TheHistoryoftheJews 10511398

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H IS TO RY O F TH E J E

FR OM TH E
W S

D E S T RU C T IO N O F J E RU S A L E M

TO TH E

P R E S E N T TI M E .

n} ? H A N N A H A D M S,
i
é
OF 8 0810 257, A ME R I CA .

An d th e Lo r d éh a l l s ca tte r th ee a m g on al l
peo p l e fro m th e one

e nd of the ea rt h e v en u nto th e o th er — a ndm g tha ti on ese na ons

s h l t th
a ou fi nd n o eas e , ne ith er sh a l l th e l f thy f t h v t
so e o oo a e res .

D cul xxviii 6 4 , 6 5
. . .

Sh annon

W
SOLD A T T H E L ON D ON S O C IETY H O U S E,
10, v u xn n o a g: P LA C E ,
'
Do e r o n s

co m ma s ;
A N D BY O G LE S , D UN C AN , A ND C O CH R A N , P A T E RN O S TE R R O
S E EL E Y , FLE E T S T R E E T ; A N D H A T C H A B D , P I L C A D I LL Y .
ADV ERTI S EMENT .

TH E foll o w i ng H i st ory of th e J e ws b y Mrs , .

H a n na h Ada ms of A m e r i ca i s n ow pr i nted in
,

E n gl a n d w i th th a t La dy s k i nd p e rm i ss io n a t th e

, ,

e x p en s e a n d fo r th e be n e fi t of th e L o nd on
'

S o c i e ty for pr o m o t i n g C hr i st i a n i ty a m o n gst th e
J e ws ; a n d th e h 0p e i s w a rm l y ch e rish ed th a t
'

,
'

wh en B r i t i sh C hr i st i a n s sh a ll h a v e b ee n m a d e m o re
full y a cqu a i nted th r o u g h th e m e d i u m of th i s p u b
,

l ica tion w i th th e c al a m i t i e s wh i ch h a v e b efall e n


,

th e J e ws s i n c e th ei r l a st d i sp e rs i on such symp a thy


, .

w i ll b e e x c i t ed a s t o st i mu la te th e m t o co o p e ra te
,
-

z ea l o us l y w i th th e a b o v e S o c i e ty in its be n ev ol e n t
,

e n d ea v o u rs t o i mp a rt th e k n o w l e dg e of th e cruc i fi e d

J esus th e tru e M e ss i a h t o th a t l o ng o ppresse d


, ,

na t io n ,
wh o s e p a st su ffe ri n g s pres e n t d eg ra da t io n
, ,

a nd future gl o ry a re e qu al l y fo ret ol d b y th e
,

proph e ts of th e O l d T e sta m e n t a nd th e a p o stle s


,

of th e N ew I t i s p r o p e r t o re m a rk th a t a few
.
,

a l te r a t io n s w e r e d ee m e d exp ed i ent ,
in th e pre se nt
e d i t io n.
TH E AU TH OR S P R E F AC E ’
.

TH E h i st o ry of th e J e ws s i nc e th e i r d i sp ers i on
'

h a s b een b ut l i ttl e i n v est i ga t e d e v e n b y th e l i te ra ry


p a rt of th e w o rl d a nd is al m o st e n t i r el y u nk n o w n
,

t o th e g en e ra l m a ss of m an k i n d T h e d e s ign of .

th i s w o rk i n cl u d i n g th e i ntr od uct io n i s t o g i v e

, ,

a b r i e f s k e tch of th e ir s i tu a t io n a fte r th e i r re tur n ,

fr o m th e B a b y l on i a n ca pti v i ty t o th e n i ne t ee n th ,
'

c en tury T h e c o mp i l e r i s s en s i b l e th a t the su bj e ct
.
,

i s n ot cal cu l a t e d t o e n ga ge th e a tte n t io n of th o se
r ea de rs wh o se obj ect i s m e rel y a mus e m en t [In stea d .

of a na rra t io n of n ew a nd ent erta i n i n g e v e n ts ,

th e y will fi n d a t ed io us succ e ss io n of O ppre ss io n s


a n d p e rs e cut io n s a n d pr o b a b l y tur n wi th d i s g ust
,

fro m th e gl oo my p i ctur e of hu m a n g u i l t a nd
wretch e d ness

T o th e l i p a rt of ma n inq u is i t i v e

s
p e cu a t ve a nd

k i n d th e su bj e ct must h o w e v e r a pp ea r m o r e
, , ,

in te re st i n g
T h e h i st ory of th e J e ws i s r e m a rk
.

a b le ab ov
m ‘ 5 '

e tha t of a l l ot h e r n a t io n s fo r th e fi iiffib ér
w “ ,

m
'M

l m el y of th e e rs ec
' M l

a .

utig : lre y
t l ns t h a v e e nd ed
p ur _
'
.

of th e ir origin .

ki nd

“* destinat
idn ,
W p e cul ia r hab i ts ,
a nd
“M o-v fl
w n n ‘h u w \
vi P RE FACE .

re l i g io us r i tes S i nce th e d e struct io n of J erusa l e m


.
,

a nd th e i r u n i v e rsa l d i sp e rs io n w e c o n te m p l a te th e
,

s i n g ul a r ph e n o m e n o n of a n a ti o n su b s i s ti n g fo r

a g e s w i th o ut i ts c i v i l a n d r e l i g io ns p o l i ty a n d thu s
,

s ur v i v i n g i ts p o l i t i ca l e xi ste n c e .

B ut th e J e ws a pp ea r in a fa r m o re i n te rest in g
a n d i mp o rta n t l i t w e n c o n s i d e r e d a s a s ta nding
gh h ‘ n

mo n u m en t of th e truth of the C hr i st i a n r e l i g i on
as th e a n c i en t church of G o d t o wh om w e r e
c o m m i tte d th e s a cr e d o ra cl e s ; a s a p eop l e sel e cte d
fr om a l l na tions to m a k e k n o w n an d pre s e r v e the

k now l edg e of th e tru e G o d T o th e m th e G os p el


.

w a s fi rst p rea ch e d a n d fr o m th e m th e fi rst C hr i s


,


t i a n church in J e rus al em w a s c ol l e ct e d T o th e m .

w e a re in de bted fo r th e scr i ptu re s of th e N e w


a s w ell a s of th e O l d T e s ta m e n t T o th e m w e re ‘

g i v e n th e sp i r i t of p r o p h e cy a nd ,p ow e r of
w o rk i n g m i ra cl e s Fr o m th e m w e re d er i v e d a n
.

i ll ustr i ous tra i n of proph ets a nd a p o stl e s T o .

u se th e l a ng u a g e of a n i n sp i r e d wr i t e r To ,

th e m p e rta i neth th e a d opt ion a n d th e gl o ry the


, ,

s e rv i ce of G od a nd th e pr o m i s e s ; a n d of th e m
, ,

a s c o n c e r n i n g th e fl e sh C hr i st c a m e
, .

W Th e h i sto ry of th e J ews b y M r Bas nage a


l ea rn e d Fre n ch re ge e w h o w as w tm of th e
a ll oo n church a t th e H a g u e

,

a nd d i ed in 172 3
,

i s th e p r i nc ip al a uth o r i ty ma d e use of in th e fi rs t
. ,

,
PRE FA E C . vii

pa rt of th i s h i st o ry ; th e refe ren c es a re ma d e t o
th e tra n s l a t io n of M r T a y l or pu b l i sh e d in 1708
. , ,

wh i ch r e c e i v ed th e a pprob a t io n of th e a uth o r ‘

T h e c o m p i l e r i s gr eat l y i n d e b te d t o th e wr i t i n gs
of M G re g oi re form e rl y b i s h op of B l oi s s e na to r
.
, , ,

m e m be r of th e Na t io nal I nst i tut e & c &c H i s , . .

e x c el l e n t Essa y on th e Re fo rm a t io n of th e J e w s ”

h a s a ffo rd ed m u c h i m p o rta n t i n fo rm a t io n r esp ect i n g


th i s e x tra o r d i na ry p e o p l e H i s l a t e v al u a b l e w o rk
.
,

e n t i tl e d H i stoi re des S ecte s Rel i gie us e s pu b ,


l is h e d at P a r i s 1810 b e s i d e s i n t e re st i n g a n d e n
, ,

te rta in in g a cc o u n ts of th e v a r io u s d e n o m i na t io n s
of C h rist i a n s c o n ta i n s se v e ra l curio u s a rt i cl es re
,

s p e ct in g th e J e ws . T h e w o r k s of Da vi d Le v i
h a ve furn i sh ed m a t e ri al s fo r wh a t is sa i d of th e
rel igio us t en e ts a n d c e re m on i es of h i s b r e th r e n
'

O cca s io nal a ss i sta n c e h a s b ee n giv e n b y m od e rn


tra v ell e rs wh o m cur i os i ty h a s i n d uc e d t o i n v est i ga t e
,

th e pre s e n t c o n d i t io n of th i s s i n g u la r p e o p l e Th e .

l ea r ne d D r B uch a na n in h i s va l u a b l e w o rk s
.
, ,

p a rti cu l a rl y h i s Re s ea rch e s in A s i a h as fur ,

n is h e d a uth e n t i c d o cum en ts resp e ct i n g th e sta te

W
of th e ea ste rn J e ws S o m e r e c en t in te ll i ge n ce
.

c on ce rn i n g th o s e in E ur o p e h a s bee n co ll e cte d fr o m
a la t e w o rk of M r A da m . en t i tl ed
, T h e R el i
,

g i ou s o r l d D i sp la yed pu, b l i sh ed 1 80 9 T h e .

r esp ect a b l e a uth o r ob s e rv e s in h i s p re fa ce tha t ,

h e w a s i n d eb te d fo r pa rt i cu l a rs r esp ectin g th e m
toJ os h ua Va n O ve n a l ea rn ed d is t i n guish ed a nd
, , ,
PREFACE .


w o rthy m e m b er of th e soc i e ty of G erm a n J e w s .

Va r io us o th e r auth ors w i ll b e fo u n d r efe rred t o in


th e h i st o ry ; b u t th e a b o v e m en t io n e d h a ve fur

h i sh e d th e pr i n c i p a l m a te r i a l s fo r th e w ork .

T o th e i ntell i g ent a nd w ell i n fo rm e d th e d iflicul ty


of c o ll ect i n g th e h i st o ry of a p e o p l e s o l i ttl e kno w n .

p a rt i cul a rl y in th i s c o u n try d u ri n g th e l a st a n d
,

p r e s e n t c en tury, wh o ll y fr o m d e su l t o ry a n d nu

c o nn ect e d m ate r i al s w i ll a pp ea r o b v io us
, The .

c o mp i l e r ca n o nl y say th a t h o weve r defi c i en t a n d


,

i ll a rr a n ge d h er h i st o ry ma y be sh e h a s spar e d
,

n o e x e rt io n s in h e r p o w e r t o c oll e ct a uth“ e ntig d0


" 9 '
-
a nd
'

cu men ts , ,a n d h a s us e d th em t o th e b est of h e r
a b i l i ty
. B ut wh i l e sh e r el i e s on th e ca n d o ur a n d
i n d u l ge n c e of th e p u b l i c sh e ca n n o t fo r b ea r t o
,

e x p r e ss th e w a rm e st g r a t i tu d e t o th o s e re sp e ct ab l e

ge n tl e me n wh o s e g e n e ro us p a tr o na ge h a s e nab l ed
h er t o d e v o te h er t i m e t o l i t e r a ry p ursu i ts .
IN TRO D U C T IO N .

S E C TI O N I .

th e J e ws u n de r th e P e rsi a n mona rchy


Qf th e sta te f
o
an d th e c h a nge w h ich took p l a ce a
fl er th e Ba by l on is h
c ig
p tioity
'
.

B C . T HE J e ws h a v i n g re m a i ne d in
.
"b

ca pt i v i ty s e v en ty y ea rs a cc o rd i n g to th e p re dic ti on ,

o f th e pr o h e t J e r e m i a h } w e re r e s tor e d to th e i r
p
n a tive c ou n try b y C yrus th e G r eat k i n g of P er s i a ; ,
,

F or t h is purp o s e b e i ssu e d a d ecr ee ia th e fi rst ,


!

r of h is r e i g n b y wh ich th e y w e r e p e rm i tt ed t o
y ea ,

retur n to P a l e st i n e a nd r e b u i l d th e i r c i ty a n d ,
.

T h i s O pp ortu n i ty w a s j oyful l y e m b ra c e d
'

te mp l e .

by th e mos t z ea l ous of the t r i b e s of J ud a h B e nj a ,

d mi t d f m th m J d h
So e no thi t i b b t i d
na e ro e na e u a , as s r e o a ne

th p e mi d w
i e -e m m th th t f B j mi
ne nce , an as o re nu e rous an a o en a n .

A l l th d d t fJ bw
e esce n a n s o i tl y l l d I l . hi l d ac o e re an c en ca e s rae , or c ren

f I
o l til l th tim th t t f th t ib g l t d f m th h
sra e , e e a en o e r es re vo‘
e ro e a us e

. f D v i d (S
o a l t f Ki g ) Th
: t ee t ib w e . ft w d ll d
o n s . e se en r es e re a er ar s ca e

W“
th h mi e f I l d th
re o th t w t ib sr a e f J d h d B j
an e o er o r es , o u a an en a

mi t h h m f J d h m ti m t tim m y f th h
,

n, e e o u a .f e o e an o e o u se o

I l j i d th t of J d h f th
srae o ne j y m t f l ig i
a p i v il eg
u a or e en o en o re ous r es

(1 C h ix ron. b m i p t d with th m d w wi th th m
, ec a e ncor o ra e e , an ere e

i d
carr e pt e t B by l ca M y f th ur m b d th pp t
o a on . an o ese e ra ce e o or u

ity f m
n o nd ft th u p ti v ity f th d f thea a er e ca or e ec rees o e

Pe i ki g M
rs an edu a th
n s h f I l Th p pl f s e ou se o s ra e . e eo e o

J d h nd I
u a l fi th i t w bl d d t g th
a srae a d th
er e r re u rn , ere en e o e e r un er e
—P im
,

m fb
na e o C ti on
u r l i p 190—2 7 0
r aus a , vo . . . .

t Ch p xx l l a A d th . ti v. h l l v th k i g f
. n ese na ons s a se r e e n o

B by l a v ty y o n se en ea rs .
2 IN TR O DUCT I O N .

min , a nd Le v i
A la r ge p a rt of th e J e w i sh cap .

tive s w h o ch os e t o r e m a i n in B a by l o n m a d e l i b e r a l
, ,

c o n t ri b ut io n s towa rd s a s s i st i n g th e i r b re thr e n

W
.

