A Practical Guide for Java 8 Lambdas and

Streams
Mastering Java 8 Lambdas and Streams

Fu Cheng
This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/java8-lambda-expressions-streams

This version was published on 2020-07-22

This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishing
process. Lean Publishing is the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools and
many iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction once
you do.

© 2015 - 2020 Fu Cheng

Also By Fu Cheng
JUnit 5 Cookbook
Lodash 4 Cookbook
ES6 Generators
To my wife Andrea and my daughters Olivia and Erica
Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Lambda expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Start a thread - A simple example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Functional interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Target typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Lambda expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Lexical scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 Effectively final local variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.7 Method references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.7.1 Types of method references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.8 Default interface methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8.1 Static interface methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Optional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 What’s Optional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Usage of Optional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.1 Simple usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2 Chained usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.3 Functional usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 How-tos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 How to interact with legacy library code before Optional? . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 How to get value from chained Optional reference path? . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.3 How to get first value of a list of Optionals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.4 How to chain method invocations with return value of Optional
objects in sequence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.5 How to convert an Optional object to a stream? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.6 How to use Optional to check for null and assign default values? . . . 20
3.4 Updates after Java 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4. Thank you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Introduction
This book is not the first book about Java 8 lambda expressions and streams, and it’s definitely not
the last one. Java 8 is a Java platform upgrade which the community has been looking forward to
for a long time. Lambda expressions and streams quickly gain popularity in Java developers. There
are already a lot of books and online tutorials about lambda expressions and streams. This book is
trying to explain lambda expressions and streams from a different perspective.

• For lambda expressions, this book explains in details based on JSR 335.
• For streams, this book covers fundamental concepts of Java core library.
• This book provides how-to examples for lambda expressions and streams.
• This book also covers the important utility class Optional.

Lambda expressions and streams are easy to understand and use. This book tries to provide some
insights about how to use them efficiently.
You can purchase and down PDF/EPUB/MOBI version of this book on Leanpub¹.
¹https://leanpub.com/java8-lambda-expressions-streams
 2. Lambda expressions
When people are talking about Java 8, lambda expression is always the first feature to mention.
Lambda expression in Java 8 brings functional programming style into Java platform, which has
been demanded by Java developers in the community for a long time. Lambda expression is also
widely used as a marketing term to promote Java 8 upgrade.
Lambda expressions can increase developers’ productivity in many ways. There are a lot of books
and online tutorials about Java 8 lambda expressions. This chapter is trying to explain lambda
expressions from a different perspective based on the official JSR 335: Lambda Expressions for the
JavaTM Programming Language¹. This chapter also provides how-tos for real programming tasks.

2.1 Start a thread - A simple example

Let’s start from a simple example which starts a thread and outputs some text to console, see Listing
2.1.
Listing 2.1 Start a thread and output text to console

1 public class OldThread {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 new Thread(new Runnable() {
4 public void run() {
5 System.out.println("Hello World!");
6 }
7 }).start();
8 }
9 }

The small Java program in Listing 2.1 has 9 lines of code, but only one line of code (line 5) does the
real work. All the rest are just boilerplate code. To increase productivity, boilerplate code should be
removed as much as possible.
In Listing 2.1, line 1, 2, 8 and 9 are required for Java program to run, so these lines cannot
be removed. Line 3 to 7 create a new java.lang.Thread object with an implementation of
java.lang.Runnable interface, then invoke Thread object’s start() method to start the thread.
Runnable interface is implemented using an anonymous inner class.
¹https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=335
 Lambda expressions 3

To simplify the code, new Runnable() in line 3 and 7 can be removed because the interface type
Runnable can be deduced from allowed constructors of Thread class. Line 4 and 6 can also be
removed, because run() is the only method in Runnable interface.
After removing boilerplate code in line 3, 4, 6 and 7, we get the new code using lambda expressions
in Listing 2.2.
Listing 2.2 Lambda expressions style to start a thread

1 public class LambdaThread {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Hello World!")).start();
4 }
5 }

The new Java program in Listing 2.2 only has 5 lines of code and the core logic is implemented with
only one line of code. Lambda expression () -> System.out.println("Hello World!") does
the same thing as anonymous class in Listing 2.1, but using lambda expression is concise and elegant
and easier to understand with less code. Less code means increasing productivity.
Simply put, lambda expression is the syntax sugar to create anonymous inner classes. But there are
more to discuss about lambda expressions.

