C¥y C¥y

18 Xm]-\ne (°C) 25 Xm]-\ne (°C)

(2015 Unkw-_¿ 1) (2015 Pq¨ 1)

21 37

26 40

23 36
29 32

32 33

28 33 32 34

32 33

Not to Scale Not to Scale

Nn{Xw 1.1
C¥ybnse Nne {][m\ \K-c-ß-fnse A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb c≠p
`q]-S-߃ I≠nt√ (Nn{Xw 1.1)?
$ Htc Znh-k-w hnhn[ ÿeß-fnse Xm]-\ne Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWm?
$ hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ Hcp {]tZ-iØv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Xm]-\ne Hcp-t]m-se-
bmtWm?
{]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-Øn-s‚bpw hyXym-k-߃°-\p-k-cn®v Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ am‰-
ap≠m-Ip-∂Xv t_m[y-am-b-t√m. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßsf°pdn®pw Cu hyXym-k-߃
aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ hnhn[ A¥-co£{]Xn-`m-k-ßsf°pdn®pw Hc-t\z-j-W-am-bmtem?
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

kqcy-\mWv `qanbpsS Du¿P-t{km-X v F∂v \n߃°-dn-bmw. {lkz-X-

cw-K-ß-fm-bmWv kutcm¿Pw `qanbnte°v FØp-∂-Xv. CXns\ kuc-
hn-In-cWw (Insolation) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ AkvX-abw hsc \ofp∂ Cu Du¿P-{]-hm-l-
ØmemWv kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-am-b `utam-]-cn-Xew NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xv.
XpS¿∂v `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n∂v hnhn[ {]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS A¥-co-
£-Øn-te°p Xm]w hym]n°p-∂p.

A¥-co-£-Xm-]\ {]{In-b-Iƒ
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Xm]-hym-]\ {]{In-b-I-fmWv Nn{X-ßfn¬
(Nn{Xw 1.2) kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. Nn{X-ßfpw ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw \nco-£n®v
Cu {]{In-b-Iƒ a\- n-em-°q.

Xm]-Nm-e\w kwh-l\w A`n-h-l\w `uahnIn-cWw

NqSp-]n-Sn® `utam-]-cn- NqSmb hmbp Im‰n-eqsS Xnc-›o\ Zo¿L-Xc - wKcq]Øn¬
X- e - t ØmSp tN¿∂v hnIkn®v Db-cp∂p. Xe- Ø n¬ Xm]w `utam- ] - c n- X - e - Ø n¬
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ A¥- hym]n-°p-∂p. \n∂p iq\ym- I m- i -
co-£-`m-K-tØ°p tØ°v Xm]w aSßn-
Xm]w ]I-cp∂p. t∏mIp-∂p.

Nn{Xw 1.2

Xm]-Nm-e-\w, kwh-l-\w, A`n-h-l\w F∂o {]{In-b-Iƒ `qan-tbm-S-

SpØ A¥-co-£-`m-K-ß-fn-emWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n∂p Zo¿L-X-cw-K-cq-]-Øn¬ Du¿Pw iq\ym-Im-i-
tØ°v hnIn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂X- ns\ `ua-hn-In- cWw (Terrestrial radiation)
F∂p ]dbp∂p.
Nne- hm-X-I-߃°v `ua-hn-In-c-WsØ BKn-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂p
F∂v \n߃ ap≥¢m-kn¬ a\- n-em-°n-bn´p-≠-t√m.

GsXm-s°-bm-Wv B h
- m-XI
- ß
- ƒ? F¥m-Wn-Xns‚ ^ew?

A¥-co£sØ NqSp-]n-Sn∏n-°p-∂-Xv `ua-hn-In-c-W-am-sW∂v Ct∏mƒ

t_m[y-am-bn-t√?

8 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

$ `ua-hn-In-cWw cm{Xn-Im-eß
- f
- n-emWv IqSp-Xepw kw`-hn-°p-
∂Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ kuchnIn-cW - hpw `ua-hn-In-cW
- hpw Fßs\ hyXym-ks
- ∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p?

Xm]-k-¥p-e\w
hchpsNe-hp-I-fpsS Xpe-\-sØ-bm-Wt√m \Ωƒ _P‰v F∂ ]Zw-
sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse kuc-Xm-]-\hpw `ua-hn-In-c-
Whpw XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-e\sØ lo‰v_-P‰v F∂mWp hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.
Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q. (Nn-{Xw 1.3)

Nn{Xw 1.3
`uam-¥-co-£-Øn-te°p {]th-in-°p∂ kutcm¿P-Øns‚ Af-hns\
100 bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°nbm¬ GI-tZiw 35 bqWn‰v Du¿Pw A¥-
co£hkvXp-°-fn¬ X´n {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \jvS-am-Ip-∂p. _m°n
65 bqWn‰v Du¿Pw Fßs\ hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Nph-sS
tN¿-Øn-´p≈ ]´nI t\m°n a\- n-em-°q.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 9
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