B C 5 34 . S oon a fte r th e re tu r n of th e J e ws
. .
,

th ey b e ga n w i th a l a cr i t y a n d z ea l to re b u i l d th e i r

a l ta r a nd l a i d
,
th e fou n d a t io n of th e i r t e m p l e .

h i l e th ey w e re e n ga ge d in th i s i mp orta n t u n d e r
ta k i ng th e S a ma rita n s l e x pr ess e d a n ea r n e st
,
'

d e s i re t o a ss i st in th e c omp l e t i on of th e b u i l d i n g .

B ut a s th e y b l en d ed th e w o rsh i p of th e i r fa l s e
d e i t i e s w i th th a t of th e G o d of I sra e l th e J e ws ,

r ej e cte d th e i r re qu est a l l eg i n g th a t a s th e d e cr e e , ,

O f th e P e rs i a n m on a rch e x t e n d e d o n l y to th e h o us e

of I s ra e l th e y coul d n ot a d m i t th e m to p a rt i c i pa te
,

in th e w o rk T h i s re fus a l ga v e r i s e to th a t i mp l a
.

ca b l e e n m i ty w h i ch su b s i ste d b e twee n th e S a m a
rita ns a n d J e w s fl a n d i n d uc e d th e form e r to e x e rt
:
Ezra i . 6 .


l The ai gi ll y h th
S m it ar l i f m d i ff t
ans w e re or na ea e n co o n es ro eren

t i Aft th k i g f A y i h d t k S m i th p it l
c o un r e s . er e n o ss r a a a en a ar a, e ca a

o f th t et i b h m v d th g t t p t f th I l it i t
en r es , e re o e e re a es ar o e s ra e es n o

B by l
a d A y i
on a n A d i d t p p l th d ol t
ss r a. ty
n n or er o re - eo e e es a e coun r ,

h b e g ht l i f m B by l C th A H m th d S
rou c o on es ro a on , u a, va, a a , an e

p h im
a rva d t b l i,
h d th
an m i th iti f
es a S m i i tes d e f e n e c es o a ar a ns a o

th w h m h h d
ose . o i d i t p ti v ity T h p op l b i g im
e a ca rr e n o ca . ese e e e n

m d i t ly ft th i ttl m t m h i f t d w ith l i
e a e a er e r se tt i b um de en uc n es e o ns , a r

thi l m ity t th i g l t f th t t l y d ity f thi C t y


s ca a o e r ne ec o e u e ar e o s o un r ,

an d p titi e d th k i g to ne d f th p ti v J w i h p i t t
e n o se n one o e ca e e s r es s o

i t
ns r u c t th m h w t w hi p th G d f I l A p i t w
e o o o rs e o o s rae . r es as ac

cor di gy n t b k wh t k p h i i d
l se n ac t B th l
,
d ti
o oo u s res e nc e a e e , an es

b l i h d th w o hi p f th t
s e e G d Y t w hi l J h v h w
rs o f e d rue o . e e e o a as ea re

be ca use o f hi pp d i fl i th t l d th g ds f th B by
s su ose n u ence n a an , e o o e a

l i
on a n s a n d th t i h d d i vi h
o p i t o th m T hi
e r co u n r e s a ne on o u rs a e . s

m ixt f i d l t y w ith th M
u re o i w hi p tinrted til l th b il d
o a r e o sa c o rs co n s e u

i g f th S m i t t mp l M u t G izzimfl fi w ry A i t

n o e a ar an e e on o n er p r
s nc en

Is ra e li p 35 2
t es , . ,

t J h iv 9 o n . .
I N TR O D UCT I O N . 3

m
th e seh test to -
o b str ua b u i l d i n g of th e t e mpl e
th e .

W
Ia con s e qu e n c e of th e i r m a l i c io us a tte mpts the ,

f th e sa cr e d e d i fi c e w a s susp e n d ed; till


i ssu e d a n e d i c t wh i ch n ot o n l y ra t i fi e d th e
g ra n ts of Cy rus b u t d enou n c e d a s e v e r e p ena l ty
,

a ga i n st al l w h o ob structe d th e w o rk h e n th i s .

i m p orta n t d ecr e e w a s commun ica te d to th e J e ws ,

th ey ra p i d l y p roce e d e d in th e b u i l d i ng wh i c h w as ,

fi n i sh e d in the s ix th y e a r of D a ri us a n d th e d e d i ca ,

t i on p e rform e d in th e m on th A da r w i th a l l i m a g i na b l e
s p l e n d our a n d s ol e m n i ty
* .

B C
. . T h e h i story of th e O l d T e sta m e n t
c los es w i th a n a cc ou n t of th e r es tora t i on of th e J e ws
to P a l e st in e a n d th e b u
,
i l d i n g of th e i r c i ty a nd t e mp l e
u n derE z ra the p ri e s t a n d N e h e m i a h th e gov e r nor
, .

T h e a ss i d u o us l a bo u rs of th es e p i ous a n d e m i ne n t
me n to r e form th e a b us e s of th e J e w i sh sta te a n d
church to e n fo rc e th e ob se rva n ce of th e M os a i c l a w
, ,

a n d r e st o re d i v i n e w or sh i p t o i ts orig i na l p u ri ty ,a re
r ec o r d e d in th e b ook s of E z ra a n d N e h e m i a h .

I t a p p ea rs from th e s a cre d re c o r d s th a t th e J e ws ,
.
,

a ft e r th e i r re t u r n fr om ca p t i v i t y w e r e in a fe e b l e
,

sta t e u n d e r th e fi rst P e rs i a n m o na rchs T h e y w e re .

e x p os e d to th e e n v y a n d m a l i c e of th os e stra n g e rs

w h o r e s i d ed in th e v i c i n i ty in p a rt i c ul a r to th e
,

i n sul ts a n d ca l u m n i e s of th e S a m a r i ta n s I t i s a l s o .

e v id th e cru e l e d i ct w h i ch H a m a n ob ta i n e d
a ga i n st h i ch th e y w e re sa v e d b y th e
ow e rfu of qu e e n E sth e r th t th ey

p a ,

w e r e in n
g d e s tr oy e d u p o n th e l e a s t

i n ti m a t i on of the k g s p l ea sure B y d e g r ee s h ow

.
,

an

Ezra vi . 16 , 17 .

B 2

4 IN TRO DUC TI O N .

v r th e i r
e e ,
were e s ta b l i sh e d a nd th ou gh they

a fi a irs ,

w e re su bj e cted t o e u ea sy tr i b u te t he y l i ve d u n de r

-
,

th e i r ow n la ws in th e fo rm of a com m on wea l th

, ,

gove r ned by t h e h igh pr i e st a nd the c o u n c i l of ,

s ev e n ty tw o el de rs ; a n d e xe rc i se d a mon g th e m
l s th e p o w er of l i fe an d d ea
se v e e ru sal e m th * J .

b e in g a t l en gth re b u i l t fo rt i fi e d a n d re pe opl ed , , ,

be ga n t o resum e s o m e a pp ea ra n c e of i ts fo rm e r
sp l e n d ou r a nd th e te mp l e w as h o no ure d by the
,

offer i n g s O f s tra nge rs xl


'

A fte r th e d ea th of N e h e m ia h th e go v ern m e n t of ,

J u d ea app ea rs t o h a v e b een j oi ne d t o the p r efe cture

W
Of S yr ia fr o m wh i ch th e h i g h pr i es ts re ce i ve d th e ir
,

a uth or ity T h i s ci rcu ms ta n c e i n d uc e d nia ny p er


.

S on s t o a spi r e to that hi gh offi c e me rel y thr ough


am b i t io n a nd a v a ri ce h o were d e st it ute of zea l ,

*Th c grand council of th e nation ca ll ed th e S mhe dr im whi€h ,

asse
m
bl ed i p tm t f th t m pl e at J
n an a

p w f l i f d d th Th Jew ty l d it h d g t th l w
e
l m po
ar
ed th
en o e e e rusa e , ssess e

o er o an ea . e s s e a e e o e a s,

W
b eca useth m m b f th
e i l h d th o ity t i t rpret it t
e e rs o e cou n c a
'

au r o n e
'

t i tim d
ce r a n ti o i
e s an th y th ght p p
o n ce r a n It ccas ons , as e ou ro e r. s

au t h ity or xt d d v ll th y g g i J d
e en e o d mt
er a e s na o ue s n u ea an re o e

ti
co u n r es , an d pp l l d b m d f m it t no a eah th co u e a e ro s s en e n ce . e er

thi i t y f v ty l d p pt l l y tempo ry ' '



s co ns s or w o se en e e rs as a e r e ua , or on a ra

i stit ti i
n u on ,bj t f d i p t Th J w d ft th m G
s a su ec o s u e. e e s, an a er e ro

ti Sel d Li gh tf t d v l th l
us , en , d C h ri ti m i t i
oo ,
an se era o er ea rne s a ns , a n a n

th t it w fi t i tit t d by M
a as th t th v ty tw ld
rs ns u e ose s ; a e se en -
o e ers

a pp i t d t i t hi m w it fi t m m b
o n e
-

o ass s d th t th S nh e e re s rs e e rs ; a n a e a

d im f m i th l tt g f J wi h p l ity b i t d fi e
r , so a ou s n e a er a es o e s o , su s s e a l

h i ti m
s ti l th d t u ti f th t m pl B t B g t iti
e un e es r c on o e e e. u as na e a t r on

h v tt mp t d t p v th t th
a e a e e t f o ro e a e cour o

es a t bl i h d i th ti m f th M b
s e n e e o e ac ca ees .

f g J w i h A tiq i ti
n n s

e s di i p 3 9 n u es , v . . . .

t Fl y A i
eu r t I l it

s n c en s rae es.

Th d i d t p h d thi ffi f m th Sy i g v
e ca n a es u rc ase s O ce ro e r an o ernor.

an d t i d it b y m
re a ne f m y3h th y pp d th p opl
ea ns o one en ce e o resse e e e

w ith t x t a bl th m t f l fil M r pht i y g g m t
es o e na e e o u un a r en a e en s .
5

for re l ig i on or lo ve for the ir cou ntry For wh ol e


, ‘ ‘
. .

c entur i es the o ffi ce of hi gh p ries t heinggthe ch ief


,
'

abje ct of m en s a mbitionf the v iol e n t for


, .

th e sa c e r d o tal d i g n i ty an d the a , duct o f


th os e w h o o b ta i n ed i t i n v ol v ed ,

in var i ous ca l ami t ie s .

B C .
A rem a r k a b le i nsta n c e o f the trut h
of th i s a s se rt i on o ccurr ed in th e 34 th y ea r of A r :
,

taxerxes M ne m o n ; a t wh i ch p e r io d J oi ad a wa s
s ucce ede d in th e h i gh pr i e sth oo d b y his s on J o h a na n .

S o m e t i me after his investiture h e rec e i v e d a v i sit .

fr om his b r o th e r J os hua w ho a ss e rted th a t Ba goses ,


Q ,

th e gov e rno r of S y ri a ha d p remised t o tra ns fe r the


,

sacr e d dig ni ty to h i m A dispute immed iatel y .

e ns u e d an d J o sh ua was sl a i n in th e In t e r io r co ur t
, ;
of th e t e mp l e Bagos es r ece i v i n g i nt el l i gence of
.

th is e ve nt sev e rel y u p b rai de d the Je ws w i th defi l in g


,

th e ha b i tat ion of th e i r G o d a n d i mp o s e d a hea v


y,

fi n e up o n th e p o n t i ff wh i ch w a s n et ta k e n off t i ll
,

th e dea t h of A r ta x e r x e s ch a n ge d th e fa ce of a ffa i rs
The J ews w ere h o w e v e r b y no m ea n s fr e e from
, , i

t ro u bl e in th e re i gn of h i s succ e ss o r for O chus ~

h a v in g su b d u e d th e grea tes t p a rt of P h oe n i c i a ca r ,
'

r i ed h i s vi ctor io us a rms i n t o J u d ea r e d uc e d J e r i
ch o , a n d se n t a g r ea t n um b e r of th e i n h a b i ta n t s

i n to T e n y ea rs a ft e r th i s e v en t J oh a n a n
di succ e ed ed by h is son J ad d u a .

W
the J e w s reta i ned
wh i ch th ey j ustl y

W
th if
e i
sx
ps l s is
n
feom th eir [1

a e s?
d r C “ L 1' I?
6 I NTRO DUCTI ON .

