Sheef 2 ECE-205

Nipu
Introduction to some simple signal
Definition of Signal:
Any time varying physical phenomenon that can convey information is called signal.
Some examples of signals are human voice, electrocardiogram, sign language, videos
etc. There are several classification of signals such as Continuous time signal, discrete
time signal and digital signal, random signals and non-random signals.
Continuous-time Signal:
(A continuous-time signal is a signal that can be defined at every instant of time) A
continuous-time signat contains values for all real numbers along the X-axis. It is
denoted by x(t). Figure 1(a) shows continuous-time signal.

0.5
0.5

-0.5
-0.5

-2 2
2
t
Fig. 1(b) Discrete Time Signal
Fig.1(a) Continuous Time Signal

Discrete-time Signal:
Signals that can be defined at discrete instant of time is called discrete time signal. )
Basically discrete time signals can be obtained by sampling a continuous-time signal. It
is denoted as x(n).Figure 1(b) shows discrete-time signal.
Digital Signal: digital signal.)
(Thesignals that are discrete in time, and quantized in amplitude are called values of a
of
The term "digital signal" applies to the transmission of a sequence
discrete-time signal in the form of some digits in the encoded form.

Periodic and Aperiodic Signal:

after some amount of time x(t+T)=x(t),
A signal is said to be periodic if it repeats itself minimum value of time for which it
the
for some value of T. The period of the signal is
exactly repeats itself.

Aperiodic

0.5
0

-0.5
0.05 0.1
-0.1 -0.05

0.05 0T Tne (s) 015 0.2

Fig.2(a) Periodic signal Fig.2(b) Aperiodic signal

 Signal vhich does not repeat itself after a certain period of time is called aperiodic
Signal. The periodic and aperiodic signals are shown in Figure 2(a) and 2(b)
respectively.
Randonn and Deterministic Signal:
A randomn signal cannot be described by any mathematical function, where as a
deterministic signal is one that can bedescribed mathematically. A common example of
random sIgnal is noise. Random signal and deterministic signal are shown in the Figure
3(a) and 3(b) respectively.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

50 100 150
Periodic square wave

0.5

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Time (sec)
Fig.3(a) Random signal Fig.3(b) Deterministic signal
Causal, Non-causal and Anti-causalSignal:
Signal that are zero for all negative time, that type of signals are called
while the signals that are zero for all positivevalue of time are called causal signals,
A non-causal signal is one that has non zero values in both anti-causal signal.
positive and
Causal, non-causal and anti-causal signals are shown below in the Figure negative time.
4(a), 4(b) and
4(c) respectively.
x(t)

Fig.4(a) Causal signal Fig.4(b) Non-caual signal. Fig.4(c) Anti-causal signal

 Even and Odd Signal:
(Aneven signal is any signal ' such that x() =
a signal ' for which x(t) = x(-))n the other hand, an odd signal is
so that they can easily
-x(-t). Even signals are symmetric around the vertical axis,
spotted.
x(t)

Fig.5(a) Odd signal Fig.5(b) Even signal

An even signal is one that is invariant under the time scaling t’ -tand an odd signal is
onethat is invariantunder the amplitude and time scaling x() --x(-).
A simple way of visualizing even and odd signal is to imazine that the ordinate [x()]
axis 1s a mirror. For even signals, the part of x(t) for t >0and the part of x(t) for t < 0
are mirror images of each other. In case of an odd signal, the same two parts of the
SIgnals are negative mirror images of each other. Some signals are odd, some signals are
even and some signals are neither odd nor even. But any signal x() can be expressed as
a sum of its even and odd parts such as x() = xe() + xo() or we can say that every signal
IS Composed of the addition of an even part and odd part. The even and odd parts of a
signal x(t) are
x(t)+x(-)
*,(1)=
x(t) - x(-)
2
and
Here x(t) denotes the even part of signal x(t) and x,() denotes the odd part of signal x(t).
Figure 5(a) and 5(b) shows the odd signal and even signal respectively.
Amplitude-Scaling of Signal:
There are some important properties of signal such as amplitude-scaling, time-scaling
and time-shifting. Among these properties now we are discussing about amplitude
scaling. Consider a signal x() which is multiplying by a constant 'A' and this can be
indicated by a notation x() ’ Ax(). For any arbitrary ' this multiplies the signal value
x(t) by a constant A'. Thus, x() ’Ax(t) multiplies x(t) at every value of t by a constant
'4. This is called amplitude-scaling. If the amplitude-scaling factor is negative then it
factor is -1
flips the signal with the t-axis as the rotation axis of the flip. If the scaling
6(c) which is
then only the signal will be flip. This is shown in the Figure 6(a), 6(b),
given below.
 Fig.6(b) A signal x(t) scaled by -1 Fig.6(c) A
Fig.6(a) A signal x()
signal x(t) scaled by I/2
Time-Scaling of Signal:
multiplying the time variable by some
Time scaling compresses or dilates a signal by becomes narrower and the
quantity. If that quantity is greater than one, the signal signal becomes
operation is called compression. If that quantity is less than one, the the signal xí)
wider and the operation is called dilation. Figure 7(a), 7(6), 7(c) shows
compression of signal and dilation of signal respectively.
at) x(at)
x(t)

a>1

Fig.7(a) Signal x(t) Fig.7(b)Compression of signal Fig.7(c) Dilation of signal

Time-Shifting of Signal:
In signals and system amplitude scaling, time shifting and time scaling are some
important properties. If a continuous time signal is defined as x(t) = st - tl). Then we
can say that x() is the time shifted version of s().
Consider a simple signal s(t) for 0 <i<l

s(t) x(t) = s(t-2) x(t) = s(t+1)