A¥- c o- £- Ø nepw `utam- 35 bqWn‰v `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p 17 bqWn‰v

]-cn-X-e-Ønepw X´n {]Xn-^- t\cn-´p≈ `ua-hn-In-cWw
en-®p-t]m-Ip∂ Du¿P-Øns‚
Afhv
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ FØn- 51 bqWn‰v A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂p≈ 48 bqWn‰v
t®-cp-∂Xv hnIn-cWw
A¥- c o- £ - Ø n¬ Xßn 14 bqWn‰v
\n¬°p-∂Xv
`utam-]c - n-Xe
- Ø - n\pw A¥- 65 bqWn‰v `utam- c n- X - e hpw A¥- c o- 65 bqWn‰v
co- £ - Ø n- \ p- a mbn BsI £hpw ]pd-¥-≈p∂ BsI
e`n-°p∂ Du¿Pw Du¿Pw

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-te-s°-Øp∂ apgp-h≥ Du¿Phpw hnhn[ am¿K-ß-fn-

eqsS iq\ym-Im-i-tØ°p aS-ßn-t∏mIp∂p F∂p t_m[y-am-bt√m. lo‰v
_P‰v F∂ Cu ssZ\w-Zn\ Xm]-k-¥p-e\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS `utam-]-cn-
XeXm]w k¥p-en-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Xm]-k¥
- p-e\{]{Inb C√m-bn-cp-s∂¶n-tem?

Xm]-\ne
kuc-Xm-]\
- Ø
- n-eqsSbmWv `utam-]c
- n-Xe
- hpw `utam-]c
- n-Xe
- t- Øm-SS- pØ
A¥-co-£`mKhpw NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xv F∂p \n߃°p t_m[y-amb-t√m.
A¥-co-£-Ønse Xm]-Øns‚ Xo{h-X-bpsS Af-hmWv Xm]-\n-e. Imem-
hÿm\nco-£-I¿ Hcp Znh-ksØ G‰hpw IqSnb Xm]-\ne IW-°m-
°p-∂Xv D®bv°v 2 aWn-°p≈ A¥-co-£-ÿn-Xn-bn¬\n∂m-Wv. F∂m¬
Ipd™ Xm]-\n-e-bm-Is´, kqtcym-Z-b-Øn\v sXm´p-ap-ºpw.
IqSnb Xm]-\n-ebpw Ipd™ Xm]-\n-ebpw bYm-{Iaw D®bv°v 2
aWn°pw kqtcym-Z-b-Øn\v sXm´p-ap-ºp-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-sX-¥n-\v?
¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq.

Xm]-\ne Af-°p∂ D]-Ic

- Ww GXmWv?

\n›nX ka-bsØ A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne F√m Znh-khpw Af∂v

kvIqƒ t\m´okvt_m¿Un¬ / ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.
Nn{Xw 1.4 ¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ Zn\m-¥-co-£-ÿnXnhnh-c-߃ {i≤n-°q.
hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fneqsS \n߃°v Gsd ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]Z-ß-fm-Wt√m
IqSnb Xm]-\n-e-bpw Ipd-™-Xm-]-\n-e-bpw.

10 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

Hcp Znh-ksØ IqSnb Xm]-\n-ebpw Ipd-™-Xm-

]-\n-ebpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-ksØ ssZ\n-I-Xm-
]m¥cw (Diurnal range of temperature) F∂p hnfn-
°p-∂p.
ssZ\n-I-Xm-]m-¥cw = sIm®n
IqSn-b- Xm-]-\ne ˛ Ipd-™ -Xm-]-\ne IqSnb Xm]-\ne : 32°C
Ipd™ Xm]-\ne:26°C
Hcp Znh-ksØ icm-icn Xm]-\n-esb ssZ\n-I-
i-cm-icn Xm]\ne (Daily mean temperature) F∂p
]dbp∂p. CXv Fßs\ IW-°m°mw F∂p
t\m°q.
ssZ\nI-i-cm-icn Xm]-\ne =
IqSnb Xm]\ne + Ipd-™ -Xm-]-\ne
2

Nn{X-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 1.4) \¬In--bn-´p≈ Zn\m-

¥-co-£-ÿnXn hnh-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hmtcm
Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- pcw
{]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw ssZ\nIXm]m-¥-c-hpw IqSnb Xm]-\ne : 33°C
ssZ\nIicm-icn Xm]-\n-ebpw IW-°m-°q. Ipd™ Xm]-\ne:28°C