It h as b een a ss i g n e d
r ea s o n fo r th i s ch a n ge as a ,

th a t p re v io us to th e ca pt i v i ty th ey h ad n o sy na '
~

ogues " f or p u b l i c i st u c ti o n p l a ces f



g n r n or or ,

r el i g i ous w ors h i p e x c e pt th e t e mp l e a n d th e c i t i e s ,

of th e L e v i te s In c o ns eq u e n c e of w h i ch th e d i .

v i n e l a ws w e r e n e gl e cte d a n d forgo tte n a n d th e y . ,

w e r e ea s i l y a ll ure d i n t o th e s u p e rst i t i ous p ra ct i c e s of


th e i r i d ola trou s ne i gh b ou rs B ut a fte r th ei r re turn .
,

th ey h ad s y na g og u e s e rec te d a m o n g th e m in e v e ry
c i ty w h i ch w e re o p e n e d n ot for c e re m on i a l w or
, ,

sh i p a s sa crifi cin g for th i s w a s c on fi ne d to th e


, ,

t e mp l e ; b ut for p ra yi n g p rea ch i n g r e a d i n g th e , ,

l a w l d i v i n e w orsh i p a n d s oc i a l d ut i e s
,
-
Th e p e o p l e .

r e p a i re d to th e syn a gog ue m orn i n g a n d e v en i ng


for p ra y e r a n d on s a bb aths a n d fe st i va l s th e l a w
,

w a s rea d a n d e x p ou n d e d to t h e m T h e cust o m of .

rea d i n g th e sc ri pture s a n d p re a ch i n g in th e s y n a
g go ue s i s supp o s ed to h a v e b e e n i n tr od uc e d b y

E z ra ,
D P id r. x d th l r ea u d w it h v m i t i d th t
an o er e a rne r e rs a e a n a ne a

W
th we e re t y y g g
re no b f th pt i v ity th i
an s na o u es e o re e ca , as e re s no

m enti f th m i th O l d T t m t b t ft th t p i d th i
on o e n e es a en , u a er a er o e r

n mb u v y g t Th y w p l
er as er f p y
rea d . l igi e e re a ce s o ra e r an re ou s

asse m bl i e f th w hi p f G d Th ti m f th y g g
s or e o rs o o . e es o e s na o ue

se r v i w th d y v y w k b i d f t d f ti v is The
ce e re re e a s e er ee es es as s an es a .

J w l tt d d p y th ti m v y d y i th m i g
e s a so a en e ra e rs ree es e er a . n e o rn n ,

a ft e rno o n , d t i g ht A t th e t
an a d i n . e as en n cv

ar k h t i m m m ti f th k f
or c es , n co e o ra on o e ar o

w as i th t mpl
n d i thi
e e k th y l k
e ; an n s ar e oc

w ittr p v ll m w ith p ti l
en u on e u a ar cu

l ii p 5 3 4 5 3 5 d Pi R l igi C m i o th J ws

vo . . . t. , an
f ca r s e ous e re on e s e e .

t Th m d e fw hi p d p t d i th J w i h y agog
o e o o rs b a o e n e e s s n ue s s a se

p l l e w shi p f

t t t h ti v ity d fi d b t itt f m th r t

ro se n or o

W
e
q u en o e ca p ,
1 e re u e

C h i ti r s mb l i f it
a n a ss e i t d f th p tes ; d i g th i p
or c o ns s e o re e a r s, rea n e s cr .

t p y
u re s , d p
ra hi g — G
e r, an L t th P t t
rea c n h r a v es s

ec ur e s on e e n a eu c .

P b l i h d 1807
u s e .

t h v h t b t b ti ful sw efidt of Ez fi t p h
e a e a s
'

or u ea u n ra s

rs re a c
I NTR O DU C T I O N .
7

T he re fo rma ti on b e g u n b y E zra a n d othe rs a t


, ,

beh gth d ege n e ra te d i n t o form a l i ty a n d s up e rst i t i on


a nd wh e n th e J e w s fi rst d e v i a t e d fro m th e p ur i ty of

m
th e i r ora l s a n d th e s i m p l i c i ty of th e i r rel i g i ous
,
.

worsh i p th e i r z ea l for th e ri t e s a nd c e re m on ie s of
,

th e i r l a w i n c r e a s ed I t i s sup p os e d th e l a m e n ta b l e


.

ch a n ge b e ca m e m ore g en e ra l a fte r m i ra cl e s a n d
pr op h e c i es ce a s e d ) wh i ch h a d in s om e m ea sure
p rev e nt e d th e m from ta k i n g th e s h a dow for th e
s u bs ta n c e of r e l i g i on
+ .

I t i s e v i d e n t th a t s oo n a fte r th e te rm i na t i on of th e
'

p r o ph e t i c ag e ; th e J e w s b (
e g a n to c or r u p t th e l a w
of M os e s b y i n trod uc i n g c e rta i n p re ce p ts a n d i nst i
,

tution s whic h th e y p rofe s s e d to h a v e r e c e i v e d b y


O rel tra d ition fr o m th e most an c i en t t i m e Th i s



.

tra d i t i ona ry la w wh i ch ch i e fl y re S p ecte d rel igious

W
t
,

c e re m o n i es fas tings a nd oth e r pra ctis es d i s ti n ct


,
a
,

fr om th e m ora l d ut i e s of l ife a t l e n gt h ob ta i ne d
'

i th th e g r e a t e r p a rt of th e J e w i sh n a t i on a d eg ree

of a u th ori ty e q ua l to th a t of th e M os a i c l a w ; w h i l st

th e m i n or p a rt r e e c t i n g th e s e i n n ov a t i on s a d h e r e d
j , ,

st ri ctl y to th e i n s t i tut i on s of th e i r s a cre d or a c l e s .

T h es e tw o ge n e ra l cl a sse s w h i c h d o n ot a p p e a r t o ,
.

h a v e b ee n d i s t i n g u i sh e d b y a n y p e cu l i a r a p p e ll at i o n ,

g ra d ua l l y a d op te d oth e r t e n e ts a n d customs a nd a t :
,

l e ng t h for m e d s e v e ra l d i st i n ct s e cts of w h i ch th e ,

P F in Ci al w e r e th e
p - S a dd u ce e s th e Ca ra ites th e , ,

W
i ng in Ne h
hi h
c a re
i . Th e J ew s h ad
3 of
l it gi
ur

th i y g g
es

e r s
fo r
na
th i p y
o
e r

ue
ra

w ors
e rs ,

hi p .
in

' m th ti m flM l h h th Je w h d t b f v d with
Fro e e o a ac e s a no ee n a o u re

an
y p p h
ro t H
e fl i h d b t th y 3 9 7 b f C h i t
. e ou r s e a ou e ea r e o re r s .

t Pi t C m i d R l ig i C t m f th J w

ca r s e re on es a n e ous us o s o e e s.

t E fi ld Phil o op hy ol i iy g l 11

n c s s , v c
a .
O
I NT R D U C T I O N .


Ph ari s ee s a n d th e E ssen es fi T h es e d e n o m i na
,
'

t i on s w er e for m e d a t d iffe re n t pe r iods a ft e r th e


sp i r i t of pr o ph ecy cea sed fr o m I sra el a nd we re in ,

a fl o ur i sh i n g sta t e a t th e t i m e of o u r Sa v io ur s

a p pea ra n c e up o n ea rth ;

S E C TIO N II .

Sk etch of th e H is tory f
o J ews u nd er A exa nde r
th e
l an d

h is S ucces s ors to th e R evol t of M a tta tl zia s .

B C . . A G RE A T e ve n t fo re t o l d
, in th e pr e
p he tic pa ge s f a t l en gth a rr i ved wh e n
-
, th e m i g h ty
e mp i r e of P e rs i a w as su b d u e d b y Al e xa n d e r th e

G rea t 2 08 y ea rs a fte r th e o v e rthro w of th e Ba by


,
»

Io n i a n e mp i r e by Cy rus T h e J e ws ga v e a str i k i n g .

pr oof of th ei r fi d el i ty t o Da r i us Cod oma n us the ,

la st P e rs i a n m o narch b y refus i ng t o a ss i st Al e x,

a n d e r in th e s i e e of Ty re
g T h e M a c e d o nia n .

h ero e xa sp e ra t e d a t th i s r efus al a fte r the c on q u e st


, ,

of th a t c i ty l ed h i s v i ct o r i ous a rmy a ga i n st J e ru
mfg
s al e

A t th i s a l a rm i n g cr i s i s J a dd u a h i g h pr i est
, , the ,

o ffe re d sa cr i fi c es a n d supp l i ca t io n s to th e G o d of
I sra e l a n d b e i n g as i t i s sa i d d i re cte d b y a v i s i on
, , ,

in th e n i g ht w e n t forth the fol l o w i n g da y to m e e t


,

th e c on qu e r o r d re ss e d in h i s on tifi ca l r o b es ar
p , ,

t e n d ed b y th e pr i ests in s a ce r d o ta l v e stm e n ts a n d ,

th e p eo p l e in wh i t e g a rm e n ts A l e x a n d er stru ck .
,

w i th profou n d a w e a t th e s i g h t of th i s sol e m n p r o ~

c ess i on b o w e d h i ms el f d o w n b e fo r e the high pr i e st


,

J “ ,

See a n accoun t of th ese se c st in Sec ti on V


.

1'
Da n. ii . 39 .
1
: J ose
ph a s s l efi ish

ti iti
An q u e s.
IO I N TRO DU C T I ON .

qu ests; th e Sa m a r i ta n s en d ea v o ure d to a cc o mp l i sh
a c i v i l a nd ecc l e s i a st i ca l u n i on w i th th e J e ws For .

th i s pu rp os e S a n balla t go v e r n or of Sa ma r i a ga v e , .
,

h is da ugh ter in m a rria ge to Ma n a ss e s th e b rother


'

, .

O f iJ a dd ua th e h i g h p ri e st fu l l y e xpe ctin g th a t th e ,

s u ccess io n in th e pr i e sth ood w o ul d d ev ol v e u p on


M a na s s es a n d th a t b y th i s m ea n s a c oa l i t i on m igh t
,
.

b e e ffe cte d Sa nb a ll a t u p on fi n d i n g th a t th e J e ws ;
.

p a rt i c ul a rl y the m e m b e rs of th e S a n h ed r i m h i g hl y ,

r es e nte d t hi s pr o fa n e a ll i a n ce t ook h i s s on ia l a w ,
- -
_

u nd e r h i s p rot e ct i o n a n d h a v in g ob ta i ne d p e rm i s , ,

s i on fro m A l e xa n de r to b u i l d a te m p l e on mo un t
G e rizzim a p p oi n t e d M a n a sse s i ts h i g h pr i es t
, A .

ow érful b od of p ri e sts a n d I sra e l i t e s w h o h a d b ee n


p y ,

i n v ol ved in s i m i l a r c on n e ct ion s j oi n ed th e S a m a r i ,

ta ns fi "
T h e e rect i on O f th e te mp l e h i g h l y exas pe
ra t e d th e J e ws ; th e v i ol e n t a n i m o s i ty b etween the
p a rt i e s i n crea se d a n d ga v e r i se to fr e qu en t h osti
.
,

l ities + .

B C . . A ft e r
d ea th O f Al ex a n d e r th e th e ,

Ma ce d o n i a n e mp i r e w a s d i v i de d a m o ng four O f h i s
g e n e ra l s ; a n d J u d ea b e i n g s i t ua t ed b e tw e e n Egy p t
an d S yr i a b e c a m e su bj ect t o a l l th e r e v ol ut i on s an d
,

w a rs in wh i ch h i s s ucc e ss o rs w e re e n ga ge d a ga i nst
e a ch oth r I t w a s a t fi rst go v e r n e d b y L a om e d o n
e . ,

th e M ity l en ia n on e of A le xa n d er s c a pt a i n s a nd

, ,

a ft e r h e w a s d e fe a t e d b y P t o l emy S ot e r k in g of , .

in G ree k al pt g i t V i h d b p p d b y
so , a f e r t th e S e ua n e rs o n a ee n re are ,

d f Pt l m y Phi l d l p h k i g f Egy p t — B y p 5 2 7
or e r o o e a e us , n o a rne , . .

It i m m
s su d th t w h M e fl ,d t th S m it
a h en an a ss es e o e a ar a ns , e

fi t b
rs g ht th l w f M
rou em g th m d ft th y i v d
a o ose s a on e ; an a er e rece e

i t th y
e d i d l t y d w hi pp d th tru God
re no u nce o a r , an ors e e e .

C ti
onnec on, v o l ii p 5 98 . . . .

t Jo p h se p us, E fi l d Phil o ophfi


. n e

s s
mrnonn c rrox
l ’
. l 1

E gy pt ,
J ews re fu s ed t o v iol a te th e i r e n ga ge
th e
me nt to h im E n ra ged at th ei r re sl s ta n ce P tol e my
s . ,

ma rch e d to J e rusal e m an d b e i n g a p p ri z ed of th e
.

rel i gi ou s v ene ra t i o n of th e J e w s for th e Sa bb a th ,

fra u d ul e n tly s u rp r i s e d a n d t o o k th e c i ty on th a t d a y ,

a n d ca rr i e d a h un d re d th o usa n d of th e i n h a b i ta n ts

ca pti v e i n to E gy p t H ow e v e r in co ns id eration'of
.
,

th e l oy a l t y t h ey h a d on v a r i ous occa s i on s e v in ce d to
form e r c onq ue rors h e a dva n c e d th e m ost d i stin
-

uis h ed p ers on s a m o n g th e m to p l a c e s of trust in


g
th e m i l i ta ry d e p a rtm e nt ; a n d e v e n tu a ll y c on fi rm e d
a l l th e p ri v i l e g e s w h i c h A l e xa n d e r h a d form e r l y
-

be sto w e d up on th e i r n a ti on P t ol e m y s e ttl e d som e


. .

of the ca p ti v es in Ly b ia a n d C yr en e ; from th os e
w h o w e re esta b l i s h e d in th e l a tte r of th es e c oun tr i e s
'

d es ce n d ed l th é C yre n i a n J e ws m e n t io ne d b y th e
w ri te rs of the New T e sta m e n t .
* ,

S oon a fte r th e r ec ov e ry of J u dea b y P tol e my ,

S i m on th e J e w i s h h i g h p r i e st d i e d in th e n i n th
, ,

ea r of h is on tifi ca te T h e ch a ra cte r g i v e n of
y p .

h im in E ccl e s ia s ticus l e v i nce s h i s d i st i n g u i s h e d


'

'

m e ri t ; a n d th e p i e ty a n d i n te g r i ty w h i ch u n iform l y
ma rk e d h is c on d uct in d uce d h is cot e mp ora ri e s to
,

h onour h i m wi th th e s ur na m e of J u s t H e e x h i b i te d .

a n a r d e n t l ov e o f h i s c ou n t ry b y r e p a i r i n g a n d

fortify in g th e c i ty a n d t e m p l e a n d is sa i d t o h a v e

W
.


f e tdE TE d t h e m os t es s e n ti a l s e rv i ce to r e l i g i on b y
t

e
c a no n of th e O l d T e s ta m en t T h i s .

th e l a st m e m b e r of th e g ra n d

Prid ea ux s CO

v ol . 11. p . 15 0 . E nc y l p di
c o e a , v ol . ix .