2.2 Functional interfaces

As shown in Listing 2.2, we made two assumptions to remove the boilerplate code. The first
assumption is that the interface type, e.g. Runnable can be deduced from current context. The
second assumption is that there is only one abstract method in the interface. Let’s start from the
second assumption.
If an interface only has one abstract method (aside from methods of Object), it’s called functional
interface. Functional interfaces are special because instances of functional interfaces can be created
with lambda expressions or method references.
In Java SE 7, there are already several functional interfaces, e.g.

• java.lang.Runnable
• java.util.concurrent.Callable
• java.util.Comparator
• java.io.FileFilter

Java SE 8 adds a new package java.util.function which includes new functional interfaces.
Java developers don’t need to care too much about the concept of functional interfaces. If we are
trying to use lambda expressions with non-functional interfaces, compiler will throw errors, then
Lambda expressions 4

we’ll know about that. Modern IDEs can also do checks for us. For API and library authors, if an
interface is designed to be functional, it should be marked with @FunctionalInterface annotation.
Compiler will generate an error if the interface doesn’t meet the requirements of being a functional
interface.

Functional interfaces and single responsibility principle

Single responsibility principle states that every class should only have one responsibility and only
one reason to change. Functional interfaces only provide one abstract method to implement, which
makes functional interfaces the nature choice to apply single responsibility principle. With the
power of lambda expressions, implementing function interfaces is also very elegant. Using functional
interfaces is a good combination of design principle and coding practice.
When writing your own application, try to always use functional interfaces. This can also help to
create better design.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle

2.3 Target typing

For the first assumption about lambda expressions, lambda expressions don’t have type information.
The actual type of a lambda expression is deduced by compiler from its surrounding context at
compile time. For example, lambda expression () -> System.out.println("Hello World!")
can appear in any context where requires an instance of functional interface with the only abstract
method takes no arguments and returns void. This could be java.lang.Runnable interface or any
other functional interfaces created by third-party libraries or application code. So the same lambda
expression can have different types in different contexts. Expressions like lambda expressions which
have deduced type influenced by target type are called poly expressions.

Standalone expressions and Poly expressions

Standalone expressions are expressions which have type that can be determined from the contents
of expressions themselves. For example, a + b and str.substring(1) are standalone expressions.
Poly expressions are expressions which have type that can be influenced by target type. Lambda
expressions and method references are always poly expressions. Some other expressions may be
poly expressions in certain cases.
 Lambda expressions 5

2.4 Lambda expressions

Lambda expressions have a very simple syntax to write. The basic syntax looks like (a1, a2) -> {}.
It’s similar with a method, which has a list of formal parameters and a body. Lambda expression’s
syntax is also very flexible.
Listing 2.3 Example of lambda expressions
1 list -> list.size()
2
3 (x, y) -> x * y
4
5 (double x, double y) -> x + y
6
7 () -> "Hello World"
8
9 (String operator, double v1, double v2) -> {
10 switch (operator) {
11 case "+":
12 return v1 + v2;
13 case "-":
14 return v1 - v2;
15 default:
16 return 0;
17 }
18 }

In Listing 2.3, lambda expression in line 1 only has one formal parameter, so parentheses are omitted.
Expression’s body is a single expression, so braces are also omitted. Formal parameter list has
no type declaration, so the type of list is implicitly inferred by compiler. Lambda expression
in line 3 has two formal parameters, so parentheses around parameters list are required. Lambda
expression in line 5 has explicit type for formal parameters x and y. Lambda expression in line 7 has
no formal parameters. In this case, parentheses are required. Lambda expression starts from line 9
is a complicated example with three formal parameters and multiple lines of code in body. In this
case, braces are required to wrap the body.
Lambda expression’s body can return a value or nothing. If a value is returned, the type of return
value must be compatible with target type. If an exception is thrown by the body, the exception must
be allowed by target type’s throws declaration.

