5) y = f′(x)
e dy
dx
x
0 1
x
−1.5 0 1.5 Gradient is 0 at (1, 43 );
Gradient is positive for R \ {1}
b y
y = g′ (x)
f dy
dx y = g(x)

0 x
1 2 x
0
g dy
dx Gradient is always positive;
Minimum gradient where x = 0

x Chapter 7 review
−2 0 1
Technology-free questions
1 a h2 + 6h + 12 b 12
h dy 2 a 8 b −8
dx 3
3 a −3 b 8x − 2 c x+
2
10 3 4
d − + 2 + 2x e 2x −
x x3 x x2
0 12 20
f 3 − 5
x x
4 a 4x − 3 b −3 c x=1
i dy 5 a x = 0 or x = −2 b x > 0 or x < −2
dx c −2 < x < 0
7 24π
5 5
8 ,
x 18 36
0 2
9
3

Answers
11 a dy Exercise 8B
dx 1
1 x− 2
4
x x− 5 5 3
0 2 a b x2
−3 5 2
5 3 3 1 3 − 1 20 2
c x2 − x2 d x 2 − x3
b dy 2 2 2 3
dx 6 − 13 1 5 1
e − x 7 f − x− 4 + 2x− 2
7 4

8A → 8D
1 1 2 5
x 3 a b c d
0 27 12 9 2
1 1 −3
4 a √ b √
2x + 1 2 4 − 3x
x −1
c dy c √ d
dx x2 + 2 3
(4 − 3x)2
3√ 1 √ 5x + 6
e x− √ f 3 x
2 x3 2
0 x x 2x − 5
1.5 7 a √ b
x2 + 2 3 (x2 − 5x)2
3

2x + 2
c
12 0 < x < 2 5 (x2 + 2x)4
5

1
13 x = −
2 Exercise 8C
1
14 b = , c = 1 1 a 5e5x b−21e−3x
4
c −12e−4x + e x − 2x de x − e−x
Multiple-choice questions e e−2x (e x − 1) f2e2x − 2e−2x
1 B 2D 3A 4C 5D 2 a −6x2 e−2x
3
b
2
2xe x + 3
6 A 7D 8B 9D c
2
(2x − 4)e x −4x + 3 d
2
(2x − 2)e x −2x+3 − 1
1
1 1 1 1
e − 2ex f x− 2 e x 2
x 2
Chapter 8 3 a
9 1 1
b e2 + 4
2 2
Exercise 8A 4 a 5 b 5e4 + 2
1 a 8x(x2 + 1)3 b 20x(2x2 − 3)4 5 a 2 f (x)e2 f (x) b 2e2x f (e2x )
√
c 24(6x + 1)3 d an(ax + b)n−1 e x ex
6x 6 a 8e2x (e2x − 1)3 b √ c √
e 2anx(ax2 + b)n−1 f 2 x 2 ex − 1
(1 − x2 )4 2 x 23 − 1
1 −4 2 d e x 3 e (2x − 3)e(x−1)(x−2)
g −3 x2 − 2 2x + 3 3
x x x
f ee +x
h (1 − x)−2
2 a 6(x + 1)5 b 4x3 (3x + 1)(x + 1)7 Exercise 8D
2 3 2 2 2 3
c 4 6x3 + 18x2 − 2 1 a b c 2x +
x x x x x
d −4(x + 1)−5 3x − 1 3+x 1
d e f
3 −10 x2 x x+1
1 1 1 3 6
4 − and g h i
2 2 x+2 3x − 1 6x − 1
√
5 2x 3x + 1
2 3 3(ln x)2 2x + 1
2 a b c 2
− f (x) x x x +x−1
6 a n[ f (x)]n−1 f (x) b 3x2 + 2x 4 4
[ f (x)]2 d e f
x3 + x2 2x + 3 2x − 3

2x 2x3 (2 − x)
8E → 8H

3 a b1 4 a b 2e2x+3
x2 + 1 e2x
1 3 1 e x (x − 1)
4 a (e, 1), m = c (2e2x + 1)(e2x + x) 2 d
e 2 x2
2e 1 2
b e, ln(e2 + 1) , m = 2 e xe 2 x f −x2 e−x
e +1 e x ( f (x) − f (x))
1 5 a e x ( f (x) + f (x)) b
c (−e, 1), m = − d (1, 1), m = 2 [ f (x)]2
e x
e (1, 0), m = 0 f ( 32 , ln 2), m = 1 c f (x)e f (x)
d 2e f (x) f (x) + [ f (x)]2 e x
6 a 3x cos(x) − x3 sin(x)
2
Answers

1 1 + 2x 3
5 6 7 82 b 2x cos x − (1 + x2 ) sin x
2 1 + x + x2 5
c −e−x sin x + e−x cos x
d 6 cos x − 6x sin x
Exercise 8E
e 3 cos(3x) cos(4x) − 4 sin(4x) sin(3x)
1 a 5 cos(5x) b −5 sin(5x) f 12 sin x + 12x cos x
c 2 sin x cos x d −2x sin(x2 + 1) g 2xesin x + x2 cos x esin x
π π
e 2 sin x − cos x − h 2x cos2 x − 2x2 cos x sin x
4 π 4π 7 a −eπ b 0
f −2 cos x − sin x − 8 2
3 3
π π
g 6 sin 2x +
2
cos 2x + Exercise 8G
6 6
π 2
1 1
π 4 4x x− 2 − x 2
h −6 sin 2x − cos 2x − 1 a b 2 c
4 4 (x + 4) 2 (x + 1) 2 2(1 + x)2
1 √ (x + 2)2 (x − 3)(x − 1) 2 + 2x − x2
2 a √ , 2 b 1, 0 c 2, 0 d e
2 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 2)2
d 0, 0 e 1, 0 f 0, −4 −4x x + 4x + 1
2
f g 2
3 a −5 sin(x) − 6 cos(3x) (x2 − 1)2 (x + x + 1)2
b − sin x + cos x −2(4x + 3x + 1)
3 2

π π π h
4 a − sin x◦ b cos x◦ c cos(3x)◦ (2x3 + 2x)2
90 60 60 2 a 81, 378 b 0, 0 c 0, 0
cos x
5 a tan x b− d
1
, 0
3
e , −
1
sin x 2 2 2
c 2 cos(x) e2 sin x d −2 sin(2x) ecos(2x) 2x + x + 1
2
x(7x3 + 3x + 4)
3 a √ b √
Exercise 8F x2 + 1 2 x3 + 1
3 −11 5
1 a 20x4 + 36x2 + 4x b 9x 2 + c
2
x 2 (x + 3)2
3e x − 2e4x (x + 1) sin(x) + cos(x)
c 3(2x − 1) (8x − 1) d 8(2x + 1)(6x2 + 1)
2 2
4 a b −
1 5x2 − 8x + 1 (3 + e )3x 2 (x + 1)2
e 5(3x + 1) 2 (3x + 4) f √
2x − 4 x − x ln(x) + 1
c
g x2 (3x2 + 4x + 3)(3x2 + 2x + 1)−2 x(x + 1)2
1
h 2x3 (5x2 − 2)(2x2 − 1)− 2 1 − ln x 1 + x2 − 2x2 ln x
5 a b
√3 2x2 (x + 1) x 2 x(1 + x2 )2
i 2x x2 + 2x +
3 (x2 + 2x)2
3 9e 3x
−2e x −8e2x
6 a b x c 2x
4(5x2 − 4)2 (5x2 + 2) (3 + e ) 3x 2 (e − 1) 2 (e − 2)2
j 1
x3 7 a −2 b −6π c −eπ d −
3(x6 − 16) 2x3 (9x2 − 8) π
k 4
l
x 5 (x3 − x)4
5
Exercise 8H
2 a e x (x2 + 2x + 1)
b e2x (2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5) 1 y = 4x − 5
−8x − 7 1
c 2e4x+1 (x + 1)(2x + 3) d √ 2 y=− x−1
2e4x x + 1 3
ex 3 y = x − 2 and y = −x + 3
3 a 1 + ln x b 2x + 4x ln x c e x ln x + 1
x 4 y = 18x + 1, y = − x + 1
d 1 + ln(−x) 3 11
18
29
5 ,− , c=−
2 4 4

1 1

Answers
6 a i y = 2x − 3 ii y = − x − f V′(t)
2 2
1
b i y = −3x − 1 ii y = x − 1
3 0 t
c i y = −x − 2 ii y = x
1 49
d i y = 8x + 2 ii y = − x −
8 8 −2.43 × 107
3 2
e i y= x+1 ii y = − x + 1
2 3 t3
5 a V (t) = (20 − t)
1 1 160
f i y= x+ ii y = −2x + 3

8I
2 2 b V′(t)
2 4 3 7 (mL/min)
g i y= x+ ii y=− x+
3 3 2 2
1 15 (15, 105.47)
h i y = 4x − 16 ii y=− x−
4 2
i i y = −2 ii x=2
1 1
j i y = 4x − 4 ii y=− x+
4 4
7 y = 56x − 160
3 1
0 20 t (minutes)
8 a y = −1 b y= x+ c t = 15
2 2
c y = −2x − 1 d y = −4x + 5 6 a t ≈ 100, t ≈ 250, t ≈ 500
9 a y = 2x b y = −1 b ≈ 430 000 m3 /day c ≈ 270 000 m3 /day
c y = −x + π + 1 d y=x d 100 < t < 250, 500 < t < 600
10 a y=2 b y=x 7 a λ = 0.1373, P0 = 30
e b 9.625 hours
c y = 4e2 x − 3e2 d y = (x + 1)
2 c i 4.120 units/hour ii 1.373 units/hour
e y = 3ex − 2e f y = 4e−2
8 a −0.3(T − 15)
11 a y = x − 1 b y = 2x − 1 c y = kx − 1 b i −22.5◦ C/minute ii −13.5◦ C/minute
12 a x = 0 b x=0 c x=4 iii −4.5◦ C/minute
1
d x = −5 e x=− f x = −5 9 a y
2
13 a = 1
10
14 a = e (0, 8)
15 a = 0 6
3 2
16 a = 0 or a =
2 t
π−2 0 2 8 14 20 24
17 OA = √
2 2 3
b 2 a.m. c − metres per hour
3
Exercise 8I 2π π π
d d (t) = − sin t −
1 a 21 b 3h + 18 c 18 3 6 3
dV dS dV e 5 a.m., 11 a.m., 5 p.m., 11 p.m.
2 a b c 2π
dt dr dx Maximum magnitude = metres per hour
3 Wanes by 0.006 units per day 3
4 a −3 × 103 (90 − t)2 b 90 days dy
10 = 3 − 2 sin x, gradient always positive
c 7.29 × 108 m3 d 80 days dx
e V 11 a 4.197 b −0.4
(m3) 12 a y b 3.33
7.29 × 108 y = 600

t
0 90 t (days) 0
13 a −2y b ky

14 a 0.18 kg 2 a (0, 1) b ,−
b 3.47 hours 3e 3e
π π
c i 6.93 hours ii 10.4 hours c (0, 1), (−π, 1), − , −1 , , −1 , (π, 1)
2 2
d 0.2m d (−1, −e−1 ) e (0, 0), (2, 4e−2 )
15 a A = 20, k = 0.1 b 2 people per day f (e−1 , −2e−1 )
c After 39.12 days 3 ( 41 , −2 ln 2 − 1)
4 (2, ln 2 + 1)
Exercise 8J 2 4
Answers

5 (0, 0), , 2 2
1 a −6 cm/s b t = 3, x = −1 a ea
5 6 a a=6 b b=3
c −2 cm/s d cm/s
2 7 b = −2, c = 1, d = 3
2 a −3 cm, 24 cm/s b v = 3t2 − 22t + 24
8 a = 2, b = −4, c = −1
4 319
c t= , t=6 d x= , x = −39 9 a = 23 , b = −2 12 , c = −3, d = 7 12
3 27
476 1988 10 a a = 2 and b = 9 b (−1, −5)
e cm f cm 1 1 − 4n
27 27 11 x = or x =
3 a i 50 m ii 10 m 2 2n + 2
12 x = ±1 or x = 0
b t = 9, t = 21
10π πt 5π2 πt 13 (1, 12 ), (−1, − 12 )
c v= cos , a=− sin
3 6 9 6
10π Exercise 8L
d m/s; t = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24; x = 30
3 1 a x=0
5π2 0
e m/s2 ; t = 3, 9, 15, 21; x = 50, 10
9 + 0 +
f 160 m
4 a v = 6t2 − 18t + 12 b a = 12t − 18
inflexion
c t = 1, x = 5; t = 2, x = 4
3 9 b x = 2, x = −5
d t= , x=
2 2
5 a 8 cm b 2 cm/s c t = 1, x = 9 −5 2
d −2 cm/s2 + 0 − 0 +
√
2t
6 a v= √ b 1 cm/s
2
t √+1 max. min.
2 1 1
c a= d cm/s2 c x = −1, x =
(t2 + 1)3 2 2
7 When t = 0: v = 0.4 m/s, a = 0.4 m/s2 ; 1
−1
When t = 1: v = 0.4e m/s, a = 0.4e m/s2 ; 2
When t = 2: v = 0.4e2 m/s, a = 0.4e2 m/s2 + 0 − 0 +
π 2π
8 a t = 0, t = , t =
3 3 max. min.

b a = e−2t 3 cos(3t) − 2 sin(3t) d x = −3, x = 4
c t = 0.328
1 −3 4
9 a a=− b d = 10 c t = ec − 10
t+d − 0 + 0 −
10 a v = 5e−0.5t b a = −2.5e−0.5t
c t = 2 ln 2, v = 2.5 metres per minute
min. max.
Exercise 8K e x = −3, x = 4
1 a (2, −16), (−2, 16) b (1, −2) −3 4
c (0, 0), (1, 1) d (4, 48)
2 16 −2 16 1 14 + 0 − 0 +
e (0, 0), √ , , √ , f ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
g (3, 2) h (0, −10), (2, 6) max. min.