Nn{Xw 1.4

amIvknaw ˛ an\naw sX¿tam-ao-‰¿

Hcp Znh-ksØ IqSnb Xm]-\n-ebpw
Ipd™ Xm]-\n-ebpw Af-°p∂ D]-
I-cW- a - m-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ c≠v sX¿tam-
ao-‰d- p-Iƒ 'U' BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ •mkv
Syq_n- \ m¬ _‘n- ∏ n- ® n- c n- ° p∂p.
amIvknaw sX¿tam-ao-‰-dn-\p-≈nse
ckw Xm]- t a‰p hnIkn- ° p- I bpw
AXv teml-\n¿an-Xa - mb kqNn-Isb
X≈n Db¿Øp- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p.
At∂ Znh-ksØ G‰hpw Db¿∂
Xm]-\n-ebv°v t\sc CXv \n¬°p-∂p.
kqNn-I-bpsS ÿm\w t\m°n Znh-
k-Ønse G‰hpw IqSnb Xm]-\ne
GXv ka-bØpw hmbn-s®-Sp°mw.
an\naw sX¿tam- a o- ‰ - d n- \ p- ≈ n¬
apIƒ`m-KØv Bƒ°-tlmƒ \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xm]-\ne Ipd-bp-tºmƒ Bƒ°-
tlmƒ kt¶m-Nn-°p∂-Xn-\m¬ kqNn-Isb apI-fn-te°v hen°p∂p. kqNn-Ib - psS ÿm\-
Øn¬\n∂p Ipd™ Xm]-\ne hmbn-s®-Sp-°mw.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 11
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xm]-\n-

esb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Xm]-hn-X-cW`q]Sw
Xbm-dm-°m\mIpw.
Nn{Xw 1.5 t\m°q. Htc Xm]-\n-e-bp≈ {]tZ-
i-ßsf tbmPn-∏n®psIm≠v Hgp-°≥ hc-Iƒ
hc-®n-´p-≈Xp I≠n-t√? `q]-S-ß-fn¬ Xm]-hn-
X-cWw ImWn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bm-
Wn-Xv. Htc A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\n-e-bp≈ {]tZ-i-
ßsf tbmPn- ∏ n- ® p- s Im≠v hc- b v°p∂
km¶¬∏n- I - t c- J - I sf ka- X m- ] - t c- J - I ƒ
(Isotherms) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw Xm]-hn-
Not to scale
Nn{Xw 1.5
X-cWw Hcp-t]m-se-b√ F∂p \n߃°-dn-bm-
at√m. F¥m-Wn-Xn\v Imc-W-sa-∂-dn-bt≠?
Xm]-hn-X-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂
Xm]ob a[y-tcJ LS-I-߃
`qan-bn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e- A£mw-iÿ
- m\w
bp≈ {]tZ-iß - sf tbmPn-∏n®v ka- kutcm¿Pw G‰hpw Xo£v-W-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv
Xm-]-tcJ hc-®m¬ AXv `qa-[y-tc-
DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-emsW∂v \n߃°-dn-bmw. DjvW-
Jbv°v kao-]Ø - p-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ipw.
Cu km¶¬∏nI tcJsb Xm]o-ba - - ta-J-e-bn¬ kqcycivan-Iƒ Gd-°ptd ew_-ambn
[y-tcJ (Thermal equator) F∂mWv ]Xn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS IqSp-X¬ Du¿Pw e`n-
hnfn-°p-∂X
- v. °p-∂p.

antXmjvW ˛ ssiXy-ta-Je
- I
- fn¬ F{]-Im-ca- mWv kqcy-{]-Imi-
e-`yX?

DØc{[phw (90ON)
B¿´nIv hrØw (66½ON)
{[ph-ß-tfm-S-Sp-°p-t¥mdpw
DØ-cm-b\tcJ (23½ON)
kqcy-c-ivan-IfpsS ]X-\-tIm-
`qa-[y-tcJ (0O) Wn¬ Ncnhp≠m-Ip-∂p. IqSp-
- van-Iƒ

X¬ Ncn-bp-t¥mdpw kqcy-c-
kqcy-ci

Z£nWmb\tcJ (23½OS)
ivan-Iƒ A¥-co-£-ØneqsS
IqSp-X¬ Zqcw k©-cn-°p-∂-
A‚m¿´nIv hrØw (66½OS) Xn-\m¬ Du¿P-\jvSw kw`-
hn-°p-∂p.
Z£n-W-{[phw (90OS)
Nn{Xw 1.6

12 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

Dbcw
t{Smt∏m-kv^n-b-dnse Xm]-\ne Db-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm 165 ao‰dn\pw
1° sk¬jykv F∂ -tXm-Xn¬ Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-
≠t√m.

Cu {]{Inb F¥p t- ]-cn-emWv Adn-bs

- ∏-Sp-∂Xv?
kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v hfsc Db¿∂v ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xm]-
\ne Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. -1650 A
-1500
kap-{Z-\n-c-∏nse Xm]-\ne 30°C Bbn-

Dbcw (ao‰-dn¬)
cns° Nn{X-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 1.7) A F∂v
tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø nb ÿesØ Xm]- \ ne -1000
F{X-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂p IW-°m-°q.
-500
CSp-°n, hb-\mSv XpS-ßnb {]tZ-iß- f- n¬
kao] Pn√-If- mb bYm-{Iaw Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,
tImgn-t°mSv F∂n-hn-Sß- f- nse Xm]-\n-e- Nn{Xw 1.7
tb-°mƒ Ipd™ Xm]-\n-eb - mWv A\p-`-
h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F¥psIm≠v?

