‘SL.NO. | DATE NAME OF EXPERIMENTS AS enexation end Dernodulation using PLL} pa ob Zz 03: ao. enedanion and Detechion of BPSk = _3.__|22.05. 2023 Performance pf Waves = ty hh _shaping and Matched Filkemmag a= ae Peatormene of BPSk 126-24 |_¢ 12.06.2023 |Eaony Peafoxmence of APSk - 41123. 06- 2023 at ye DiagaamCixcutt_ Diagrarn $v 4+5v Reta: G=0-0UF , oi fys0-0" ae 100k 5 | 4046 ‘ z Medalation pare i | PIN oUT_DIAa@RAM Cia Ce Out ln tn Voo [ie] ey fa) See 16 TH alienate Pea out Pes outOl 03 /aa P Experiment = 4 st EM _GENeeATioN —ANip _DEMOOUL ATION USING PLL As To_desiqn and setup faequency 17edutlator_and_a_ demodulator _cizcuits using CMOS PLL FC Olle. a 3 (C 4046, yesistors » capacitors breadboard, function gemerator__and_cRO Frequency modulator can _be_set_up ising _Vco_ingide _-the PLL chip caamier frequency of the reedulater can be decided by Selecting the appeopriate values of Ry and Ct __ The modulating siqnal_is fed 10 the _vco input (pin no:4) [on -the _demodulatoa. the _PLL_Is locked onto tae FM input —___ Signal, tbe VCO tacks -the _Imstavtancous faequency of the __ sigval. Phase comparator gives .a_outfalt voltage _fraepaztional._te the frequemy deviation of —M. ‘put. Phage Comparator = 1 * inthe PLL is used __heze,_becauee with phase compavator 2 __ if the Input ica simeumle., the faequency sus be qaeater than \0kHz, Also please comparator 4 has bettea Sicpmal___, \nayauut twise_aejection character} Modulator and demodulator mcd sane.Parceduze. | 1 Set__up the _FM__genesator_clacuit and feed __3Vp.p, .500ttz __| Square wave _input.__and__ observe _-the FM _outtput Katee 2. Set up the FM demodulatay and feed fhe FM signal __-ta_th_-__| Obeeave the demodulated output. we Result. er Designed and setup a frequency —smodulator __and__de maadulator _| cicuits using cMos PLL 1C__40,6 and output_obtatned. __|ee ee BPSK Demodelator - ciacuit Diagram | 45V Vor Atte | 10Vpp tokitz BPSK Modulator Circuit Diaqzam 46 Modulating si¢mal | tavpe dete IL. Carrier signa fo. PIN OUT DIAGRAM LIAR AM 4Ve supply %y product output Ceo) =& (summing if) Vs (vo supply),Abn To_desigqn and_setup BPsi modulator _and_dernodulator ciacuit_and_ obtain je output waveform Components and equipments requized : \CAD633_, Capacitor, Resistors. signal genezatox, baeadicaed and __€RO.____ Theory The_-thaee basic _medulation schemes _aze_ASk, ESk_and_Psk. The conesent BPs system. the paiy of siqnals S,(t) and Sa(&) are Ore used to sepsesent binary 41 and O xespectively- In_PSk, amplitude and faequency ave fixed fait jase has value 0 for binary 4 and 1s0_o7 2adian for binazy O- PEk modulator canbe achieved with the help of a pancduct modulator ADE33 . The schemati¢s of AQ633_ multiplier, it _is_a four Quadsane @malog Ynultiplies IC. It Imcludes igh Impedence differential X_and Y imputs anda high