MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS

Third Edition
ANDREW S. TANENBAUM

Chapter 7
Multimedia Operating
Systems

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (1)

Figure 7-1. Video on demand using different

local distribution technologies. (a) ADSL.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (2)

Figure 7-1. Video on demand using different

local distribution technologies. (b) Cable TV.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Introduction To Multimedia (3)

Key characteristics of multimedia:

1.  Multimedia uses extremely high data
rates.
2.  Multimedia requires real-time playback.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Introduction To Multimedia (4)

Figure 7-2. Some data rates for multimedia and high-performance

I/O devices. Note that 1 Mbps is 106 bits/sec
but 1 GB is 230 bytes.
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Multimedia Files

Figure 7-3. A movie may consist of several files.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Video Encoding

Figure 7-4. The scanning pattern used for NTSC

video and television.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Encoding

Figure 7-5. (a) A sine wave. (b) Sampling the sine wave.
(c) Quantizing the samples to 4 bits.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The JPEG Standard (1)

Figure 7-6. (a) RGB input data. (b) After block preparation.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The JPEG Standard (2)

Figure 7-7. (a) One block of the Y matrix.

(b) The DCT coefficients.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The JPEG Standard (3)

Figure 7-8. Computation of the quantized DCT coefficients.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The JPEG Standard (4)

Figure 7-9. The order in which the quantized

values are transmitted.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The MPEG Standard (1)
Three types of MPEG-2 frames processed
by the viewing program:
1.  I (Intracoded) frames: Self-contained
JPEG-encoded still pictures.
2.  P (Predictive) frames: Block-by-block
difference with the last frame.
3.  B (Bidirectional) frames: Differences with
the last and next frame.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The MPEG Standard (2)

Figure 7-10. Three consecutive video frames.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Compression (1)

Figure 7-11. (a) A binary signal and its

root-mean-square Fourier amplitudes.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Compression (2)

Figure 7-11. (b)–(e) Successive approximations

to the original signal.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Compression (3)

Figure 7-11. (b)–(e) Successive approximations

to the original signal.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Compression (4)

Figure 7-12. (a) The threshold of audibility as a

function of frequency. (b) The masking effect.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Audio Compression (5)
Possible sampling configurations:
1.  Monophonic (a single input stream).
2.  Dual monophonic (e.g., an English and a
Japanese soundtrack).
3.  Disjoint stereo (each channel compressed
separately).
4.  Joint stereo (interchannel redundancy fully
exploited).

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 General Real-Time Scheduling

Figure 7-13. Three periodic processes, each displaying a movie.

The frame rates and processing requirements per frame are
different for each movie.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Rate Monotonic Scheduling (1)
Required conditions for RMS:
1.  Each periodic process must complete within its
period.
2.  No process is dependent on any other
process.
3.  Each process needs same amount of CPU
time on each burst.
4.  Nonperiodic processes have no deadlines.
5.  Process preemption occurs instantaneously
and with no overhead.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Rate Monotonic Scheduling (2)

Figure 7-14. An example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Earliest Deadline First Scheduling

Figure 7-15. Another example of real-time

scheduling with RMS and EDF.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Multimedia File System Paradigms

Figure 7-16. (a) A pull server. (b) A push server.

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 Near Video on Demand

Figure 7-17. Near video on demand has a new stream

starting at regular intervals, in this example
every 5 minutes (9000 frames).
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Near Video on Demand with VCR
Functions (1)

Figure 7-18. (a) Initial situation. (b) After a rewind to 12 min

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Near Video on Demand with VCR
Functions (2)

Figure 7-18. (c) After waiting 3 min.

(d) After starting to refill the buffer. (e) Buffer full.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Placing a File on a Single Disk

Figure 7-19. Interleaving video, audio, and text in a single

contiguous file per movie.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Two Alternative File
Organization
Strategies (1)

Figure 7-20. Noncontiguous

movie storage. (a) Small
disk blocks.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Two Alternative File
Organization
Strategies (2)

Figure 7-20.
Noncontiguous
movie storage
(b) Large disk
blocks.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Two Alternative File Organization
Strategies (3)

Trade-offs involved in these alternatives:

1.  Frame index: Heavier RAM usage while movie
is playing; little disk wastage.
2.  Block index (no splitting frames over blocks):
Low RAM usage; major disk wastage.
3.  Block index (splitting frames over blocks is
allowed): Low RAM usage; no disk wastage;
extra seeks.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Placing Files for Near Video
on Demand

Figure 7-21. Optimal frame placement for near video on demand.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Placing Multiple
Files on a Single
Disk (1)

Figure 7-22. The curve gives Zipf’s law for N = 20. The
squares represent the populations of the 20
largest cities in the U.S., sorted on rank order
(New York is 1, Los Angeles is 2, Chicago is 3, etc.).
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Placing Multiple Files
on a Single Disk (2)

Figure 7-23. The organ-pipe distribution of files on a video server.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Placing Files on Multiple Disks (1)

Figure 7-24. Four ways of organizing multimedia files over multiple

disks. (a) No striping. (b) Same striping all files.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Placing Files on Multiple Disks (2)

Figure 7-24. Four ways of organizing multimedia files over multiple

disks. (c) Staggered striping. (d) Random striping.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Block Caching (1)

Figure 7-25. (a) Two users watching the same

movie 10 sec out of sync.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Block Caching (2)

Figure 7-25. (b) Merging the two streams into one.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Static Disk Scheduling

Figure 7-26. In one round, each movie asks for one frame.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Dynamic Disk Scheduling

Figure 7-27. The scan-EDF algorithm uses deadlines and cylinder

numbers for scheduling.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639