Answers
f x = 0, x = c i (0, 0), (3, 0)
5 ii (0, 0) min, (2, 4) max
27
0 y
5
+ 0 − 0 + (2, 4)

max. min.
(3, 0)
g x = 1, x = 3 x
0 (0, 0)

8L
1 3
+ 0 − 0 +
d i (−4, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 4)
max. min. ii (−3, 4) max, (−1, 0) min
h x = 1, x = 3 y

1 3 (−3, 4)
− 0 + 0 − (0, 4)

(−4, 0) x
min. max.
(−1, 0) 0
2 a x = −2 (max), x = 2 (min)
b x = 0 (min), x = 2 (max)
c x = 13 (max), x = 3 (min) e i (−1, 0), (0, −1), (1, 0)
d x = 0 (inflection) ii (−1, 0) infl, (0, −1) min, (1, 0) infl
e x = −2 (inflection), x = 0 (min) y
1 1
f x = − √ (max), x = √ (min)
3 3
3 a i (0, 0), ( 43 , 0)
ii (0, 0) inflection, (1, 1) max
y x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)

(1, 1) (0, −1)

f i (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)
(0, 0) ii (−1, 0) min, (0, 1) max, (1, 0) min
x
0 y
4, 0
3

b i (0, 0), (6, 0) (0, 1)

ii (0, 0) max, (4, −32) min
y x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)

4 a (−2, 27) max, (1, 0) min

b (1, 0) is a turning point
7
(0, 0) (6, 0) c − , 0 , (0, 7)
x 2
0
d y

(4, −32) (−2, 27)

(0, 7)
x
− 7, 0 0 (1, 0)
2

5 b a = 3, b = 2, (0, 2) min, (−2, 6) max 11 a x = −1 (inﬂ), x = 1 (min), x = 5 (max)

6 a (0, −256), ( 12 , 0), (2, 0) b x = 0 (max), x = 2 (min)
1 4 c x = −4 (min), x = 0 (max)
b , 0 inﬂection, , 40.6 max, (2, 0) min d x = −3 (min), x = 2 (inﬂ)
Answers

2 3
y 12 a (0,√0) local max; √
(2 2, −64) and (−2 2, −64) local min
4 , 40.6 b (0, 0) local max;
3 m − 1 16m (m − 1)m−1
±4 ,− local min
x m mm
0 (2, 0) 13 y

1, 0
2 1

(0, −256)
x
0

14 −2 < x < 0
100
7 a y 15 x < 1; Max value = ≈ 1.83
f(x)g(x) e4
16 a Min value = f (0) = 0
17 a (0, 1) min b y=x
c y
1

y=x
x f(x) = x + e−x
−1 0 1
2 2 x
0
−1
1 1 1 1
b i x < − √ or − < x < or x > √ 18 p = 1, q = −6, r = 9
2 2 2 2
√ 2
19 a (8x − 8)e4x −8x b (1, e−4 ) min
66 1 1
ii − < x < − or − < x < 0 or c y
12√ 2 2
66
x>
12
4
8 a (−2, 0) max, , −18 14
27
min
3
b No stationary points
1
9 a (0, −1) stationary point of inﬂection, x
(−1, −1) minimum 0
(1, e−4)
b (0, −1) stationary point of inﬂection,
(−1.5, −2.6875) minimum
c No stationary points, gradient is always 1 5
d y=− x+
positive 8 4
9 20 Tangents are parallel for any given value of x.
10 b x ≤ c y y
4
9, 1.305
y = ln(5x)
(1, 1) 4
y = ln(x)
x (0.2, 0)
0 3 x
0 (1, 0)

Answers
21 a 2x ln(x) + x b x=1 c x = e− 2 e Reﬂected in the x-axis:
d y y

4
(3, 16)

1
2 x
1 − 2√3 0
(0, −11)
1
(−1, −16) 1 + 2√3

8L
x
0 −1 −1 2 24 a y
(e 2 , −e 2 )
22 (e, e), local minimum (1, 4)
23 a y
2
x
(−1, 16) y = f(x) (−1, 0) 0 2
(0, 11)
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x
0 b y
1
(3, −16)

b Dilated by a factor of 2 from the x-axis:

y (−1, 0)
x
0 2
(−1, 32) −4
(1, −8)
(0, 22)
c y
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x
0 1 (2, 8)

x
(3, −32) 0 3
c Translated 2 units to the left:
y
d y
(–3, 16) 1 + 2√3

−1 − 2√3
x (1, 1)
−3 −1 0 0 x
−1
(1, −16)

d Translated 2 units to the right: (−1, −3)

y e y

(1, 16)
(0, 12)
3 − 2√3 3 + 2√3
x
0 3 x
(−2, 0) 0 1
(5, –16)

25 a (a + , 0), (b + , 0) b (h + , kp) 2
e
π 5π cos2 (2x)
26 a Max x = , ; Min x = 0, π, 2π f −9 cos2 (3x + 2) sin(3x + 2)
3 3
π 5π 3π g 2x sin2 (3x) + 6x2 cos(3x) sin(3x)
b Max x = ; Min x = ; Inﬂ x =
6 6 2 5 a 2e2 ≈ 14.78 b0
π 3π 7π 11π c 15e3 + 2 ≈ 303.28 d 1
c Max x = , ; Min x = ,
2 2 6 6 6 a aeax b aeax+b c −bea−bx
Answers

π 5π d abeax − abebx e (a − b)e(a−b)x

d Max x = ; Infl x = π; Min x =
3 3 3
27 a y = −x4 + 8x3 + 10x2 + 4x 7b <x<4
2
b y − f (x)
(6, 816) 8 a x f (x) + f (x) b 2
(7, 861) f (x)
(5, 645) y = f(x) f (x) − x f (x) 2x f (x) − 2x2 f (x)
c 2 d
f (x) [ f (x)]3
(2, 96) 9 a y = −x b (0, 0)
x
0 (1, 21) 9. 142 10 y = 6ax − 3a2 , P(0, −3a2 )
y = f′ (x) 11
11 a y = 3x − 3 b x=
Local max at (6.761, 867.07); No stationary 3
dy 12 a 5π square units/unit
point of inflection: = 4 when x = 0 b 6π square units/unit
dx
c −960 4 1
13 a x 1; f (x) = (x − 1)− 5
d x = 4.317 or x = 8.404 5 1
4 3 4
b y = x − and y = − x + 1 c 1,
5 5 5 5
Chapter 8 review 14 When t = 0: v = 0.25 m/s, a = 0.25 m/s2
Technology-free questions When t = 1: v = 0.25e m/s, a = 0.25e m/s2
x −4x2 − 2x + 12 When t = 4: v = 0.25e4 m/s, a = 0.25e4 m/s2
1 a 1− √ b
1−x 2 (x2 + 3)2 15 a (25e100t )◦ C/s b (25e5 )◦ C/s
3 −2 1 3 16 y = ex
c √ d 2 − x− 2
2 1 + 3x x 2 17 b 20 cm/year
3x − 15 1 + 2x2 4x 1 x π √
e √ f √ g 2 18 a y = x b y= √ − √ + 2
2 x−3 1 + x2 (x + 1)2 e 2 2 2
−x2 + 1 10x 2 3π −2
h 2 i (2 + 5x2 )− 3 c y= x− d y= √ x−1
(x + 1) 2 3 2 e
−2x2 − 2x + 4 1 19 a (1, 1) max; (0, 0) inflection
j k 4x(3x2 + 2)− 3
(x + 2) b (−1, √ (1, −4) min
√ 0) max;
2 2
√ √
1 c (− 3, 6 3 + 1) max; ( 3, −6 3 + 1) min
2 a −6 b 1 c 5 d
6 20 y
1
3 a b 3 cos(3x + 2)
x+2 (1, 4)
1 x
d (2x − 2)e x −2x
2
c − sin
2 2
1 x
e f 2π cos(2πx) 0
x−3 3
1
g 6 sin(3x + 1) cos(3x + 1) h √
2x ln x
2 − 2 ln(2x)
i 21 x = 1 (inflection); x = 2 (minimum)
x2
22 2
j 2x sin(2πx) + 2πx2 cos(2πx)
4 a e x sin(2x) + 2e x cos(2x) Multiple-choice questions
1 − 3 ln x 1 A 2 C 3 A 4 A 5B
b 4x ln x + 2x c 6 E 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 E
x4
d 2 cos(2x) cos(3x) − 3 sin(2x) sin(3x) 11 B 12 E 13 A 14 E 15 B
16 B 17 D 18 C

Answers
Extended-response questions 6 a (1, −6)
1 a 54.06 g b s b 3(x − 1)2 + 3
c 3(x − 1)2 + 3 > 3 for all x ∈ R \ {1}
80 3 000 000e−0.3x
(10, 54.06) 7 a f (x) =
(1 + 100e−0.3x )2
50 b i 294 kangaroos per year
ii 933 kangaroos per year
0 t 8 a a = 30 b (0, 8 ln 6), (25, 0)
ds 1 ds 1 c f (20) = −0.8
= −6e− 5 t

8 review
c d = − (s − 50) d y
dt dt 5
e 0.8 g/L f 17 minutes
2 a 60◦ C (0, 8 ln 6)
b T

60 x
0 (25, 0)
x = 30
20

0 t 1
dT 10 a A = 1000, k = ln 10 ≈ 0.46
c = −14.4e −0.36t 5
dt dN dN
b = kAekt c = kN
dT dt dt
d = −0.36(T − 20) dN dN
dt d i ≈ 2905.7 ii ≈ 4.61 × 1012
3 a 1.386 minutes b 2200, 5.38% dt dt
c 66.4 spores/minute d 0.9116 minutes 11 a t ≈ 34.66 years b t ≈ 9.12 years
e 1
1200 12 a Max height 0.7 m ﬁrst occurs at t = s
6
1000 2
b s c 0.6π m/s, 0.6π m/s, 0 m/s
3
f
1
g 13 a i r = ii p = 12, q = 8
6
0 0.91 t (minute) 4π
b T (3) = − , i.e. length of night is
3
4 a V 4π
decreasing by hours/month
3
100 4π
T (9) = , i.e. length of night is
3
4π
increasing by hours/month
3
8
0 t c − hours/month
V 3
b i 20e−0.2t m/s2 ii 20 − m/s2 d t = 9, i.e. after 9 months
5
c 8.05 seconds 14 a a = 1, c = 1, b = −2, d = 0
5 a p=5 bD b 13 < x < 1
q=2 c y
7
r = 30 5
3 1, 4
3 27
0 6 12 t
2 x
c− metres per hour (1, 0)
3 0
dD π
d = − sin(30t)◦
dt 3
e A ship can enter 2 hours after low tide

15 a i y iv y
y= x3 + x2 +x

y = f ′(x) y = f(x)
x (1, 1)
(0, 0)
Answers

x
0 1
a = −3, b = 3
No stationary points y = x3 − 3x2 + 3x
ii y
d a2 < 3b
16 x = e
a+b
− 1, 5 17 b i a, b, ii a, b
3 27 2 a + b (a − b)4
x c (a, 0), (b, 0), ,
−0.618 0 1.618 2 16
e i y
(1, −1)

iii y y = (x − a)4

(−1, 1) x
0 a
0.618
x ii (a, 0), (−a, 0), (0, a4 )
−1.618 0
1, − 5 iii y
3 27

iv y

(0, a4)
x
−a a
x
(0, 0) 3b + a
18 b i a, ii a, b
4
3b + a −27
c Local min at , (b − a)4 ;
No stationary points 4 256
b i f (x) = 3x√
2
+ 2ax + b Stationary point of inﬂection at (a, 0)
a −27a4
−a ± a2 − 3b e − , and (a, 0)
ii x= 2 16
3 a
c ii a = −3 or a = 3; (−1, −1), (1, 1) f i b=−
stationary points of inﬂection 3
19 a y = ex b y = 2ex c y = kex
iii y 1 1
e i k = or k ≤ 0 ii k >
y = x3 + 3x2 + 3x e e
20 a i 30 g ii 12.28 g
dx −300λeλt
b =
dt (5eλt − 3)2
y = f ′(x) c ii
dx
x dt
−1 0
a = 3, b = 3
(−1, −1) x
0

Chapter 9

Answers
2x3 3x5 3 7 3 16
e + +c f x3 + x 3 +c
3 5 7 16
Exercise 9A 1 17
5 f (x) = x3 + −
x4 5x4 x 2
1 a +c b x3 − 2x + c c − x2 + c 3 8
8 4 6 s = t2 + − 8
2 t
x4 2x3 x3 1
d − +c e − x2 + x + c 7 a k=1 b f (4) =
5 3 3 4
x3 z4 2z3 Exercise 9C
f +x+c g − +c
3 2 3

9A → 9D
1 1
4t3 t4 3t2 1 a (2x − 1)3 + c b − (t − 2)4 + c
h − 6t2 + 9t + c i − t3 + −t+c 6 4
3 4 2 1 1
2 f (x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x c (5x − 2)4 + c d +c
20 24 − 16x
3 y = 2x3 + 12
1 −1
x2 e +c f +c
4 a y = x2 − x b y = 3x − +1 8(6 − 4x)2 8(3 + 4x)2
2
2 3 2 1
x3 x3 g (3x + 6) 2 + c h (3x + 6) 2 + c
c y= + x2 + 2 d y = 3x − +2 9 3
3 3
1 9 1 7
2x5 x2 i (2x − 4) 2 + c j (3x + 11) 3 + c
e y= + 9 7
5 2 2 3 1
t3 t2 9 1727 k − (2 − 3x) 2 + c l − (5 − 2x)5 + c
5 a V= − + b ≈ 287.83 9 10
3 2 2 6 2 3 5
2 f (x) = − (1 − x) 2 +
6 f (x) = x3 − x + 2 3 3
7 a B b w = 2000t − 10t2 + 100 000 1 1
3 a ln(x) + c b ln(3x + 2) + c
x2 2 3
8 f (x) = 5x − +4 5
2 c ln(1 + 4x) + c d ln(3x − 2) + c
x 4 3
9 f (x) = − x3 − 2 3
4 e − ln(1 − 4x) + c f −6 ln(4 − x) + c
4
10 a k=8 b (0, 7)
2 4 a 5 ln(x) + c b 3 ln(x − 4) + c
11 83
c 5 ln(2x + 1) + c d −3 ln(5 − 2x) + c
12 a k = −4 b y = x2 − 4x + 9 1
13 a k = −32 b f (7) = 201 e −3 ln(1 − 2x) + c f − ln(4 − 3x) + c
3
14 y = 13 (x3 − 5) 5 a 3x + ln(x) + c b x + ln(x) + c
1 x2
Exercise 9B c − +c d 2x + + ln(x) + c
x+1 2
1 4
3
1 a y=− 2
+c b y = 3x 3 + c e − +c f −2x + ln(x) + c
2x 2(x − 1)2
4 5 5 2 1
c y = x4 + x5 + c 6 a y = ln(x) + 1 b y = 10 − ln(5 − 2x)
5 2 2
3 2 7 y = 10 ln(x − 5)
2 a − +c b − 3 + 3x2 + c
x 3x 8 a x − ln(x + 1) + c
2 3 9 4 20 9 b −2(x + 1) + 3 ln(x + 1) + c
c − − 2 +c d x3 − x4 + c c 2(x + 1) − ln(x + 1) + c
x x 4 9
12 7 14 3 5 8 9 8 3 5
e x4 − x2 + c f x5 + x3 + c 9 y= −
7 3 2 2 2−x 2
2 7 5 3 4 5 5
3 a f (x) = x 2 + b f (x) = x 3 + 5 10 y = ln + 10
7 7 4 4 1 − 2x
2 3 1 2 22
c f (x) = x 2 + x − Exercise 9D
3 2 3
1 6x 1 2x 3 2
4 3 2 5 3z3 − 4 1 a e +c b e + x +c
4 a x2 + x2 + c b +c 6 2 2
3 5 2z 1 1 −2x 1 2x
5 3 4 5 2 7 c − e−3x + x2 + c d − e + e +c
c x + x2 + c d x2 + x2 + c 3 2 2
3 5 7

2 a e − 2e 2 + c b e x − e−x + c e2 x √
2 4 √ , e2 x + c
x
2 x x
c e3x + e−x + c d 15e 3 − 10e 5 + c 1
3 5 −3 sin x · cos2 x, − cos3 x
3
9 2x 15 7x 15 4x 9 2x
e e 3 − e 5 +c f e 3 − e 3 +c 6 a ln(2x) + 1, x ln(2x) − x + c
2 7 4 2
x2 x2
1 2x 3 b 2x ln(2x) + x, ln(2x) − +c
3 a y = (e − x2 + 9) b y = − x − e x + 8 2 4
2 e
1 2x 1 2 7 sin x + x cos x, cos x + x sin x + c
Answers

4 f (x) = e + 4 − e 1
2 2 8 (2x + 1)e2x , (2x − 1)e2x + c
5 y = 9 − 2e−2 4
12x 1 √
1 1 9 a √ b (2x + a) 4x − a
6 a k=2 b y = e2x + e2 4x − a 12
2 2
1 2 4x 1√
7 a k=3 b y = − e3x − e3 10 √ , 1 + 4x2
3 3 1 + 4x 42

1 x + 2
Exercise 9E 11 ln for x > 2
1 1 4 x−2
1 a sin(3x) b −2 cos x c sin(3x) 12 a (x + 1) + c
2 3
b sin(x2 ) + c
3 2
1 1 π c (x + 1) + sin(x ) + c
2 3 2
d −4 cos x e − cos 2x − d −(x2 + 1)3 + c e (x2 + 1)3 − 4x + c
2 2 3
1 1 f 3 sin(x ) + c
2
f sin(3x) − cos(2x) x 1 √
3 2 13 1 + √ , √ , ln x + 1 + x2 + c
1 1 1+x 2 1+x 2
g sin(4x) + cos(4x)
4 4
1 1
h cos(2x) + sin(3x)
Exercise 9G
4 3
1 π 1 1 a x = t2 − 3t b x = 0 c 0 m/s
i − sin 2x + j − cos(πx) 9 3
4 3 π d m e m/s
k sin(2πx) l sin(2x) 2 2
1 1 2 x = t − 2t + 5
3