1

01 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2
Fig.8(a) Signal within 0<I<| Sec.
Fig.8(b) Signal shifted by 2 Fig.8(c) Signal shifted by -1
Sec.

Nowshifting the function by time tl = 2sec.

x() =s (-2) = t-2 for 0< (- 2) < I
= t-2
for 2 <(t-2) <3
Which is simply signal s(t) with its origin delayed by 2 sec.
Nowif we shift the signal by tl =
-lsec.
then x()= s (t+1) = ttl for 0< (t+1)
=t+1 for -]<t<0.
Which is simply s(t) with its origin
This time-shifting property of signalshifted to the lef or advance in
above. is shown in the Figure 8(a), 8(b)time by I seconds.
and 8(C) given
Impulse Signal:
The Dirac delta function or unit impulse or often
function that defines the idea of a unit impulsereferred to as the delta function, is the
in çontinuous-time. Informally, this
function is one that is infinitesimally narrow, infinitely tall, yet
Perhaps the simplest way to visualize this as a rectangular pulse fromintegrates to one.
a -D/2 to a +D/2
With a height of 1/D. As we take the limit of this setup as D approaches 0, we see that
the width tends to zero and the height tends to infinity as the total area remains constant
at one.

5()
The impulse function is often written as
5(t)dt 1

>t >t
-D/2 D/2

Fig.9(a) Dirac delta functoin Fig.9(b) Unit impulse

Dirac
Since it is quite difficult to draw something that is infinitely tall, we represent the
delta function and unit
with an arrow centered at the point it is applied. The dirac
impulse are shown in Figure 9(a) and 9(b) respectively.
The impulse function has some special properties.
The sampling property.
f(t) 5(t)=f(0) 5 (t)

Another important property is the scaling property.

1
S (at)= S (t)
|a
everywhere except at (=0, the unit
Since the derivative of the unit step u(t) is zero unit step is the integral of the unit
Since the
impulse is zero everywhere except at (-0. whose integration range includes (-0
impulse, a definite integral of the unit impulse
must have the value one.

S()
where u(t) is the unit step.
for discrete-time impulse.
This scaling property can not be applied
 Realand Complex Exponential Signal:
Fynonentialsignal is of two types. These two type of signals are real exponential signal
and complex exponential signal which are given below.
Real Exponential Signal:
Areal exponential signal is defined as
x()-A!

Where both "A" and "o" are real. Depending on the value of"o" the
signals will be
different. If "o" is positive the signal x() is a growing exponential and
then the signal x() is a decaying exponential. For o-0, signal x(t) if "o" is negative
will be
Figure 10(a), 10(b) and 10(c) shows a de signal, exponentially growing constant.
exponentially decaying signal respectively. signal and
2
DC signal
8
Expanenaally growing signal Exponentially decaying signal
7
15 0.8
6
0.6!

0.4
0.5
3
0.2
2
0.5 1.5
0.5 ime t-> 1 1.5 2
0.5 1.5 2

Fig.10(a) A de signal Fig.10(b) Exponentially growing Fig.10(c) Exponentially decaying

signal signal
Complex exponential Signal:
Thecomplex exponential signal is given by
x(1)=Agst

Where "s" is a complex variable and it is defined as

S=T+jw:
Therefore
x(t) e tjw)1
..(1)
Using Eulers identity
=e = cos+ jsina
.(2)
Substituting eq.(2) in eq.(1) we have
x(t) -eo'[ cosU +jsinb]
A complex exponential signal can not be plot in a twodimentional (2D) graph, it should
be plot in a three dimentional graph, Figure given below shows the three
view of a complex dimentional
exponential signal.
 e°+e
cOs(O) sin(0) ==
-e

J2
and
Complex exponential signal , out of phase complex exponential signal and the
addition and substraction of complex
are shown in Figure 11(a), exDonentials to form the real cosine and real Sine
11(b), 11(c) and 11(d) respectively.

1.00
2.00
0.50 0.50

Img)
Fig.11(a) Complex exponential signal Fig.11(b) Out of phase complex
e
exponential signal
9)

L.00 1.00 1.00

Fig.11(c)Real cosine after addition ofcomplex sinusoids Fig.11(d) Real sine after
substraction of complex sinusoids