Integrated

Pest Management in rice

Yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas)`
Most dominant and
destructive species

The larvae of the borers

enter the tiller to feed, grow
and cause the characteristic Male Female Egg mass
symptoms of:

Dead hearts - Vegetative phase

White ears - Reproductive stage.
Dead hearts White ears
Nature and symptom of damage
Vegetative stage
Larvae feed on green tissue
of leaf sheath for 2 to 3 days.
Bore into the stem at the
nodal position and feed on
inner tissue of plant – Under
Severe conditions, it bores at
the base and move upwards –
Central leaf whorl does not
unfold, turns brown – dries
off.
Lower leaves remain green.
Heading stage

• Larvae bore at the

peduncle node.
• White heads are the
resultant effect.
• Damage is maximum at
this stage.
 Yield loss

 Early planted crop 1-19%

 Late planted crop 38-80%
 Gall midge (Orseolia oryzae ) - A key pest

 Six biotypes of this pest are reported in the country

 The maggot feeding induces an elongation

of the leaf sheath into a ‘gall’.

 The ‘silver shoot’ or ‘gall’ resembles an

onion leaf. Profuse tillering is seen and
resulting tillers do not bear panicles.
 Nature and symptoms of damage

 Damaged tillers turns into tubular

 galls whichtillers
Damaged dry off without
turns into
bearing panicles.
tubular galls which dry off
without
 Main bearing
external panicles.is SILVER
symptom
 SHOOT or GALLsymptom
Main external which resembles
is
onion
SILVERleaf.
SHOOT or GALL which
resembles
 Fully oniongall
developed leaf.is a silvery
 white hallow tube
Fully developed 1 cm
gall is a wide
silveryand
10 – 30hallow
white cm long.tube 1 cm wide
and 10to
 Attack – 30ricecm long. leads to
seedlings
 profuse
Attack totillering and these
rice seedlings new
leads to
tillers
profuse often become
tillering and infested
these new.
tillers often become infested.
Brown planthopper(BPH) is common in rainfed and
irrigated rice

Originally confined to southern

BPH adults
states, it has spread to eastern &
northern states - Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Punjab, West Bengal etc.

In the last decade, whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) has

tremendously increased in low land areas where BPH resistant
varieties are grown.
 Brown Plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)
Delphacidae:Hemiptera
Adults are brown in colour; 4-5 mm
long and more or less wedge shaped
Macropterans are strong fliers; Hind
tibia with a long movable spur
Biology: IP – 5 days; NP – 15 days

Brachypterans
are prolific
breeders

Eggs are elongated, cigar

shaped inserted by female in
two rows on wither side of the
midrib of the leaf sheath
White backed Plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera
Delphacidae:Hemiptera
The body colour is creamy white;
adult measures 3.1-4.0 mm in length;
the forewings are uniformly hyaline
with darker veins. There is a
conspicuous black dot around the
middle of the posterior edge of each
forewing; the pronotum is pale
yellow

Brachypterans are
prolific breeders

Eggs are elongated, cigar

shaped inserted by female in
two rows on either side of the
midrib of the leaf sheath
Damaging symptoms
• Stage of attack:- Early growth stage
but some times serious infestation
occurs at post flowering stage
• Damaging stages:- Adults
(especially brachypterans) and
nymphs
• Nature of damage:- Congregate at
the base of the plant causing hopper
burn
• Peak occurrence is between Nov-
Dec and not cause damage to summer
crop.

They are also vectors of grassy

stunt virus disease.
 Causes for outbreak

• Use of heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizers

• Heavy irrigation with constant standing water
• Use of heavy pesticides specially pyrethroids resulting
in resurgence
• Continuous cropping of paddy (in both the seasons)
(monocropping)
• Close planting will result in prevention of aeration &
light.
• Use of susceptible varieties.
• In low lying areas severity is more
Green leafhoppers
 Paddy green leaf hoppers
(Cicadellidae; Hemiptera)

N. virescens N. nigropictus N.cincticeps

The black spots in the Male has two black spots No black spot distal
forewing do not extend extending up to the black ends of the wings
up to the black distal distal portion on the transparent
portion forewing
The leafhoppers attack all the aerial parts of
rice plant.
This pest is distributed in Bangladesh,
Burma, Hongkong, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and India.
In India it is severe in Andhra Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and moderate to
low in other rice growing states.
 Nature and symptoms of Damage

 The nymphs and adults cause direct damage to rice crop

by sucking sap from leaf sheaths and blades.
 The feeding marks predispose plants to fungal and
bacterial infections.
 The affected leaves and plants turn to yellow colour and
growth is retarded.
 They indirectly acts as vectors by transmitting virus
diseases such as Tungro and Yellow dwarf.
 They also feed on some grasses like Cynodon dactylon,
Echinochloa crussgalli and Eleusine indica, etc.,
 Rice cultivation with HYV’s and applications of high levels of N
fertilisers helped leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis m edinalis Guenee)
becoming a major pest.

Field damage

 The larvae fold the leaves longitudinally and feed resulting in

linear pale white stripe damage.
 In cases of severe infestation, the crop gives whitish
appearance.
Field damage
 Rice hispa
 Hispa (Dicladispa arm igera) is a major pest of
rice in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur,
A.P, M.P and U.P.

 The adult beetles feed on the epidermal

tissue of the leaves and the grubs mine the
leaf tissue.

 White blotches appear on leaves and in

severe epidemics leaves dry up and the
crop presents a scorched appearance.
Caseworm(Nym phula depunctalis ) is
commonly found in rice fields in low
populations.

Due to continuous water stagnation in

Larva with cases Adult
fields, it can build up and cause severe
loss in early stage.

Inseverely damaged areas the whole

crop may have to be resown/replanted.

Feeding damage includes cutting off

the leaf tips to make leaf cases, patches
of severe defoliation, stunted growth Field damage
and death of plants.
Caseworm damage
 Cut worms

They are sporadic pests mainly causing damage in

coastal and northeastern states.

Larvae are polyphagous - feed on leaves during

vegetative stage and cut the panicles at maturity.

Severe infestation leads to deskeletonisation of

leaves.
Rice Thrips
Ofthe three species of gundhi bug,
Leptocorisa oratorius is common.

Adults
and nymphs suck the milk from
developing grains

Infestation is characterised by:

 discolored panicles with brownish spots
 empty or ill-formed grains in the panicles.
Rice Blue beetle
 MITES
Leaf Mite Panicle Mite