STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : VIII. MEASURES OF DISPERSION/VARIABILITY
Sub-Module : 1. Variance and Standard Deviation
2. Variance and Standard Deviation for
Ungrouped Data
3. Variance and Standard Deviation for
Grouped Data

COURSE/SUBJECT : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

DURATION : Five (4) Hours Lecture; laboratory

CONTENT/TOPIC STRATEGY/ REFRENCE/ EVALUATION

DURATION
ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
Introduction
 Opening Prayer
(Optional)
 Introducing the
instructor
 Leveling/ Lecture/
1/2 hours Laptop
Discussion
Motivation
 Articulating the
desired learning
outcomes for the
session

Presentation
 define measures
of central
tendency;
 recognize the
importance of Lecture/
measures of Discussion Laptop
2 ½ hours central tendency
Power-point
 distinguish
Question Presentation
grouped and and Answer
ungrouped data
 solve problems
involving
measures of
central tendency.
Application
 Reinforcement
Laptop
 Recap of
1 hour Learning insights Recitation
Power-point
 Assessment Presentation
 Closing Prayer
(Optional)

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

SESSION PLAN
Program/Year Level : 11- HUMSS, ABM, STEM, TVIA AND TVHE

MODULE : VIII. MEASURES OF DISPERSION/ VARIABILITY

Sub-Module : 1. Variance and Standard Deviation
2. Variance and Standard Deviation for
Ungrouped Data
3. Variance and Standard Deviation for
Grouped Data

COURSE/SUBJECT : STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion, Recitation, Seatwork, & Quiz

DURATION : Five (4) Hours Lecture; laboratory

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs):

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 define measures of dispersion;
 recognize the importance of measures of dispersion;
 distinguish grouped and ungrouped data; and
 solve problems involving measures of dispersion.
LEARNING AIDS:

 Laptop/ Computer
 PowerPoint presentation
 Hand outs

REFERENCES: (Preferably in Digital Form)

 David M. Lane. et al. Introduction to Statistics: pp. 656

 Coburn, J.W. (2016). Statistics (Cust. Ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
 Hon, K. (2015). An Introduction to Statistics

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

I. INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Activities
 Opening Prayer
 Introducing the instructor
 Leveling/Motivation
Developmental Activities
 Articulating the desired learning outcomes for the session

II. PRESENTATION (Lesson Proper)

Discuss the following specific subject areas, giving examples to make

points clear when necessary

 define measures of dispersion;

 recognize the importance of measures of dispersion;
 distinguish grouped and ungrouped data; and
 solve problems involving measures of dispersion.

*MEASURES OF DISPERSION (VARIABILITY)

- Measures the extent to which data are dispersed, or spread out.
- How far/scattered from the mean are the values

Some commonly used measures of dispersion are:

1. Mean Absolute Deviation
2. Variance
3. Standard Deviation

VARIANCE and STANDARD DEVIATION

o a set of data with N observations are special forms of average deviation
from the mean which is affected by all individual values of the items in any
given distribution.
o They measure the average scatter around the mean.

How to Compute for the Variance

For Ungrouped Data

1. Find the mean.

2. Find the difference when the mean is subtracted from each score.
3. Get the square of each difference.
4. Find the sum of the squared differences.
5. Divide the sum by:
N if population is used
n – 1 is sample is used

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

For Grouped Data

1. Find the mean.

2. Find the difference when the mean is subtracted from each class mark.
3. Get the square of each difference.
4. Multiply the square difference by the frequency.
5. Add the products.
6. Divide the sum by:
N if population is used
n – 1 is sample is used

Formula in Finding the Population Variance

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝝈 𝟐
= 𝝈 𝟐
=
𝑵 𝑵
Where Where
𝒙 - individual scores/values 𝒙 - class mark
̅ - mean
𝒙 ̅ - mean
𝒙
N - population size
𝑓 - frequency
N - population size (total frequency)
Formula in Finding the Sample Variance
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 = 𝒔𝟐 =
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
Where Where
𝒙 - individual scores/values 𝒙 - class mark
̅
𝒙 - mean ̅ - mean
𝒙
n - sample size
𝑓 - frequency
n - sample size
STANDARD DEVIATION – is the square root of the variance. It is the most practical and
commonly used measure of variation.