2 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 2t3

2 x 2 3 a x= − 4t2 + 6t + 4, a = 4t − 8
3
b f (x) = −2 cos +1 20
2 b When t = 1, x = m;
1 3
3 y = x2 − cos(2x) + 3 When t = 3, x = 4 m
2
c When t = 1, a = −4 m/s2 ;
4 g(x) = −2 cos(2x) + 2
When t = 3, a = 4 m/s2
1 1
5 a y = sin(2x) − cos(3x) 646
2 3 4 Velocity = 73 m/s; Position = m
b y = −2x + π 3
5 Initial position is 3 m to the left of O
1
6 f (x) = sin x − sin(2x) + 8 6 a Velocity = −10t + 25
2 5
7 a f (x) = x + cos(3x) + 1 − π b Height = −5t2 + 25t c s
b y= x−π 2
125
d m e 5s
4
Exercise 9F
7 a v
6x 1
1 , ln(3x2 + 7)
3x2 + 7 6 9
1 1
2 a ln(x3 + 3) b ln(x2 + 4x)
3 2
1 1
c ln(3 + e ) 2x
d ln(x3 + 3x)
2 3
t
5 0
e ln(3x − 2)
3 t
1 2 cos(2x) b x = 9(t + 3e− 3 − 3)
3 a , tan x b − 2 , − c 27e−1 ≈ 9.93 m
cos2 x sin (2x) 2 sin(2x)

Answers
8 a v Extended-response questions
4 9 x3
1 a y= − 2x2 + 3
32 3
b y
t
0 2 4 6 8
(0, 3)

16 πt (4, 0)
b x= 1 − cos

9 review
π 4 x
0
c x 4 8
c Yes, for < x <
10 3 3
d −3x
2 a e sin(2x) =
dx
−3e−3x sin(2x) + 2e−3x cos(2x)
d −3x
e cos(2x) =
t dx
0 4 8 −3e−3x cos(2x) − 2e−3x sin(2x)

16 c e−3x sin(2x) dx =
d Max speed = 4 m/s; Position = m
π −1 −3x
3e sin(2x) + 2e−3x cos(2x)
9 The 29th ﬂoor 13
3 a ln(t + k) + 1, (t + k) ln(t + k) − t + c
Chapter 9 review b x = 6t − (t + k) ln(t + k) + k ln k
c k = 48.41 d 45.77 m
Technology-free questions
e x
x x3 x3 3x2
1 a +c b +c c + +c
2 6 3 2 1.12
4x3 at2 t4
d + 6x2 + 9x + c e +c f +c
3 2 12
t3 t2 −t3 t2
g − − 2t + c h + + 2t + c
3 2 3 2 t
3 0 100
2 y= 4x 2 +2
24 4 a v1
3 y = − + 18
x
6
4 y = x + 5x − 25
2

1
5 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 1
2 t
x 0 6 12 18 24
b f (x) = 3 ln x + 6 c f (x) = 2e 2 − 1
6 a y = x3 − 4x2 + 3x b 0, 1, 3
−6
7 a y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x b 0, 2, 4
√ 36 πt 36
8 a k = 17 √ b x1 = − cos +
17 2 √ π 6 π
b y = 4x − x + 18 17 − 24 c
2 x1

9 a
15
m/s b
128
m c 0m d
64
m/s 72
2 3 9 π
Multiple-choice questions
1 C 2D 3A 4D 5B
6 B 7A 8C 9A 10 D t
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 E 15 B 0 6 12 18 24
36
d Max speed = 6 m/s; Position = m
π

36 πt 36
10A → 10D

e x2 = − cos + + 12 c y
π 6 π
f x2 y = (1 − x)(1 + x)2
12 +72 1
π

x
12 −1 0
1
t
0 6 12 18 24 3
8 y Area = square units
Answers

72 4
g m
π
1
Chapter 10
x
−1 0
Exercise 10A
1 62 square units 2 80 square units
3 60.90623 square units 4 68 square units
Exercise 10C
5 a 13.2 b 10.2 c 11.7
6 a 4.375 b 4.536 32
1 − y
3
7 a 36.8 b 36.75
8 π ≈ 3.13
x
9 a 4.371 b 1.128 4
10 109.5 m2

Exercise 10B 2 −36 y

9
1 a b9 c 4 x
2 −3 3
7 9
2 a b 16 14 c d9 −9
3 4
15
e f 49 12 g 15 13 h 30 37
4 3 square units
12
4
3 4 49 5 64 5
3 4 a b 8 16 square units
6
7 a y 5 a 8 b 16 c −4 d −8
6 a −12 b 36 c 20
7 a 24, 21, 45 b 4, −1, 3
3 8
y =3 − x 4.5 square units
9 166 23 square units
37
x 10 square units
0 12
3 4 1 1 √
11 a b c 121 12 d e 4 3 f 108
b y 3 6 6

Exercise 10D
4
y=4 − 2x2 1 a
1 140
b c 343 11
20
2 3
2 a 1 b 1 c 14 d 31 e 2 14 f 0
x 13 1 10
0 3 a 10 b1 c d e
−÷2 −1 1 ÷2 3 3 441
2 3 1 1
f 34 g 22 − 1 h 2 − 22 i
3 15

1 2 1 π
3

Answers
4 a (e − 1) (3 − e−2 ) b b y
3 sin(2x) dx =
2 2 0 4
1
c 6e 3 − 4 d e2 − e−2
1 3 19
5 a ln 2 b ln 5 c ln 1
2 2 17
8 7 3
d 3 ln e 3 ln f ln 3
5 4 2
321
6 square units x
10 0 π π π
Area = 2e2 + 1 4 3 2

10D
7 y √
≈ 15.78 square units π
3
c y
6
−π cos(2x) dx =
6 2
7
y=3 1
3
x
0
1
1 7 x
8 y Area = ln −π −π 0 π π
3 4 4 6 6 4
≈ 0.19 square units π
d y 0
2 cos θ + sin θ dθ = 2

√2

x
0 2 3

x
0 π
9 y Area = 11 − ln 12 2
≈ 8.52 square units
π
π
e y 0
2 sin(2θ) + 1 dθ = 1 +
2
x
−4 − 7 0 2 2
2

1 1 1 1
10 a 1 − √ b c 1+ √ d2 e1
2 2 2
√
2 1− 3 x
f g4 h i −2 0 π
√3 4
2
11 − 2 + 2 square units π
π
π
1 f y
4
−π 1 − cos(2θ) dθ = −1
12 a y 0
4 cos x dx = √ 4 2
2

x x
0 π π −π 0 π
4 2
4 4
√ √
2 1 3 1
13 a b− c − d −√
2 3 3 2

π
2π 2 3√ 1
10E → 10F

3
14 y 0
3 2 + sin(3x) dx = + 12 y 2
2x − 4 + 1 dx = × 22 + 1
3 3 3

3
2
(2, 1)
1
x x
0 π 2π 0
3 3 2 3
Answers

15 a 4 23 b 2 23 c 12 13 a A(0, 3), B(1, 0) b 2 square units

√
5 3 e4 e2 14 b Derivative: (ln a)e x ln a = (ln a) · a x
d −2 e + 4 ln 2 − e x ln a ax
4 2 2 Anti-derivative: =
5π 2
51 ln a ln a
f 4 g +1 h 8 ln 2 +
8 4 Exercise 10F
1
i
12 1 36 square units
2 Area = 9 square units y
Exercise 10E
1 7 5 g(x)
1 a ln 2 b0 c ln
2 6 (–1, 4) f(x)
17
d ln e 0 f ln 6 (2, 1)
7 1
1 31 ee + 1 0
x
g ln h ln i − ln ln 2 1
2 16 e+1
√
e x √
3 a 36 square units b 20 56 square units
2 √ , 2e 2 − 2e
2 x c 4 square units d 4 12 square units
1 e 4 12 square units
3 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x),
6 4 a 2 square units
4 a 139.68 b 18.50 c −0.66 b e + e−1 − 2 ≈ 1.086 square units
5 5 ln 3 + 4 5 3.699 square units
6 5 + 6 ln 2 1
6 y Area = square unit
7 a (x + 1)e x , 1 4
π 1
b sin(3x) + 3x cos(3x), − y = sinx
18√ 9
12 3 − π − 12 x
8 a = 1, b = −2; Area = 0 π π π
3π
9 a 1.450 square units 3 2 y = sin2x
b 1.716 square units 7 P(ln 3, 3); Area ≈ 2.197 square units
10 0.1345 8 a (ln 4, 2)
3 2
11 2 x−1
+ 4 dx = 2 ln 2 + 4 b y
y
8
y = x 2− 1 + 4

y= 4
x (ln 4, 2)
0 2 3
(0, 2) x
x= 1 0 ln 2
−2
Area = 4 ln 2 + 3 ≈ 5.77 square units
9 4 − 3 ln 3 ≈ 0.704 square units
1
10 square unit
3

Answers
Exercise 10G 13 a When t = 0, 1000 million litres per hour;
2 2 2 1 When t = 2, 896 million litres per hour
1 a b c d 0 e (e2 − e−2 ) b i t = 0 and t = 15
3 π π 2
ii 1000 million litres per hour
2 10(e5 − 1)e−5 ≈ 9.93◦ C
c dV
3 a y b y dt
(5, 100) 1000
24
48
50 π

10G → 10 review
0 10 15 t
t t
(0, 0) 0 4 d i 5000
c y ii 5000 million litres ﬂowed out in the ﬁrst
10 hours
(5, 5(1− e−5)) 14 a When t = 5, ≈ 17.9 penguins per year;
When t = 10, ≈ 23.97 penguins per year;
4 + e− 5 When t = 100, ≈ 46.15 penguins per year
b R
t
0 R(t) =10 ln(t + 1)
147
4 m/s
10
2
a
5 0 t
6
6 a 3000(2 − 20.9 ) N/m2 c 3661; the growth in the penguin population
b 1000(40.1 − 1) N/m2 over 100 years
7 a 15 71 466 23 m3
v
16 1.26 m
(4, 5) 17 a 6 metres
b 18π m2 a −1
c i y − 3 + 3 cos = a (x − a)
3 sin
t 3
0 3 4 ii 5.409 √
2
−3 3( 2 + 2)
18 a i 9 ii iii 12
17 2
b 4m c m b Max value is 12; Min value is 0.834
2 48(π + 1)
8 −3 m c litres
20 π
9 a=−
3 Chapter 10 review
7
10 a 14 m b m/s Technology-free questions
2
3 25 77 101
11 k = 1 a b c
8 12 60 60
12 a H dH 14 3 1 15 16
2 a b 48 4 c d e
dt 3 2 16 15
7/4 4
1 3 a B(1, 3), C(3, 3) b 6 c
3
1/4 200 4 1
21 12
square units
0 60 120 180 240 t 5 3 55 1
5 a 0 b − a2 c − d
b t ∈ (10, 50) ∪ (130, 170) 3 3 2
c t = 30 or t = 150 e 1 f0 g0
d i 120 kilojoules 23
6 7 3 8 4 9 820
ii 221.48 kilojoules 2
85 5 5
10 11 12
4 3 3

b c
10 review

13 f (x) − g(x) dx + b g(x) − f (x) dx + 2 a

d
a s
f (x) − g(x) dx (km/h)
c
14 a P(3, 9), Q(7.5, 0) b 29.25 square units 60
20
15 a 5 b p=
7
16 3.45 square units 0 2 t (h)
17 a A(0, 6), B(5, 5) b 15 16 c 20 56 b i
Answers

s
18 a y b e2 + 1 (km/min)
y =ex +1 (5, 1.5)
1.5

(0, 2)
0 5 t (min)
x ii 3.75 km
0
c i 20 − 6t m/s2
19 a y b 2 − 2e−2 ii V
y = e–x
y = ex

(0, 1)
0 6 20 t
x 3
−2 0 2 iii 144 metres
3 a 6 m2
20 a e − 1 b 2(e − 1) square units 1 1 2
21 2 + e2 square units b i y= x− ii x2 − m
2 4
5 π2 1
c i y = x2 , P(−2, 2), S (2, 2) ii
16 2
22 a 3 − e−2 b ln 2 + c +1 m
2 8 2 3
3
1 5 1 1 4 a 4y − 5x = −3 b c (1, 0)
d ln − 4 + 5 5
,0
2 6 e e
9
Multiple-choice questions d e 9 : 49
40
1D 2 B 3C 4A 5A ◦
5 a 968.3 b θ(°C)
6 B 7B 8E 9 C 10 D
Extended-response questions
(0, 30)
1 a i 120 L
ii R 0 t (min)
(L/s)
2 c 2.7 minutes d 64.5◦ C/min
1
7 a square units
3
n−1 2
d 1− = square units
0 60 t (s) n+1 n+1
b i 900 L 9 99 999
e , ,
ii R 11 101 1001
t
R= f Area between the curves approaches 1
(L/s) 2
(60, 30) 8 a 5 × 104 m/s
b Magnitude of velocity becomes very small
c 5 × 104 (1 − e−20 ) m d x = v(1 − e−t )
e x (m)
0 60 t (s)
2
iii 900a L v
c i 7200 square units
ii Volume of water which has ﬂowed in
iii 66.94 s
0 t (s)

Answers
9 a y = 7 × 10−7 x3 − 0.00116x2 + 0.405x + 60 12 4(6x − 4)(3x2 − 4x)3
b 100 m 13 a
ci y ii (0, 60) dy
dx

x
0 2
x
0 b dy
d 51 307 m2 dx

11 revision
dy x x dy 1
10 a = − e 10 , = −x(100 − x2 )− 2
dx 10 dx
dy
b When x = 0, = 0 for both functions x
dx 0 1 3
c −e
d 6.71 square units c dy
e 8.55% dx
f 100e − 250 ≈ 21.828 square units
g i 10(10e − 20)
ii (25π − 100e + 200) square units x
0
9 9 3
Chapter 11 14 2 4 − 2 4x + , x = ±
x x 2
15 2x ln(2x) + x
Technology-free questions
1
1 a i f (g(x)) = ln(3x2 ); 16 a b = b k = (2b − 1)e2b+1
2
Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R
2 1 22 28
ii g( f (x)) = ln(3x) ; 17 m = , a=− , c=−
+ 12 3 3
Domain = R ; Range = [0, ∞)
18 a −7 b −14 c −20
b i f (g(x)) = ln(2√− x√2 );
Domain = (− 2, 2); 19 a v = 3e−0.5t b a = −1.5e−0.5t
Range = (−∞, ln 2] c 1.5 m/s
2
ii g( f (x)) = ln(2 − x) ; x
20 y = + ln 2 + 8
Domain = (−∞, 2); Range = [0, ∞) 2
1 1
c i f (g(x)) = − ln(2x2 );
21 , ln 2 + , local minimum
Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R 2 2
2
ii g( f (x)) = ln(2x) ; 22 y = x
Domain = (0, ∞); Range = [0, ∞) 23 (0, 1), (−3, e−81 ), (3, e−81 )
√3
21 3 x = 12a 3 3
3 24 a ln(5x − 2) b
5 10 − 25x
4 x = −9 5 x = ln 1 1 1 1
2 25 y = e2x − cos(2x) − − eπ
2e − 12 1 2 2 2 2
6 x= 7
e+1 2 26 a 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x)
8 a a = −1 and b = 2 ln 2 1
y b sin(2x) 3 − sin2 (2x)
b 6
2 1 4
27 y = − + sin(2x) +
x 2 π
28 a v = −6 cos(3t) + 6 b x = −2 sin(3t) + 6t
(0, 2 ln 2)
c 6 m/s, 2 + 3π m
x
−2 (−1, 0) 0 29 f (x) = 5e x − 4
1 √
30 m = −3 + 105
4
31 a (0, −4) and (−2, 0) b 0 c 4 d 9 12
9 x = 0 or x = 1 √ 3 1
8 5 32 a 4 − 2 2 b 2(e 4 − 1) c ln 2
10 A = and k = ln 3
2
5 2 1 1
−2x d ln e f
11 a 2 b x=0 2 4 20
(x + 1)2