kap-{Z-km-ao]yw
NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°q. C¥y-bnse Nne \K-c-ß-
fnse Xm]-\ne kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ß-fm-WXn¬.
\Kcw IqSn-b- Xm-]-\ne Ipd-™ -Xm-]-\ne Xm]m-¥cw
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 33 0 C 28 0 C 5 0C
_wKfqcp 35 0 C 23 0 C 12 0 C
U¬ln 38 0 C 21 0 C 17 0 C
tKmh 33 0 C 27 0 C 6 0C
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® \K-c-ß-fpsS ÿm\w A‰vekv \nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°q.
Xncph-\-¥-]p-cw, tKmh F∂o \K-c-ß-fnse Xm]m-¥cw hfsc Ipdhpw
U¬ln, _wKfqcp XpS-ßnb CS-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-ep-am-W-t√m. kap-{Z-km-
ao-]y-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xm]m-¥cw Ipdhpw Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-ep-
am-sW∂v t_m[y-am-bn-t√. Ic- Nq-Sm-Ip-tºmƒ IS-en¬\n∂p Ic-bn-te°pw
Ic XWp-°p-tºmƒ Xncn®pw hmbp-hns‚ \o°-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv
kap-{Z-km-ao-]y-ap≈ ÿeß-fn¬ kZm anX-amb Xm]w \ne-\n¬°p-
∂Xv.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 13
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

tIc-fØ
- n¬ s]mXpsh anX-amb Xm]-\n-eb
- mWv A\p-`h
- s
- ∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. CsX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv?

Im‰p-Iƒ
U¬ln-bn¬ DjvW-°m‰v;
]cs° kqcym-LmXw
Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂v
DjvW-°m‰v; ]me-°mSv s]m≈p∂p ioX-°m‰v : Xmgvhc-bn¬
a™phogvN

hm¿ØmXes-°-´pI-ƒ {i≤n-®ph-t√m. DjvW-°m-‰p-Ifpw ioX-°m-‰p-Ifpw

Ah IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne bYm-{Iaw
Db¿ØpIbpw XmgvØpIbpw sNøp-∂p.
Im‰p-Iƒ°v Hcp {]tZ-isØ Xm]-\n-esb Fß-s\-bmWv kzm[o-\n-
°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv F∂p ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°q.

A£mw-i-ÿm-\w, Dbcw, kap{Zkmao]yw, Im‰p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb LS-I-

ßfpsS kzm[o-\-Øm¬ `qan-bn¬ Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ {]I-
S-amb A¥-cw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p.
BtKm-f-Xm-]-hn-X-cWw

Nn{Xw 1.8
-Nn{Xw 1.8 t\m°q `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-S-\ofw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xm]-
\n-e-bmWv CXn¬ Hgp-°≥ tcJ-IƒsIm≠v Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
Cu tcJ-If
- psS t]cv ]dbq?

14 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

DØ-cm¿[-tKm-fs - Ø At]-£n®v Z£n-Wm¿[-tKm-fØ - n¬ ka-

Xm-]t- c-JI
- ƒ a[y-tc-Jbv°v Gd-°ptd kam-¥c
- ß
- fm-Wv. Imc-
W-sa¥mbn-cn°pw?
DjvW-Im-eØv IS-ens\ At]-£n®v Ic-bn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-ebpw
ssiXy-Im-eØv Ipd™ Xm]-\n-ebpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-p. Icbpw ISepw
hyXy-kvX-ambn NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv sIm≠mWv ka-Xm-]-tc-JI-ƒ s]mXpsh
hf™v ImWs-∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

DjvW-Im-e-sØbpw ssiXy-Im-e-sØbpw Imem-h-ÿm-`q--]-S-ß-

fnse ka-Xm-]t- cJIƒ hyXy-kvX- kz`mhw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. F¥p-
sIm≠v?
A¥-co-£X- m-]\
- n-eb
- nse G‰-°p-d®
- n-ep-If
- mWv a¿±-hy-Xn-bm\w, Im‰p-Iƒ,
taLw, h¿jWw XpS-ßnb hnhn-[-Xcw A¥-co£{]Xn-`m-k-ß-fn-te°p
\bn-°p-∂Xv F∂p \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t√m.
A¥-co-£{]Xn-`m-k-ßsf apJy-ambpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ H∂mWv A¥-co-
£Ønse -P-emw-iw.

Pemwiw A¥-co-£Ø
- nseØp∂-Xn-¬ Xm]-Øns‚ ]s¶¥v?

A¥-co-£-Ønse Pew
A¥-co-£-Øn-se Pemw-i-sØ B¿{ZX (Humidity) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p.

