Analog Transmission

CT423: Data Communications

Lecturer: Luong Vinh Quoc Danh, Ph.D

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Cantho University

Source: Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Kasetsart University

Outline
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Required to send digital data over a band-
pass channel
Also known as modulation

(band-pass channel)

Carrier Signals
Carrier signal is a high-frequency signal
acting as a base for information signal
Also known as "Carrier Frequency"

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 Sine Waves Revisited
signal strength

period
T = 1/f
peak
amplitude

time

General form: x(t) = A×sin(2πft + φ)

phase / phase shift

Conversion Techniques

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 Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate
Bit rate → the number of bits per second
Baud rate → the number of signal elements per
second.

In the analog transmission of digital data, the

baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate

Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many different
signal elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value
of L.

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Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
Or Binary ASK
Simplest form → On-Off Keying (OOK)

fc – Carrier frequency
0 < d < 1 (d depends on modulation and filtering process)

Implementation of Binary ASK

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 Example 5.3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz.
We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate
(with d = 1 and r = 1).

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Full-Duplex ASK
Bandwidth can be divided into two to
support full-duplex communication
Two carrier frequencies are used

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Binary Frequency Shift Keying
Or Binary FSK

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Implementation of Binary FSK

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 Multilevel FSK
Use one frequency to send more than one
bit at a time
E.g., the whole bandwidth divided into 8
frequency ranges

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Binary Phase Shift Keying

Or Binary PSK

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Implementation of Binary PSK

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Quadrature PSK
Each signal element carries 2 bits

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 Implementation of QPSK

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Example 5.7
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This
means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N ×
(1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6
MHz.

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 Constellation Diagrams
A constellation diagram helps define the
amplitude and phase of a signal element

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Example 5.8
Show the constellation diagrams for OOK,
BPSK, and QPSK modulations

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Constellation Diagram for 8-PSK

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Or QAM
A combination of ASK and PSK

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 QAM Evolution

Source: www.magna-com.com

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Telephone Line Bandwidth

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V.32 and V.32bis Modem Standards

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Analog-to-Analog Conversion
Process of transmitting analog information
by an analog signal
Although the signal is already analog,
modulation is needed if a band-pass
channel is available to us.

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Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulations

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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

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 AM Band Allocation

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Frequency Modulation (FM)

b depends on modulation technique

with a common value of 4.
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 FM Band Allocation

The bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and

music) broadcast in stereo is almost 15 kHz. The FCC
allows 200 kHz for each station.

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Phase Modulation (PM)

Considered a variation of FM

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