33 a C(− 12 ln 6, 0), D(10, 0) 7 a −5 13 c a = 1 or a = −2

45 −1
8 a i 50e litres/minute ii t = 5
b 3 ln 6 +
2 √ iii 2 minutes 18 seconds
7 11 1 3 3+2 iv 3 minutes 48 seconds
34 a C , 0 , D ,0 b +
6 6 2 π b 14.74 litres
35 a (6, 2), (2, 6) b 16 − 12 ln 3 c 53 seconds πt
1 9 a h = 250 + 25 sin b 275 cm
36 b 30
5
Answers

c 237.5 cm d After√ 5 seconds

37 a 8x cos(4x) + 2 sin(4x) b0 5 5π 3
Multiple-choice questions e cm/s f cm/s
3 12
1 D 2B 3E 4C 5D 3
10 a
6 B 7C 8A 9 B 10 A ln 2
11 B 12 E 13 E 14 D 15 B b i A1 = 5 ii E1 = 0.67
16 C 17 D 18 A 19 E 20 D c i A2 = 4.5 ii E2 = 0.17
21 E 22 E 23 B 24 C 25 B d A4 = 4.37, E4 = 0.043;
26 E 27 D 28 B 29 B 30 A A8 = 4.34, E8 = 0.011
31 D 32 D 33 A 34 C 35 C 1
11 a f (x) = 1 − b (1, 1)
36 D 37 B 38 A 39 E 40 D x
n
41 A 42 A 43 B 44 B 45 B c x= d a=e
n−1
46 C 47 D 48 B 49 D 50 C e y = (1 − e)x + 2
51 A 52 B 53 D 54 E 55 C f y = (1 − e−n )x + 1 − n, (0, 1 − n)
56 E 57 B x2 e2 − 3
g ln x + 1, −x ln x + +x h
Extended-response questions 2 2
1 a k = 0.0292 b 150 × 106 dt 5000
12 a =
c 6.4494 × 108 d 23.738 years dN N(500 − N)
2 a A = 80, k = 0.3466 b i 1.21 ii 2.34 iii 13.86 iv 35.84
b 17.5◦ C c i 0.12 ii 0.11 iii 0.08 iv 0.22
2
c 6 hours 18 minutes and 14 seconds d i t= N + 20(ln 2 − 1)
after 2 p.m., i.e. 20:18:14 25
1 25
d T(°C) ii t = N −
8 2
95°C 500
e N= t
15°C 1 + 4e− 10
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
0 t (hours) Simple familiar questions
5 2
3 a a = 45, b = 10 b 104 dB 1 a x=5 b x = log3 c x=
c Power setting 4 3 3
4 a x = 1 or x = e2 cos(2x) + 2x sin(2x)
2 a−
b When x = 1, gradient of y = 2 ln x is 2 and x2
gradient of y = (ln x)2 is 0 b 2x(2x + 1)e4x c 6x cos(3x2 )
c y cos x
d e x2 3 ln x + 1
y = (ln x)2 sin x
(2x + 3)e2x
y = 2 ln x f
(e2, 4) (x + 2)2
3 a −12 b 60 c 14
x 1 1
0 (1, 0)
e2 4 a − cos(3x + 5) + c b − e−4x + c
3 4
1
c sin(2x − 4) + c
2
d 1 < x < e2 2 5π
5 b k = 0.028 c 0.846◦ C/min 5 a ln 2 b 4 ln 2 + 15 c
5 6
3
6 a 27 square units b y= (x − 4)2 6 a B(6, 12) b 36 square units
25 5
c
189
square units d
486
square units 7 (2e 2 + 4 ln 2 − 14) square units
25 25

x3 3x2 (8n − 7)π 1 (11−8n)π

Answers
1 3
8 a x − 2x2 + 6x b 3 ln x + − e ,√ e 4 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
3 3 2 4 2
√ (8n − 3)π 1 (7−8n)π
4 2 3
c x4 − x2 + d x2 + 2 x
x 3 f ,−√ e 4 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
1 1 1 4 2
e sin(4x) − cos(3x) f e2x−3
4 3 2 π
g x = + 2nπ, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
4x3 2
9 f (x) = − 2x2 − 24x + 12 eπ + 1 e−π + 1
3 j π−x
2e sin x, , −
10 a m = 2, c = log3 5 2 2
b 3 a (3, 1)
log3 y

12A
1 1
b +2< x< √ +2
log3 5 + 2 e e
c i y = −x + e + 2 ii y = x + e−1 − 2
1 1
log3 5 d (e − e−1 ) + 2, (e + e−1 )
x 2 2
O 1 a−2
e b=2+ ; Min value = e + 2
ln(a − 2)
Complex familiar questions 4 a 7100
1 A = e2 , b = −0.25 b 11 months
2 a 12 s b 144 m c −2 m/s2 d 12 m/s c The population approaches 20 000
π π π π 9P
3 a − , , (0, 0), , d t = 5 ln , 0 < P < 20 000
2 2 2 2 20 000 − P
π π π π t
b (−π, −π), − , , (0, 0), , − , (π, π) dP 36 000e− 5
2 2 2 2 e = t 2
3 dt 1 + 9e− 5
4 x = −1 or x = −
5 f i 712.64 ii 485.95 iii 85.38 iv 1.63
√3 √3
5 a pH 4.1 b pH 1 5 s = a2 b, r = ab2
6 a 0 m/s b a = 9.6e−0.2t dy e
6 a = ln x + 1, ln x dx = 1
c 48 m/s d 0 m/s2 dx 1

e As t becomes very large, the object dy

b = (ln x)n + n(ln x)n−1
approaches a terminal velocity of 48 m/s e
dx
f x = 48t + 240e−0.2t − 240 g 9.21 s d 1 (ln x)3 dx = 6 − 2e
7 a y

3 Chapter 12
Exercise 12A
x −1
0 1 a 0 b 56x6 c √
−2 −1 1 2 4 x3
d 48(2x + 1)2 e − sin x f − cos x
−1 2
−3 g ex h 2 i
x (x + 1)3
π
3 1 j −4 sin 2x +
b y=3 c − √
4
π 32 15 x
8 4 ln 2 square units 2 a b 8(x2 + 3)2 (7x2 + 3)
4
Complex unfamiliar questions 1 x
c − sin d −48 cos(4x + 1)
4 4 3 4 2
1 a i ii iii −4
3 5 5 e 2e2x+1 f g 12x2 + 6
b 3 square units (2x + 1)2
1
2 a A reﬂection in the y-axis, then a translation h (x3 + 6x2 + 6x)e x i
x
of π units to the right
3 a f (x) = 24e3−2x
b x = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π, . . .
b f (x) = 8e−0.5x (1 − x2 )
2
c f (x) = 0
c i y = eπ x ii y = −x + π
π −2(x + 2x + 2)
πeπ
2
d f (x) =
d π , π (x2 + 2x)2
e +1 e +1
e f (x) = 360(1 − 3x)3

f f (x) = (4x2 + 2)e x

2
4 a i 6x2 + 12x ii 12x + 12
−4 3 b Local min (0, −12); local max (−2, −4)
g f (x) = h f (x) =
(x + 1)3 4 (1 − x)5 c (−1, −8)
i f (x) = −5 sin(3 − x) 5 a f (x) = cosx; f (x) = − sin x;
π
Answers

j f (x) = −9 cos(1 − 3x) Local max , 1 ; Local min

3π
, −1 ;
1 x 1 x 2 2
k f (x) = − sin l f (x) = − cos Point of inflection (π, 0)
9 3 16 4
4 a1 b −1 c −1 d0 b f (x) = e x (x + 1); f (x) = e x (x + 2);
2 1 1 Local min (−1, −e−1 );
5 a x=− b x= c x = ±√ Point of inflection (−2, −2e−2 )
3 15 2
6 y
6 a x = −2 b x = 0√or x = −3 √
c x = 0, x = −3 + 3 or x = −3 − 3 (3, 27)
3
d x = e2 e x = e 2
7 a t = 0, x = 9; t = 4, x = 5; t = 8, x = 9
π2 π2 π2 (2, 16)
b − m/s2 , m/s2 , − m/s2
8 8 8
8 a v = 2e−2t − e−t , a = e−t − 4e−2t
1 1
b m, t = ln 2 c − m/s2
4 2 (0, 0)
1 x
d m/s 0 4
8
7 y
(3, 351)
Exercise 12B
4 , 4352
1 a b c d 3 27
x
(0, 0) 2
(11 – ÷13) 32 (11 + ÷13)
2 a Point of inflection (0, 0); 3
Concave up on (0, ∞)
1 2
b Point of inflection , − ; (6, −432)
1 3 27
Concave up on , ∞
3
1 2
c Point of inflection , ; (8, −1024)
3 1 27
Concave up on −∞, 8 a f (x) = e x (10 + 8x − x2 ),
3 f (x) = e x (18 + 6x − x2 )
1 1
d Points of inflection (0, 0), , − ; b y (3 + 3√3, 53 623)
2 16
1
Concave up on (−∞, 0) ∪ , ∞
2
40 3200
3 a Local min (0, 0); local max ,
20 1600 3 27 x
40 O 3 + 3√3 10
b , ; gradient =
3 27 3 (10, –484 582)
c y 40 , 3200 √ √
3 27 c 3 + 3 3, (3 + 3 3, 53 623)
9 (0, 0), (π, π), (2π, 2π), (3π, 3π), (4π, 4π)
20 , 40 40 ,
0
10 a 0, π, 2π b 0, π, 2π
3 3 3 π 3π
4 c 0, , π, , 2π
x 2 2
O 20 2
20 , (20, −8) d y
3
0 11 = 2a 0
dx2
(20, −40)
3 3
12 a <x<2 b 1<x<
2 2

dA 1 61 2

Answers
13 a (0, 0), −6 b (−1, −1), 8; (1, −1), −8 8 b = (x − 5) c x=5 d m
c (0, 3), 0 d No points of inﬂection dx 4 8
9 Absolute max = 12.1; Absolute min = 4
e No points of inﬂection 3 4
√ −√3 −1 √ √3 −1 1 1
10 a − b ,
f − 3, , ; (0, 0), 2; 3, , (x − 4)2 (x + 1)2 2 5
2 4 2 4
5 4
−7π −3π π 5π −3π −π π 3π c Absolute max = ; Absolute min =
14 a , , , b , , , 4 5
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 √

16 a f (x) = 2x(1 + 2 ln x) 2
11 Absolute max = ; Absolute min = −1
b f (x) = 2(3 + 2 ln x) 2 √
1 2

12C → 12D
c Stationary point at e− 2 , −e−1 ; 12 Absolute max = 1; Absolute min =
3 2
point of inﬂection at e− 2 , −3e−3 13 Absolute max = 2; Absolute min = −2
17 a a = −9, b = 15, c = 5 y
b y
(−1, 1) 2
y = f(x)
(1, 12) x
0 (8, −2)
5
x 1
0 (3, −4) 14 Absolute max = + 2e2 ;
e√2
Absolute min = 2 2
(5, −20) 15 Absolute max = − ln 10;
10
Absolute min = −
18 a a = −1, b = 3, c = 3 b x = −1 e
c y
Exercise 12D
1 625 m2
(1, 5) 4 8
2 First = ; Second =
3 3 3
(−1, 1) 3 Max value of P is 2500
x
0 4 Max area is 2 km × 1 km = 2 km2
3 8
5 p= , q=
2 3
75x − x3
6 b V= c 125 cm3
2
7 a i n = 125
Exercise 12C ii Maximum daily proﬁt is $6090
1 Absolute max = 2; Absolute min = −70 b P
2 Absolute max = 15; Absolute min = −30 (125, 6090)
3 Absolute max = 0; Absolute min = −20.25
4 Absolute max = 2304; Absolute min = −8
dV
5 b = 30x − 36x2 0 (1.61, 0) n
dx 5 125
(248.39, 0)
c Local max at ,
6 36 c 2 ≤ n ≤ 248
d Absolute max value is 3.456 when x = 0.8 d n = 20
125 5
e Absolute max value is when x = 8 12◦ C
36 6 4
6 a 25 ≤ y ≤ 28 9 8 mm for maximum; mm for minimum
3
b Absolute max = 125; Absolute min = 56 10 a 8 cos θ
1 1 5 4
7 a − b , b Area = 16(1 + √ cos θ) sin θ;
(x − 4) 2 (x − 1) 2 2 3 Max area = 12 3 square units
3 4
c Absolute max = ; Absolute min = 11 (1, 1)
2 3

75
12 review

12 a seconds 17 a D(t)
cos θ
b 220 − 60 tan θ seconds 13
dT 75 sin θ − 60
d = 10
dθ cos2 θ
7
−1 4
e θ = sin ≈ 53.13◦
5
f Min time T = 265 seconds occurs when t
Answers

distance BP is 400 metres 0 6 12 24

500 b t ∈ [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ [23, 24]
13 Max population occurs when t = 10
e π π
14 a y c i 0 m/h ii − m/h iii m/h
2 2
d i t = 0, 12, 24 ii t = 6, 18
180
Chapter 12 review
120
Technology-free questions
1 a 224(2x + 5)6 b −4 sin(2x)
60 y=Nt x
1
c − cos d 16e−4x
y = N′ t 9 3
x 1 1
0 e − 2 f −
−20 10 60 x sin2 x
8 1024 π 7π
b Max rate of increase is 50, occurs at t = 0;
2 a ,− b ,0 , ,0
50 3 27 6 6
Max rate of decrease is 2 , occurs at t = 20 e2
e 1
c 2, ln 2 + d e2 ,
15 a i V(0) = 0 mL ii V(20) = 1000 mL 2 2
3 1 3
b V (t) = (20t − t2 ) 3 a x = e− 2 b x = e− 2
4
c V(mL) 4 a x = −3 b x = 0
5 a f (x) = −2ckxe−kx ,
2
1000 2
f (x) = 2ck 2kx − 1 e−kx
2

1 1 1 1
b , e− 2 , − , e− 2 c k = 8
2 2
6 a v = te−3t b a = (1 − 3t)e−3t
0 20 t (seconds) 1 1 e−2
c m/s, t = s, x = m
d V'(t) 3e 3 9e
7 a W = xe−x
2
mL/s
(10, 75) 2
dW 2 d W
= (1 − 2x2 )e−x , = 2x(2x2 − 3)e−x
2
b 2
dx dx
√6 √6 3
c , e− 2
2 2 √
0 1 2
20 t (seconds) d Max area W = √ occurs when x =
e t = 10 s, 75 mL/s 2e 2
dy −9π πx Multiple-choice questions
16 a = sin
dx 40 80 −9π
1 E 2D 3 B 4 E 5 B
b dy c 40, 6 C 7 E 8 B 9 E 10 A
40
dx Extended-response questions
x 1 a y = 4x − x2 b 0 < x < 4 c y = 4, x = 2
0 80 d Gradient is positive to the left of x = 2, and
negative to the right of x = 2
−9π e y f 0<y<4
40

x
0 4

2 L

Answers
2 a A = 4xy b y=− x+8 10 b i r = ii θ = 2 iii Maximum
3 4
8 120
c A = 32x − x2 d x = 6, y = 4 11 t = 5, N(5) =
3 e
e 96 m2
12 t = 1.16, 1.2 km apart
3 a i $12.68 ii $12.74 √
14.40 20 + 16 2
b C = 12 + 0.008x + 13 b T= ≈ 2.84 hours
x 15
c C 1
14 b 0<x<1 c x = √ , y = ±1
(120, 13.08) √ 2
d A=2 2

12 review
dA
15 c ii = −3x2 − 2ax + a2
C = 12 + 0.008x dx
12
16 a i a = −21
x ii y
0
d 42.43 km/h
4 b 0<x<5 c x=2 (−0.15, 8.4) 8
d 2 cm, 12 cm, 6 cm e 144 cm3
f V
−4
3 −1 x
(2, 144) 0 1 2
2

x (−1.18, −0.88) (1.45, −21.4)

0 (5, 0)
b i y
5 32 square units
6 a k = 25
b T
T = 2w2 + 25

(0, 8)
25
(0.143, 7.57)
x
0
0 w
ii Min at (0.143, 7.57)
25 iii g (x) = 24x3 − 3x2 + 42x − 6
c A= + 2w iv x = 0.1427
√w v g (0) = −6, g (10) = 24 114
5 2 √
di ≈ 3.54 kg ii 10 2 ≈ 14.14 s vi g (x) = 72x2 − 6x + 42
2
vii g (x) > 0 for all x; thus y = g (x) has
7 10 m, 10 m, 5 m; Area 300 m2
no turning points and crosses the x-axis
48
8 b C = 3x2 + only once
x
c C 17 a f (x) = ln x + 1
1
b x = ≈ 0.37, i.e. during the ﬁrst month
e
c y
(2, 36)
0 x 1
1 , 0.632
d i x = 2, h = 3; i.e. 2 m, 2 m, 3 m e
ii 36 m2 x
1 100 2
0 6
1
9 a A = a2 θ b A= θ d When x = 6
2 2 θ+2
c θ=2 d 625 cm 2