A¥-co£Pemwiw F√m {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Htc Af-hn-em-bn-cn-

°ptam?
A¥-co£Pe-Øns‚ Af-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-
am-sW∂v Fgp-Xn-t\m-°q.
$ Xm]-\ne
$
hyXykvX {]tZ-iß - f
- n-se-∂t- ]mse hnhn[ ka-bß
- f
- nepw B¿{ZX hyXy-
kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
hmbphn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ \ocm-hn-bpsS bYm¿Y Af-hns\ tIhe B¿{ZX
(Absolute humidity) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Hcp Iyq_nIv ao‰¿ hmbp-
hn¬ F{X {Kmw Pe-_mjv]w (g/m3) F∂ GI-I-Øn-emWv IW-°m-
°p∂Xv.
\n›nX Dujvam-hn¬ A¥-co-£-Øn\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ \ocm-hn-
bpsS Af-hn\v ]cn-[n-bp-≠v. A¥-co£w \ocm-hn-]q-cn-X-am-Ip∂ Ah-
ÿsb ]qcn-Xm-hÿ (Saturation level) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°mw.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 15
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

sh‰v B‚ v ss{U_ƒ_v A¥-co-£w \ocmhn-]q-cn-X-am-bn-°-gn-™m¬ L\o-

sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ I- c Ww Bcw- ` n- ° pw. L\o- I - c - W - s Ø- ° p- d n®v
\n߃ ap≥ ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿°p-∂p≠m-hpw.
CXn¬ c≠v sX¿tamao‰-dp-
Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. H∂v km[m- L\o-Ic - W
- {- ]-{Inb t_m[y-am-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-
cW A¥- c o- £ - X m- ] - \ ne amb Hcp eLp-]-co-£Ww \n¿tZ-in-°mtam?
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. as‰mcp L\o-I-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂ \n¿Wm-bI Dujvam-hn-
sX¿tam-ao-‰-dns‚ _ƒ_v
s\ Xpjm-cm¶w (Dew point) F∂p ]dbp∂p.
Hcp akven≥ XpWn-sIm≠v
s]mXn™v kZm \\®p \n›nX Dujvam-hn¬ A¥-co-£-Øn\v Dƒs°m-
hbv ° p- ∂ p. CXv sh‰v ≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ BsI \ocmhn-bpsS F{X- `m-K-
_ƒ_v sX¿tam- a o- ‰ ¿ amWv A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈Xv F∂Xv iX-
F∂mWv Adn-bs-∏S- p-∂X - v. _ƒ_v \\- am-\Øn¬ IW-°m-°p-∂p. Cu B\p-]m-XnI Af-
™n-cn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ Cu sX¿tamao‰¿ hns\ Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX (Relative humidity) F∂p
km[m-cW Xm]-\n-et- b-°mƒ Ipd™ hnfn-°p-∂p.
Xm]-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Cu c≠v sX¿tam-ao-‰-dpIfnsebpw DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, \n›nX Dujvam-hn¬ A¥-co-£-
Xm]-\n-e-bnse hyXym-ksØ ASn- Øn\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ \ocm-hn-bpsS ]Ip-
ÿm- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b mWv Bt]- £ nI Xn- b mWv tIhe B¿{Z- X - s b- ¶ n¬ Bt]- £ nI
B¿{Z-X- I-W° - m-°p-∂X- v. Hcp \n›nX B¿{ZX 50% Bbn-cn-°pw. CXv IW-°m-°p-∂-sX-
Xm]-\n-ebn¬ ta¬∏-d™ hyXymkw ß-s\-sb∂v t\m°q.
F{X- s b- ∂ - X ns\ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m°n Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX =
CtXm- s Sm∏w \¬Ip∂ ]´n- I - b n¬
tIhe B¿{ZX
\n∂v Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX IW-°m- × 100
A¥-co-£-Øn\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp∂
°mw. s]mXp- h n¬ Xm]- h y- X ymkw BsI \ocm-hn-bp-sS Afhv
IqSp- X - e m- I p- t ºmƒ Bt]- £ nI
B¿{ZX Ipdhpw Xm]-hy-Xymkw Ipd- ]qcn- X m- h - ÿ - b n¬ Bt]- £ nI B¿{ZX
bp-tºmƒ Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX IqSp- F{X iX-am-\a- m-bn-cn°pw?
X-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw.
sh‰v B‚ v ss{U _ƒ_v sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ D]-tbm-
Kn®mWv Imem- h ÿm\nco- £ - I ¿ Bt]- £ nI
B¿{ZX IW-°m°p-∂-Xv.

L\o-I-cWcq]-߃
(Forms of Condensation)
L\o-I-cW{]{Inb Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xn\v A¥-co£w
k_vfn-ta-j≥ ]qcn-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FtØ-≠-Xp-≠v. A¥-co£w
Nne Ah-kc- ß
- f- n¬ A¥-co-£Xm]- ]qcn-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-b-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw \ocmhn
\ne KWy- a mbn Ipd- b p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ A¥-co-£-Øn-se-Øp-Itbm Xm]-\ne KWy-ambn
\ocmhn t\cn´v Jcm-hÿ (lna-IW - - Ipd-bp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ \ocmhn°v L\o-I-cWw
߃) bnse-Øp-∂p. CXmWv k_vfn- kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
ta-j≥.