I™pedarre cH summing imput Z-__ The power Supply sarmes 20m + €V 4o418V- The cliftererce a outpits (%1-%ad and__(¥1-Ya) ave applied to the aoauiltiplies. — The eutput of a rmaultiplier _CX1-Ka) C¥1-¥a /10) + Hence applied 404 sumening ciareit and its output is zener wefererce- So ba_geneval_outprr is _[C%1-¥9)CV1-Ya) Zio] +x Tacks Pees make YaeXa™%X=0 eobich gives output Vow = Xi¥i [IO at pin mumibes 4. “The _camieo_umnye_i¢ given at _X1 _qohich ie __a_sine wave —__| anda positive 47a 1s applied at_ YjHeve is an RC Filter frequency of oscillation Is _qiven by: pee — Qpired Choose OlMe , Fetkifz, find 2 R=lekn Select R=vekn (standard value) Proce pure z 3 BPSk modulatos: |. Set up the civcuit on breadboaad — ecitput simultaneously on CRO &- Feed sineccave input and _obsewe input _aind. | | BPsk demedulatoz: | 1 Set up the ctacuit on breadboard ____ 2. Feed squarewave inpilt ard oebseave Inpak and outpet 1 Alnoultameously on CRO. ee B. To_plot_ frequency and mot _aesporce feed cine unve iopuk, | ___wary_the _f2equency_and_mote_cloum the corresponding Dutput valbage- _| Deeigned __ BPSK modulator _and_demadulator _elreait and | eblained the output ¢navefarm. 4To _pesfoxm waveform oe using Pee * fo generate a_Simusoidal_twavetorm with a _p¢_offsel_so_thak | it fakes only positive _Anaplitude value. _ + Sample __and_q uantixe_the signal Using a uniform —_quanhzer__ with umber of epresentation Levels |. WVaay L- Represent — e€aciy value using decireal to lanazy encoder. Bc + Compute the signal -to-molse aatia od. + Plot the SNR versus umber of bits _pea_symMol- Observe __| thatthe SNR _incaéases limeaaly . _ i Saft cuore tised: MATLAB 0 | a) cle; close_all; clear_all; b= flo zan ies pid) 7a eee 8i9 = Heth eOCt) aaa | eee Vinax = ee) 5 a8 | Meee > Inpat (Crmtea the a f Bi “ns ie ee Delta = (Vmax - vena, = partition = [Vin + De ba eel ta Vimar hal Codebook = (Vmin_+Delka/a : Delta: Vmax = Delta/a]; _| [index, quantized- gig, distor] = meme codedsig = de2bi (tndex_ ‘left ~ coded sig = coded sig’, Exbits = codedsig (-); maclnihe + = ir bits is. | a axbits = reshape (ax bits, length Csig)) ; axbits = Ixbiks’: imdex 1 = bi2de Caxbits, weconstructed sig = codebook (imdex4 oe _ Etguze, subplot (a, 2.0; flew Cen), i ithe €* oclabel (‘time’); title (‘omgimal_signal ’) ; Suloplot (a,2,2); wh Sten (+, quantized— sig); sc label (“time’); —_ quantized “sigual) = fo: n* lengto(i)- 1]; Pa (@,a,2, Stairs (tt, IxXbits); aclabel (“trme’); —_bete_C'PcM ewan03 2013 [7 stem (4. @ecaostaucted sig); 4 xlabvel (‘time’); title (%eceived sigral’); ag clog close all, cleaz_all, SNRvec = £1; t= (o:0-1, 2* pil; ine Sig = ly +h * sinlt); Vmax = max (sig); Vimin = min (sig); for M=1:20 L=2%m; Delta = (Vmoax-Vmin)/L; ’ tet partition= [Vmln+ Delta : Delta: Vmax - Delta}; __ codebook = CV min -+Delta/2! Delta ; Vmax -Delta/2); Cindey, quantized _ sig, distor ]= quontiz (sig, partition, codebook); codedsig = de2bi (index, ‘left —msb“); Coded sig = codedsig’s dxbits = coded sig), a | aabits = 4xbits; pis eo Lt aocbls = xednape (ax bits ,n, length (sigh); i wabits: axbits cae | indexd © Wide Gee ea mii?) | 2e constauct ed sig = codebook Cindex 4 449; Noise Power = sum (Csi g- aeconshuiciedae 50) tad Signeil Powers = suim (Lsig-“2}); ieee2 S s g a| suirae. = 10 * logio Csnie vec; Lon Vie.c aed ee aa pectoris | SNRd6_ th = Ee a iplot(m—vec, SNRdB 2-07, “nevatatie’ a bald_on; 5 plot (m_vec, Qn zs ”_Unedie gaid on; _ rtlabel (‘Number of bits’); a (MSN iin ida"); a eee legend Paactical’, \Thienon eens title(L SNRim_ dB vs Number of bits Sox Pem’) iat ale Pesfoamed pulse code moditlation using.Generate a_staing of message bits a Use_acot_aalsed cosine pulse ple) 0s the shaping pulse, amd ___, generate the _corsespording baseband _signal_tuth a_fixed bit ____| duration Th. You may use oll -of¢ factor_as_@=0-4. _ Simulate 4aansmission_of bosbond_ signal via on AWGN chanel | Apply matched fille cite faequency 2esponse_Palt) = PX (4) to the _2ecetred signal. Sample_the signal _abi Ty and_compase tt _agarnst fhe __ Tnessage Sequence Software used: MATLAB B cle; close_all; sti cleav_all; 45210; daz LT, jot £ ee Abe G3 osa3 sincNam.= sin (pi * (-ts: t/t + #21); Sinc Den_= (Cp # [-#5: 1/£s : 481); sinDenzea = find (abs Csincben)< 10-10}; sincOp = sincNum . /sinc Den; sincop (sine Denzer) = 4; alpha = ++ cosNum_ = cos Calpba * pi « [-fs ‘1414s : 4s]; cosDen = (1 - (aX alpm*(-fs: 1/s : #s])-“*2); cosDenze7 = find Cabs (cosPen)< 10*=10); CosOp_= cos Nuno+ /cosden; CosOp Ccosdenzer0) = pifu 5 gt-=-sincOp - * cosOp ; GF = fb Cgt. toan) ; bi = 2andn Ci.N)>0; b= ak bt -4; foa_hb=1:Lengto(b) t = conv( b(t), gt); ye Seba e end. 7H = t%+0-| * aandn(1. length (tx); 7x4 = zeshape( 2x, length (+2, LergthCh)); for _i24 :length(b) - x2 conv (7x1 (:,1)", gt); soe ang 5-815 _ end. Be Ssseomiy Knuppour 20340 a2urnb2s pspereq o100r i @uanbes iwduy O :202ea24 yKouenbouy @)Brown BOR 0 So ST o s o s ol zo ° e zo 2 : z & wt ua : & g go ® 0 | —_Sipf Sa ST ASd 9U1S09 pasiei jo uOJeneM UleWIOp oul, 4Sd 0u}s09 pesies yo ujuseidas Ujewop Aouenbay youn Oozt 000008008 ° apnyidwie or a “BuLs91l) poysiew oye jeubys porjooa: musuedy % ¥oy / a3 | Le y Clengtta (qt) + C2 * lengtin(gt) -1) > (a*N* length (gt) = 1); dec-b =Y1>0; ear = sum (207 (b1,dec—b)); 4 dicp (‘Eza0r:*); disp (ex20z) Seat Ba] disp (Input sequence: “+ disp (1) disp (Decoded sequerce atten matched filbermy:’): ap cage) SUbplot C2,2,1) plot (4%, \g’ ‘Line Width” 2); pelatel_(\4tme!, +') i Bea eg label (Amplitude ') title (\ Taansmitted siqra!) sabplot (2,2,2) plot_Cy,‘b", \Lineuidth’, 2); aelabel (time, +’) ylabel C Armpitude’) Be title (Received