2.5 Lexical scoping

In the body of lambda expressions, it’s a common requirement to access variables in the enclosing
context. Lambda expression uses a very simple approach to handle resolution of names in the body.
Lambda expressions 6

Lambda expressions don’t introduce a new level of scoping. They are lexically scoped, which means
names in lambda expression’s body are interpreted as they are in the expression’s enclosing context.
So lambda expression body is executed as it’s in the same context of code enclosing it, except that
the body can also access expression’s formal parameters. this used in the expression body has the
same meaning as in the enclosing code.
Listing 2.4 Lexical scoping of lambda expression
public void run() {
String name = "Alex";
new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Hello, " + name)).start();
}

In Listing 2.4, lambda expression uses variable name from enclosing context. Listing 2.5 shows the
usage of this in lambda expression body. this is used to access sayHello method in the enclosing
context.
Listing 2.5 this in lambda expression
public class LambdaThis {
private String name = "Alex";

public void sayHello() {

System.out.println("Hello, " + name);
}

public void run() {

new Thread(() -> this.sayHello()).start();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new LambdaThis().run();
}
}

From code examples in Listing 2.4 and Listing 2.5, we can see how lambda expressions make
developers’ life much easier by simplifying the scope and name resolution.

2.6 Effectively final local variables

To capture variables from enclosing context in lambda expression body, the variables must be
final or effectively final. final variables are declared with final modifiers. effectively final
variables are never assigned after their initialization. Code in Listing 2.6 has compilation error,
because variable name is assigned again after its initialization, so name cannot be referenced in
lambda expression body.
Lambda expressions 7

Listing 2.6 Compilation error of using non-final variables in lambda expression body

public void run() {

String name = "Alex";
new Thread(() -> System.out.println("Hello, " + name)).start();
name = "Bob";
}

2.7 Method references

Method references are references to existing methods by name. For example, Object::toString
references toString method of java.lang.Object class. :: is used to separated class or instance
name and method name. Method references are similar with lambda expressions, except that method
references don’t have a body, just refer existing methods by name. Method references can be used
to remove more boilerplate code. If the body of a lambda expression only contains one line of code
to invoke a method, it can be replaced with a method reference.
StringProducer in Listing 2.7 is a functional interface with method produce.

Listing 2.7 Functional interface to produce a string

@FunctionalInterface
public interface StringProducer {
String produce();
}

Listing 2.8 is an example of using StringProducer. displayString method takes an instance of

StringProducer and outputs the string to console. In run method, method reference this::toString
is used to create an instance of StringProducer. Invoking run method will output text like
StringProducerMain@65ab7765 to the console. It’s the same result as invoking toString()
method of current StringProducerMain object. Using this::toString is the same as using
lambda expression () -> this.toString(), but in a more concise way.
Lambda expressions 8

Listing 2.8 Usage of StringProducer with method reference

public class StringProducerMain {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new StringProducerMain().run();
}

public void run() {

displayString(this::toString);
}

public void displayString(StringProducer producer) {

System.out.println(producer.produce());
}
}

2.7.1 Types of method references

There are different types of method references depends on the type of methods they refer to.