√ √ bAebt
13A

18 a i y = 100√− r2 , h = 2 100 − r2 dy
23 b =
ii V = 2πr2 100 − r2 dt (1 + Aebt )2
b i e After 7 hours (to the nearest hour)
V
xe x − e x
24 a f (x) = b x=1
(cm3) x2
Answers

c (1, e), local minimum

f (x) x−1
d i =
f (x) x
f (x)
ii lim =1
x→∞ f (x)
0 10 r (cm)
i.e. f (x) → f (x) as x → ∞
ii V = 2418.4, r = 8.165, h = 11.55
e y
iii r = 6.456 or r = 9.297
dV 400πr − 6πr3
c i = √
dr 100√− r2 √
4000π 3 10 6
ii Vmax = when r =
9 3 (1, e)
dV 20√6 x
d ii > 0 for r ∈ 0, 0
dr 6 1
dV f t= ≈ 45.27 years, i.e. during 1945
iii is increasing for r ∈ (0, 5.21) k
dr
19 a x = 0 and x = 2 b y = −ex dA
√ 25 b i = 2 cos(3x) − 6x sin(3x)
c y = 2e2 x −√4e2 d x=± 2 dx
dA
e x = −1 ± 3 ii When x = 0, = 2;
dx
f y π dA
When x = , = −π
6 dx
c i A

(2 + 2√ 2 ) e– √ 2
x
–√ 2 0 √2
x
0 π
6
ii x = 0.105 or x = 0.449
(2 – 2 √ 2 ) e√ 2 iii Max area 0.374, occurs when x = 0.287
5
20 a x = 0 and x =
√ 2

b x=
5a − 4 ± 25a2 + 16 Chapter 13
4a
√
5a − 8 ± 25a2 + 32 Exercise 13A
c x=
4a 1 a A and C (SAS) b All of them (AAS)
1 10 c A and B (SSS)
d a = ln
3 3 2 a 4.10 b 0.87 c 2.94
2 ◦
21 b MP = c NQ = 8 tan θ d 4.08
√ e 33.69 f 11.92
tan θ
2 40 3
d x= + 8 tan θ + 10 3 cm
tan θ 3
dx 8 2 4 66.42 , 66.42◦ , 47.16◦
◦
e = −
dθ cos2 θ sin2 θ 5 23 m
√
f x = 18, θ = 26.6◦ 6 a 9.59◦ b 35 m
22 a h = a(1 + cos θ) b r = a sin θ 7 a 60◦ b 17.32 m
dV πa3 8 a 6.84 m b 6.15 m
d = 2 sin θ cos θ (1 + cos θ) − sin3 θ
dθ 3 9 12.51◦

θ = cos−1 13 ≈ 70.53◦
10 182.7 m
32πa3
eV= cm3 11 1451 m
81

Answers
12 a 5 2 cm b 90◦ 8 a 3583.04 m b 353◦
13 3.07 cm 14 37.8 cm 9 027◦ 10 113◦ 11 22.01◦
15 31.24 m 16 4.38 m
√ 12 a ∠BAC = 49◦ b 264.24 km
2 3 13 10.63 km
17 57.74 m 18 √ ≈ 12.93 m
2− 3
10 Exercise 13F
19 √ ≈ 3.66 20 ∠APB = 47.16◦
1+ 3 1 a 13 cm b 15.26 cm
c 31.61◦ d 38.17◦
Exercise 13B 2 a 4 cm b 71.57◦ c 12.65 cm

13B → 13 review
1 a 8.15 b 3.98 c 11.75 d 9.46 d 13.27 cm e 72.45◦ f 266.39 cm2
◦
2 a 56.32 b 36.22 ◦
c 49.54◦ 3 10.31◦ at B; 14.43◦ at A and C
d 98.16◦ or 5.84◦ 4 a 85 m b 45.04 m
3 a A = 48◦ , b = 13.84, c = 15.44 5 17.58◦
b a = 7.26, C = 56.45◦ , c = 6.26 6 1702.55 m
c B = 19.8◦ , b = 4.66, c = 8.27
7 a 24.78◦ b 65.22◦ c 20.44◦
d C = 117◦ , b = 24.68, c = 34.21
e C = 30◦ , a = 5.40, c = 15.56 8 42.40 m
4 a B = 59.12◦ , A = 72.63◦ , a = 19.57 or 9 1945.54 m
B = 120.88◦ , A = 10.87◦ , a = 3.87 10 a 6.96 cm b 16.25 cm2
b C = 26.69◦ , A = 24.31◦ , a = 4.18 11 a 5 km b 215.65◦ c 6.55◦
c B = 55.77◦ , C = 95.88◦ , c = 17.81 or
B = 124.23◦ , C = 27.42◦ , c = 8.24 Exercise 13G
5 554.26 m 1 a 4a2 , 3a2 and 12a2 square units respectively
6 35.64 m b 14.04◦ c 18.43◦ d 11.31◦
◦ ◦
7 1659.86 m 2 a 35.26 b 45
8 a 26.60 m b 75.12 m 3 a 0.28 b 15.78◦
4 a 15.51 cm b 20 cm c 45.64◦
Exercise 13C
5 a i 107 m ii 87 m iii 138 m
1 5.93 cm b 43.00◦
√
2 ∠ABC = 97.90◦ , ∠ACB = 52.41◦ 6 a 5 11 cm b 64.76◦ c 71.57◦ d 95.74◦
3 a 26 b 11.74 c 49.29◦ d 73 7 26.57◦
◦
e 68.70 f 47.22 g 7.59 h 38.05◦ 8 a 54.74◦ b 70.53◦
4 3.23 km 9 1.67 km
5 2.626 km 10 a 141.42 m b 20.70◦
6 55.93 cm 11 16 cm
√
7 a 8.23 cm b 3.77 cm a 3 a
12 a cm b cm
8 a 7.326 cm b 5.53 cm 2 2
9 a 83.62◦ b 64.46◦
Chapter 13 review
10 a 87.61 m b 67.7 m
Technology-free questions
Exercise 13D 5
1 sin(θ◦ ) =
1 a 11.28 cm2 b 15.10 cm2 6
◦ ◦
c 10.99 cm 2
d 9.58 cm2 √ = 30 , ∠ACB = 120
2 a ∠ABC
2 b 40 3 cm c 20 cm
2 a 6.267 cm b 15.754 cm2 √ √ 1
c 19.015 cm 2
d 13.274 cm2 3 10 3 cm 4 4 19 km 5
√ 6
e 24.105 cm or 29.401 cm2
2
√ 25 3
f 2.069 cm2 6 a 5 3 cm b cm2
4 √
Exercise 13E 105 5(21 + 5 3)
c cm2 d cm2
1 400.10 m 2 34.77 m 3 575.18 m 4 4 √
17 3 93
4 109.90 m 5 16.51 m 6 056◦ 7 143◦ 8 9
28 31
7 a 034◦ b 214◦
10 sin(∠PQR) = 0.9

1 1 5
14A → 14C

11 a i 30◦ ii 15◦ √ √ √ 14 a b c
b AT = 300(1 + 3) m, BT = 150( 6 + 2) m 2 6 6
√ 15 a 0.13 b 0.32
12 181 km
√ 16 a 0.40 b 0.67 c 0.18
12 3
13 a AC = km, BC = 2.4 km 17 a 0.35 b 0.18 c 0.12 d 0.17
5
b 57.6 km/h Exercise 14B
14 11 m
1 a 0.2 b 0.675 c 0.275
Multiple-choice questions 1 1
2 a b
1D 2C 3C 4B 5 D 6B 6 3
Answers

7 C 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 A 1
3 a 0.06 b
5
Extended-response questions 3
1 a ∠ACB = 12◦ , ∠CBO = 53◦ , ∠CBA = 127◦ 4
5
b 189.33 m c 113.94 m 24
2 a ∠T AB = 3◦ , ∠ABT = 97◦ , ∠AT B = 80◦ 5
59
b 2069.87 m c 252.25 m 1 77 40
3 a 184.78 m b 199.71 m c 14.93 m 6 a b c d 0.4
2 200 77
4 a 370.17 m b 287.94 m c 185.08 m 65 115 21 61
7 a b c d
5 a 029.9◦ 224 448 65 246
b i ∠XWY = 33.14◦ ii 105.86◦ 8 a 0.24 b 0.86
√
6 a 8 2 cm b 10 cm c 10 cm d 68.90◦ 9 a Yes b No c No
7 1942 m 10 a 0.5 b 0.2 c 0.7
8 a 26.57◦ b 39.81◦ c 38.66◦ 11 0.39
L2 sin α sin β sin γ 1
9 Area = 12
2(sin α + sin β + sin γ)2 7
13 0.0479
14 a 0.486 b 0.012 c 0.138
Chapter 14 15 a
2
b
1
c
8
5 15 15
Exercise 14A 2 7 7 7
16 a b c d
1 1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T 5 40 16 15
2 HH1, HH2, HH3, HH4, HH5, HH6, 5 3
17 a b
HT1, HT2, HT3, HT4, HT5, HT6, 14 5
TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6, 18 a 0.735 b 0.453
3
TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5, TT6 19
44
1 3 4 2
3 a b c d
13 4 13 13 Exercise 14C
1 2
4 a b 1 a Discrete b Not discrete
2 3
c Discrete d Discrete
5 0.8
2 a Not discrete b Discrete
6 0.65 c Not discrete d Discrete
7 a 0.067 b 0.047
3 a HHH, T HH, HT H, HHT ,
8 5%
HT T , T HT , T T H, T T T
6 1
9 b c
7 x Outcomes 2
17 9 41 41 0 TTT
10 a b c d
500 250 125 500 1 HT T , T HT , T T H
13 7 2 T HH, HT H, HHT
11 a b
20 20 3 HHH
57 2 27 1
12 a b c d 4 a Yes, as the sum of the probabilities is 1 and
100 19 100 250 p(x) ≥ 0 for all x
9
13 b 0.8
25

Answers
5 a x 0 1 2 3 15 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
125 300 240 64 b x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
p(x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
729 729 729 729 p(x)
604 304 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
b c
729 729 c p(x)
6 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
b Y = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 6/36
5/36
2nd die
4/36
1 2 3 4 5 6

14D
3/36
1st 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2/36
die 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1/36
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 7
d e
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 10
1 1 1 7 1 2 16 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
c i ii iii iv v vi b y 0 1 2
6 3 5 10 5 7
7 a 2nd die 11 5 2
p(y)
1 2 3 4 5 6 18 18 18
1st 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c p(y)
die 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 3 3 11/18
4 1 2 3 4 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5 5
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 5/18
b 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c 0.19 2/18
8 a 0.288 b 0.064 c 0.352 d 0.182 0 1 2 y
9 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} 7
1 1 5 17 a x 0 1 2 b
b Pr(A) = , Pr(B) = , Pr(C) = , 15
6 6 12 1 8 2
1 p(x)
Pr(D) = 3 15 15
6
1 1 1 18 a x 10 20 100
c Pr(A | B) = , Pr(A | C) = , Pr(A | D) =
6 5 6 3 6 1
d i Independent ii Not independent p(x)
iii Independent 4 25 100
10 a Yes b 0.5 b y 20 30 40 110 120 200
11 a, c 9 9 36 3 3 1
p(y)
12 a x 0 1 2 3 16 25 625 200 625 10 000
27 54 36 8 1
p(x) 19 a
125 125 125 125 4
b {EENE, ENEE, ENNN, NEEE,
b x0 1 2 3 3
NENN, NNEN}, Pr(X = 4) =
5 15 9 1 8
p(x) 3
30 30 30 30 c Pr(X = 5) =
8
13 x 0 1 2
p(x) 0.36 0.48 0.16
Exercise 14D
3 1 1 Lose $150
14 a x 1 2 3 4 5 b c 2 a E(X) = 6 b E(X) = 0
5 3
1 1 1 1 1 c E(X) = 2.33
p(x)
5 5 5 5 5 3 Expected proﬁt = $64 000

4 A loss of 45c Extended-response questions

5 a x 0 1 2 3 1 a 0.1 b 0.2 c4
Pr(X = x) 0.14 0.39 0.36 0.11 2 $14
25
b E(X) = 1.44 3 a 0.5 b 0.05 c 0.033 d
33
6 E(X) = 4.083 4 a i 1.21
7 a E(X) = 4.11 b E(5X − 4) = 16.55 ii Var(P) = 1.6659, sd(P) = 1.2907
8 $5940 iii 0.94
9 a p = 0.28 b E(X) = 1.68 b i t 1 0.40 0
c Var(X) = 1.4976 p(t) 0.39 0.27 0.34
1 17 ii E(T ) = 0.498 ≈ 0.50 iii 1
10 a k= b E(X) =
36 3
35 5 a E(Y) = 2.002
c Var(X) =
Answers

9 b Var(Y) = 2.014, sd(Y) = 1.419

21 7 497 c i b 0 100 200
11 a b c
4 12 48 p(b) 0.677 0.270 0.053
12 a E(X) = 2.5 ii E(B) = $37.60
b Var(X) = 2.25, sd(X) = 1.5 c1 1 49
1 6b x= ,
13 a k= b E(X) = 3.667 2 288
15 1 8 4 4 56
c Var(X) = 1.556 d 0.9333 7 a i ii iii iv v
81 81 81 27 81
14 a 7 b 5.83 c 0.944 b 4.4197 cents (as the lowest value coin is 5c,
15 a 3 b 1.5 c 0.9688 he can settle for that)
16 c1 = 40, c2 = 60 7 35
8 a i E(X) = ii Var(X) =
2 12
Chapter 14 review n+1 n2 − 1
b i E(X) = ii Var(X) =
2 12
Technology-free questions 1 2 11 33
1 Yes, as Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 c i ii iii iv
10 5 2 4
2 Pr (A′∩ B′)
A B
= Pr (A∪B)′
Chapter 15
Exercise 15A
40 5 1 A, B
3 a b
81 9
4 0.4 2 0.2734
6 a 0.1 b 1.3 c 2.01 3 a 0.0256 b 0.0016
√
4 a 0.0778 b 0.2304 c 0.01024
7 a 21.5 b 630.75 c
29 3
2 5 a Pr(X = x) = 3x (0.5) x (0.5)3−x , x = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 b 0.375
8 a p x − 2 −2 b x−2
5 6 a Pr(X = x) = 6x (0.48) x (0.52)6−x ,
4 1 x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 6
Pr(P = p)
5 5 b 0.2527
c x > $2.50 7 a 0.0536 b 0.0087 c 0.2632
47
9 a 0.47 b 8 a Pr(X = x) = 10x (0.1) x (0.9)10−x ,
70
10 21.5% x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 10
b i 0.3487 ii 0.6513
11 a
1
b
17
c
5
d
11 11
24 24 6 18 9 a Pr(X = x) = x (0.2) x (0.8)11−x ,
Multiple-choice questions x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 11
b i 0.2953 ii 0.0859 iii 0.9141
1A 2D 3D 4E 5C
6 C 7 B 10 a Pr(X = x) = 7x (0.2) x (0.8)7−x ,
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7
b i 0.000013 ii 0.2097 iii 0.3899

Answers
11 0.624 Chapter 15 review
x 6 6x5 (100 − x)
12 a b Technology-free questions
100 1006 16 32 16 65
x 6
6x (100 − x) 15x4 (100 − x)2
5 1 a b c d
c 6
+ + 81 81 27 81
100 1006 1006 54
13 0.6836 2 3 1 − (0.9)5
125
14 a 0.1156 b 0.7986 c 0.3170 √
3 5
15 0.6791 4 a 2 b
5
16 a 0.1123 b 0.5561 c 0.000 01
5 a (1 − p)4 b 4p(1 − p)3 c 1 − (1 − p)4

