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Instrumentation and Measurement in Electrical Engineering

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227 views7 pages

Instrumentation and Measurement in Electrical Engineering

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INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ROMAN MALARIĆ

BrownWalker Press
Boca Raton

Instrumentation and Measurement in Electrical Engineering

Copyright © 2011 Roman Malarić


All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission from the publisher.

BrownWalker Press
Boca Raton, Florida
USA • 2011

ISBN-10: 1-61233-500-4 (paper)


ISBN-13: 978-1-61233-500-1 (paper)

ISBN-10: 1-61233-501-2 (ebook)


ISBN-13: 978-1-61233-501-8 (ebook)

www.brownwalker.com
Some of the electrical symbols used in this book
PREFACE
The inclusion of an electrical measurement course in the undergraduate curriculum of electrical
engineering is important in forming the technical and scientific knowledge of future electrical
engineers. This book explains the basic measurement techniques, instruments, and methods used in
everyday practice. It covers in detail both analogue and digital instruments, measurements errors and
uncertainty, instrument transformers, bridges, amplifiers, oscilloscopes, data acquisition, sensors,
instrument controls and measurement systems. The reader will learn how to apply the most
appropriate measurement method and instrument for a particular application, and how to assemble the
measurement system from physical quantity to the digital data in a computer. The book is primarily
intended to cover all necessary topics of instrumentation and measurement for students of electrical
engineering, but can also serve as a reference for engineers and practitioners to expand or refresh their
knowledge in this field.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Ivica Kunšt, dipl. ing for his suggestions and for designing most of the figures in
this book. I also wish to thank my colleagues at the Faculty, as well as my colleagues from the
TEMUS-158599 project “Creation of the Third Cycle of Studies – Doctoral Studies in Metrology” for
their support. Special thanks go to my mother Marija, father Vladimir, and my brother Krešimir for
their encouragement and assistance. And finally, thanks to my wife Božica and to my kids for their
patience and support.
INTRODUCTION
Measurement followed man from the very beginning of its development. Measuring methods and
measuring instruments were developed in parallel with the development of electrical engineering.
However, some physical laws were derived based on measurement results, such as the Biot-Savart
law, when in 1820, the French scientists Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart established the
relationship between an electric current and the magnetic field it produces. Although science and
metrology (the science of measurements) are developing quickly, one should always remember that a
measurement principle established more than 150 years ago can still be applicable today. There will
be many such principles explained in this book. As the instrumentation becomes more advanced,
results will only become more precise.

The basic purpose of metrology is best described by the famous Italian scientist Galileo Galilei:
“Measure everything that can be measured and try to make measurable what is not yet measurable.”
The term metrology is derived from the Greek words metron–to measure–and logos– science. The
process of measurement involves comparison of the measured quantity with the specific unit; it is
therefore necessary to know the unit of measurement with the highest possible accuracy. The first
modern metrology institute was established in 1887 in Germany. This institute was partly responsible
for the sudden rise of strength of German industry in the world. Very soon thereafter, other industrial
countries established metrology institutes in order to maintain their places at the top of world
industry. With the progress of science foundation around the world, metrology slowly relied more and
more on natural phenomena and not on prototypes, as in the past. Today, the only unit of measurement
embodied in prototype–kilogram–is stored in Sèvres near Paris, but in recent years, the metrology
world appears to desire to define this unit by natural phenomena just like all the others.

Today, metrology is based on natural laws and is unique in how the units can be realized anywhere in
the world, if only one has the necessary knowledge and equipment. The foundation of today’s
metrology is the International System of Units (SI), adopted in 1960. This system consists of seven
base units and a large number of derived units, 23 of which have their own special names and signs.
Only electrical current is included in the seven base units from electrical engineering. All others, such
as units for electrical resistance and voltage, are derived units.

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the modern SI system of units, and explains the definition of SI base
units, its realization, and its standards.
Chapter 2 describes measurement errors, calculation of measurement uncertainty, and instrumentation
limits of errors.
Chapter 3 describes the different measuring elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors, as
well as voltage standards.
Chapter 4 describes the analogue measuring instruments, and how to use different types to measure
various AC and DC voltages and currents.
Chapter 5 is about the compensation measurement methods, such as bridges and compensators. AC
and DC calibrators are also described.
Chapter 6 gives an overview of instrument transformers, their uses, and testing methods for
determination of phase and current/voltage errors.
Chapter 7 describes the use of operation amplifiers in measurement technology, and how to use them
to build electronic instruments and other devices using the op-amps.

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