Static method
Refer to a static method using ClassName::methodName, e.g. String::format, Integer::max.
Instance method of a particular object
Refer to an instance method of a particular object using instanceRef::methodName, e.g.
obj::toString, str::toUpperCase.
Method from superclass
Refer to an instance method of a particular object’s superclass using super::methodName,
e.g. super::toString. In Listing 2.8, if replacing this::toString with super::toString,
then toString of Object class will be invoked instead of toString of StringProducerMain
class.
Instance method of an arbitrary object of a particular type
Refer to an instance method of any object of a particular type using ClassName::methodName,
e.g. String::toUpperCase. The syntax is the same as referring a static method. The difference
is that the first parameter of functional interface’s method is the invocation’s receiver.
Class constructor
Refer to a class constructor using ClassName::new, e.g. Date::new.
Array constructor
Refer to an array constructor using TypeName[]::new, e.g. int[]::new, String[]::new.
Lambda expressions 9

2.8 Default interface methods

The introduction of default methods is trying to solve a longstanding problem in Java interface
design: how to evolve a published interface. Java’s interface is a very tight contract between an
API and its client. Before Java 8, once an interface is published and implemented by other clients,
it’s very hard to add a new method to the interface without breaking existing implementations. All
implementations must be updated to implement the new method. This means interface design has
to be done correctly at the first time and cannot happen iteratively without breaking existing code.
Before Java 8, an interface can only have abstract methods. Abstract methods must be implemented
by implementation classes. Default methods of interfaces in Java 8 can have both declarations and
implementations. Implementation of a default method will be inherited by classes which don’t
override it. If we want to add a new method to an existing interface, this new method can have
default implementation. Then existing code won’t break because this new method will use the
default implementation. New code can override this default implementation to provide a better
solution. In the default method’s implementation, only existing interface methods can be used.
Listing 2.9 is a simple example about how to use default interface methods. The scenario is to insert
records into a database.
Listing 2.9 First version of interface RecordInserter to insert records

public interface RecordInserter {

void insert(Record record);
}

In the first version, interface RecordInserter only has one abstract method insert. SimpleRecordInserter
class in Listing 2.10 is the first implementation.
Listing 2.10 First implementation of RecordInserter interface

public class SimpleRecordInserter implements RecordInserter {

@Override
public void insert(Record record) {
System.out.println("Inserting " + record);
}
}

Then we find out that the performance of inserting a lot of records is not very good, so we want
to add batch inserting to improve performance. So a new method insertBatch is added to the
RecordInserter interface with default implementation. insertBatch takes a list of Record as
input, so the default implementation just iterates the list and uses existing insert method to insert
Record one by one. This default implementation can make sure SimpleRecordInserter class still
works.
Lambda expressions 10

Listing 2.11 RecordInserter interface with batch insert

public interface RecordInserter {

void insert(Record record);

default void insertBatch(List<Record> recordList) {

recordList.forEach(this::insert);
}
}

To improve the performance, a new implementation FastRecordInserter class overrides the

default implementation of insertBatch method and create a better solution.
Listing 2.12 New implementation of insertBatch method

public class FastRecordInserter extends SimpleRecordInserter {

@Override
public void insertBatch(List<Record> recordList) {
System.out.println("Inserting " + recordList);
//Use SQL batch operations to insert
}
}

2.8.1 Static interface methods

In Java 8, interfaces can also have static methods. Helper methods related to an interface can be
added as static methods, see Listing 2.13.
Listing 2.13 Interface with a static method

public interface WithStaticMethod {

static void simpleMethod() {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
3. Optional
NullPointerExceptions may be the most seen exceptions during Java developers’ daily devel-
opment. Null reference is considered as The billion dollar mistake by its inventor Tony Hoare¹.
Maybe null should not be introduced into Java language in the first place. But it’s already there, so
we have to live with it.
Suppose we have a method with argument val of a non-primitive type, we should check first to
make sure the value of val is not null.
Listing 5.1. Check null value

public void myMethod(Object val) {

if (val == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("val cannot be null!");
}
// Use of val
}

Listing 5.1 shows a common pattern of writing code that takes arguments with possible null values.
If a method accepts multiple arguments, all these arguments should be checked. Utility methods like
Objects.requireNonNull() can help, but the code is still long and tedious. Another case is for
long object references chains, e.g. a.b.c, then all objects in the reference chain need to be checked.
Groovy has safe navigation operator² ?., but Java doesn’t the same thing.