How to Compute for the Standard Deviation

1. Find the variance.

2. Get the square root of the variance.
Formula in Finding the Population Standard Deviation
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = √ 𝝈𝟐 = √
𝑵 𝑵

Formula in Finding the Sample Standard Deviation

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐
𝒔𝟐 = √ 𝒔𝟐 = √
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

Example 1. The number of newspapers sold by Mario for one week is as follows.
51 45 60 94 36 80 75

Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.
Solution:
𝒙 𝒙−𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
36 -27 729
45 -18 324
51 -12 144
60 -3 9
75 12 144
80 17 289
94 31 961
̅ = 63
𝒙 ̅ )𝟐 = 2,600
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝟐,𝟔𝟎𝟎
Population Variance: 𝝈𝟐 = = = 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟑
𝑵 𝟕

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟐,𝟔𝟎𝟎
Sample Variance: 𝒔𝟐 = = = 𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
𝒏−𝟏 𝟔

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟐,𝟔𝟎𝟎
Population Standard Deviation: 𝝈𝟐 = √ =√ = √𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 = 19.72
𝑵 𝟕

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟐,𝟔𝟎𝟎
Sample Standard Deviation: 𝒔𝟐 = √ =√ = √𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 = 20.82
𝒏−𝟏 𝟔

Example 2. The grades of a student in 6 quizzes in an algebra course were

85 83 80 89 91 95

Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.
Solution:

𝒙 𝒙−𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
80 - 7.17 51.41
83 - 4.17 17.39
85 - 2.17 4.71
89 1.83 3.35
91 3.83 14.67
95 7.83 61.31
̅ = 87.17
𝒙 ̅ )𝟐 =152.84
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟖𝟒
Population Variance: 𝝈𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟕
𝑵 𝟔

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟖𝟒
Sample Variance: 𝒔𝟐 = = = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
𝒏−𝟏 𝟓

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟖𝟒
Population Standard Deviation: 𝝈𝟐 = √ = √ = √𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 = 5.05
𝑵 𝟔

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐.𝟖𝟒
Sample Standard Deviation: 𝒔𝟐 = √ = √ = √𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 = 5.53
𝒏−𝟏 𝟓

Example 3. The following are the ages of 10 employees of a certain company:

25 21 30 28 32 46 55 40 45 58
Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.

Solution:
𝒙 𝒙−𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
21 -17 289
25 -13 169
28 -10 100
30 -8 64
32 -6 36
40 2 4
45 7 49
46 8 64
55 17 289
58 20 400
̅ = 38
𝒙 ∑(𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐= 1464

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟒
Population Variance: 𝝈 𝟐
= = = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟎
𝑵 𝟏𝟎

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟒
Sample Variance: 𝒔𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
𝒏−𝟏 𝟗

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟒
Population Standard Deviation: 𝝈𝟐 = √ = √ = √𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 = 12.11
𝑵 𝟏𝟎

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟒
Sample Standard Deviation: 𝒔𝟐
= √ = √ = √𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 = 12.75
𝒏−𝟏 𝟗

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

GROUPED DATA

Example 1. The table shows the distribution of overtime pay of the employees of BARS
Manufacturing Company last month. Find the population and sample
variance, and the population and sample standard deviation.

OVERTIME PAY No. of Employees

500 – 799 5
800 – 1099 8
1100 – 1399 10
1400 – 1699 12
1700 – 1999 6
2000 – 2299 14
2300 – 2599 11
2600 – 2899 9

Solution:
No. of
Overtime Pay 𝒙 𝒇𝒙 |𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
Employees
500 – 799 5 649.5 3,247.5 1148 1,317,904 6,589,520
800 – 1099 8 949.5 7,596 848 719,104 5,752,832
1100 – 1399 10 1,249.5 12,495 548 300,304 3,003,040
1400 – 1699 12 1,549.5 18,594 248 61,504 7,380,48
1700 – 1999 6 1,849.5 11,097 52 2,704 16,224
2000 – 2299 14 2,149.5 30,093 352 123,904 1,734,656
2300 – 2599 11 2,449.5 26,944.5 652 425,104 4,676,144
2600 - 2899 9 2,749.5 24,745.5 952 906,304 8,156,736
N = 75 ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 134812.5 ̅ )𝟐 =
∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟑𝟎, 𝟔𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟎𝟎

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟑𝟎,𝟔𝟔𝟕,𝟐𝟎𝟎
Population Variance: 𝝈 𝟐
= = = 𝟒𝟎𝟖, 𝟖𝟗𝟔
𝑵 𝟕𝟓

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟑𝟎,𝟔𝟔𝟕,𝟐𝟎𝟎
Sample Variance: 𝒔𝟐 = = = 412,421.62
𝒏−𝟏 𝟕𝟒

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟑𝟎,𝟔𝟔𝟕,𝟐𝟎𝟎
Population S.D: 𝝈𝟐 = √ = √ = √ 𝟒𝟎𝟖, 𝟖𝟗𝟔 = 693.45
𝑵 𝟕𝟓

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟑𝟎,𝟔𝟔𝟕,𝟐𝟎𝟎
Sample S.D: 𝟐
𝒔 = √ = √ = √𝟒𝟏𝟐, 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 = 642.20
𝒏−𝟏 𝟕𝟒

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 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

Example 2. The following is a distribution of the starting monthly salaries of selected

graduates coming from a certain school. Find the population and sample variance, and
the population and sample standard deviation.