aigmal_attes matcned filtering’) Subplot_(a,2,3) plot (€-4s:4/4s: £5), (gt), 1m! Lime blidlth Seta) | legend ( alpra_= 0:44); s ido. ba label (tere 2.2) Se yiabel Varplitude, gCt)) = a eae title () Time domain wavelor of 2alsed cosine pulse. ce shaping file Sttboplot C344) —___ “ plot C£- sra:snJ /ioay * $3, abs - (4te shit (ae) 702, Lene bids 2) ‘legend Calfora = 0.4“), SEER REESE os 4azis (C=04 / 33 gzid_on alabel_(‘feequency, t’) glabel (‘amplitude, |aicer|’) title ('Faequency damain aepaesemtahon_ol 2ais. e cosine. pulse shaping filteos’) Result Peatoarned_ pulse shaping amd obtamed matched -filbeo coith Prequenty pe sponse using MATLAB.Bit erro probability curve for BPSK modulation =o Trececal] [Le Simuation | 10 SS g 10? « p 2 09 a 04} 1 2 ) 4 8 0 ENO, cB sigma a siameo 50119 Quadrature In Pave04 / a0a3 Aad, zt ee cba o__perform Binaay phase shift heging a Pats) + Generale a staing of mesage bits. ae + €ncode sly BPSk_twith energy _pea_bit kp and_2epaesent. ie asl Points _fn_a_signal_space : + Simalate _tzansmission_of BPSK madulated signal _via_an AWGN Channel with variance _No/a + Deted using ant decoder and _plot_the_probabi lity of eazor | as function of sNR _per_bit_£b/No. | Progam. cle; 7 clase_all, en clear_alt, a N20; rr b= aand Cl. N)>0.5, S=9*b- eh rs N= 4 / saat (a)* [eand C6). jt atin uke Kb_No_dp = [-3 10); Scatterplot (s);sigmad 25481 sigmad 89125 fe { ! perce seek ee Est sigma. tZ sigmad 30011ag Oy tow_t=4" length (kb —-NO_d&) be a J=S4 Sqrt (10 C- kb_NO_ dBi) /10)). *n Scatteapbt (4) ; eee title CC'sigma’ numastr (sqat (107 (ote no-dBco/0))I)_1 b— hat = zeal(y)>0, et NEr2Ci) = sum Cxor(b, b_bat)); al end 4 4 SimBea = nEaz/N; et theon Ber = 0-5 * eafc (sqat (10.*(kb_No-dB/io); ee S| Figewe 2 semllogy CE b—NO_AB, theoryBer , ‘2o-', “limernidt + 2); | pold_on Ae gy CEb-NO_dB, simBex, ‘b¥ —", “Uimecoiden’, 2), —+ axis((-3 10 %5 0-64) 7 gend (Theoretical, \stmalation), alabel_('&b/No, AB"); pee abel (git E2a0r Rate’); ae title (' BIL_eaa0x pavkability curve for B Psk rostdu lation 3 =e sli 3 meee Obtained the t2onsmission_of the BPSk modulation signal | Vian AklGiN chawel with vanance No/2-Am {fo peaform Qudeature phase shift Keying using Morag + Generate 8 slang of message bits + Encode Using @Psk Lith eneagy pes symbol_ks_and_aepzesent Me using points na signal Space + Srmulate_taansmission 01 the @PSk modulated stgnal via_an AWGN channel with variance No/a in both I and @ channel. * Detect using a ML decoder cad plot the probability of 2707 asa function of SNP pea bit kb/No wheve_Es= 2b Lsogoam. cle; close all; clear all, | N= 106; Si | 1 bd = Coamd (1,N).>0-5)* a ba = (and (LN) > 05); eed bi Saeed Ad by 24 ba=4; | St= ba+4j * bhs aie‘O— BER THEORETICAL F— BER SMULATION SER THEORETICAL —®—SER SIMULATIONla 06/ a3 n= C4 /sqat (ad) * Caondn.cun) +45 * aandn CN J; Eb-No-d@ = [-3:15]; SNR =o.