16 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

L\o-I-cWØns‚ hnhn[ cq]-߃ GsXm-s°-sb∂v t\m°q.

lnaw

taL-߃ aqS¬a™v

L\o-I-cW
cq]-߃

Xpjmcw
Nn{Xw 1.9

Xpjmcw (Dew)
{]`m-X-ß-fn¬ ]p¬s°m-Sn-I-fnepw Ce-I-fnepw a‰p
XWpØ {]X-e-ß-fnepw Pe-Øp≈n-Iƒ ]‰n-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n-®n-´nt√. CXmWv Xpjmcw.
cm{Xn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ `utam-]-cn-Xew XWp-°p-∂Xns\
XpS¿∂v D]-cn-X-e-tØmSp tN¿∂p ÿnXn-sN-øp∂
A¥-co-£-`m-Khpw XWp-°p--∂p. CXv aqew \ocmhn
L\o-`-hn®v sh≈-Øp-≈n-I-fmbn `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-
Xpjmcw
Ønse XWpØ {]X-e-ß-fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p. Nn{Xw 1.10
kqtcym-ZbtØmsS Xpjmcw A{]-Xy-£a- m-Ip∂p.
CsX-¥p-sIm≠v?

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 17
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

lnaw (Frost)
cm{XnImeß-fn¬ D]-cn-X-e-Xm]w 0° sk¬jy-kn\pw
Xmsg-bmbn Ipd-bp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ `qan-bn-ep-≠-t√m.
CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xpjmcw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\p
]Icw t\¿Ø lna-I-W-ß-fmIpw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.
L\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Cu cq]sØ lnaw (Frost) F∂p
]dbp-∂p.
lnaw
Nn{Xw 1.11 aqS¬a™v (Fog and Mist)
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 1.12) {i≤n-®t√m. CXn\v kam-\-amb A¥-
co-£ÿ - nXn ssiXyIm-eß - f
- n-se-¶nepw \n߃°v A\p-
`-h-s∏-´n-´nt√. CXmWv aqS¬a™v. A¥co-£w XWp-
°p-∂-Xn-eqsS L\o-`-hn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ t\¿Ø Pe-I-Wn-
I-Iƒ A¥-co-£-Øn¬Øs∂ Xßn\n¬°p∂p. `qan-
tbmS-SpØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ taL-߃ F∂pXs∂ Cu
Ah-ÿsb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. A¥-co-£-Øns‚ Xmgv∂
hnXm-\-ß-fn-ep≈ s]mSn]S-e-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn®v L\o-
aqS¬a™v I-cWw \S-°p-tºmgmWv aqS¬a™v cq]wsIm≈p-∂-Xv.
Nn{Xw 1.12 CXv Zqc-°mgvNsb XS- -s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. aqS¬a™n-eq-
sS-bp≈ Zqc-°mgvN Xosc Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬, AXm-bXv
Hcp Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Ønepw Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\
kvtamKv (Smog)
I\-Ø-aq-S¬a™v (Fog) F∂pw Zqc-°m-gvN Hcp Intem-
hymh-km-bnItaJeIfn¬ ao-‰d
- n-ep-a[
- n-Ia
- m-sW-¶n¬ t\¿Ø-aq-S¬a-™v (Mist) F∂pw
]pIbpw aqS¬a™pw IqSn-°- hnfn- ° p- ∂ p. ssiXy- I m- e Øv aqS¬a™v ImcWw
e¿∂v kvtamKv F∂ A¥-co£
hS-t° C¥y-bn¬ hnam-\Ø - m-hf - ß
- ƒ Xm¬°m-en-Ia
- mbn
Ahÿ cq]wsIm≈p-∂p. CXv
AS-®n-Sm-dp≠v.
KXm-K-X-Øn\p XS w krjvSn-
°m-dp≠v.

taL-߃ (Clouds)
A¥-co-£-Ønse t\¿Ø -s]m-Sn-]-S-e-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn®v \ocmhn L\o-
`-hn-®mWv taL-߃ cq]wsIm≈p-∂Xv F∂p \n߃°dn-bma-t√m.
CØ-c-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Pe-I-Wn-I-I-fpsS hen∏w GI-tZiw 0.001
sk. ao‰dn¬ XmsgbmWv. AXn-\m-emWv Ah Xmtg°v ]Xn-°msX
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xßn-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. BIm-i-Øn¬ hnhn[ Xcw taL-
߃ \n߃ I≠n-´n-t√. cq]-Øn-s‚bpw Db-c-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ taL-ßsf h¿Ko-Icn°mw.