3.1 What’s Optional

Java 8 introduced a new class Optional<T>³ to solve the issues with nulls. The idea behind
Optional is quite simple. An Optional object is a holder of the actual object which may be null.
Client code interacts with the Optional object instead of the actual object. The Optional object
can be queried about the existence of the actual object. Although the actual object may be null,
there is always an non-null Optional object.
The major benefit of using Optional is to force client code to deal with the situation that the actual
object that it wants to use may be null. Instead of using the object reference directly, the Optional
object needs to be queried first.
¹http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Null-References-The-Billion-Dollar-Mistake-Tony-Hoare
²http://docs.groovy-lang.org/latest/html/documentation/#_safe_navigation_operator
³https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Optional.html
Optional 12

Optional objects are very easy to create. If we are sure the actual object is not null, we can use
<T> Optional<T> of(T value) method to create an Optional object, otherwise we should use
<T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) method. If we just want to create an Optional object
which holds nothing, we can use <T> Optional<T> empty().
Listing 5.2. Create Optional objects

Optional<String> opt1 = Optional.of("Hello");

Optional<String> opt2 = Optional.ofNullable(str);

Optional<String> opt3 = Optional.empty();

If you pass a null value to Optional.of() method, it throws a NullPointerException.

3.2 Usage of Optional

3.2.1 Simple usage

The simple usage of Optional is to query it first, then retrieve the actual object hold by it. We can
use boolean isPresent() method to check if an Optional object holds a non-null object, then
use T get() method to get the actual value.
Listing 5.3. Simple usage of Optional

public void myMethod(Optional<Object> holder) {

if (!holder.isPresent()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("val cannot be null!");
}
Object val = holder.get();
}

Listing 5.3 is similar with Listing 5.1, except it uses Optional. But the code in Listing 5.3 is still long
and tedious.

3.2.2 Chained usage

Since Optionals are commonly used with if..else, Optional class has built-in support for this
kind of scenarios.
void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) method invokes the specified consumer
function when value is present, otherwise it does nothing.
Optional 13

Listing 5.4 Example of Optional.ifPresent

public void output(Optional<String> opt) {

opt.ifPresent(System.out::println);
}

T orElse(T other) returns the value if it’s present, otherwise return the specified other object.
This other object acts as the default or fallback value.
Listing 5.5. Example of Optional.orElse

public String getHost(Optional<String> opt) {

return opt.orElse("localhost");
}

T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) is similar with orElse(), except a supplier

function is invoked to get the value if not present. getPort() method in Listing 5.6 invokes
getNextAvailablePort() method to get the port if no value is present.

Listing 5.6 Example of Optional.orElseGet

public int getNextAvailablePort() {

int min = 49152;
int max = 65535;
return new Random().nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min;
}

public int getPort(Optional<Integer> opt) {

return opt.orElseGet(this::getNextAvailablePort);
}

<X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier)

returns the value if present, otherwise invokes the supplier function to get the exception to throw.
Listing 5.7 Example of Optional.orElseThrow

public void anotherMethod(Optional<Object> opt) {

Object val = opt.orElseThrow(IllegalArgumentException::new);
}
Optional 14

3.2.3 Functional usage

As Optional objects are the holders of actual objects, it’s inconvenient to use when manipulating
the actual objects. Optional provides some methods to use it in a functional way.
Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) filters an Optional object’s value
using the specified predicate. If the Optional object holds a value and the value matches the
predicate, an Optional object with the value is returned, otherwise an empty Optional object
is returned.
Listing 5.8 only outputs a string when it is not empty.
Listing 5.8 Example of Optional.filter

Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("Hello");

opt.filter((str) -> str.length() > 0).ifPresent(System.out::println);

<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T,? extends U> mapper) applies the specified
mapping function to the Optional’s value if present. If the mapping result is not null, it returns an
Optional object with this mapping result, otherwise returns an empty Optional object.