The g rand gg
s na o ue cons
y isted of 12 0 e ld er: wh o, in a re gul ar
l2 I NTRO DUCTI ON.

d ec ea se of PM y S ote r his su cce ssor


O n th e ,

Ph i l ad el phus con fi r m e d a nd enl a r e d the priv il ege s


g
o f th e J e ws H e esta bl is he d ma n y o f tha t nati on
.

in his do m ini ons ra nsomed thos e w ho had been ,


-

carri e d C apt i v e i nt o Egy pt and cau sed a c o py o f ,


‘ ’

th ei r s acred book s t o be transl ate d i nto th e G r eek


lan g u a g e} and d e p os i ted in h i s fa m o us l i b ra ry at
Al exa n d ri a B y m ea n s of th e t ranslat io n wh ich

W
.
,

W
was sty l ed th e S eptua g i n t ve rs io n + the Je w i s h p el i ,
.

g io n wa s m a de kn ow n a mon g th e Gent il es, so th a t


.

th e t e mp l e w as enr ic h ed i th m ag ni fi cen t pre sen ts


from the ne igh bmn ing monarchs ’
.

T he J e ws a l so o b ta ined d i st i ng u i sh ed fa v ours
fro m S e l e uc us N ica to r king of Ma c edo n and S ,

w h o a dmitte d th e m i nto al l the c iti es w h i ch he h ad


b uil t in Less er A s i a and al l o we d th e m the same ,

pr i v i l eges w i th h i s G rec i an a nd Ma ced onian su b .

j e et q
s :

Th e J e msh a fia im co nt i nu ed to wea r a fa v o u rs .

success on af e r i t th ex p i atie r on of th e Ba by l o i h p tiv ity l ab


n s ca , oure
d
assid u l y iuo s n wi h h
r est i g th J
h d tt ; d x td
or n e e s c u rc an s a e an e er e

th m lv
e se d iffu
es t o t k owl dg of th H ly S i p t
se a n a ccu ra e n e e e o cr u re s

am g th i br th —S d M i na
on e r e re n . a cr e r r.

Thin t n l ati
41
: is fr q
ra tl y q t d by th a d writers of the
s on e ue n uo e e s cre

N w e T t m t —
es a B tl H en Bibli w u er s

or a: c .

t Al t th bs v th t w ith p t t th hi t y of the
a e au or o e r es a , res ec o e s or

S pt gi t th
e ua n ,
ly i q ere scarc e l it r t u p whi h mo e s a e
r e a re u on c r

ha b es we nitt f rw hi h l w ith
en, o r o y d g e f t i ty is c ess an e re o cer a n

kn w o T h
n. p p l c
e t of it
o b i g
u ar a m d e i th ig ;
coun s e n a n e re n q

P t l my hi l d l p h t th gg ti f A i t d de th

W
o eP a e us , a e su es on o r s eas , a n un r e

d i tio f D m t i Ph l e by v ty e r us ty twe J w a e rus , se en or se ven e e s

W
re c n o

h t p i ll pp n ce t b g s, ll y x p l od d R e p atling
a e a rs o e enera e e re v


s u u .

pi i i th t it w m d t Al x d i t d i ff nt tim d by

W
n on s, a as a e a e an r a a e re es , an
O


d ifl nt i te p r t s b t th t al l of themwprg M l «M
e re n r e er , u a i- :

H B ibl i p 18 d l P id x € c 8} t gH 2 ’

m
ca an a so r ca u s 011

mff
or a: , .
, 1
.

t u ! I 15 m P1 335,
a
m a c w c'rl on . )3

a bl e as p ect i r e ign of Ptol em y Pil iIOpator


til l in the
th e y we re grea t l y Opp re s e d b y th e re cursion of th e
s
Sa m a r i ta ns A t th e sa me t i m e A n t ioch u s th e G rea t
'
.
,

ki ng of S yr i a m a d e a w gorrous ch a rt to conq me r
'

J u de a He w a s h Oweve r de fea ted by the E gy p tia n


.

mona rch w h o s oon a fte r Nis ite d J e r us al em ; a n d


,

a lter ed sa cr i fic es t o th e G od of I sra el for h is acce nt

vi cto ry S ti m ul a te d b y a n e x tre m e curiOSity trto


. .
-'

v i e w th e i n te r io r p a rt of the te m pl e in s pite of th e


k

re m on stra n c e s of th e p ries ts a nd the l a men ta tions o f

the p eop l e b e forced h is way th ro u g h the two out er


,

e onrts ; b u t i t is r el a t e d th a t on h is a tte mpti ng to


p en e tra te i n to th e m ost h ol y p l a ce l iie w as st ru ck '

w i th i n exp r ess i b l e t err o r a nd w a s obl i ge d t o b e


. ,

ca rr ie d o ut b y h is a tte nd a n ts I nst ea d h o we ve r of .

b e in g hum bl e d b y this j n d gme n t h e w a s exasp e ,

ra t ed a ga i n st th e J e w s a nd on h is re t ur n t o E gy pt
ra i se d a p e rs ecution a ga in st th o se in th a t k i ngd o m ,

de pr i ved th e m of the i r p r i v i le ge s o r de re d the m t o ,

be enr oll ed a m o n g th e l o w e st o rd e r o f E gypt ia ns ,

a nd m nte n ced ma n t o s l a v e ry a n d d eat h H w


y
r
e a s .

a fte rwa r d s ho we v e r i n d uc e d to r e v ok e h i s sa ng u i

na r y d e cr ee s * .

By C Afiter th e d ea th of P tol e my P h i l o
.
' «

pet o r «A n tiochus the G rea t i n v a d ed C aal osy ria a nd


,
'


i d th t
n i s sa ,
s
a th e l d d t oy th wh ol
reso ve to es r e e

W
natibnfl w mn in
g i h th
gw t ose who pes ided in E gy p t w h m h d d
, o e o r e re

b ht
to be roug h i di i ll d by h i l ph t
in c a ns to Al e xa n r a to be k e s e e an s

A thS is d p bl i l y v t f p pl w
on e ul c , a as conco u rse o eo e e re c o

l t d t g th
ec e t beh l d th h
o e i d xhi b iti w h t tb i i g t
e o e

l ph m n b
o e or r e on , en o re a

s u p th
r rl sc ,
g m d d m k w ith wi
e e e an d fi nk een a e n ne a n a

i c e m d l l th i g p ‘th p t t
n ens , rne a d d t y d
e r hu e u on e s ec a ors; an e s ro e

g t mb
rea nuf th m w hi l th J ew
e rs o m i d i p f t f ty
e , e e s re a ne n e r ec sa e
14 I NTRO DUCTIO N .

Pal estine and ma d e e n tire t on


'

, s oon a n
q u e s t of
th e s e s rov in ce s T he J e ws r e n ou n ced th e ir a ll e
p

g ian é e tO E gy p t
'

, p l a c e d th e mse lv e s un d er h is p ro
tectio n , a nd mfi e re d h im th e ir a s s is ta n ce

. Th e
S y r ia n mona rc h, h igh l y g ra tifie d by th e
. fidel ity
a n d z ea l th e e xh ib ite d in h is s e rv ice ( re s tore d to
y ,

J e rusa l e mits a n cie n t p riv il eg e s ; ga v e a la rge s u m


'

out of h is o w n tre a s u r for re a irin g th e te mp l e


y p ,

a n d ma in ta in in u bl ic w or h i t d e xe m
gp s ;
p g ra n e a n p
tion from a l l ta xe s for th re e ea rs to a l l the d is e rs e d
y p
J e ws wh o s h ould re tu rn t0 th e ir ca p ita l a n d l ibe ' ‘

ra te d a l l w h o h a d b ee n s old for s l a v es in a n a rt
y p
'
»

of h is d omin ion s .
le
a

B C
. . U p on
A n tioc h us th e d ece a se of ,

h is s on a n d s ucce s s or S e l e ucu s c on tin ued to th e


J e w s th e enj oy me n t of th eir c iv il a n d rel ig ious p ri
v il e ge s a n d th e e x e ns e s of th e ir sa cr ifi ces w e re
, p
d e fra y e d ou t of th e roy a l tre a s ury T h e ir p rO S p e .
~

r it w h ow e v e r d is turb e d b a n u nh a p al t r
y as
y p y e
»
, ,

ca tio n b e tw ee n O n ia s th e h ig h p rie s t a n d S imon ,

th e gov e rn or of th e te mp l e T h e l a tte r a ctua te d .


,

by a p rinc ip l e of re v e nge ga v e s u ch a n e xa gge ,

ra te d a ccou n t o f th e trea s ure s in th e te mp l e th at ,

S e l e ucus de termin e d to a p p rop ria te p a rt of th e m to


h is ow n use a n d comma n d e d H e l iod oru s h is trea
, ,

s ure r to con v e y th e m to An tipc h


,
» U p on h is a rriv a l .

a t J erus a l e m O n ia s e n d e a v ou re d to d is s ua d e h im
,

from h is p urp os e a s s urin g h im th a t th e s e trea s u re s


,

w e re a pp rop ria te d to th e u se of th e
:
orp h a ns in th e J e w is h com ‘ mun ity ,

h ow e ve r s till p e rs is te d to e xec ute h is commiss ion


,
.

Pridcauxs Connecti on, ‘01 3


; 34 12 8

k
But w hi l e the p rie s ts
W a nd
or

e o
ms
e u n ite
.

l d in ar
13

d en t
w

p p
suppl‘
ica tion to th e G od~

v e th e of I s ra e l to p re s er

sa nc tua r h e w a s s u d d en l y s truck a cc ord in g to th e


y , ,

Ehook o f Ma cca b e e s w ith in e xp re ss ibl e terror by a n ,

a w ful v mon a n d s oon a fte r q u itte d th e city w h ich


, ,

'
h e a ck n ow l edg ed w a s u n d e r the p rotection of a
d ivi ne a n d i rre s is tibl e p ow e r S imon e n ra ge d a t .
,

th e d efea t of h is ma li c ious d e ig ns a cc use d O n ia s of s


,

h a vin g in v ite d th e k in g s trea s urer to J e rusa l e m


' ’
.

E nt i b e h igh p ries t j us tifi e d h is co n d uc t to his roy a l


'

ma ste r a n d a t le ngth p roc ure d th e b a nis h me n t of


,

th e trea ch e rou s g ov e rn or l ae
.

B C . . S oon a fter A n tioch us E p ip h an e s


a ss u med th e S y ria n d ia d e m J a s on

b roth er to , ,

O nia s w e n t to A n tioch a nd p urch as e d th e h igh


,

r ies th ood for th ree h un d re d a n d s ixt ta l e n ts f H e


p y
a l s o ob ta in e d a n ord e r th a t th e re s en t on tiff w h o
p p ,

w as a ma n of e xe mpl a ry p ie ty a n d j ustice s h ould b e ,

sen t to th a t me trop ol is a n d th e re c on fi n e d for l ife , .

T his i mp ious p ries t s ubv erte d th e rel igion of h is


a nces tors by p rocurin g a g ra n t for erect in g a Gy m
,

na éiw iz p or p l a c e of e xe rc is e a t J e rus a l e m s im il a r , ,

W

to th ose w h ic h w e re b u il t in th e G re c ia n citie s a nd

e n cou ra ge d th e eo l e b r e w a rd s re ce ts a nd
p p y p p , ,

e xa m l e to a d o t th e s u e rs tition o f th e ir idol a trous


p p
, p

W
con que rors } F rom th is time th e refore a g e n er a l .
, ,

k l d h v i f h m l
'

a os ta c
p y too p a c e a n t e se r c e o t,
e te p e

N
:
Afte r J a son d e nj o ed h is il l a c q ui re d d ign ity
y
-

fior a fe w y e a rs h e w a s s up p l a n te d by h is broth er
,

1 '
9 9 ‘ j
J ose ph u s , p 303 2 . . M b ac ca ees iii . P ridea ux s Connect i on

.

l

Ab o u t ni ne t th ousan
y d p ou d n s ste r li gn .
:16 mrnonoc rros
' '
.

Mene l a us , wh ose i mp iety ,bl e excee ded if p os si ,

th a t of h is p re d ecessor Afte r he ha d ob ta ine d th e


.

h ig h pries thood by o ffe ring th e a dditional p nie e of


th ree h u nd red ta le n ts , h e orde re d th e sa cre d v ess el s
to b e s old to p a y th e s tip ul a te d s um and b ribe th e ,

c ourtie rs in h is fa v ou r H e a l s o ca use d O n ia s wh o
'

.
,

h a d re p rov ed h im for h is i mpious sa cril ege , to be


r
.

p u t to de ath H e w as ind e fa tiga bl e i n his e xer


. . .

tion s to d e stroy the J e w is h re l ig ion ; e n a ged tha t


g
h imself a n d h is p a rty sh oul d w h oll y con form to th e
G ree ks ; d rov e Ja son from J erusa l e m a n d by h is ,

ty ra n ny a nd e xtortion ca u sed a n ins urrect ion in tha t

B C . . 166 3] Im the mea n time An tioch us wa s

p ros e cutin
g th e war in
E gy p t a n d on a fa ls e re port ,

J a son march e d to J erusal e m a t the


'

of h is d ea th ,
.

h ea d e ? a th ousa n d me n a n d s ev ere l y ch as tis e d th e


r
, ,

a d he re n ts of M e -
n e la us But th e a p p roa ch of th e
.

