AZERBAIJAN MEDICAL UNIVERSİTY
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Ad : NURANA
Soyad : QASİMOVA
Qrup : 222A 1a
Fənn : Xarici dil (İngilis dili)
Mövzu : Food Allergy / Drug Allergy
Overview
A drug allergy is the abnormal reaction of your immune system to a medication. Any medication —
over-the-counter, prescription or herbal — is capable of inducing a drug allergy. However, a drug
allergy is more likely with certain medications.
The most common signs and symptoms of drug allergy are hives, rash or fever. A drug allergy may
cause serious reactions, including a life-threatening condition that affects multiple body systems
(anaphylaxis).
A drug allergy is not the same as a drug side effect, a known possible reaction listed on a drug label.
A drug allergy is also different from drug toxicity caused by an overdose of medication.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of a serious drug allergy often occur within an hour after taking a drug. Other
reactions, particularly rashes, can occur hours, days or weeks later.
Drug allergy signs and symptoms may include:
• Skin rash • Hives
• Itching
• Fever
• Swelling
• Shortness of breath • Wheezing
• Runny nose
• Itchy, watery eyes
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening reaction to a drug allergy that causes the widespread
dysfunction of body systems. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include:
• Tightening of the airways and throat, causing trouble breathing • Nausea or abdominal cramps
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Weak, rapid pulse
• Drop in blood pressure • Seizure
• Loss of consciousness
Other conditions resulting from drug allergy
Less common drug allergy reactions occur days or weeks after exposure to a drug and may persist for
some time after you stop taking the drug. These conditions include:
• Serum sickness, which may cause fever, joint pain, rash, swelling and nausea
• Drug-induced anemia, a reduction in red blood cells, which can cause fatigue, irregular heartbeats,
shortness of breath and other symptoms
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Food Allergy / Drug Allergy
• Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), which results in rash, high white
blood
cell count, general swelling, swollen lymph nodes and recurrence of dormant hepatitis infection
• Inflammation in the kidneys (nephritis), which can cause fever, blood in the urine, general swelling,
confusion and other symptoms
Prevention
If you have a drug allergy, the best prevention is to avoid the problem drug. Steps you can take to
protect yourself include the following:
• Inform health care workers. Be sure that your drug allergy is clearly identified in your medical
records. Inform other health care providers, such as your dentist or any medical specialist.
• Wear a bracelet. Wear a medical alert bracelet that identifies your drug allergy. This information
can ensure proper treatment in an emergency.
Food Allergy
Signs of Allergies
The body’s immune system keeps you healthy by fighting off infections and other dangers to good
health. A food allergy reaction occurs when your immune system overreacts to a food or a substance
in a food, identifying it as a danger and triggering a protective response.
While allergies tend to run in families, it is impossible to predict whether a child will inherit a
parent’s food allergy or whether siblings will have a similar condition. Some research does suggest
that the younger siblings of a child with a peanut allergy will also be allergic to peanuts.
Symptoms of a food allergy can range from mild to severe. Just because an initial reaction causes few
problems doesn’t mean that all reactions will be similar; a food that triggered only mild symptoms on
one occasion may cause more severe symptoms at another time.
The most severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis — a life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction
that can impair your breathing, cause a dramatic drop in your blood pressure and affect your heart
rate. Anaphylaxis can come on within minutes of exposure to the trigger food. It can be fatal and
must be treated promptly with an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline).
While any food can cause an adverse reaction, eight types of food account for about 90 percent of all
reactions:
• Eggs
• Milk and Dairy
• Peanuts
• Tree nuts
• Fish
• Shellfish
• Wheat
• Soy
• Sesame
Sesame is the 9th most common food allergen and is found in many popular dishes, including
hummus, under the name “tahini.” According to the FDA, “Under the FASTER Act of 2021, sesame is
being added as the 9th major food allergen effective January 1, 2023. Until that time, manufacturers
do not have to list it as an allergen, although in most cases it must appear in the ingredient
statement. An exception is when sesame is part of a natural flavoring or spice.”
Symptoms of an allergic reaction may involve the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular
system and the respiratory tract. They can surface in one or more of the following ways:
• Vomiting and/or stomach cramps
• Hives
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Food Allergy / Drug Allergy
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing
• Repetitive cough
• Shock or circulatory collapse
• Tight, hoarse throat; trouble swallowing
• Swelling of the tongue, affecting the ability to talk or breathe
• Weak pulse
• Pale or blue coloring of skin
• Dizziness or feeling faint
• Anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening reaction that can impair breathing and send the body
into
shock; reactions may simultaneously affect different parts of the body (for example, a stomachache
accompanied by a rash)
Most food-related symptoms occur within two hours of ingestion; often they start within minutes. In
some very rare cases, the reaction may be delayed by four to six hours or even longer. Delayed
reactions are most typically seen in children who develop eczema as a symptom of food allergy and
in people with a rare allergy to red meat caused by the bite of a lone star tick.
Another type of delayed food allergy reaction stems from food protein-induced enterocolitis
syndrome (FPIES), a severe gastrointestinal reaction that generally occurs two to six hours after
consuming milk, soy, certain grains and some other solid foods. It mostly occurs in young infants who
are being exposed to these foods for the first time or who are being weaned. FPIES often involves
repetitive vomiting and can lead to dehydration. In some instances, babies will develop bloody
diarrhea. Because the symptoms resemble those of a viral illness or bacterial infection, diagnosis of
FPIES may be delayed. FPIES is a medical emergency that should be treated with IV rehydration.
Not everyone who experiences symptoms after eating certain foods has a food allergy or needs to
avoid that food entirely; for instance, some people experience an itchy mouth and throat after eating
a raw or uncooked fruit or vegetable. This may indicate oral allergy syndrome – a reaction to pollen,
not to the food itself. The immune system recognizes the pollen and similar proteins in the food and
directs an allergic response to it. The allergen is destroyed by heating the food, which can then be
consumed with no problem