Listing 5.9 outputs the length of input string.

Listing 5.9 Example of Optional.map

Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("Hello");

opt.map(String::length).ifPresent(System.out::println);

<U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T,Optional<U>> mapper) is similar with

map(), but the mapping function returns an Optional object. The returned Optional object only
contains a value when the value is present in both the current Optional object and the mapped
Optional object.

flatMap() is very useful when handling long reference chain. For example, considering a Customer
class has a method getAddress() to return an Optional<Address> object. The Address class has
a method getZipCode() to return an Optional<ZipCode> object. Listing 5.10 uses two chained
flatMap() method invocations to get an Optional<ZipCode> object from an Optional<Customer>
object. With the use of flatMap(), it’s very easy to create safe chained object references.
Optional 15

Listing 5.10 Example of Optional.flatMap

Optional<Customer> opt = getCustomer();

Optional<ZipCode> zipCodeOptional = opt.flatMap(Customer::getAddress)
.flatMap(Address::getZipCode);
zipCodeOptional.ifPresent(System.out::println);

Optional class is primarily designed to be used as holder objects in return values of

methods. You shouldn’t use Optional as the type of method parameters or fields.

3.3 How-tos

3.3.1 How to interact with legacy library code before Optional?

Not all library code has been updated to use Java 8 Optional, so when we use third-party libraries,
we need to wrap an object using Optional.
Listing 5.11 Old legacy library code

public Date getUpdated() {

//Get date from somewhere
}

public void setUpdated(Date date) {

Listing 5.12 Wrap legacy library code with Optional

public Optional<Date> getUpdated() {

return Optional.ofNullable(obj.getUpdate());
}

3.3.2 How to get value from chained Optional reference path?

Given an object reference path a.getB().getC() with getB() and getC() methods both return
Optional objects, we can use flatMap() method to get the actual value. In Listing 5.13, we use
flatMap() to get value of reference path a.b.c.value.
Optional 16

Listing 5.13 Get value from chained Optional reference path

public class OptionalReferencePath {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new OptionalReferencePath().test();
}

public void test() {

A a = new A();
String value = a.getB()
.flatMap(B::getC)
.flatMap(C::getValue)
.orElse("Default");
System.out.println(value);
}

class C {
private String value = "Hello";

public Optional<String> getValue() {

return Optional.ofNullable(value);
}
}

class B {
private C c = new C();
public Optional<C> getC() {
return Optional.ofNullable(c);
}
}

class A {
private B b = new B();
public Optional<B> getB() {
return Optional.ofNullable(b);
}
}
}

3.3.3 How to get first value of a list of Optionals?

Given a list of Optional objects, we can use code in Listing 5.14 to get the first value.
Optional 17

Listing 5.14 Get first value of a list of Optionals

public class ListOfOptionals {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Optional<String>> optionalList = Arrays.asList(
Optional.empty(),
Optional.of("hello"),
Optional.ofNullable(null),
Optional.of("world")
);
String value = optionalList.stream()
.filter(Optional::isPresent)
.map(Optional::get)
.findFirst()
.orElse(null);
System.out.println(value);
}
}

Starting from Java 9, you can use optionalList.stream().flatMap(Optional::stream) to

convert an object of type Stream<Optional<T>> to type Stream<T>.

3.3.4 How to chain method invocations with return value of

Optional objects in sequence?

Suppose we want to retrieve a value to be used in the client code and we have different
types of retrievers to use, the code logic is that we try the first retriever first, then the second
retriever and so on, until a value is retrieved. In Listing 5.15, ValueRetriever is the interface of
retrievers with only one method retrieve() which returns an Optional<Value> object. Classes
ValueRetriever1, ValueRetriever2 and ValueRetriever3 are different implementations of the
interface ValueRetriever.
Listing 5.15 shows two different ways to chain method invocations. The first method retrieveResultOrElseGet()
uses Optional’s orElseGet() method to invoke a Supplier function to retrieve the value. The sec-
ond method retrieveResultStream() uses Stream.of() to create a stream of Supplier<Optional<Value>>
objects, then filters the stream to only include Optionals with values, then gets the first value.
Optional 18