S y ria n mona rch comp ell ed h im to e l ud e h is ve n


g ea n ce b
y fl i g h t ; a nd a t le n gth h e d ie d in e x il e

u n iv ers all h a te d a n d d e s ise d


p A n ti och us e xas p e
y .
,

ra te d a t th e s u p p ose d re v ol t a n d th e rej oici n s


g ,

up on th e re ort of h is d ea th a b a n d on e d J er usa l e m
p ,

for th re e da y s to th e fury of th e S y ria n a rmy .

F orty th ousa n d p e rs on s w ere sl a in a nd n ea rl y a n ,


'

e q ua l n u mb e r s old for s l ay e s T he i mp ious mo


na rch , con d ucte d b th e tra itor M e nel a us forc d
y e ,

h is wa y into th e te mp l e a n d e v e n p e ne tra ted i n to ,

th e mo st h oly p l ac e ; tore off th e gold e n orna me n ts ,

ca rri e d a wa y th e sa cred t rea s u res and u te ns il s ; a nd

in ord er to offe r th e g rea tes t in e J e w is h


,

J ose
p h us , p 303 . .
18 I NT RO DUC T I ON .

gods a nd w orsh ip th os e of th e k ing un d er th e


, ,

s e v e res t
p e n a l tie s T o e nfo rce ob e d.ie n ce to h is

ord e rs h e p l a ce d ov ersee rs in e v e ry p rov in ce a n d


, ,

b e ing a p p riz e d tha t th e J e w s w e re th e onl y p e rso n s


wh o w ould p re s u me to d is ob ey h is comma n ds s trict ,

inj u n ctions w e re g ive n to h a v e th e m trea te d w ith


th e utmos t s e v e rity Ath e neas a n a g e d a n d crue l
.
,

ma n w e l l v ers e d in a l l th e rite s of G recia n idol a try


, ,

b e ing se nt in to J ud ea d ed ica te d the te mp l e of


-

J e h ov a h to J up ite r a nd s et u
p h is

s ta tue on t h e a l ta r of h ur n t offerin g All w h o c -


.

re fuse d to of fer th e ir a d ora tion s b efore th e id ol ,

w e re e ith e r ma s sa cre d or comp ell e d to e n d ure th e ,

mos t e xq uis ite tor tures At th e sa me time a l ta rs .


,
.

g rov es a n d s ta tue s w e re e sta bl is h e d n ot on ly in


,
.

J ud ea but in a l l th e p a rts of th e S y ria n e mp ire ;


,
.

a nd a l l w h o p rofe ss e d th e rel ig ion of M os e s w er e ,

obl ige d to w ors h ip th e m u n d e r th e s a me p e na l ties .

T h e k in g a lso p romul ga te d a n e d ict ma k in g it ,

ins ta n t d ea th to offe r sa crifi ce s to the G od of ,

I sra e l to ob serv e th e sa bba th p ra ctis e circu mcis ion


, , ,

or a n y of th e M osa ic in stitution s In s h ort a n .


,

en erg e tic a tte mp t w a s ma d e to d es troy e v e ry c op y of

th e l a w w h ich th e k ing c omma n d e d to b e d e l iv e re d


,

u p u n d e r p e na l ty of d ea th w h il e h e s tre n u ou s l y e u ,

d ea vou re d to e xte rmina te e v ery fa ith ful w orsh ipp e r


of G od xl '

1
At th is d istres s in g p erio d mul titud e s
, q u itte t l th e ir

At th is time th e Sa ma rita ns p resente d a


p e tition to th e ki g n , in
d l d
wh ich th e y ec are th e mse e s n o t to be lv J e ws , and q
re ues ted th a t

the ir temp le M ou t G
on n e rizzi m migh t be d edicated to th e G recia n

J up ite r, a nd ca ll ed afte h i r s na me — Rol li ns Ancien t H i story .

1 Pri
'
dea ux , v ol . ii p I S 4 , 187
. . .
19
~

h a b ita tions , a n d re trea te d to ca v e s a mon g th e roc ks .

w he re th ey b s is te d on h e rb s a n d roots
su . A l a rg e
n umbe r a p os ta tiz e d ; y e t th e min is te rs of cruel t
y

W
w ere fre q ue n tl y ba ffl e d by th e intrep id fi rmn es s of

th e ir v ictims T h e k in g e xa s p e ra te d a t th e ir

.
,

b old n ess in d efy in g h is ed ic ts a n d p un is h me n ts re ,

sol v e d to v is it J e rusa l e m in ord er to e n force th e

e xec ution of h is sa ng u ina ry d ecre e s h e n th e .

ty ra n t a rriv e d h e h a d recours e to th e s ta k e a n d th e
,

h orr id e xe cution s .

ra ck ; a n d comma n d e d a n d s u p erin te n d e d th e mos t

T h e u n s h ak e n con s ta n cy of
E

th e s u ffe rers fill e d h i m w i th ra ge a n d a s ton is h m en t 3

w h il e th e ir triu mp h a n t d ea th s s tre n gth e ne d th e fa ith


.

a nd
c o u ra
g e of t h e ir b re th re n .

'

To h ug h th e
p e rs e c utio n u n de r
A n tioc h u s w a s th e

grea test th e J e w s h a d e v e r s uffered th ey h a d ,

h ith erto e n d ure d th e h orrid crue l tie s of th e ty ra n t


w ith ou t res is ta n ce But a t l e n g th me n e mine n tl y
.

d istinguis h e d for v a l our a rme d th e ms el ve s in d efe n ce ,

of th e ir re l igion a n d l a w s ; a n d w h il e the foug h t


y
u n d e r the b a n n e r o f th e G od of I s ra el th e w e re
y ,

e n a bl e d to e ffe c t th e d e s tr uction of the ir id ol a trou s .

e n e mie s th e d e l iv e ra n ce of the ir na tio


, n a n d th e ,

res tora tion of th e tru e w ors h ip .

Th e v bl
ene ra e EL
ea zar an d t h e se v b
en re th re n , w ith th e ir p iou s
mothe i ‘
, were at th is time p u t to a mos t cr u ei d eath — 2 Macca
S E C TI O N II I .

S k etch o
f th e h istory f
o th e J ews under th e A s mon ea n


M ATTATH I A S a n e mine n t p riest of th e A s mon ea n
,

famil y ) l a men te d w ith d ee p a n g u ish a n d re g re t th e


w re tc h ed s itua tion of h is coun try a n d h a d for s ome ,

time re tire d to M od in h is na tiv e p l a ce in ord e r to


, ,

e rs ecution w h ich ra g e d in J e rusa l e m


'

a v oid th e
p '
.

A p ell es on e of th e offi cers of A ntioc h us wa s sent


, ,

to th a t city to es ta bl ish the h eath e n w ors h ip A fter .

as s e mbl in g th e p eop l e h e e n d ea v oure d to p ersua d e


,

th a t v e n era bl e p rie st to s et a n exa mp l e of com


l ia n ce w ith th e k in g s e d ict b in s in ua ting com l i

p y p ,

me n ts ma g n ifi cent p romises a nd by sta tin g th e


, ,

n u mbe r w h o h a d a p os ta tiz e d Ma tta thia s boldly



.

rep l ied in th e h ea rin g of th e mul titud e th a t ,

th ough a ll th e J ew s a nd al l th e n a tions on ea rth


, ,

sh ould con formto th e k ing s d ecree h e a n d h is son s


would con tinue fa ith fu l to th e l a w of th e ir G od a n d ,

th a t n o consid era tion sh ould e v e r in d uce th em to


a ban d on th e rel ig ion of th e ir a n ces tors Immed i
a tel a fte r h e k ill e d on e of h is cou ntry m e n wh o
y ,

offe re d sa crifi ces on th e a l ta r of Me d ia U p on .

be in g j oin e d by h is sons an d some oth ers , ,

cute d th e sa me s u mm ar
y v e n gea nce on th e

offi ce r a n d h is a tte n da n ts a n d h astil y p as sin g

He was th e g rea t g d
ra n son of Asmoneus , m wh om th e fa mil y
iv d th
de r e ei r na me —P r a wns " : Conne ction, vol ii . .
p 187
. .

d uct
l

Ma th th ias ’
s con wa s n th e l a w of Moses in
s uch cases. See De uteronomy xiii .
I NT RO DUCTIO N . 21

bout th e cit exh orte d al l w h o w ere zea l ous for


a y ,

th e l a w of G od to fol ow l ,
h im .

A n ima ted b y th e exa mp l e of Ma tta th ias a n d h is


iou s fa m il l a rg e n u mb ers of J e w s b e in g d e ter
p y ,

mine d to ma ke vi gorous e xe rtions for th e recove ry


of th e ir c ivil a n d rel ig ious p riv il e ge s fol l owed th e ir ,

v en e ra bl e l ea de r into th e d eserts of J ndes "


T h ey .
E

w e re soon p urs ued b y th e roy a l a rmy ; a n d b e in g


a tta ck e d on th e sa bba th many p eris he d w ith ou t,

offerin g to m a k e th e l ea s t re s is ta n ce T h e ir l ea ders .

w e re h e n ce in du ce d to pa ss a d ecree for d efen di ng


th e ms e lv es for th e fu ture on th a t h ol y da y w h ich

,

be ing ra tifi e d by th e p ries ts a n d eld ers w a s p riv a tely ,

commu nica te d to P al es ti n e a n d th e a dj a ce n t v il

l a s es fr
B C
. . Th e p arty
Ma tta th ias be in g stron gly
of

re in forced furiousl a tta ck ed th e S ria ns a n d a os ta te


y , y p
J ew s d es troy in g ma ny a nd comp ell ing oth ers to
, ,

see k re fu ge in fore ign cou ntries A fter h av ing struck .

th e ir e n e mie s w ith terror th e con q ue rors ma rch e d ,

from c ity to city ov e rturn in g th e h ea th e n a l ta rs


, ,

d emol ish in g th e gra ve n ima g e s op en ing th e J e w ish ,

s n a g og ue s
y a n d e n forcing th e
, p ra c tice o f c irc u m _

c ision T h ey al s o as sid uousl y e mp l oy e d th e mselves


.

in s ea rch in g for a n d tra ns crib in g th e sa cre d book s ,

a nd ca us in g th e r ea din g of th e sc ri tures to b e
p
res u me d T h e ir h eroic e xertions w e re crow ne d
.

w ith s uch re ma rk a bl e s ucces s th a t in th e s h ort ,

s a ce of on e
p y e a r a h a
ppy re fo r m
, a ti on h a d b e g un

to e xte n d ov e r a la r ge p ar t of J u d ea wh e n d ea th ar

W
,

res te d Ma tta th ia s in h is gl orious ro g res s I h i


p n s .

h iston s

Joseph u s, v ol . i ii p 46
. . .
22 I N TRO DUCTI O N .

l ast m om e n ts h e e xh orte d h is son s in th e most ,

fe rve n t a n d a ffe ctiona te ma n n e r to e mul a te th eir


'

'
,

i s a n ces tors ; a n d h a z a rd t h e ir l iv es in d efe n ce of


p o u

the rel ig ion a n d l a w s of th e ir coun try ? ”

W
B C '

.J ud a s s u rna me d Macca b eus d h is



.
,

e l de st son and s ucce ss or is sa id l to ha v e b e e n th e


' ’
,

r ea te s t u n ins p ire d h e ro of w h om th e J e w s ca n
'

g
b oas t : ith h is sma ll a r my w h ich a t fi rst onl y ,

cons is ted of s ix th ousa n d me n h e soon ma d e h im


»
,

s el f ma s te r of s ome of th e s trong es t fortresses in


'

J ud e a ; b e came te rribl e to th e S y ria n s a n d S e


ma rita n s ; comp ell e d th e a p osta te J e w s to r etire in
c onfu s ion w h il e th e p iou s e mig ra n ts re turne d a nd
,

e n l iste d u n d e r h is ba n n e rs T h e S y ria n mona rch .


.

a n d th e g ov e rn ors of th e rov in ces e xe rte d th e m


p ,

s e lv es to th e u tmost to c ru s h th is d a n gerous re v ol t i n
'

i ts infa ncy For th is p u rp ose th e y e a te dl y


'

. re
p se nt

fo rmid a bl e a rmie s a ga ins t J ud as , mma n d e d by


’ ’

co

offi ce rs of con s u mma te v al our . The Ma cca bea n


h e ro, ma te d
a ni by re l ig ious con fid e nce in G od , w as
n ot a la r me d by th e va s t s u p eriority of n umb ers on

W
t Th e

w ri tten by
o e
l

ho is i

t gthe wh ihh m ad
M a abee ii J

th e
r,
cc

motto
l ke
an
s

on

u n to

tifi ia l w otd Mac ca bees


.

the s ta n
thee
a bb re v ia tion fo rm

Su h t l
e t is
ose ph us ,

mong the ( l ad s O Je h ov a h
a
d d
e d th e in itial l e tte rs of
d p ut
ar
ar

c
p 309
of
.

J d
u a s was ta
.

,
ke n

.
fro m xo E d
th e w o r
c a
us

eas
big
s
e n
xv.

th e ati o l t d itio
n er i g the o rig i
na ra f ame pp l ied im
n co n cita n n n o a n a

l i ted u d J ud nd h i b eth e ; b t 90
ise d h i t d d :ad
s tric t sense to p o ers ns e n s n er as a s r r n u

mo ee xt nsi v l y to th
r e w h o befo e J ud os e re as ra s s an ar

WW
, ,

magh imou l y b v d d hth i l th


an s me e l ig io u
ra u eP rti '

e n e sa r s ca se . a

J ew r ent l y mam



l y t th a t Je u al e m by t h me rcil
'

c ul ar o os e s ec a r s e ess

A ti h Epiph nes w l l a th ose m ty ed M ea ns befo t


n oc us a , as e s ar r re a

A l x d i by th
e an l P tol my P h il opa te — Prfi e u
r a e c r ue e r. a l

8 O " .

v ol . ii vol .