15B → 15 review
d 0.000 01
d p4 e 1 − (1 − p)4 − 4p(1 − p)3
17 0.544
1 6 5p(1 − p)4 5 32
6 120 7 8 9
18 a ≈ 0.000 24 b 0.1694 1 − (1 − p)5 16 625
4
19 a 0.0138 b 0.2765 c 0.8208 d 0.3368 Multiple-choice questions
20 a (0.8)8 ≈ 0.168 b 0.001 23 1 D 2A 3 E 4 B 5 A
c 0.0021 6 B 7 C 8 C 9 E 10 B
21 a (0.15)10 ≈ 0.000 000 006 Extended-response questions
b 1 − (0.85)10 ≈ 0.8031 c 0.5674 1 a 0.0173 b 0.2131
2
Exercise 15B p
Probability that a
batch is accepted
1 2
0 1
0.01 0.9044
0.02 0.8171
0.05 0.5987
0.1 0.3487
3 a b 0.2 0.1074
0.5 0.00098
1 0
y

c The distribution in part b is the reﬂection of

Probability that a batch

1
the distribution in part a in the line X = 5. 0.9
0.8
is accepted

0.7
4 a Mean = 5; Variance = 4 0.6
b Mean = 6; Variance = 2.4 0.5
0.4
500 1000 0.3
c Mean = ; Variance = 0.2
3 9 0.1
d Mean = 8; Variance = 6.4 0 p
0.1 0.2 0.5 1
5 a1 b 0.2632
3 a 0.0582 = 5.82%
6 37.5
√ b μ = 0.4, σ = 0.6197, μ ± 2σ = 0.4 ± 1.2394
7 Mean = 120; sd = 4 3 ≈ 6.93 c Yes
1
8 n = 48, p = , Pr(X = 7) = 0.0339 4 0.0327
4
3 5 a i 0.0819 ii 0.9011
9 n = 100, p = , Pr(X = 20) = 0.0076 b i P = 15p2 (1 − p)4
10
dP
ii = 30p(1 − p)3 (1 − 3p)
Exercise 15C dp
1
1 a i (0.8)5 ≈ 0.3277 ii 0.6723 6 a 2 b n = 6, p =
3
b 14 c 22 c x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 a i 0.1937 ii 1 − (0.9)10 ≈ 0.6513 Freq 17.56 52.68 65.84 43.90 16.46 3.29 0.27
b 12
7 a 0.9139 b 0.041 45 c 10.702
3 7 47 5 10 6 42 7 86
8 a 0.0735 b 0.5015 c 27
1
9 ≤q≤1
3

Chapter 16
16A → 16C

13 a k = 1000 b 0.5
2 17
14 a b
Exercise 16A 3 30
1 a 0.16 b 0.24 15 a 0.202 b 0.449
2 a 0.18 b 0.5 16 a 0.45 b 0.711
11 17 a y
4 k=−
6
5 1
5 a c y b Pr(X < 0.5) = x
16 0
Answers

2.5 1 1
2 b i 1 − e− 2 ii e−1 iii e− 2
1.5 Exercise 16B
1 2 1 1
1 a b c d Does not exist
0.5 3 3 2
2 a 1 b 2.097 c 1.132 d 0.4444
x
0.5 1 3 a 0.567 b 0.458
2
6 a k=1 b 0.865 4 0 5 A= , B=3
9
7 a y 6 a 2 b 1.858
7 a 0.632 b 0.233 c 0.693
0.4
8 a 1 b 0.5
0.2 9 0.1294 10 2.773 minutes
x 11 a 1 b 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 a 0.714 b 0.736
b 0.259 c 0.244 d 0.28 13 12 √
8 b i 0.024 = 2.4% ii 0.155 = 15.5% 19 − 1
9 a k = 0.005 b 0.007 14 a 0.4 b
6
10 a y b k=1 −kx 2 −kx −(kx + 1) −kx
15 a ke − k xe , e
k
k c y

2
x 1.5
−1 0 1 1
3
c 0.5
4
11 a y b 0.406 x
0 1 3 2
3 1
d y = e−x is dilated by factor from the
2 λ
x-axis and by factor λ from the y-axis
1
x Exercise 16C
0 √
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 2
1 Var(X) = , sd(X) =
12 a y b 0.190 18 6
2 (384, 416)
0.1 3 a 0.630 b 0.909 c 0.279
4 a y b 1.386

x 0.5
−10 −5 0 5 10
x
0

1 2 80

Answers
5 a b E(X) = 3.641, Var(X) = 4.948 5 a b 20 c
ln 9 3 ⎧ 3
6 a 0.366 b E(X) = 0.333, Var(X) = 0.056 ⎪
⎪
⎨12x2 − 12x3 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
6 f (x) = ⎪
⎪
7 0.641 ⎩0 otherwise
4 2 ⎧
8 a 0.732 b E(X) = , Var(X) = ⎪
⎪
⎨5(1 − x)4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
3 9 7 f (x) = ⎪
16 ⎪0
⎩ otherwise
9 a 0.0004 b c 2.21 ⎧
3 ⎪
⎪
⎨0.5e x
if x ≤ 0
3 √ 8 f (x) = ⎪
10 a b2 5 ⎪
⎩0.5e−x if x > 0
4a3

16D → 16 review
11 a y 9 a y
1
3k
1
2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
0
1
b k= d 4.5 0.5e−0.5x
9 b f (x) =
(1 + e−0.5x )2
Exercise 16D y

1 1300 1
8
2 μ = 1010 g, σ = 50 g
3 a 0.708, 0.048 b $98.94, $0.33
4 a 0, 5.4 ⎧ b 3, 0.6 c 1, 5.4
⎪
⎪
⎪ x2
⎪
⎨ if −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 0 x
d g(x) = ⎪⎪ 18 ◦
⎪
⎪
⎩0
c 4.394 C
otherwise
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ (x − 1) 2
⎪
⎨ if −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 Chapter 16 review
e h(x) = ⎪⎪ 18
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise Technology-free questions
31 91 1 a 2 b 0.21 c 0.44
5 a i ii 1
40 20 2 a= , b=2
17 71 71 3
b i , ii π
12 144 36 3
2
1 1 1
Exercise 16E 4 a b c
⎧ 2 2 3
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x ≤ 0
⎪
⎪ 5 a y
⎨1 3
1 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x if 0 < x < 5 b 2 , 16
⎪
⎪
⎪
5 5
⎩1 if x ≥ 5 3 9
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎨4 x if 0 ≤ x < 1
2 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
1
(x4 + 4) if 1 ≤ x < 2 x
⎪
⎪
⎪
20 0 1 1
⎩1 if x ≥ 2
√4 2
b 6 5
b Pr(X < 0.5) =
3 a y b e−4 c 0.0182 ⎧ 16
⎪
⎪
⎪0 if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎨ 3
c F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x (4 − 3x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x ⎪
⎪
⎪
0 ⎩1 if x > 1
16
1 1 6 a k = 12 b Pr(X < 23 ) =
4 a k= b 27
36 48 3
c Pr(X < 13 | X < 23 ) =
16

8
17A

7 a 0.008 b 8 a i y
27
2
8 1
3
7 7
9 a b a=1
Answers

3 x
0 1 8
3 ⎧
10 a c= b0 ⎪
4 ⎧ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0
⎪ ⎪
⎨1
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < −1 ii F(x) = ⎪ (x − 1) if 1≤x≤8
⎪
⎨1 ⎪
⎪
3 ⎪ 7
c F(x) = ⎪ 2 + 3x − x if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⎪
⎩1 if x > 8
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4
⎪
⎩1 if x > 1 9 49
⎧ iii E(X) = iv Var(X) =
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0 2 12
⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎧
11 b F(x) = ⎪ 1 − (1 − x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
n ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < a
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩1 ⎪
⎪
⎨x−a
if x > 1 F(x) = ⎪
⎧ b i ⎪
⎪ if a ≤ x ≤ b
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ b−a
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 1 ⎪
⎩1
⎪
⎨ if x > b
12 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪ ln x if 1 ≤ x ≤ e
⎪
⎪
⎪ a+b (b − a)2
⎩1 if x > e ii E(X) = iii Var(X) =
2 12
1 3 1
⎧
b Median = e2 , IQR = e4 − e4 ⎪
⎪ if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
13 (320, 340) ⎨1
c i F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 15
14 (246, 254) ⎪
⎪
⎪
15
⎩1 if x > 15
Multiple-choice questions ii 7.5 minutes iii 18.75
1B 2 D 3D 4A 5E 6B
7 C 8 D 9 A 10 A 11 B 12 C
Extended-response questions Chapter 17
−2
1 a a= b 700 hours c 736.4 hours Exercise 17A
81 √
1 5− 5 1 8 1
2 a b c ,
4 5 3 15
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 x <1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨1 π(x − 6) 1
3 a F(x) = ⎪⎪ sin + 1 ≤ x ≤ 11
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 10 2 μ1 μ2
⎪
⎪
⎩1 x > 11 2 C
10 3 a 1
b Median = 6, IQR =
3 1 ∞ − 1 x−2 2
c E(X) = 6, Var(X) = 4.736 b i E(X) = √ xe 2 3 dx ii 2
⎧ 3 2π −∞
⎪
⎪ if y < 1 1 ∞ 2 − 1 x−2 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
c i E(X 2 ) = √ xe 2 3 dx
⎪
⎪1
⎨ 3 2π −∞
4 a F(y) = ⎪⎪ (y − 1)2 if 1 ≤ y ≤ 6 ii 13 iii 3
⎪
⎪
⎪ 25
⎪
⎪
⎩1 if y > 6 4 a 1
1 ∞ − 1 x+4 2
7 b i E(X) = √ xe 2 5 dx ii −4
b c $22.13 5 2π −∞
25 1 ∞ 2 − 1 x+4 2
8 c i E(X 2 ) = √ xe 2 5 dx
5 c = or c = 4 5 2π −∞
3 ii 41 iii 5
2 2
6 a k = 25 b d 5 a μ = 3, σ = 10
3 3 b f(x)
1 2 3
7 a k= b μ = 2, Var(X) = c
√ 4 3 4
4 5
d ≈ 1.8
5

x
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40

Answers
6 a μ = −3, σ = 1 14 a Student French English Maths
b f(x) Mary 1 0.875 0
Steve −0.5 −1 1.25
Sue 0 0.7 −0.2
b i Mary ii Mary iii Steve
c Mary
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 Exercise 17C
7 a μ = 0, σ = 3 1 a 0.9772 b 0.9938 c 0.9938 d 0.9943

17B → 17D
b f(x) e 0.0228 f 0.0668 g 0.3669 h 0.1562
2 a 0.9772 b 0.6915 c 0.9938 d 0.9003
e 0.0228 f 0.0099 g 0.0359 h 0.1711
3 a 0.6827 b 0.9545 c 0.9973
0 x 4 a 0.0214 b 0.9270 c 0.0441 d 0.1311
−9 −8−7−6−5−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 c = 1.2816 6 c = 0.6745
7 c = 1.96 8 c = −1.6449
8 a Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and
9 c = −0.8416 10 c = −1.2816
dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
11 c = −1.9600
translation 3 units to the right
12 a 0.9522 b 0.7977 c 0.0478 d 0.1545
b Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis and
dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then 13 a 0.9452 b 0.2119 c 0.9452 d 0.1571
translation 3 units to the right 14 a c = 9.2897 b k = 8.5631
c Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and 15 a c = 10 b k = 15.88
dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then 16 a a = 0.994 b b = 1.96 c c = 2.968
translation 3 units to the left
17 a 0.7161 b 0.0966 c 0.5204
9 a Translation 3 units to the left, then dilation d c = 33.5143 e k = 13.02913
of factor 12 from the y-axis and dilation of f c1 = 8.28, c2 = 35.72
factor 2 from the x-axis
18 a 0.9772 b 0.9772 c c = 10.822
b Translation 3 units to the left, then dilation
d k = 9.5792 e c1 = 9.02, c2 = 10.98
of factor 2 from the y-axis and dilation of
factor 12 from the x-axis Exercise 17D
c Translation 3 units to the right, then dilation
of factor 12 from the y-axis and dilation of 1 a i 0.2525 ii 0.0478 iii 0.0901
factor 2 from the x-axis b 124.7
2 a i 0.7340 ii 0.8944 iii 0.5530
Exercise 17B b 170.25 cm
1 a 16% b 16% c 2.5% d 2.5% c 153.267 cm
4 3 a i 0.0766 ii 0.9998 iii 0.153
2 a μ = 135, σ = 5 b μ = 10, σ =
3 b 57.3
3 a 68% b 16% c 0.15% 4 a 10.56% b 78.51%
4 21.1, 33.5 5 Mean = 1.55 kg; sd = 0.194 kg
5 one, 95, 99.7, three 6 a 36.9% b c = 69
6 2.5% 7 a 0.0228 b 0.0005 c 0.0206
7 a 16% b 16% 8 a 3.04 b 350.27
8 a 68% b 16% c 2.5% 9 1003 mL
9 a 95% b 16% c 50% d 99.7% 10 a Small 0.1587; Med 0.7745; Large 0.0668
5 b $348.92
10 a 0 b− c 1.5
4
11 a i 0.1169 ii 17.7
11 a −1.4 b 1.1 c 3.5
b 0.0284
12 Michael 1.4, Cheryl 1.5; Cheryl 34
13 Biology 1.73, History 0.90; Biology 12 a A: 0.0228; B: 0.1587 b c=
3

Chapter 18
17E → 18B

Exercise 17E
1 0.9632
2 0.2442 Exercise 18A
3 a 0.0478 b 0.2521 1 No; sample will be biased towards the type of
4 a 0.7834 b 0.3208 movie being shown.
5 0.2819 2 a No; biased towards shoppers.
b Randomly select a sample from telephone
6 a 0.0416 b 0.0038
lists or an electoral roll.
3 No; only interested people will call, and they
Answers

Chapter 17 review may call more than once.

Technology-free questions 4 a No; biased towards older, friendly or sick
1 a 1− p b 1− p c 2p − 1 guinea pigs which may be easier to catch.
2 a a = −1 b b=1 c 0.5 b Number guinea pigs and then generate
x−8 random numbers to select a sample.
3 (x, y) → , 3y
3 5 No; a student from a large school has less
q 1− p chance of being selected than a student from a
4 a b 1−q c
p 1−q small school.
5 a Pr(Z < 12 ) b Pr(Z < − 12 ) c Pr(Z > 12 ) 7 a Unemployed will be under represented.
d Pr(− 12 < Z < 12 ) e Pr(− 12 < Z < 1) b Unemployed or employed may be under
6 a 0.84 b 0.5 c 0.16 d 0.68 represented, depending on time of day.
7 a 0.16 b 0.34 c 0.32 d 0.02 c Unemployed will be over represented.
Use random sampling based on the whole
8 a 0.69 b 0.19 c 0.15 d 0.68
population (e.g. electoral roll).
9 Best C, worst B
8 a Divide platform into a grid of 1 m2 squares.
10 a 0.5 b b = −1.5 Select squares using a random number
Multiple-choice questions generator to give two digits, one a vertical
1 A 2C 3B 4B 5E 6E reference and one a horizontal reference.
7 C 8 D 9 A 10 D 11 D 12 C b Yes, if crabs are fairly evenly distributed;
otherwise, ﬁve squares may not be enough.
Extended-response questions
9 No; a parent’s chance of selection depends on
1 Category Range how many children they have at the school.
High > 63 10 Not a random sample; only interested people
Moderate [56, 62] will call, and they may call more than once.
Average [45, 55] 11 People who go out in the evenings will not be
Little [37, 44] included in the sample.
Low < 37 12 a All students at this school
2 k = 3.92 b p = 0.35 c p̂ = 0.42
3 a i 0.1587 ii 0.9747 iii 0.0164 13 a 0.22 b p̂
b c = 53 592 15 a y
c 3.7 × 10−11
4 a 3.17 × 10−5 b False 1
c c1 = 13.53, c2 = 16.47 5
x
5 0.0803 0 5 10
6 0.92%
7 a μ = 60.027, σ = 0.2 b 10% Exercise 18B
8 a 0.9044 b 5.88 c 9.044 1 2
1 a 0.5 b 0, , ,1
d 0.2650 e $17.61, 54.0281 3 3
9 a μ = 0, σ = 2.658 b 0.882 1
c 1 2 d
p̂ 0 1 2
10 a 0.1056 b 0.0803 c 0.5944 3 3
1 5 5 1
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
12 12 12 12