18 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

cq]- Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ taL- ß sf s]mXpsh

\membn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
kndkv taL-߃: sXfn™ Zn\m-¥-co-£-ÿnXn-bn¬
hfsc Db- c - ß - f n¬ t\¿Ø Xqh¬s°´p- I ƒ t]mse
ImWp∂p.
kv{Sm‰kv taL-߃: Xmgv∂ hnXm-\-ß-fn¬ I\-Ø-]m-fn-
I-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.
Ip-ap-ekv taL-߃: Db¿∂ kwh-l-\-{]hml^e-ambn
cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ Xqh¬s°´p-Iƒt]m-ep≈ Cu taL-߃
ew_Zni-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
\nw_kv taL-߃: Xmgv∂ hnXm-\Ø - n¬ ImWp∂ Ccp≠
ag-ta-L-ß-fm-Wn-h. Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ km{μ-am-b-Xn-\m¬ CXv
kqcy- { ]- I m- i sØ ISØnhnSmsX Ccp≠ \nd- Ø n¬
Nn{Xw 1.13 kndkv taL-߃
ImWs∏Sp-∂p.
apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® taL-߃ kzX-{¥-am-bn-´√ s]mXpsh
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnhn-[-Xcw taL-߃ IqSn-t®¿∂mWv ]e-
t∏mgpw \ap°v Zriy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ipap-e-kv,
\nw_kv F∂o taL-߃ IqSn-°-e¿∂v ImWp-tºmƒ
AXns\ Ipatem\nw_kv taL-߃ F∂mWv hnf-n° - p-∂Xv. Nn{Xw 1.14 kv{Sm‰kv taL-߃

BImiw \nco-£n®v hnhn[ taL-ßsf

Xcw-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ {ian-°q.

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® taL-߃ hnhn[ Db-c-ß-fn-em-bmWv

cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Db-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ taL-ßsf
\membn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.
Nn{Xw 1.15 Ip-ap-ekv taL-߃
$ hfsc Db-c-Øn¬ ImWp∂ taL-߃ (High Clouds
- 20000 apX¬ 40000 ft)
$ a[y- t a- L - ß ƒ (Medium Clouds - 7000 apX¬
20000 ft)
$ Xmgv∂ taL-߃ (Low Clouds - <7000ft)
$ IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®n-´p≈ taL-߃ Nn{Xw 1.16 \nw_kv taL-߃
(Clouds with great vertical extent - 2000 apX¬
30000 ft)
\ocmhn L\o-`-hn-®mWv taL-߃ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv F∂p ]Tn-®-t√m. Cu
Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ°v XpS¿∂v F¥mWp kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv F∂p t\m°mw.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 19
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

h¿jWw (Precipitation)
XpS¿®-bmbn \S-°p∂ L\o-I-cWw taL-ß-fnse Pe-I-Wn-I-I-fp-sS
hep∏w Iq´p-∂p. `qKp-cp-XzsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-ImsX hcp-tºmƒ taL-
ß-fn¬\n∂p Pe-Øp-≈n-Iƒ tamNn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXv hnhn[ cq]-ß-
fn¬ `qan-bn-te°p ]Xn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]{Inbsb h¿jWw
F∂p hnfn-°mw.
Nn{X-߃ {i≤n-°q.

ag

a™p-hogvN Ben-∏-g-hogvN
h¿j-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fm-Wnh.
km[m-c-W-bmbn h¿jWw kw`hn-°p-∂Xv Pe-Øp-≈n-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-
emWv. CXmWv ag (Rainfall). A¥co£Xm-]-\ne ]qPyw Un{Kn sk¬-
jy-kn\v Xmsgbmbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ h¿jWw t\¿Ø lna-I-W-ß-fm-bmWv
`qan-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. CXmWv a™phogvN (Snowfall).
Nne-t∏mƒ taL-ß-fn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´ Pe-Øp-≈n-Iƒ A¥-co-
£-Øns‚ XWp-Ø-]m-fn-I-fneqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im\nS-bm-bm¬ Ah XWp-
Øp-d™v a™pI´-I-fmbn `qan-bn¬ ]Xn-°m-dp≠v. Cu h¿j-W-cq-]-amWv
Ben-∏gw (Hail stones).

\n߃°v G‰hpw ]cn-Nn-Xa- mb h¿j-Wc

- q]w GXmWv?