.
p 19 3
. . G il l ie s H is tory , iii p [ 93
. . .

i E ncy c ope l di a. i "i *


I
I NTRO D UCTI O N . 23

the s id e of h is e ne mie s : b ut con tin ue d s ucces sfu lly


to defE n d th e l a w s a nd re l ig ion of
i

ga ge me n ts th e a rmy w h ichthe s e e n ,
.

w a s ra is e d b y Ly s ia s th e S y ria n gov e rn or a mou n te d


'

to s ixty fi v e th ous a n d me n -
J udas ga ine d a com .
.

l te v icto r obl ige d th e troo p s w h o h a d es ca p e d


p e y ,
.

th e s word to el ud e h is v e ng e a n ce b y a n ig nomin ious


fl igh t a nd th e ir comma n d e r to a ba nd on th e e n
*
,
. .

te rpr ize , . an d return to S y ria .

B . C E ncou ra ge d by th is b rill ia n t s uccess ,

th e v ictor iou s M a cca b ee s ma rc h e d to J e ru s a l e m ,

de s troy e d th e S y ria n idol s re p a ire d a n d p urifi ed th e ,

te mp l e re p l a ced th e sa cre d v e ss el s , a n d d iv ine w or


,
.

sh i
p w
, h ich h a d b ee n in te rru te d for th re e
p y ea rs

a n d a n h a lf wa s re s u med w ith the g rea te s t s l e n d our


,
.
, p
a n d s ole m
. h ity T h e te mp l e w h ich wa s de ck e d w ith
.
,

a
p r o f u s ion of orn a me n ts w a s con se cr a te d a n e wtt o ,
.
'

th e s e rv ice O f G od a n d a n a n n ual ffea s t a p p ointe d ,

to p erp e tua te th e re me mb ra n ce O f th is j oy ful e v e n t s .

But n otw ith s ta n d in g th e triu mp h a n t s ucce ss of .

J uda s a n d h is w e re n ot a bl e to e xp e l th e
S y ria n s from th e ir fortre ss on moun t A cra which ,

w a s op p os ite to th e te mp l e ; in orde r th e re fore to


r e v e n t th e in te rru tion O f d iv in e w ors hi th
p p p e y
-
,

rotecte d th e s a cre d e d ifi ce b b uild in g h igh w a ll s


p y
a nd l ofty towers w h ich w ere s upp orte d by a
. .
,
"

o w e rfu l a n d v ig il a n t is on xl
p
'
rr
ga

T h e s urrou n d in g n a tion s e xa s p era te d a t th e re ,

e s ta bl is h me n t 0f th e Je w s u n ite d a ga in s t th e m a n d , ,

l ~

Fo r a
p artic u l a r a ccou n t of th e b ttl b
a es etw ee n th e Sy ria ns a nd '

J ews , se e 1 M a cca b e es iii i v


. .

t l Ma cca bees iv .
24 I NTR O DUCTIO N .

k d
a tta c e th em on d
b e ing res olv ed to d es troy
a l l s i e s,
'

w ors h i e r of J e h ov a h B ut J uda s a n d hi s
'

e ver
y pp .

v a lia n t broth ers re p ea te dl y a tta ck e d a nd va n quish ed


'

th e ir forces w ith p rod ig ious s l a ug h ter ; re d uced


,

s e v e ra l of th e ir rin ci a l l a ce s ; and ob ta ine d the


p p p
mos t com p l e te s ucce ss f
‘ e

In th e mea n time A n tioch us b e in g on h is return ,

from a n u n s ucce ssful e xp e d ition a g a in s t P e rs ia se ,


~

ce l v ed th e a l a rming n e w s th a t a l l th e J ew s ha d
,
.

re v ol ted d e fea te d h is g e n era l s e x e ll e d th e ir a r mies


, p ,

from J ud ea a n d res tore d th e p rimitiv e worsh ip


,
.

T his in tell ige nce fi ll ed h im w ith s uch fra ntic rage ,

th a t h e d ecla re d h e w ould u tterl y e xtirp a te e v ery in


d iv id ua l of th e J e w is h n a tion T h ese w ords were .

sca rcel d b ok of

y u tt e re sa
y s th e , a u th o r of t h e o

M a cca b ees w h en h e wa s s truck w ith a torturing a n d


,

in cu ra bl e d isea s e a n d w a s comp ell ed to a ck n ow


,
.

l ed ge th at h is s uflerings w ere j ustl y in fl icte d by th e


'

G od of Is ra e l w h ose p e op l e h e h a d p ers ecute d w ith


,

u n rel e n tin g cruel t


y .

A fte r h a v ing l a ng uish e d for some time in a mise .

ra bl e con d ition h e ex ire d a n d h is d ea th free d th e


p ,

J e ws from th e mos t in v ete ra te e n emy th ey h ad e ver


.

k n own A n tioch us E up a te r h is s on a n d s uccessor


.
, ,

c on tin ue d to r o e cu te th e w ar a ga in s t th e J e w ish
p s

na tion s ]
S ome time a fte r th e dea th of th e ty ra n t, J uda s
la id cl ose s iege to th e tow e r of A cra w hich Ap p ol ,

l ouins h a d b u il t to ov e rl ook th e te mp l e T h e y oung .

k in g a dva n ce d to th e re l ief of th e ga rrison a t th e


h e a d of a n h un d re d th ousa n d foot twen ty th ousa n d ,

R ll i A i t H i t y l viii
o

n s nc e n s or , vo . .

1 2 M '
be ix J ph acca l iii p 6 9
es . ose us , v o . .. . .
W
26 I NTRO D UC T I ON .

ho
'

B C
. . O nias , th e s on of O nia s 111 .

wa s mu rd e re dA n tioch b e in g d isa p poin te d in not


in ,

obta in in g th e h igh p ries th oo d a fte r th e dea th of h is


un cl e M e ne l a us w ith d re w in to E g
y p t
, In di m
g m t a t .

th e p romotion of th e u n w orth y Al c imns ,


h e p e ti
tion e d to e my Ph il ome te r a n d
P l Cl eop a tra '
h is q ue en
to p e rmit h im to b u ild a te mp l e for th e J e w s in th a t
cou n tr a ll e g in g th a t th e p ro h e t I sa ia h h a d fore
y , p
told th a t th e re s h ould b e a n a l ta r to th e L or d in
”a
E gy p t . T h e k in g a n d q uee n g ra n te d h is re q ues t
s
,

a ss ig n e d a p ortion of l a n d a n d a n a d e q ua te re v e n ue
,

for th e p urp ose T h e p l a c e c h os e n for e rec tin g th e


.

te mp l e w a s H el iop ol is or th e c ity of th e s un , It .

w a s b uil t a fter th e mod e l of th e te mp l e a t J e rusa l e m


b ut n ot on so l a rge a n d ma g n ifi cen t a sca l e O n ia s .

wa s ma d e h ig h p ries t ; infe rior p rie s ts a n d Le v ites


w ere a l so a p p ointe d a n d d iv ine w ors h i
p c on d ucted

as in th e ca ita l of J ud ea xl
'

p
D e me trius s on of S el eucus P h il op a ter a nd
, ,

l a wful h e ir to th e crow n h a v in g p ut A n tioch us ,

E up a tor to d ea th Al cimn s th e a p os ta te h igh p ries t


, , ,

w h o u p on b e in g rej ecte d by th e J e w s h a d b e come


th e ir imp l a ca bl e e n e my p e tition e d th e n e w k in g to
,

rt h is titl e D e me trius a t h is in s ti a tion se n t


su
pp o g
-
.

l arg e a rmies u n d er th e comma n d of Ba cch id es th e


g ov ern or of M esop ota mia a n d N ica nor gove rn or , ,

of J ud e a But th e d e sig n s of b oth w e re fr us tra ted


.

by th e va l our a n d p rud e n ce of th e M a cca b ees ; a n d


N ica nor w h o h a d bl a s p h e me d th e G od of I s ra el
,
'

a n d th rea te n e d to d es tro th e te m l e w as s l a in in
y p ,

th e e n gage me n t a nd h is a rmy d efea ted w ith p rod i


,

g ion s s l a ugh te r j
4 ' I i h xix 18 19
sa a . t J , ph u h i ii p 5 9
. ose : I b id
:3 s, vo . . . .
I NTRO DU C T I O N . 27

S oon afterv ictory J uda s s en t a n e mb a ssy to


th is ,

Raine a n d ob ta in e d a n a ll ia n ce w ith th a t p ow e rful

W
s tate ! Bu t p re v io usl y to th e re turn of th e a mba s

sado r; D em
i

e trius d es p a tch e d Ba cch id es in to J ud e a


'

w ith th e fl o e r of h is troop s cons is tin g O f tw e nty


'

tw oth ou sa n d me n tore v e n ge th e d ea th of N ica n or


, ,

a n d e sta bl ish Al cimus :in th e


p i es th ood A h

W
r t t e .

r o a ch of th is formida bl e a rm th old i o f
a
pp y e s e rs
'
,

J ud a s w h ich a mou nte d to onl y th re e th ou sa n d me n


, ,

w e re in tim id a te d to s uch a d e g re e th a t a l l l eft h im


e xc e t e igh t h u n d re d it h th i sm a ll force w h ich


p . s ,

h e e xh orte d l n th e mos t p a th etic ma n n er to d ie va l i


a n tl ra th er th a n des ei t h e b ro k e th e s tron g es t
y ,

w in g of th e id ol a trou s a r m ; a n d ch a se d th efl e e in g
y
troops to M ou n t Az otus But a t l en g th b e in g sur
.

roun de d on a l l s id e s a n d ov e r ow ered by n u
, p m b e rs ,

th is h e roic d e fe n d e r of h is coun try fell cov e red ,

w i th h on oura b l e w oun d s onh ea ps of h is ex irin g


'

, p
enem ie s His d ea th was dee p l y l a me n te d a nd h is
.
,

h eroic e xp l oits d e s e rv e dl y cel e b ra te d


'


B: C . T h e d ea th of J u d a s fi ll e d h is cou n
try me n w ith th e u tmos t c on s te rna tion w h il e th eir
e ne m
,

ies ins p ire d wi th fres h c oura g e red uce d J e ru


, ,

sa l e m p ut ma n y Of th e a d h e re n ts of th e M a cca b ee s
,

to d ea th , a n d r e in s ta te d Al c imu s in th e p rie s th ood ,

w hich sa cre d O ffi ce h e p e rverte d to th e v il es t p ur


ose s h us ob s e rv e s th a t th e ca l a mitie s th e
p .
,

J ew s a t th is time w e re e q ua l to a n th e
y y
h a d e x p e rie n ce d s in ce th eir re turn from Ba b y l on .

Bu t a t l e n gth th e i mp ious h ig h p ries t h a v in g p re


s um ed to b rea k d own one of th e wa ll s of th e sanc

was s ud denl y eil t off 1n th e ful l ca reer of h is


28 I NTRO DUCT I ON .


wic k ed nes s , a nd e x p re d in agonies
i Th e p arty of .

J udas ma d e th e most s tren uous e xertions a ga inst


th e ir e n e mies , a nd u na n i mousl y C h ose J ona th a n to
s ucce e d h is b roth er as th e ir p rince a nd gen e ra l .

U nd e r h is d irection th e w ar w as co nd ucted w ith


s uch e n er gy a n d s ucces s, th a t th e S y ria ns d isturbe d
,

by th e ir o w n in testine d iv is ion s, sol e mnl e n ga g e d


y
to re fra in from fu rth er h os til ities, a nd a trea ty of

p e a ce w a s c oncl ud ed s l
'

I mme d ia te l y a fte r l eft J ud ea


th e Sy ria n force s ,

J on a th a n comme nce d a reg ul a r gov e rn me nt s imil a r ,

to th a t of th e a n c ien t I s ra e l itis h j u dge s be re pa ired


th e w al l s of J er us al e m fortifi e d th e c ity a nd m
, a de ,

se v e ra l imp orta n t re forma tion s in th e C iv il a n d eccl e

W
s ia s tica l affai rs of his coun tr
y . T h e increa s e of h is
re
p uta tion a n d s ucces s , in d uce d th e co mp e titors for
th e S y ria n mona rch y to court h is frien d s h ip a nd a s

De metrius h a d forme rl y p ersecute d th e J e w s , he


j oined th e p a rt of h is riv a l Al e xa n d e r Be l a
y . ith
th e mous con se n t of th e p eop l e h e a ccep ted th e
u na n i ,

h igh p riesthood from h im [B C th a t p la ce . .

hav in g b ee n v a ca n t s e v e n y ea rs from th e d ea th of
Al cimus. J on ath a n a l s o forme d a n a ll ia n ce w ith th e
Roma ns a n d L a ce demon ia n s a n d ren d ere d h imsel f ,

formid a bl e b y h is mil ita ry a ch ie v e men ts But after .

h e h a d g ov e r n e d th e J e w ish na tion w ith e q ual p ru

By th e d
or e r o f p roph e ts H gg
a a i an d Zech a ria h , l ow wal l or
a

incl os u re w as b il t
u rou n d th e s a nctua ry to se p a ra te th e l
h o y from th e
unh ol y l
; a nd th e ru e w as , th a t w ith in th is no u ncircu mcised pe rson
w ho ente r Al cimu s in orde r to i
.
, gv e th e Ge ntilg e ua q l lb i erty

with th e J ew s , to pass i nto th e in ne

th is wa ll of pa rtition to be p u lle d
v ol . ii p 2 6 4
. . .