3 1 2 3 4

Answers
2 a b 0, , , , ,1 8 a 0.9650 b 0.9647
5 5 5 5 5
c 1 2
9 a 0.575 b 0.0139
p̂ 0 5 5 10 a 0.848 b 0.2817 c Yes
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.0036 0.0542 0.2384
p̂ 3
5
4
5
1 Exercise 18D
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.3973 0.2554 0.0511 1 a 0.08 b (0.0268, 0.1332)
d 0.3065 e 0.6924 2 a 0.192 b (0.1432, 0.2408)
1 2
3 a 0.5 b 0, , , 1 3 a 0.2 b (0.1216, 0.2784)
3 3

18C → 18 review
c d 0.9 4 (0.2839, 0.3761)
1 2
p̂ 0 1 5 a (0.4761, 0.5739) b (0.5095, 0.5405)
3 3
c The second interval is narrower because the
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1
sample size is larger
1 2 6 1537
4 a 0.4 b 0, , , 1
3 3
1 7 a 897 b 2017
c 1 2 d c Reducing margin of error by 1% requires
p̂ 0 1 3
3 3 the sample size to be more than doubled
1 1 3 1 8 90%: (0.5194, 0.6801), 95%: (0.5034, 0.6940),
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
6 2 10 30 99%: (0.4738, 0.7262); Interval width
3 increases as conﬁdence level increases
e
5 9 90%: (0.5111, 0.5629), 95%: (0.5061, 0.5679),
1 1 3 99%: (0.4964, 0.5776); Interval width
5 a 0.5 b 0, , , , 1
4 2 4 increases as conﬁdence level increases
5
c 1 1 3 d 10 a (0.789, 0.907) b (0.830, 0.867)
p̂ 0 1 16
4 2 4 c The second interval is narrower because the
1 1 3 1 1 sample size is larger
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 11 173
16 4 8 4 16
1 2 3 4 12 a 2017 b 2401
6 a 0, , , , , 1 c i E = 1.8% ii E = 2.2%
5 5 5 5
b 1 2 3 4 d 2401, as this ensures that E is 2% or less,
p̂ 0 1 whoever is correct
5 5 5 5
1 5 5 5 5 1 13 d 8 e 40
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
32 32 16 16 32 32
3 25 Chapter 18 review
c d
16 26 Technology-free questions
1 1 3
7 a 0, , , , 1 1 a All employees of the company
4 2 4
b p = 0.35 c p̂ = 0.40
b 1 1 3
p̂ 0 1 2 a No; only people already interested in yoga
4 2 4 b Use electoral roll
256 256 96 16 1 √
Pr(P̂ = p̂) k k 1.96 k(100 − k)
625 625 625 625 625 3 a b ±
100 100 1000
17 0.588
c 4 a p̂ = 0.9 b E = √
369
n
8 μ = 0.5, σ = 0.25 9 μ = 0.5, σ = 0.224 c Margin
10 μ = 0.2, σ = 0.2 11 μ = 0.3, σ = 0.084 √ of error would decrease by a factor
of 2
12 μ = 0.4, σ = 0.049 13 μ = 0.2, σ = 0.04
5 a 38 b (0.95)40
14 a 0.1844 b 0.7600 c 0.9683
6 a 45 b 5.9(0.9)49
Exercise 18C 7 a 0.60 b 0.10 c Increase sample size
1 0.2858 2 0.8568 3 0.1587 Multiple-choice questions
4 0.0092 5 0.0614 1 B 2 C 3D 4 E 5 C
6 a 1 b 0.5000 c 0.0412 6 D 7 B 8E 9 C 10 E
7 0.9545 11 A 12 B 13 C 14 D

1
19 revision

Extended-response questions 9
3
√ √
1 a n 2− 6
2401 10
4
√ √
11 a 2 7 cm b 6 3 cm2
√ √
12 a 2 19 cm b 6 3 cm2
1 4
13 a b c 1.7 d 2.01
5 9
Answers

0 p* 14 a = 0.34, b = 0.06
0.5 1
1 15 a (1 − p)3 b p=
b 0.5 c 2401 3
16 n = 15, p = 0.4
2 a 0.1537 b 0.8257 1 2
3 a (0.4730, 0.6670) 17 a b
216 27
b i 0.7738 ii 0.0000003
18 a p8 b (1 − p)8 c 1 − (1 − p)8
iii 0.2262 iv 4.75 8
2
c (0.5795, 0.6645) 19 Pr(X = 1) = 7
500 3
k 20−k
4 a p= b p̂ = 0.15 20 1 4 20 1 k+1 4 19−k
N 20 a ,
c N = 3333.33 ≈ 3333 k 5 5 k+1 5 5
e (2703, 4348) c k=4
1 20 14 13
21 a b c 3 d 3 e f
36 27 27 20
Chapter 19 22 b E(X) =
3a
2
Technology-free questions ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x ≤ 0
1 −x ⎪
⎪
⎨ 1
1 a 6x + 4 b e 4 23 a F(x) = ⎪ x(2 − x) if 0 < x < 1 b a =
16 ⎪
⎪
⎪
x ⎪
⎩1
2
1 if x ≥ 1
c (25x − 10)e−5x d − sin
πx 25 5 1−q
π2 24 Pr(X > 44) =
e − cos f 4e2x − 4e−2x 2
4 2 25 Pr(40 < X < 60) = 2q − 1
2 v = 6t2 − 24, a = 12t 26 a 0.84 b 0.34
a f (x) = (4x2 − 4x + 1)e2x −4x
2
3 27 a 0.5 b a=2
4 x>1 a+b b−a
π 3π 28 a b
5 (0, 0), , 2π , (π, 4π), , 6π , (2π, 8π) 2 2
2 2 29 n = 469
6 a x = 1, x = −1 or x = 3
1 1 3
b Stationary point of inﬂection at x = 1; 30 a 0, , , , 1
Local max at x √= −1; Local min at x = 3 4 2 4
1 125 10
c x = 1, x = 1 ± 2 b i ii iii
126 126 63
7 y
32 a 18 b (0.9)20
1
(0, 9) 33
90
Multiple-choice questions
1 C 2 B 3B 4 D 5 D
x
−3 −1 01 3 6 B 7 C 8C 9 B 10 A

( ) ( )
5 44 11 B 12 E 13 E 14 B 15 E
5 44 ,− 16 D 17 D 18 A 19 B 20 C
− ,− 3 9
3 9 21 D 22 C 23 B 24 E 25 E
26 A 27 A 28 D 29 D 30 C
31 E 32 B 33 C 34 E 35 B
(−√5 , −16) (√5 , −16) 36 E 37 A 38 B 39 B 40 B
113 41 B 42 C 43 B
8
140

Answers
Extended-response questions 17 a i μ = 4.25 ii σ = 0.9421 iii 0.94 iv 0.9
dT x 3 b i Binomial ii 18 iii 1.342 iv 0.3917
1 b = √ −
dx x + 900 5
2 18 a (0.0814, 0.1186) b (0.0792, 0.1208)
c i x = 22.5 ii 71 seconds c Larger sample of females
d 63 seconds d 900 of each sex e 0.078 or 0.922
2 a f (x) = 1 + cos x, f (x) = − sin x Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
c −4π, −3π, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π Simple familiar questions
d (−3π, −3π), (−π, −π), (π, π), (3π, 3π)
1 a 35◦ b 255◦
4π 2π 2π 4π
e − ,− , , b 18.685◦

19 revision
2 a 12.038 cm
3 √3 3 3
4π 3 2π 2π √3 π
◦
c 121.315 d 30.854 cm2
x x x
f − , − , − ,− − ,
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 a cos − sin b 2 ln(2x) + 3
2π √3 π 4π √3 2π 2 4 2
, + , ,− + c 8e−2x sin(2x)
3 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5
3 a i ∠BCA = 138.19 , ∠ABC = 11.81◦
◦ 4 a (0, 0), (2, −16) b e − 6 , e− 2
6
ii ∠BC A = 41.81◦ , ∠ABC = 108.19◦ π π2 1 5π 25π2 1
b i 24.56 ii 114.00 iii 89.44 c , + , , + ,
24 144 2 24 144 2
c i1788.85 ii 3027.87 iii 1239.01 13π 169π2 1 17π 289π2 1
12 , + , , +
4 4− ≈ 2.7 m 24 144 2 24 144 2
7
5 0.2965
5 155 m
6 a Pr(X = x) = 4x (0.55) x (0.45)4−x ,
6 a 4.145 km
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
b i 078◦ ii 4.749 km
b 0.2005
c i 8.803 km ii 101.229◦
7 a i 0.0000026 ii 0.1678 iii 0.0563
7 a 16.00 m b 29.04 m c 17◦
9 b 1.6
8 b 9 E(X) = 0.6
16
9 $0.77 10 5 ln 2 ≈⎧3.47 minutes
20 120 ⎪
⎪
⎪
1
if 0 ≤ x < 1
10 a c = b E(X) = ⎪
⎪
⎨ 41 3
49 49 11 f (x) = ⎪ ⎪ x if 1 ≤ x < 2
6180 ⎪
⎪
⎪
5
c Var(X) = ⎩0 otherwise
2401
11 a 0.6915 b 0.1254 12 a μ = 10, σ = 3
bc y
12 a i 0.1587 ii 511.63
b 0.1809
1
13 a i
8
ii A: 0.6915, B: 0.5625
iii E(X) = 10, E(Y) = 10.67; Machine A
3
b
4 x
1 16 0 3 10
14 a i ii iii 0.8281 iv 0.7677
2500 3 13 a 0.0228 b 0.3829
b 0.9971
14 a 0.0228 b 0.2525 c 0.8176
15 a i Pr(X –> 80) = 0.98 15 a Maths 0.88, English 0.67, Chemistry 1.24,
Pr(X –> 104) = 0.04 Psychology 0.92
b Chemistry, Psychology, Maths, English
80 104
16 a (0.712, 0.788) b (0.700, 0.800)
ii μ = 92.956, σ = 6.3084
b i 16.73% of sensors ii 81◦ C 17 a 5649 b 8068
3 Complex familiar questions
16 a i 0.2 ii 0.7 iii 0.125 iv
160 1 a i (−∞, −2), (2, ∞) ii (−2, 2)
128
b i 0.360 15 ii iii (0, ∞) iv (−∞, 0)
625
c 0.163 08 b i (−∞, 0), (8, ∞) ii (0, 8)
iii (4, ∞) iv (−∞, 4)

c i (π, 2π) ii (0, π) 6 a i 0.8424 ii 0.0143

π 3π π 3π b p = 0.221
iii , iv 0, , , 2π
c p = 0.2 or p = 0.8
2 π 2 π 2 2
d i 0, ii ,π 7 a 0.3487 b 0.3231 c 40 d 29
2 2 8 A = 3, B = 1
π 3π π 3π
iii 0, , , π iv , 2π − θ
4 4 4 4 9 a i r=
e i (1, ∞) ii (−∞, 1) 2π
2 2 2π − θ 2
Answers

iii (−∞, 0), , ∞ iv 0, ii h = 1 −

3 3 √ 2π
1 −1 1 −1 49 15π
f i e 2,∞ ii 0, e 2 b
2 2 1536
1 −3 1 3 c 0.3281, 2.5271
iii e 2,∞ iv 0, e− 2 d i θ = 1.153 ii Vmax = 0.403 m3
2 2
2 a f (x) = (x − a)2 (4x − a − 3b), e 0.403 m3
f (x) = 6(x − a)(2x − a − b)
a + b (a − b)4
,−
b (a, 0),
2 16 Chapter 20
3
(a − b) 3a + b 3a + b
c y= x− , ,0 Technology-free questions
4 4 4
3 a (−2, 0) b (1, 27) c (−1, 11) 1 a −0.3 b 0.3 c −0.6
2x −2(x2 − 4) d 0.6 e 0.6 f −0.3
x
4 a f (x) = 2 , f (x) = 2 a y = − cos x + x + 3 b y = 6e 3 − ex − e
x +4 (x2 + 4)2
b (0, ln 4) c (2, 3 ln 2), (−2, 3 ln 2) 1 3
c y = ln(2x − 3) + 4, x >
d y 2 2
3 f (g(x)) = (3x + 1)2 + 6 = 9x2 + 6x + 7
4 a f (x) = 21x6 (5x3 − 3)6 (5x2 − 1)
b f (0) = 2
3√3
(2, 3 ln 2) π −2 π
(−2, 3 ln 2) 5 a f = b f = −π
2 (π + 1)2 3 2
ln 4
x 6 a 2 ln(2x) + 3
−2 0 2
b f (x) = 4esin(2x) cos2 (2x) − sin(2x)
5 AC = 3 7 a Amplitude = 4; Period = π
6 a 2.11 km b 4.53 km b y
c 065◦ d 14.80 km
7 14.9◦ 4
2√3
8 3.76 cm, 8.24 cm

9 a Pr(X = x) = 7x (0.2) x (0.8)7−x ,
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7 x
−π −2π −5π −π0 π π 7π 5π π
b i 0.1146 ii 0.3899 iii 0.2709
3 12 6 12 3 12 6
10 a 0.2592 b 10
4
11 a 0.4 b 0.5
12 a 70.5 b5 8 y
13 0.284
Complex unfamiliar questions
1 a 72.97◦ b 63.51◦ c 56.30◦ x=2
(−1, 7 ) 3
2 340 metres y=1 3
3 a = 2, b = −4, c = −2 x
0 6
4 2.09 km
24
5 cm, 10 cm
5

Answers
9 a 0, 2 b (0, 0), , c (0, 0), 1, 25 a A = 32a − 8a3 √ √
2 32 2 128 3 2 3
d Stationary point of inﬂection at (0, 0); b Max value A = when a =
3 27 9 3
Local max at , 26 b = 3
2 32
e 27 a $0.65 b 0.425
y
28 a i 6p2 (1 − p)2
ii 4p3 (p − 1)
27 3
b p=
32 5

20 revision
4000 √
x 29 a h = 2 c 2000(2 + 2)
0 3 2 x
2 30 a No b Electoral roll
√
31 a 0.53 b 0.53 ± 0.196 0.53 × 0.47

0.37 × 0.63
10 a
3
b
7
c
1 32 a 0.37 b E = 1.96
8 8 2 √ n
25 c Increased by a factor of 2
11 a a = 2, b = −5 b 5 ln +2 1 2
32 33 a 0, , , 1
27 3 3
c x=1 d 2 ln −2 b
8 1 2
y + 3 p̂ 0 1
12 a x = ln + 1 b x = 3 − e2y 3 3
5 Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.512 0.384 0.096 0.008
2π 2π
13 x = − or x = c 0.488
15 15
1 4 Multiple-choice questions
14 (e − 1)
4 1 B 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 C
15 a c = 6 6 D 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 D
b 4a + b − 3 = 0, 3a + b = 0 11 E 12 C 13 B 14 C 15 A
c a = 3, b = −9 16 E 17 E 18 D 19 B 20 D
√ √ √
16 a 10 2 + 3 = 5 2 + 6 cm b 25 cm2 21 A 22 E 23 D 24 C 25 A
√ Extended-response questions
17 10 2 km, 15◦
1
18 a y 1 a i ,8 ii Minimum
y = f′ (x) 2
x
b ii A = (60 − 5x) iii Max area 15 cm2
12
2 a p = 1, q = 3, k = 2
1 b i m = −2
x
0 ii y = −2x3 + 10x2 − 14x + 6
⎧ iii y
⎪
⎪
⎨−8x3 if x ≤ 0

b f (x) = ⎪⎪
⎩8x3 otherwise
√6 20 √6 20
19 , , − ,
3 9 3 9 6 7 , 64
1 4 3 27
20 − ln(1 − 3x) + c 2
3
x
21 a 0.5 b 0.68 c 0.32 0 1 2 3
1 √
22 a b 31 (1, 0)
6 Local minimum at (1, 0)
Local maximum at 7 , 64
2
23 a=±
3 3 27
5 3 a 86◦
24 a
8 √ b AX = 418.304 m, BX = 538.97 m
b x2 − 10 3x + 36 = 0; There are two c 658.797 m
solutions as there are two such triangles.