Income No. of Graduates

8,001 – 9,000 5
9,001 – 10,000 11
10,001 – 11,000 8
11,001 – 12,000 10
12,001 – 13,000 7
13,001 – 14,000 9

Solution:

Income No. of
𝒙 𝒇𝒙 |𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
Graduates
8,001 – 9,000 5 8,500.5 42,502.5 2,600 6,760,000 33,800,000
9,001 – 10,000 11 9,500.5 104,505.5 1,600 2,560,000 28,160,000
10,001 – 11,000 8 10,500.5 84,004 600 360,000 2,880,000
11,001 – 12,000 10 11,500.5 115,005 400 160,000 1,600,000
12,001 – 13,000 7 12,500.5 87,503.5 1400 1,960,000 13,720,000
13,001 – 14,000 9 13,500.5 121,504.5 2400 5,760,000 51,840,000
N = 50 ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 555,025 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 =
𝟏𝟑𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Population Variance: 𝝈 𝟐
= = = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑵 𝟓𝟎

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Sample Variance: 𝒔𝟐 = = = 2,693,877.55
𝒏−𝟏 𝟒𝟗

∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Population S.D: 𝝈𝟐 =√ = √ = √ 𝟐, 𝟔𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 1,624.81
𝑵 𝟓𝟎

𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Sample S.D: 𝒔𝟐 = √∑ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏
(𝒙−𝒙
̅)
=√ =√𝟐, 𝟔𝟗𝟑, 𝟖𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 = 1641.30
𝟒𝟗

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

 Reinforcement Activity

A. Find the Variance for Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data.

1. The XYZ company is in need of casual workers. The managers interviewed

applicants who ages are 21, 25, 19, 24, 27, 25, 30, and 26 respectively.

Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.

B. Find the Variance for Standard Deviation for Grouped Data.

1. In a manufacturing company, the owner recorded the time needed by his

workers to finish a certain product.

Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.
Time (in minutes) No. of Workers
25 – 30 6
31 – 36 9
37 – 42 13
43 – 48 7
49 – 54 11
55 – 60 4

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

 Recapitulation of the lesson/Important points discussed

*MEASURES OF DISPERSION (VARIABILITY)

- Measures the extent to which data are dispersed, or spread out.
- How far/scattered from the mean are the values

Some commonly used measures of dispersion are:

o Mean Absolute Deviation
o Variance
o Standard Deviation
Formula in Finding the Population Variance
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝝈 𝟐
= 𝝈 𝟐
=
𝑵 𝑵
Where Where
𝒙 - individual scores/values 𝒙 - class mark
̅ - mean
𝒙 ̅ - mean
𝒙
N - population size 𝑓 - frequency
N - population size (total frequency)

Formula in Finding the Sample Variance

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 = 𝒔𝟐 =
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

Formula in Finding the Population Standard Deviation

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = √ 𝝈𝟐 = √
𝑵 𝑵

Formula in Finding the Sample Standard Deviation

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

∑(𝒙−𝒙̅)𝟐 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅ )𝟐
𝒔𝟐 = √ 𝒔𝟐 = √
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Revised: 01/11/2021

III. ASSESSMENT
Solve the following problems involving Mean Absolute Deviation.

1. The prices of certain books are set at 15, 12, 14, 16, 13, 18, and 17.
Find the population and sample variance, and the population and sample
standard deviation.

2. A group of junior executives is given an intense course in the use of MS

Word. The table shows the number of participants who finished a given
number of exercises. Find the mean absolute deviation.

No. of Exercises No. of Participants

10 – 12 4
13 – 15 9
16 – 18 7
19 – 21 10
22 – 24 12
25 – 27 5
28– 30 8

IV. CLOSING PRAYER

Prepared by:
Noriel F. Bondoc
Teacher

Reviewed by:
Richard John W. Hernandez, MA*
Academic Coordinator, Senior High School

Approved by:
Vilma V. Esparrago, Ph.D
Principal, Basic Education

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