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Questions in Physics

The document contains solutions to several numerical problems involving Zener diodes and BJT transistor circuits. It calculates maximum and minimum Zener diode currents given input voltages. It also designs a voltage regulator to maintain 12V across a load and finds the maximum power rating of the Zener diode. Several other problems calculate operating points, currents, and voltages in various BJT transistor circuits using concepts like load lines, biasing methods, and transistor parameters.

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Nehguch Kapoor
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27 views

Questions in Physics

The document contains solutions to several numerical problems involving Zener diodes and BJT transistor circuits. It calculates maximum and minimum Zener diode currents given input voltages. It also designs a voltage regulator to maintain 12V across a load and finds the maximum power rating of the Zener diode. Several other problems calculate operating points, currents, and voltages in various BJT transistor circuits using concepts like load lines, biasing methods, and transistor parameters.

Uploaded by

Nehguch Kapoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical Problems

Zener and BJT


Q. For the circuit shown in Fig.,find the maximum and minimum values of zener
diode current.
Solution- The first step is to determine the state of the zener diode. It is easy to see that for the given
range of voltages (80 − 120 V), the voltage across the zener is greater than VZ (= 50 V). Hence the zener diode
will be in the “on” state for this range of applied voltages. Consequently, it can be replaced by a battery of 50 V
Maximum zener current: The zener will conduct maximum current when the input voltage is maximum i.e.
120 V. Under such conditions :

• Minimum Zener current: The zener will conduct minimum current when the input voltage is minimum i.e. 80
V. Under such conditions, we have,
•
Q. In the circuit shown in Fig.,the voltage across the load is to be maintained at
12 V as load current varies from 0 to 200 mA. Design the regulator. Also find
the maximum wattage rating of zener diode.
• By designing the regulator here means to find the values of VZ and R. Since
the load voltage is to be maintained at 12 V, we will use a zener diode of
zener voltage 12 V i.e.,

• The voltage across R is to remain constant at 16 − 12 = 4 V as the load


current changes from 0 to 200 mA. The minimum zener current will occur
when the load current is maximum.

• Maximum power rating of zener is


Q: In a common base connection, current amplification factor is 0.9. If the emitter current is 1mA,
determine the value of base current.
Sol:

Q: In a common base connection, the emitter current is 1mA. If the emitter circuit is open, the collector
current is 50 μA. Find the total collector current. Given that α = 0.92.
Sol:
Q- Fig. below shows that a silicon transistor with β = 100 is biased by base resistor method. Draw
the d.c. load line and determine the operating point.

Solution : Applying Kirchhoff ‘s voltage law to the base side and taking resistances in kΩ
and currents in mA, we have,
Qu.- Calculate the values of three currents in the circuit shown in Fig

Solution : D.C. load line


Referring to Fig. (i), VCE = VCC − ICRC
When IC = 0, VCE = VCC = 6 V. This locates the first point B (OB = 6V) of the load line on
collector-emitter voltage axis as shown in Fig. 3 (ii).
When VCE = 0, IC = VCC/RC = 6V/2 kΩ = 3 mA.
This locates the second point A (OA = 3mA) of the load line on the collector current
axis. By joining points A and B, d.c. load line AB is constructed as shown in Fig ii.
For Q point :
Q: For the common base circuit shown in Fig. determine IC and VCB . Assume
the transistor to be of silicon.
• Solution :
Since the transistor is of silicon, VBE = 0.7V.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the emitter side loop, we get,
Determine VCB in the transistor circuit shown in Fig. (i). The transistor is of silicon
and has β = 150.

• Solution :
Q: In the circuit diagram shown in Fig., if VCC = 12V and RC = 6 kΩ, draw the d.c.
load line. What will be the Q point if zero signal base current is 20μA and β = 50 ?
The collector-emitter voltage VCE is given by :

When IC = 0, VCE = VCC = 12 V. This locates the point B of the load line.

When VCE = 0, IC = VCC / RC = 12 V/6 kΩ = 2 mA.

This locates the point A of the load line. By joining these two points, load line AB is constructed

as shown
Q. Fig. below shows biasing with fixed bias method. (i) Determine the collector current IC and
collector-emitter voltage VCE . Neglect small base-emitter voltage. Given that β = 50.

• Solution:
In the circuit shown in Fig. 2 (i), biasing is provided by a
battery VBB (= 2V) in the base circuit which is separate
from the battery VCC (= 9V) used in the output circuit.
The same circuit is shown in a simplified way in Fig. 2 (ii).
Here, we need show only the supply voltages, + 2V and
+9V. It may be noted that negative terminals of the power
supplies are grounded to get a complete path of current.
• Example. Fig. below shows the voltage divider bias method.
Draw the d.c. load line and determine the operating point.
Assume the transistor to be of silicon.
• Solution-

• This locates the second point A (OA = 5 mA) of the load line on the collector current
axis. By joining points A and B, the d.c. load line AB is constructed as shown in Fig
• Operating point : For silicon transistor, VBE = 0.7 V
• Calculate the emitter current in the voltage divider circuit shown in Fig. 18. Also find the value
of VCE and collector potential VC.

Solution :
Example: In the circuit shown in Fig. 23, the operating point is chosen such that IC = 2mA, VCE =
3V. If RC = 2.2 kΩ, VCC = 9V and β = 50, determine the values of R1, R2 and RE. Take VBE = 0.3V and
I1 = 10IB .
• Solution :
Given, RC = 2.2 kΩ, VCC = 9V and β = 50, VBE = 0.3V and I1 = 10IB .
As IB is very small as compared to I1, therefore, we can assume
with reasonable accuracy that I1 flowing through R1 also flows
through R2.
• Applying Kirchhoff ‘s voltage law to the collector side of the circuit, we get,

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