Pridea ux s Connection, v ol . 11. p M



.
I NTRO DUCTI ON .

d e nce a n d s k ill for a b out se v e ntee n y ears h e a nd h is ,

C h ild ren w e re treach erousl y p ut to d ea th by T ry p h on ,

ol e ma is
a S ria n u s ur er i th e C it o f P t ‘ O ne
y p n y , .

th ousa n d p e rs on s w h o a tte n d e d h im a s gua rd s w e re


l ik e wise a s sa ss ina te d * .

B C . . A fte r th e d ea th of J on a th a n the ,

l ea d ers of th e J e w is h na tion ass e mbl ed a t J e rusa l e m ,

a n d ch os e S imon the on l y s u rv iv in g s on of Ma tter


,

th ias for th e ir ge ne ra l a n d h ig h p rie s t a n d s e ttl e d


,

both th e civ il a n d sa ce rdota l p ow e r on h is p oste rity .

H e imita te d th e v al our a n d p rud e n ce w h ich ma rk e d


the con d uct of h is b roth e r ; re p a ire d th e fortre s se s O f
J ud ea re d uce d a n d d e mol ish e d th e tow er of A cra
re n ew e d th e tre a ty w ith th e Roma n s ; a n d s e n t a n

e mba ssy to De m e trius l a w fu l h e ir O f S ria O f


y ,f e rin g ,

to a ck n ow l edge h is sove re ign ty a n d a s s is t h im in ,

d epr iv ing th e u s urp er T ry p h on of th e re ga l d ig n ity .

Th ese p rop osa l s w e re c h ee rfull y a cce p ted by D e me


trius ; a n d a l e tter w a s returne d w h ich con s titute d

S imon s ov ere ig n p rince a n d h igh p ries t of th e


'
'

J ew ish na tion ord ere d al l p ub l ic a cts to be ma d e in


' '

h is n ame a n d rel ea se d h is te rritories froma l l fore ign


,

domin ion A fte r th e in d e p e nd e n t reig n of S imon


'

h a d comme nced he bra v el y d e fen d e d h is country ;


,

took Ga za a h d J op pa re s tore d e a ce to J e rus al e rn


p
beau ti fi ed th e san ctuary a nd e nforce d ob ed ie nce to

W
th e div in e l a w : At l e n g th h ow e v er C
[ B , ,
. .

a p e riod l ife a nd usefuines s a t th e


by w h om h e a n d t O Of

ca s tl e of
O

W
h is s on s sl
y m urd e red a fte r h e ha d

govern e d th e J ew s eigh t y ea rs xl .
i

hi ston s Jo
sep h u s, v ol . v Ma ce a b x—rxi v

.
p . 13 . l . . H
t l M acca bees x v i .
30 I NTRO DUCT I ON .

I mme d ia tel y a fte r S imon



s dea th A ntioch us 355
, 9

d ete s , th e th e n g nin g k ing of


re i Sy ria ma rch e d to
,

P a l e s tine with a p owe rful a rmy ,


a n d com ell e d th e
p
J e w s to d el iv e r th e ir a rms d e mol ish th e fortifi cat ions,

of J e rus a l e m a n d p a h im a n a nn ua l trib ute


fi rst
y , .

l on g a fte r th is mona rch w a s sl a in in a n e xp ed ition


, , ,

a ga in s t th e P a rth ia ns ; a n d th e in te s tin e commotion s

w h ic h d is tra c te d th e k in gd om a fte r h is d e a th a fford e d


H y rca n us , th e s on -
and s u cce s s or of S imon ,
an

o
pp ortu n it
y to e n d o m
l a rge
i n ion s a nh is
d d el iv er ,

h is cou ntry from th e y ok e of fore ig n p ow e r His .

e xe rtion s w ere crow n e d with s uch com l e te s ucces s


p ,

th a t n e ith er h e n or h is d es ce n d a n ts w ere e v e r a fter


s ubj e cte d to th e k in g s of S ria
y
* .

H e w a s a l s o s ucce ssfu l in h is w a rs w ith th e Id u


mea n s w h om be comp ell e d to re n ou n ce th e ir id ol
,

a trous rite s or a b a n d on th e ir cou n tr ; i n c oa


, y
s e q ue n ce of w h ich th e
y l ost th e ir
p ol itica l e xis te n ce ,

a n d b eca me incor o ra te d w ith th e J e w is h n a tion


p .

T h e con queror n ext turn e d h is a rms a ga ins t the


S a ma rita n s ; de mol ish e d th e ir ca p ita l c ity a n d th e ,

te mp l e w h ich w a s e recte d on M oun t G e rizzimxt

W

H y rca n us re n e w e d th e a ll ia n ce w h ich h is y rede


ce ss ors ma d e w ith th e R oma ns wh o w ere n ow ,

ra i
p ydl a dv a n cin g to th e me r id ia n of th eir
p owe r .

A n d h a v in g s ubd ue d h is e n e mie s a n d a mas s ed p ro ,


b

d igious trea s u re by h is con q ue s ts e nj oy e d h is a uthgc ,

rity w ith out d istu rb a n ce ma d e J ud ea fl ourish

W
.

h is w ise a d min is tra tion a n d ra ise d h is na tion to a


,

W
g rea te r d e gree of s p l en d our th a n e v e r en

j oy e d s ince th e Ba b y l on ish ca p tiv ity la st day s


h iston

s J osep h us , v o l . v .
p . 14 . F idr . Conn . v ol . 11. p 32 5 .
.

'
l
1 Rol in s Ancien t

Hi ts ory .
T O
IN R D U T C I ON . 31

w ere
'

h o we v e r mb itte re d by a c on tes t w ith th e


*w h
e

P ha r is e es ,
q uire d grea t
o, at th is time h a d ac

o w e r a n d p op ul a rity ; a n d h a d in ce n se d th e k in g
p
by ca ll in g i n q ue s tio n h is ti tl e to th e h ig h p r ie s th ood .

H y rca n ns h ow e v e r a fte r ha v ing e nj oy e d th e roy a l


, ,

a uth orit
y tw ent
y n in e
y e a rs d ie d i n p e a ce
-
g re a tl y , ,

b el ov ed a nd la me nte d b y th e g e n era l ity of th e J e wis h


n a tion x f
A ris tob ul us h is e ld es t s on s ucce ed e d h im b oth in
, ,

th e re g a l a nd sa c e rd ota l d ig n ities H e w a s th e fi rst .

a fte r th e Ba b y l on ia n ca p tiv ity w h o a ss u me d a


.

d ia d e m a n d th e titl e of k in g T h e comme n ce me n t
,
.

of h is re ig n w a s ma rk e d w ith s e v e ra l a c ts of d e

s otic c ruel ty H e e v e n p ut h is ow n moth e r to


p .

d ea th beca us e s h e a s p ired to th e gov e rn me n t a n d


,

im p rison e d h is b roth ers on e of w h o m h e a l s o ca us e d ,

to be sl a in u p on a n u nj us t s usp icion D uring h is .

o v e rnm e n t th e I turea n s w h o i n h a b ite d th e n orth


g ,

ea ste rl y p a rts of G a l il e e w e re a tta ck e d a nd va n


'

Lea rn e d me n d iflbr re spe ctin g th e ori gi n of th e Ph a risees . Som e

supp ose th a t th e y a ro se a o ut an b h un d re d .
a nd fifty y ea rs e fore th e b
a p p ea ra nce of o u r S via ou r . J os e p h us , w ho wa s l
h imse f of th is se c t,

pe a
s k s of it as fl o u ri s h in g i n th e time of J on a th a n g
th e h i h p ries t .

Th e di ss ens ions b e tw ee n th e s ch oo s o f l H ill l e and Sh a mma i , a l ittl e

b e fore th e C h ris tian e ra , in crea s e d th e nu mbe r a nd


p ow er of the
Ph a r is ees . H ill l e , h a in v g ac
q u ire d a p rofo u n d k now e l d ge of th e
mas t d iffi l t poi ts of th J w i h l w b e
cu n e e s a ,
ca me maste r of th e ch ief
sch oo l i Je usa l em d l id th fo d ti
n r , an a e un a on of th e T a l mu d Sha m .

motions . H ow e v er. th e p a rty of H ill l w e as at l as t vi t


c oriou s.

E nfi cld

s Ph il osop hy . See a sol Sec tion V f . or a fu rth er a ccount of th is

1'
J ose ph us, v o l . v .
p 19. .
32 I NTRO DUC T I ON .

q u is h ed . Afte r a sh ort re i gn th e ty ra n t ex
p ired ,

fill e d
s c ie n ce
w ith th e
.
“ E
ut mos t h orror a nd re morse of co m

B C . . Al exa n d er
J a n n eus b roth er of ,

A ris tob ul us ,
b e in g l ibe ra te d from p rison a sce n ded

,

th e th ron e T h is ma rtia l p rince d efea te d th e Ph i


.

l is tin e s a n d comp ell e d th e m to re ce iv e c ircu mc is ion


f
-
,

H e a l so a ch ie v e d oth er b rill ia n t con q ue s ts in A ra b ia ,

G il ea d a n d M oa bitis D uring h is re ig n h ow ev er
,
.
, ,

th e J e w s w e re in a v e ry mise ra bl e con d ition be in g ,

n ot on l y in v olv e d i n fore ign w a rs b ut d is tracte d by ,

i n te s tin e commotion s T h e p ow e rfu l p a rty O f th e .

P ha risee s w h o d e tes te d h imfor e nforc in g his fa th er s


,

d ecre e s a g a ins t th e ir con s titution s e x erte d th em ,

s el v e s to th e u tmos t to v il ify h is g ov ern me n t a n d ,

e xas p e ra te th e p e op l e a ga in s t h im T h eir ma l icious .

a tte mp ts ga v e r is e to a civ il w a r w h ic h l as te d s ix

in v olv e d b oth a rties in in n ume ra ble cal a


y ea rs , p
mitice a nd occa sion e d th e d ea th of more tha n fi fty
,

th ous a n d p ers on s At l e n g th Al exa n d e r h a v in g in


.
(

v a in en d ea v oure d to e ffect a re concil ia tion ga in e d ,

'
th e v ictory in a d ec is iv e b a ttl e a n d p un is h e d h is ,

e ne m ies w ith th e u tmos t s e v erity Th e k ing die d

W
.

in th e 2 7 th y ea r O f h is re ig n a fter h e h a d b e ,

uea th e d th e g ov e rnm e n t to h is w ife Al e x a n d ria


q ,

w h om h e a p p oin te d g ua rd ia n to th e y oun g p rinces

W
.

h e n th e q ue e n a sc e n d e d th e th ron e in compli ,

a n ce w ith th e a dvice w h ich s h e re ceiv e d from h e r

Joseph u s , v ol . v .
p 19. .

Th e prac tice of O b l g g th
i in e na tions , wh o en t] by t he
Jew s, to q ui t the ir co u ntry or e mb ra ce the Mo sa ifi el igion ‘
w as a m»
m
, ,

ria bl y fo ll o we d by th e A
s monean p rinces
— Ro a s 4 a ’
. H is tory ,

v ol . ix p 2 2 1
. . .
34 I NT RO DUC T I O N .

tob ul us, a nd kep t h im cl os e l y b es ie ed in Jeru


g
c

'
l m
sa e .
41
1 ‘ J
z t l 1


B C . . In i th is s itua tion O f affa irs , A ris to:
b ul us i mp l ore d t th e p rote ction O f th e Roma ns, a nd
h is p e tition b e in g accomp a n ie d with l a rge p re sents ,

ef
fectua lly a n s w e re d h is p urpo
-
s e, and in d uce d th e .

A reta s comma n d in g h im to

bl i to w rite to

re u
p c ,

ra ise th e s ieg e a n d l ea v e th e coun tr


-

, y T h e A ra b ia n .

p rin ce o b e
y e d th e in j u n ction a nd A ri s tob ul us ,
.

e sca e d f rom h is con fi n e me n t a n d g ra tifi e d h is


p ,

v in d ictiv e ra ge by th e d e s truction of h is e nemies xl '

S ome time a fte r th is e v e n t th e two b roth e rs s e n t


,

em b a s sa d ors to P omp ey a t th a t time comma nd er in ,

ch ief of a ll th e R oma n force s in th e e a s t a nd c h ose ,

h im th e arb itra tor of th e ir mu tua l d iffe re nces . 1

T h e R oma n g e ne ra l h eard e a ch p a rty w ith a p -

p a re n t im p a rtia l ity
.
a nd d is mis s e d th,e m w ith a

romis e th a t h e w ould e mb race n u ea rl y O p p ortun it


p ,
y .

of d e cid in g th e c on trov e rsy Aris tob ul us , offe n d ed .

a t th e d e l a y g an d s us p ectin g P omp ey fa v oured h is


n

broth e r ma d e for mid a bl e p rep a ra tions for w a r


,
s : . .

E xa sp e rated a t th is a n d oth e r p a rts of h is cond uc t , ,

th e Roma n comman d e r ca use d h imto be imp ris oned


a nd m
,

arc h e d w h h s w h ol e
i t i a rm a
ga in s t VJ eru ;
y
.

sa l e m
1 .

T h ough th e ga tes of th e city we re rea d il y O p e ne d


by H y rca n us s p a rty y e t th e fa ction O f A ristob ul us

took s h el ter i n th e te mp l e a n d res olv e d to d efe n d ,

th e ms elv e s to th e l a s t e xtremity
'

cl os el b e 5 1e e d th e m an d th s
y g e
.

w ith w h ich th e J e ws Ob se rv ed th

*J
4 ose
p h us, v ol . i
. 2
p 8 . . 1’
I b id .
i I b id . vol . v .
p 30. .
I NTRODUCT I ON . 35

th e con ques t O f th eir metrop ol is For th ough s ince .