“ (kb_No~ dB/10); Scatteaplot Csi); eae 2 = —__— title (C*sigrm <0 J) for_i=4s length (Eb—NO_dB) - y= S41 + sqat (a* 10% (-Eb_ No_de Ci) /10))- *n; lepee Scattéaplot (y); title (C'sigma’ numasta(sq2t (107 (-Eb-No_de Ci) fio 1) b4 —hat = eal (y)>0; +e aif ba_ hat _= imagly) >0; | end | bmBer_= nkaz/Ca*N); = n£27/CN); er Rtb g func (sqat (SNR); SERth = 2* 4 func (sqrt _CsNR)); | figure semilogy (&b-Nd_dB, 8ERth,.\40-', Slinnaitutel thy”, 7) se hald_on asl Semilogy (&b—NO_ He. Berar. ha? | Miinad ald eee es hord on pa bs Semilogy (Fb-NO_dB, simsez, “m4 -~%, hold on pa we aa Semilagy (ib_No_ae, SERIh, ‘qv=", ‘line. din’ > aes -onis (£8 $5 0-5 0-51) aid _onlegend (BER Theovetteal’, ‘BER simulabon’. ‘SER Theoretical’ , “SER Simulation’ ); alatel (Ee b/No, de’); label (‘Bit _kam7 Rate’); oe Hitle (‘Bit 7907 probability curve for @Psk modulation’); Resuit Pestoamance os @Psk is simulated using MATLAB.ve Ll ale To plot_the eye diagzam witia yanous oll off factoz: — + Glenevate a staing of message bits oo +Use_vaised cosine pulse _p(t)as_the shapmg —pulse, ond _geneaate tha | coonesponding baseband siq.nal_uilth d_fixed bill duzataoo Tp. You may use aoll-of f factor as %=0-4, | + Use vanous20ll_of{ factors m4 _plot_the_eye dlag2am__In_each Case — forthe recelved _signal~ Make a Comparison study —dnmeny ther. deindirak Program a pia cle; —— close_all,, Z Eee clear_all; Loi N= (000; tees om2_A* _[gand (tN) >0.5)- 41> fs = 10; chocNum < sin(pi* (-ts: 1/fs:fs1), smote = (pi# (ats. s [és 1s 1) Sine Den Lew = find_(abs (sincDen) < 10-10); sincOp -sincNum- /sin¢pen;———alpha = 0.5; cosNum = Cos (alpha * pi* (-¢s: 4/5 £512) cosDen.> (1-(0* alpba * (-(s: i/fs.f9J)+ %Q); cos Den 1690 = tind (abs CcosDen)< 0" -10); ¢osOp = cosNum. /cosden; cos Op (cosDenZem) = pt/y, gt 5 = sinc Op ta casOp: alpha = 4; cosNum = cos Calpba4pi * [-fs4/fs: fs); Cosben = Ci-(a*alpha *(-fs :4/rs. fs)2% 3); cosbenXean = find (abs (cosDen) < 10-10); 0s 0p = cosNum - /cosDen; cosOp CcosbenZero)= pi/u,; gid = sinc Op-* cosOp; amlpsampled = [am zeros C4s-4, leng tp lam)) J; am U = amUpSamped-(1)+'5 st alpla 5 = conv (amd,gt 5); st —alpad = conv CamU_,gt1) $.—alphas = st—alpas (C4 :10.0001); gt—alphad = st—alprat (C4: lovooD; SL alpha 5_2e shape_= aeshape (st —alpas,fs*2.N *fsfao)e ">| St__alp1_veshap = aeshape ( st—alphat,fs*2.N* £s/a0). 5 |23 06 /20a3 Piguae Li); plot CLoit/ts: 4.991, Cst-alphaS_aesbape) + title (‘Eye diagram with alpha =-0-5'); aclabe| (‘tine’) ylabel (\armplitude’) axis (£0 a -15 (5)) grid_on figure (a); plot_( (0: 4/45: 4.44], (st_alphad — reshaped: ay title (‘Eye diqgaam with alpha = 4); x label (‘time’) glabel (\amplitude’) axis CLO a -'5 159) gzid.on egedtagzam (i —alphad.45), title (‘Roll -0ff 20.5"); eyediagaam (st —dlphat_, 4s; title C Roll-off » 4.0°)