Listing 5.15 Chain method invocations with return value of Optional objects in sequence
public class ChainedOptionals {
private ValueRetriever retriever1 = new ValueRetriever1();
private ValueRetriever retriever2 = new ValueRetriever2();
private ValueRetriever retriever3 = new ValueRetriever3();

public static void main(String[] args) {

ChainedOptionals chainedOptionals = new ChainedOptionals();
Value value = chainedOptionals.retrieveResultOrElseGet();
System.out.println(value);
value = chainedOptionals.retrieveResultStream();
System.out.println(value);
}

public Value retrieveResultOrElseGet() {

return retriever1.retrieve()
.orElseGet(() -> retriever2.retrieve()
.orElseGet(() -> retriever3.retrieve().orElse(null)));
}

public Value retrieveResultStream() {

return Stream.<Supplier<Optional<Value>>>of(
() -> retriever1.retrieve(),
() -> retriever2.retrieve(),
() -> retriever3.retrieve())
.map(Supplier::get)
.filter(Optional::isPresent)
.map(Optional::get)
.findFirst()
.orElse(null);
}

class Value {
private String value;
public Value(String value) {
this.value = value;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("Value -> [%s]", this.value);
}
}
Optional 19

interface ValueRetriever {
Optional<Value> retrieve();
}

class ValueRetriever1 implements ValueRetriever {

@Override
public Optional<Value> retrieve() {
return Optional.empty();
}
}

class ValueRetriever2 implements ValueRetriever {

@Override
public Optional<Value> retrieve() {
return Optional.of(new Value("hello"));
}
}

class ValueRetriever3 implements ValueRetriever {

@Override
public Optional<Value> retrieve() {
return Optional.of(new Value("world"));
}
}
}

As streams are lazily evaluated, Supplier functions in Listing 5.15 won’t be invoked unless
the last Supplier function returns an empty Optional object. This can make sure that there
won’t be any unnecessary method invocations.

3.3.5 How to convert an Optional object to a stream?

Sometimes we may want to convert an Optional object to a stream to work with flatMap.
optionalToStream method in Listing 5.16 converts an Optional object to a stream with a single
element or an empty stream.
Optional 20

Listing 5.16 Convert an Optional object to a stream

public <T> Stream<T> optionalToStream(Optional<T> opt) {

return opt.isPresent() ? Stream.of(opt.get()) : Stream.empty();
}

Starting from Java 9, you can use the Optional.stream() method in Java standard library.

3.3.6 How to use Optional to check for null and assign default
values?
It’s a common case to check if a value is null and assign a default value to it if it’s null. Optional
can be used to write elegant code in this case. Listing 5.17 shows the traditional way to check for
null which uses four lines of code.

Listing 5.17 Traditional way to check for null

public void test() {

MyObject myObject = calculate();
if (myObject == null) {
myObject = new MyObject();
}
}

Listing 5.18 shows how to use Optional to do the same thing as Listing 5.17with only one line of
code.
Listing 5.18 Use Optional to simplify code

public void test() {

MyObject myObject = Optional.ofNullable(calculate()).orElse(new MyObject());
}

3.4 Updates after Java 8

After Java 8 was released, new methods have been added to Optional.
isEmpty() method, introduced in Java 11, is the opposite of isPresent().
Optional 21

ifPresentOrElse(Consumer<? super T> action, Runnable emptyAction) method, in-

troduced in Java 9, performs the given action when the value is present, otherwise performs the
emptyAction.

or(Supplier<? extends Optional<? extends T>> supplier) method, introduced in Java 9,

returns the current Optional object if the value is present, otherwise invokes the supplier function
to return the Optional object.
4. Thank you
Thank you for reading the sample chapters of this book. You can purchase this book on Leanpub¹.

¹https://leanpub.com/java8-lambda-expressions-streams