1
20 revision

4 a i A = x2 − 5x + 50 ii (0, 10) 10 a Z = (7t − 2t2 )

iii 2
A
b Z 7 , 49
(10, 100) 4 16

(0, 50) Z = 1 (7t − 2t2)

(2.5, 43.75)
x
Answers

0
t
iv Minimum area = 43.75 cm2 0 7
1 2
b i f (x) = (10 − x)x
2 49 7
ii y c Max value Z = when t =
16 4
3 4
5, 25 11 a i ii
2 8 15
f(x) = 1 (10 − x)x b i
27
ii
8
iii
38
2 125 125 125
b
12 a k= 2
a
x b b
0 10 b i y= x+
c AY X : OXYZ : ABY : CBYZ = 1 : 2 : 2 : 3 2a 2
−a b
5 a y ii ,
2 4
a, a2 d S 1 : S 2 = 27 : 37
2 4
13 a i 0.9332 ii 0.0668
iii 0.1151 iv 0.1151
b i 33.3% ii 866.4
iii 199.4
a x √
0 14 90 − 8 3 metres from A towards E
a3 15 a i y = −e−n x + e−n (n + 1)
b square units ii x = n + 1
6
2a2 2a2 a3 1 1
c i y= ,y= ii square units b i n 1−
9 9 162 e e
t ii e : e − 2
6 a i f (t) = −100e− 10 (t2 − 30t + 144)
t 16 a 0.0023
ii f (t) = 10e− 10 (t2
− 50t + 444)
b Q s − 1 −1
b i 6 < t < 24
ii 11.546 < t ≤√35 Pr(Q = q)
3 1
(exact: 25 − 181 < t ≤ 35) 4 4
√
iii 11.546 < t < 24 3 3
c E(Q) = s − 1, sd(Q) = s
7 a i 0.995 ii x = ±0.2 4 4
1
b i h(x) = (x − π)2 − 1 ii −0.989 99 17 a 0.091 21 b 0.2611 c 0.275
2
8 a S = 60x − 6x2 b 0 < x < 10 dP 1
18 a = (112x − 3x2 )
c x=5 d dx 90
S
b i P
(5, 150)
(37.3333, 289.0798)

40, 284 4
9
x
0 5 10 1, 11
18
1 1 − cos θ x
9 a i OP = ii BQ = 0
sin θ √ sin θ √
3 2 3−3 ii Max value of P is 289.0798 tonnes
d Min value S = when AP =
2 3

Answers
x 21 a x = 2 − ln 2
c A= (56 − x)
90 dy
b i = −2e2−2x + 2e−x
i A dx
28, 8 32 ii x = 2
45 1
iii 2, − 2
e
iv y
40, 7 1
1, 11 9
18
x
0 (0, e2 − 2)

20 revision
ii Max value of A is 8 32 tonnes per miner,
45 y = e2 −2x − 2e−x
occurs when x = 28
h h x
19 a AX = BX = , CX = 0
tan 12.5◦ tan 9.5◦
2 2, − 1
b MX 2 =
h
− 6002 e2
tan 12.5◦ 1
c 432.967 m d 1858.5 m c − <k<0
e2
e AX = BX = 1953 m, CX = 2587 m
22 a y
20 a i y y = b(x+ a)2 + c
(0,ba2 + c)
(0,ba2 )
(0, 2) y = 2(x − 1)2

y = b(x+ a)2
x (−a,c) y = x2
0 (1, 0) y = (x+ a)2
−a 0 x
ii y c Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
translation 1 unit to the left and 2 units up
2 7
d
2
y = −16x + 2 e y

x y= 3 +2
0 1 (x + 1)2
8 (0, 5)
y=2
iii y
y = 12
(−7, 100) x
y = −2x2 −28x+2 x
−1 0 1
(0, 2)
23 a μ = 5.0290, σ = 0.0909
0 x b $409.27
24 a i y = 50
(−7 − 5√2, 0) (−7+5√2, 0)
2 − 3k 14k − 9k2 ii y = x − 25
b , 1 25
k+2 k+2 b a=− , c=−
2 2 15 3
i −2 < k < ii k = c i 1250 square units
3 3
14 14 375
iii k < −2 or 0 < k < ii square units
9 18
14 36 875
iv −2 < k < 0 or k > iii square units
9 18
c k < −2
14 14
d i k = 0 or k = ii 0 < k <
9 9

π 1
20 revision

25 c θ = iii p =
6 4
d A iv Most rapid rate of change of probability
π ,12√3 occurs when p = 14
6 28 a 7
1
c y= x − ln 10
10
16
d ii 36.852
29 a i m = 12.5, n = 15, d = 37.5, a = 7.5,
Answers

b = 7.5
π θ ii y
0
2
√
Maximum value of A is 12 3
1 79 (50, 11.5)
26 a k = ln ≈ 0.02, A = 79 11.5
10 63
b Approx 2:44 p.m.
(37.5, 4)
c T x
0
(0, 100)
b (2.704, 10), (22.296, 10)
T = 21 + 79e −0.02t
c y
T = 21 (62.5, 30)
t
0
(125, 15) (250,15)
(0, 15)
d Average rate of change = −1.6◦ C/minute
e i −1.5609◦ C/minute
ii −0.8826◦ C/minute x
0 (187.5, 0)
3
27 a
16 π(x − 10)
b b=4 d i h(x) = 15 + 15 sin
c 125
A
ii y
(0, 1)

(72.5, 30)
(260, 15)
p (10, 15)
0 1 x
0 (197.5, 0)
d i p = 0.08 ii p = 0.66
e i A (p) = −20p(1 − p)3 30 a 0.065 36
ii A′ b i 0.6595 ii 0.198 14
c i 23.3% ii c = 0.1075
31 a i 0.32 ii 0.18 iii 0.5
b 0.64
P c i 0.043 95 ii 0.999 iii
7
0 1 128
32 a k = 4 √ √
13 10 − 2 2
b i E(X) = ii iii
6 4 12
1 , − 135 c 0.1857
4 64

Answers
2 a Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
33 a k = 2
b μ = , σ2 =
a√ 3 18
Simple familiar questions
6−4 2 √
c d a = 1000( 2 + 2) 1 a x3 g (x) + 3x2 g(x)
9
√ b (2x + 3)g (x) + 2g(x)
dy x xg (x) − 2g(x)
34 a = √ b (0, 2 6) c 3(g(x))2 g (x) d
dx x2 + 24 x3
c Even 11 1
d y 2 a b
2 8
π
3 F (x) = 3 sin 6x −

20 revision
10 y =x 3
y = −x 2√6 4 a f (x) = 8x − 5 b −5
3
x c x=
y = −5x + 10 4
f (x)
5
e y = −5x + 10 f (x)
√ √ 35 145
g 12 ln( 7 − 1) − 2 7 + 6 a=
2 144
35 a i 0 ii −0.6745
7 a i e x (cos x + sin x) ii −eπ iii 1
iii 0.6745 iv 1.3490
b i y=x ii y = −eπ x + πeπ
v 0.9930 vi 0.7%
c i y = −e−π x ii y = x − π
b i μ ii μ − 0.645σ
iii μ + 0.645σ iv 1.3490σ 5
8 a x=0 b x=
v 0.9930 vi 0.7% 3
1 1
527 c x= d x=
36 a b (0.4961, 0.5580) 2 4e
1000
c 67% d 99.9955% 9 a y
1 √
37 a i ii 1 + b − 1
1−b
b i 1 ii 1 + e−7
b(b − 2) √
c i ii 9 + 65
2(b − 1)
de x
2b2 1 –1n 2 1 O
−(b + 1) –
38 a i ii
3
2
b2 b+1 –1
(b2 + 1)(b − 1)
b i ii b = 3 b
2b2 y
m m m
39 a Local maximum , en−m
n n
m − 1 m − 1 m
b , en−m+1
n n
4 5 1
c i 2 ii 1 − 2
e e x
1 1 –1 1 – 1 O
40 a i q ii iii 2
q q √3
2
b
3 10 a e2x 2 cos(3x) − 3 sin(3x)

c i y ii 0.37 b (x − 2) 2 ln(x − 2) + 1
2 − ln(x2 )
c
x2
x d 3 cos(2x) cos(3x) − 2 sin(2x) sin(3x)
0 −2 cos(2x)
e
sin2 (2x)
iii 69.31 f −15 sin2 (2 − 5x) cos(2 − 5x)

g 3x2 cos2 (3x) cos(3x) − 3x sin(3x)

h 3x2 ln(x3 ) + 1

11 a −2e2 b0 2 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then

c 8e2 + 3 d −1 translation 1 unit to the right and 1 unit up
12 a 100.81◦ b 59 m2 b 4.5 m2 c −4 d y = 2x −
9
13 a 3 square units √ 2
3 5
b 1 − 2e−1 + e−2 square units e ≈ 1.68 m
4
14 a i 0.06 ii 0.14 x
3 3 a P(x) = 90 000 ln 1 + − 10x − 2000
b 100
7 89 000 − 10x
Answers

15 a k = 0.1 b P (x) =
4 x + 100
b i 0.7 ii c x = 8900, $313 983
7
c μ = 1.1, σ = 0.9434 d P
d 0.9
313 983
16 a i 0.954 ii 0.139
b i 35.8 g ii 41.3 g 211 640
Complex familiar questions
1 [3, 5]
5 ln 2 x
2 a k= b 57.6 years 0 8900 30 000
144
3 a a = −16e2t b 12 − 8 ln 2 ≈ 6.45 m 4 a 16%
4 a 0.322 b (0.14, 0.26) b i 0.933 ii 0.783
c 0.932 d 0.068 e (0.72, 0.88)
5 a x = −1 or x = 3
f 1537
3
b x=
2 − e2
6 a ∠ABC = 131.4◦ , ∠BAC = 18.6◦
b 1 m2 c 6.3 m
Appendix A
7 97.5 m to the right of O
Exercise A1
8 A = 2, b = 1
1 63
Complex unfamiliar questions
2 26
1 a i R(0) = 0 ii R(3) = 0
t 10π πt
πt 3 336
b R (t) = e− 10 cos − sin 4 a 5040 b 210
3 3 3
c i 1.41, 4.41, 7.41, 10.41 5 a 120 b 120
ii Local max: (1.41, 8.65), (7.41, 4.75); 6 18
Local min: (4.41, −6.41) (10.41, −3.52) 7 a 5 852 925 b 1 744 200
d t = 0, 3, 6, 9 or 12 8 100 386
e y
9 a 792 b 336
10 a 200 b 75 c6
y = R(t) d 462 e 81

Exercise A2
t
0
4
3 6 9 12 1 a i3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 = 100
i=1
f i 16.47 litres ii 12.20 litres iii 8.27 litres
5
g 12.99 litres b k3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 = 225
k=1
5
c (−1)i i = −1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 = −3
i=1

Answers
5
1 Exercise A3
d i = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 3
5 i=1 5 1 a x6 + 36x5 + 540x4 + 4320x3 + 19 440x2 +

6 46 656x + 46 656
e i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21 b 32x5 + 80x4 + 80x3 + 40x2 + 10x + 1
i=1 c 32x5 − 80x4 + 80x3 − 40x2 + 10x − 1
4
d 64x6 + 576x5 + 2160x4 + 4320x3 + 4860x2 +
f (k − 1)2 = 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
2916x + 729
k=1
e 64x6 − 1152x5 + 8640x4 − 34 560x3 +
1
4
1 77 760x2 − 93 312x + 46 656
g (i − 2)2 = (1 + 0 + 1 + 4) = 2

A3
3 i=1 3 f 16x4 − 96x3 + 216x2 − 216x + 81

6 g x6 − 12x5 + 60x4 − 160x3 + 240x2 − 192x + 64
h i2 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 = 91 h x10 + 10x9 + 45x8 + 120x7 + 210x6 +
i=1 252x5 + 210x4 + 120x3 + 45x2 + 10x + 1
n
11
1
10
2 a −960x3 b 960x3
2 a i b xi c xi
10 i=1 c −960x3 d 192 456x5
i=1 i=1

n+1 5 e 1732 104x 5
f −25 344b7 x5
4 1
d i e 16 7
i 3 − x
i=1 i=1 243
3 a x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn 4 −336 798x6
b 32 + 16x + 8x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 + x5
5 (−x + 1)11 = −x11 + 11x10 − 55x9 + 165x8 −
c 36 + (2x) · 35 + (2x)2 · 34 + (2x)3 · 33 +
330x7 + 462x6 − 462x5 + 330x4 − 165x3 +
(2x)4 · 32 + (2x)5 · 3 + (2x)6
55x2 − 11x + 1
d (x − x1 ) + (x − x2 )2 + (x − x3 )3 + (x − x4 )4
5 5 6 a 40 b −160 c −80
4 a x5−i · 3i b x5−i · (−3)i d 181 440 e 432 f 1080
i=0 i=0 7 83 026 944

2
3
8 −768
c x2−i · 22−i d (2x)3−i · 3i
i=0 i=0

Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-45164-2 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-45164-2 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.

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Analytic Geometry: Graphic Solutions Using Matlab Language
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Analytic Geometry: Graphic Solutions Using Matlab Language
Ing. Mario Castillo
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2 a y b y 7 a f (−1) = −2, f (2) = 16, f (−3) = 6,

e Not a function; Domain = [−4, 4]; 3

Range = [−4, 4] e x < − 23 or x > 23 f − 13 ≤ x ≤ 0

b Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) 10 a Even b Odd c Neither

3 a i Even ii Odd iii Even iv Odd 4 a x = 1 or x = 0

4 a d(x) = 9 − x2 b dom = [0, 3] 3 a (4, 7) b (5, −2) c (2, 19)

Exercise 2E 2 a y Range = (−∞, 0]

x=3 f y Range = (−∞, −2]

f y Range = R \ {3} y = −5√x + 2 − 2

(8, 19 240) y = 4 −2(x + 1)2

−130 − 80√2 60 − 64√2

b y = 2x3 − 30x2 + 40x + 13 14 y = −7x + 14, y = 5x + 2

c x = 12.43 4 a 0.52 b −0.68 c 0.52 d 0.4

4 a 0.643501, 2.49809 b 0.643501, 5.63968 1

7π 19π 31π 43π

ii Period = 12 f(x) = 2 sin 2x − 1

2 a Maximum = 210 cm; Minimum = 150 cm; e nr tan

11 p = −2, x = −3 1 a Range = (−2, ∞) y

c Range = (1, ∞) y b Range = (1, ∞) x

d Reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 6D

3 a y = −2e x−3 − 4 b y = 4 − 2e x−3

(4.39, 0) (0, 0.39)

d Domain = R− y k Domain = ( 12 , ∞) y y = ln(2x − 1)

h Domain = (−∞, −5) y Exercise 6F

2 a m = 3 and c = log5 2 Exercise 6J

(1, 1) (0, −1)

b i (0, 0), (6, 0) (0, 1)

4 a (−2, 27) max, (1, 0) min

(4, −32) (−2, 27)

5 b a = 3, b = 2, (0, 2) min, (−2, 6) max 11 a x = −1 (inﬂ), x = 1 (min), x = 5 (max)

b Dilated by a factor of 2 from the x-axis:

d Translated 2 units to the right: (−1, −3)

π 5π d abeax − abebx e (a − b)e(a−b)x

2 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 2t3

Exercise 10B 2 −36 y

15 a 4 23 b 2 23 c 12 13 a A(0, 3), B(1, 0) b 2 square units

13 f (x) − g(x) dx + b g(x) − f (x) dx + 2 a

33 a C(− 12 ln 6, 0), D(10, 0) 7 a −5 13 c a = 1 or a = −2

c 237.5 cm d After√ 5 seconds

x3 3x2 (8n − 7)π 1 (11−8n)π

e As t becomes very large, the object dy

f f (x) = (4x2 + 2)e x

j f (x) = −9 cos(1 − 3x) Local max , 1 ; Local min

distance BP is 400 metres 0 6 12 24

x (−1.18, −0.88) (1.45, −21.4)

c (1, e), local minimum

4 A loss of 45c Extended-response questions

9 b Var(Y) = 2.014, sd(Y) = 1.419

c The distribution in part b is the reﬂection of

Chapter 17 review may call more than once.

c i (π, 2π) ii (0, π) 6 a i 0.8424 ii 0.0143

iii (−∞, 0), , ∞ iv 0, ii h = 1 −

4 a i A = x2 − 5x + 50 ii (0, 10) 10 a Z = (7t − 2t2 )

(0, 50) Z = 1 (7t − 2t2)

11 a −2e2 b0 2 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then

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