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A Modulating Signal M

The document discusses amplitude modulated (AM) signals and their properties. It includes examples of modulated carrier signals, calculations of modulation index, sideband power and bandwidth. Key points covered are the frequency content of AM signals modulated by multiple audio tones, and how an envelope detector works to extract the message signal from a modulated carrier using an RC low-pass filter to remove the carrier frequency without distortion.

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xepil
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48 views

A Modulating Signal M

The document discusses amplitude modulated (AM) signals and their properties. It includes examples of modulated carrier signals, calculations of modulation index, sideband power and bandwidth. Key points covered are the frequency content of AM signals modulated by multiple audio tones, and how an envelope detector works to extract the message signal from a modulated carrier using an RC low-pass filter to remove the carrier frequency without distortion.

Uploaded by

xepil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

An amplitude modulated signal is given by,


S(t) = [10cos(2π106t) + 5cos(2π103t) + 2cos(2π106t) + cos(4π103t)] volts
i. Total modulated power?
ii. Side band power?
iii. Net modulation index?

a m(t) = [10cos(2π.106t) + 5cos(2π.106t)cos(2π.103t) + 2cos(2π.106t)cos(2π.103t)]

=> m(t) = [10 + 7cos(2π.103t)]cos(2π.106t)

=> m(t) = 10[1 + 0.7cos(2π.103t)]cos(2π.106t)  ..................(1)

Net modulation index µ = 0.7                            (Ans:)

b) Sideband power = µ2A2/4 = (0.72.102/4) unit = 12.25 unit 

c) Total modulated power = [(A2/2)(1 + µ2/2)R] W

                                         = [(100/2).(1 + 0.49/2).100] W

                                         = (50*0.1245) kW

                                         = 6.225 kW                             (Ans:)

2. Consider a message signal m(t) = 20cos(2πt) volts and a carrier signal c(t) =
50cos(100πt) volts.
i. Sketch to scale resulting AM wave for 75% modulation.
ii. Find the power delivered across a load of 100Ω due to this AM wave.
3. A carrier wave with amplitude 12V and frequency 10 MHz is amplitude modulated to
50% level with a modulated frequency of 1 KHz. Write down the equation for the above
wave and sketch the modulated signal in frequency domain.

4. Find the ratio of maximum average power to unmodulated carrier power in AM?

The ratio of maximum average power to unmodulated carrier power in AM is 4:1. This means
that the peak envelope power (PEP) output of an AM transmitter is four times its carrier PEP
assuming linear, perfectly symmetrical, 100% modulation of a carrier 1. The average power under
this condition will be 1.5 times the unmodulated carrier power with 2/3 of this contained in the
carrier and 1/3 in the sidebands (1/6 each in the USB and LSB sidebands)
5. An audio frequency signal 5sin(2π1000t) is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of
100sin(2π106t). Assume modulation index of 0.4. Find
i. Side band frequencies
ii. Amplitude of each side band
iii. Bandwidth required
iv. Total power delivered to a load of 100Ω
6. A 1000 KHz carrier is simultaneously modulated by 300Hz, 800Hz and 2 KHz audio sine
waves. What will be the frequency content of AM signals?

The frequency content of an AM signal consists of the carrier wave frequency and two
sidebands. The sidebands are located at frequencies above and below the carrier
frequency by an amount equal to the modulating frequency. In your case, the carrier
wave is 1000 KHz and it is modulated by 300Hz, 800Hz and 2 KHz audio sine waves.
Therefore, the frequency content of the AM signal will be as follows:

 Carrier wave frequency = 1000 KHz


 Lower sideband frequency = (1000 - 2) KHz = 998 KHz
 Upper sideband frequency = (1000 + 2) KHz = 1002 KHz
The same applies for the other two modulating frequencies
7. A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50 Kw of carrier power. What will be the radiated
power at 85% modulation?

8. An audio frequency signal 10sin(2π500t) is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of


50sin(2π105
t). Calculate,
i. Modulation index
ii. Side band frequencies
iii. Amplitude of each side band frequencies
iv. Bandwidth required
v. Total power delivered to the load of 600Ω
vi. Plot frequency spectrum
9. The AM wave 10[1 + 0.5cos(2π500t)] . cos(2π106t) is modulated by an envelope
detector. Find the time constant τ and the resistor if capacitor used is 100 PF.

10. Explain the detection of message signal from the amplitude modulated signal using an
envelope detector and bring out the significance of the RC time constant of the circuit in
detection of the message signal without distortion. Estimate this for fm = 3 KHz and fc =
100 KHz

An envelope detector is an electronic circuit that takes a high-frequency signal as input


and provides an output which is the envelope of the original signal. It consists of two
main elements: Diode / rectifier - serves to enhance one half of the received signal over
the other. Low pass filter - required to remove the high frequency content that remains
in the signal after detection / demodulation. The filter can consist of a very simple RC
low pass filter network but in some cases It can be provided simply by relying on the
limited frequency response of the circuitry following the rectifier 1.
The RC time constant of the circuit is significant in detection of the message signal
without distortion because it determines how fast the capacitor charges and discharges.
If it is too large, then it will take too long for the capacitor to charge and discharge,
which will cause distortion. If it is too small, then it will not be able to smooth out the
ripple in the output voltage2.

For fm = 3 KHz and fc = 100 KHz, we can estimate the value of RC time constant using
the formula:

RC = 1 / (2 * pi * fm)

RC = 1 / (2 * pi * 3000)

RC = 5.3 * 10^-5 seconds

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