20 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

ag- ]ehn[w
ag Fß-s\-sb√m-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p t\m°q.
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 1.20) {i≤n-®-t√m. IS-en¬\n∂p
\ocmhn \nd™ Im‰v Ic-bn-te°p \oßp- B¿{Z-amb
hmbp
Ibpw ]¿hX®cn- h p- I - f neqsS Db¿∂v
XWpØv L\o-`-hn®v taL-cq]w {]m]n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp- ∂ p. Im‰n\v A`n- a pJamb
]¿hXß-fpsS hi-ß-fn¬ IqS-pX¬ ag e`n-
°p-tºmƒ adp-h-i-ß-fn¬ Xmgv∂n-d-ßp-∂Xv
hc≠ Im‰m-b-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS -ag e`n-°p- Nn{Xw 1.20 ssie-hrjvSn
∂n-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ agsb ]¿hX-
hrjv S n AYhm ssie- h rjv S n (Orgraphic
rainfall) F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]¿h-X-ß-fpsS
Im‰n\v {]Xn-apJamb hi-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-
øp∂Xpw ag e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb {]tZ-i-ßsf
ag\ng¬ {]tZi߃ (Rain shadow regions) DjvW
hmbp
F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tIc-fØ
- n¬ sX°p]Sn-™m-d≥
a¨kq¨ ag e`n-°p-tºmƒ Xan-
Nn{Xw 1.21 kwh-l-\-hrjvSn
gv\m-Sns‚ ]Sn-™mdp `mK-ßf
- n¬ CXp
e`n-°m-dn√. F¥p-sIm≠v?
DjvW
a[ytcJmImem-hÿmtaJ-eb - psS khn-ti-j- hmbp
X-Iƒ \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wt√m. Db¿∂
Xm]-\n-ebpw F√m Znh-khpw D®Xncn-™p- ioXhmbp
≠m- I p∂ agbpw Ahn- S sØ {]tXy- I - X -
IfmWv.
Db¿∂ -Xm-]-ta‰v hmbp- Nq-Smbn hnI-kn®v
apI-fn-te-°p-b-cp∂p.
Nn{Xw 1.22 Xoc-tZ-i-hrjvSn
Cu Xm]- h ym- ] \ {]{In- b - b psS
t]sc¥v?
A¥-co-£-Xm-]-Øm¬ hnI-kn®v apI-fn-te-°p-b-cp∂ hmbp XWpØv
L\o-`h- n®v Ipap-ekv taL-߃ cq]-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v CSn-an-∂temSp-
IqSn ag-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn D®-I-gn-™p-≠m-Ip∂ Cu ag

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 21
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II

A[n-I-t\cw \o≠p\n¬°m-dn-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ agsb kwh-

l\ag (Convectional rain) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. kwh-l\ag DjvW-ta-J-e-
bn-se Hcp km[m-cW DjvW-Ime{]Xn-`m-k-amWv.

Icbv°pw IS-en\pw apI-fn-ep≈ A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne hyXy-kvX-am-bn-

cn°pw. IS-en¬\n∂p≈ hmbp Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h®v Ic-bnse hmbp-hp-
ambn Iq´n-ap-´m-\n-S-bm-bm¬ DjvW-hm-bp- apI-fn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
XpS¿∂v taL-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw agbv°pw Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Cu agsb Xoc-tZ-i-ag (Border rain) F∂v hnfn°p∂p.

`qan-sb∂ \ΩpsS Poh-{K-l-Ønse kIe kv]μ-\hpw \nb-{¥n-°p-

∂Xv kqcy-\mWv. kutcm¿-PsØ {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Poh-tem-I-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v. `qan-bn¬ kky-
P-¥p-Pm-e-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw Xs∂ kutcm¿Pe`y-X-bv°-\p-kcn®m-Wv.
a\p-jys‚ Imcy-Ønepw ÿnXn adn-®-√. Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Hgn-®p-
Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ F√m A¥-co£{]Xn-`m-k-ßsfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv
kutcm¿P-am-Wv. kqcy-\n¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ Du¿PsØ Bh-iy-amb
Af-hn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw A[n-I-am-bXv Xncn-®-b-bv°m\pw {]Ir-Xn-
bn¬Øs∂ Hcp kzm`m-hnI kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠v.

kuc-Xm-]\w, `ua-hn-In-cWw F∂o Du¿P-[m-c-I-fn¬ t\cnb G‰-°p-d-

®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bm¬ t]mepw AXv `utam-]-cn-Xe icm-icn Xm]-\n-e-
bn¬ hyXn-bm-\-ap-≠m°pw. CXm-Is´, Pohs‚ \ne-\n-¬∏n\v `oj-Wn-
bp-b¿Øpw. A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ am‰ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ a\p-
jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n߃ a\- n-em-°nb-n-´p≠t√m. Aimkv-{Xo-b-amb
AØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \ap°v \nb-{¥n-°mw. hcpw Xe-ap-dIƒ°mbn
\ΩpsS `qansb ImØp-h-bv°mw.

hne-bn-cp-Ømw
$ "`utam-]-cn-Xe Xm]-hn-X-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ {][m\ LS-
I-amWv A£mw-i-ÿm\w'. hni-Z-am-°p-I.
$ DØ-cm¿[tKm-f-Øn¬ ka-Xm-]-tc-J-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ hf™p
ImWp∂p F∂m¬ Z£n-Wm¿[tKmf-Øn¬ Ah Gd°ptd
a[y-tc-Jbv°v kam-¥-c-am-Wv. Imc-W-sa¥v?
$ Bt]-£nIB¿{ZX 100% Bbmep≠mI∂ A¥-co£ Ahÿ
kw_-‘n®v \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.

22 Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
 k¿hhpw kqcy- \ m¬

$ hyXym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I.
a. Xpjm-c-hpw lnahpw

b. t\¿Ø -aq-S¬a-™pw I\-Ø- aq-S¬a™pw

$ ssie-hrjvSn F∂ Bibw Hcp Nn{X-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°pI.

XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-߃
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tNmZy-߃ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ {]ivt\m-Øcn kwL-Sn-∏n-°q.

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX 23