,

th e comme n ce me n t O f th e M a cca b ea n w ar Th e y ,

h a d a g ree d to d e fe n d th e ms elv es on tha t h oly d a y ,

w h e n a ctua ll y a tta ck e d th ey s till th ou gh t it u n l a wful


,

to p re v e n t th e w ork s O f th e ene my T h e R oma n s .

the refore w e re u n mol e s te d w h il e th ey e mp l oy e d ,

the ms e lv es in p rep a ra tions for a n a tta ck on th e


sa bba th a nd m
, a d e th e ms elv e s mas ters O f th e ci ty .

a fte r a s ieg e of thr e e mon th s A terribl e sla ugh ter .

e ns ued i n w h ich more th an tw elv e th ousa n d p ers on s


,

w ere k ill e d a n d ma n y p e ris h e d b y s uicid e


,
D urin g .

th ese ho rrid tra n sa ction s th e p ries ts w h O w ere


, ,
a

'

O fi erin sa c rifi ces co n tin ue d th e ir d e votion s w ith


g ,

grea t comp osu re a n d sufi e red t h ems elves to be


'

mur de re d before th e a l ta r w ith out a n y res ista n ce ,


.

T h e ir con sta n cy excite d th e as ton ish men t a nd a d mi


ra tion of th e con q ueror ‘ .

J erusa l e m w as re d uced on th a t v ery da y wh ich ,

th e J e ws Obse rv e as a s ol e mn fa s t for th e ta k in g O f
a n d te m l e b
'

th e cit N e b uch a dn ezza r A ft


y p y er .

P ompe y h a d comp l ete d th e con quest Of J erusa l e m ,

h is c u rios ity in d uce d h im to e xa min e ev ery p a rt O f


th e te mp l e A ccomp a n ied w ith some of h is sup e
.

r ior O ffi ce rs h e e v e n p e n e tra te d in to th e h ol y of
,

h ol ies But h e l eft th e treas ur es O f th e sa cre d ed i


fi ce u n touc h ed a n d ord e re d th e p ri es ts to ma k e a
'

s ol e mn p urifica tion
'
'

a n d O fi er sa crifi ces a ccord in g


,

to th e M osa ic in s titutions xl '

v ol . iv p 2 9 3
. . .
I NTRO DUC TIO K

S E C TI O N I V .

S ketch f o th e hi story f o J e ws , f rom th e con q uest


th e
f
o
P omp ey to th e birth of our L O 1d J esu s Ch r is t .

B C . . J os muw s a nd Ta citus da te the l oss


of th e l ibe rty Of th e J e ws , a n d th e tmnsh tion O f

the s ove re ig n a uth orit


y to th e Ro ma ns from the ,

red uction of J e rusa l e m by P omp ey For th ough.

Hy rca nns wa s res tore d to th e p on tifi ml d ign ity with


th e titl e of p ri nce , h e was d ep ri v ed of the en signs
of roy a ty , a nd con e mn e
l d d to p a y a d is grace ful;
trib ute H is d ominions were al s o red uced to n a r
.

row er l im its ; for Pompe y re store d to l o Sy ria

a l l the tow ns ta k e n b t h e J e ws ga ve l ib t t
y e r
y o ,

Sa ma ria a nd oth er ma ritime to wns and strictl y p ro


'

h ibite d h im from a tte mp tin g a ny n e w con q uests .

TO p re v e n t future re v ol ts th e Roma n ge nera l com ,

ma nde d the wa l l s of J e rusal e m to be d emol ish ed


and , a fte r regul a tin g th e gov e rn me nt of J udea
a ccord ing to h is p l e as ure return e d to R om e Aris
, ,

tob ul us a n d h is so ns Al e xa n d e r and A n tigon us be ing


sen t p ris one rs to th a t city to a dorn his futu re
triu mp h ‘ .

B C . . Fromth is pe riod for ma ny y e a rs , c iv il


,

di sse ns ions a nd d es ol a ting wa rs ra ge d in J u dea .

Al ex a n d er , th e s on of A ristob ul us foun d mea ns to ,

e s ca p e from R ome ,
a nd a p
p a re d in th a t coun try at

th e h e a d Of a formid a bl e 5 h ad l eft
th e ma n a ge me nt of afl a irs ’
0, h a v ing
us e d e v e ry fi to in
a rti ce w ith th e
R oma n s ,
w a s e na bl e d by th e ir a ss is ta nce
, , to su
p p re s s
J ph ml p 3 4
ose us , . . .
tur nonv crrou . 37

the r be ion
e ll . S ome time a fte r , A ristob ul us ob ta in e d
ed ar t i n Pa
p y

md
w e re fru s tra te d; a nd h e
co m itte to p rison A fe w y ea rs a fte r, .

s e t h im a t l ib ert , in ord e r to a in h is
sa r
y g
a s is ta n ce a
s ga in s t P om e
p y a n d b oth h e a nd h is s on
°

A le xa n d e r were p ut to dea th by th e p a rtiz an s of that


fa mous g en era l * .

B C. . Ab out th is time C ra s sus th e Ro ma n ,

gove rn or of S y ria in v a d ed th e P a rthia ns ; a n d


, .

on h is march a ga in s t th a t na tion s to e d t J u
pp a er

sa l e m a nd
, s tim u la te d by h is ins a tia bl e a va ric e
.
,

seiz e d th e s a cre d treas ure s in th e The


w ea l th h e a cq u ire d by th is sa cr il e g iou s ill a ge is sa id
p
to h a v e be e n up w ard s of tw o million s s terl in g Bu t .

the ve nge a nc e of h eave n ov er took h im fon h e wa s


s oon a fter d efea te d ua n d s l a in b th e Pa rth ian s +
y . .

B C . . M ean time th e p ow er a nd infl uenc e


of A ntipat er ra p idly in crea se d J ul ius Q msar w h o

W
.
,

after th e d eath of Pomp ey u s urp e d th e s up re me s

au th ority Rome , rew a rded t h e services h e h ad


at

rend e re d h im in th e E g y p tia n ar by ma k in g h im '

,
'

h a ute n a n t of J udea a n d h on ou rin g h i m w ith th e


,
'

titl e of a R oma n c itiz e n H e a l so confi rme d H y r .

w in the p rie sth ood , iga ua l ib er ty to fortify th e


as

city .a n d repa ir th e w a l ls of J e ru sa l e m, w h ich


P omp e y h a d d e mol is h e d , a n d b e stow e d s uc h s igna l
fa y ours u
p en i th ed u rin g h is l ife
J e ws t
, h ey tha t ,
'

coul d sca rc el y be s a id to fe e l th e R o man y ok e .

At th is time A n tip a te r p roc u re d th e gov e rn me nt


of J e rusa l e m for h is e ld es t s on Ph a sa e l a n d th a t of ,

G a l il ee for h is s econ d s on Fl a re d ; i r s

J phose l v p 3 7 —4 0
us , vo . t fbid
. .
1 I b id p 4 3
4
. .

. . .
38 I NTRO DUCT I ON .

D uring th e d omes tic ca la mities , w h ich en gaged


th e a tten tion of th e Roma n s u p on th e ass a s s ina tion

of J ul ius Cae sa r, Hy rca n us w a s d e p r iv e d of h is


a uth ority b y h is n ep h e w A n tigon us, w h o, a fte r
ma k ing v ig orous e fforts, in w h ich h e w as a ss iste d
by th e P a rth ia n s , v
rec o ere d th e k ingd om By res .
-

n us a n d Ph a sa el w e re th row n into a d ung eon b ut


H erod d d estruction by
es ca p e a
p re ci ita te fl ig h t
p .

H e fi rst took refug e in E gy p t from w h e n ce b e ,

re p a ire d to R ome for a ss is ta nce a nd b


y th e
p o w er ,
:

ful p a trona ge of M a rk A n th on y w h o w a s th e n in ,

th e z e n ith oi h is p ow er wa s i na ug ura te d k in g of
'

.
,

J u d ea S oon a fter h e e nte red P a l e stine w ith a


.

n u merous a rmy a n d s ubd ue d G a l il ee


, He w a s .

h ow e v e r re p ul se d a t J erusa l e m w ith g re a t sl a ugh te r ;


b u t b e in g re in force d by S osia s gov e rnor of S y ria
.
, ,

h e ma de h imsel f ma s ter of th e city a fter a n ob s tin a te



,

s ie g e of s ix mon th s T h e i mme d ia te con se q ue n ce


.

w a s a crue l p ill a ge a n d ma s sa cre w h ich w a s foll ow e d ,

by th e d ea th of A n tigon u s th e son of A r is tob ul us .

T h u s e nde d th e re ig n of th e A s mon ea n fa mil y a fte r ,

a d ura tion of a n h u n d re d a n d tw en t n ine


y y ea rs

from th e be g in n in g of th e gov e rn me n t of J uda s


M a cca b eus ‘
‘ .

U p on th e e n tir e re d uction of th e h oly city H erod , ,

a s tra n ge r a n d I d u mea n a s ce n d e d th e th ron e of


,

J ud e a .

H e rod wh o p rov e d on e of th e g rea tes t ty ra nts


,

e v e r rec ord e d in h is tor c o mme nce d h is re ign w ith


y ,

a cr ue l p e rs e c u tio n of th e a d h e ren ts of A n tig on u s

th e mos t a ffl ue n t a mo n g th e m h e ca us e d to b e p u t to .

d ea th a nd con fi s ca te d th e ir e s ta te s i n ord e r to re
,

J ph l v p 43
os e us , v o . . . .
I NTRO DU CTI ON . 39

t
p y cof
fe rs . T h e ty ra n t . d ecoy e d
m Pa rth ia ,
w h e re h e h a d fle d . for
con tra r
y to th e mos t so e l mn ga ge en

h im to be assa ss ina te d . A ristob ul us ,

w h o w as pp oin ted I h i h
a
g
p rie s t, was d row ne d
ba th by h is con triva nce in a .

Mar ia mne ,
w h o d es ce n d e d fro m th e il l us
hi s q uee n ,

trion s A s mon ea n fa mil y a n d w a s d is tin g u is h e d for ,

h e r b ea uty v irtue a n d a ccomp l is h men ts fe l l th e


, , ,

n e xt v ictim o h is re s e n tme n t a n d j ea l ous T h


t y ree .

O f h is s on s in th e course O f h is ty ra n n ica l r e ign


, ,

w ere c on d e mn e d to s uffe r d ea th H e sa cr ifi ce d h is .

frie n d s a s w ell a s foes tO h is u n gov e rna bl e fury ,

o re ss ed th e p e op l e i n th e mos t cru el and a rb itra ry


pp
ma n n e r a n d e xh a us te d th e treas ure s of the n a tion
,


b y h is b ou n dl ess e xtra v a ga n ce .

a A fte r H erod h a d d es troy e d th e g rea te s t p a rt of h is ‘

su o s e d e n e mies h e b e ga n to e xl ub it a mar k e d
pp ,

c on te mp t for th e J e w is h rel igio n a nd l a w s F rom .


~

th e be g in n in g of h is re ig n to th e fi n a l d es truc tion O f -

th e temp l e th e h igh p rie s ts h a d n o h ered ita ry rig h t


,

b u t w e re s et Up a n d r e mov e d a t h is p l ea s ure a n d ,

th at O f h is s u cce ss ors H e a l s o d e s troy e d the a u th o


.

rit O f th e gra n d sa n h ed rimj a n d b urn t th e J ew is h


y
rec o rds th a t h e mig h t b e th ou g h t orig in a lly a n I sra
,

el ite .He b uiit te mp l es in th e G recia n ta s te e re cte d ,

s ta tu es for id ol ai mus w ors hi p cons ecra te d a s up e rb ,

th ea tre a n d a mp h ith e a tr e to ce l e b ra te ga me s in ,

h on ou r O f Augu s tu a d o te d in h is ord ina r h a b its


p p
,
y
I

J ph ose u s.

l H
' '
d h d b
ero bl ig d t p p b f th g d h d im
a ee n o e o a ea r e o re e ra n sa n e r ,

in do r er t w f
o a ns hi d t p v i l y t h i b t i i g th
er or s con uc , re ou s o s O a n n e

g l d ig ity
re a n d f m ; p i iplan f rov g h tt k d th
a r nc e o re en e e a ac e e

asse mb l y w h i h by d g
, cl t it p w e rees os s o e r.
4O mrnon ucrms '
.

Roma n man ne rs an d usa ge s and in h is p ubl ic capa ,


u

c it w as ab sol utel d v t d d b v i t t th e
y y e o e an s u se r o
.
en r

Roma n s .

W
'

U n der th e a d min is tra tion a nd th rough the in ,

flue nce of th is ty ra n t th e R oma n l uxury wa s -


,

i ntrod uce d in to P a l e s tine a ccomp a n ie d w ith a lt t e


h ,

v ice s of th a t l ice n tious p eop l e Iri a ord J udea .


, ,

o v ern e d b y H e rod g roa ne d un d er a ll th e cor


g ,

ru tion w h ich mig h t b e e x ec te d fromth e a uth orit


p , p y
a n d ex a m p le of a
p r ince w h o t h o u h J w i
g a e n ,

ou twar d p rofe ss ion wa s, in p oin t of mora l s a nd


,

r a ctice a con te mn er of al l l a w h um and


p , s a n

div ine
B C
.
. A fte r He ro d h ad a ma ssed a p eedi
. e

i is crue l e x tortion s a n d con fi s


'

on s trea s ure b h
g y

ca tion s h e p rop ose d to rega in th e fav our of th e


,

J ew ish na tion by repairing th e te mp l e ; a nd for


eight or n in e y e ars e m l
p y o e d u p on it e igh tee n

th oum n d w ork m en wh o a t la s t comp l ete d th e s tu


,
n

p e nd o us d es ig n T h e m a g n ifi ce n t s tr uc ture
. w h ich ,

be erected is sa id in s orti e re spe c ts to h a v e e v en


, , ,

excee ded th e fi rs t te mp l e w h ich w a s b uil t: by ,

S ol omon s } R is in g in a l l its g ran de ur fro m th e .


'

s ummit of a moun ta in, it comman de d a n e x te n s iv e

p ros p ect ; its


a
pp eara mce ,
sa
ysJ os ep h us , e xlfi b ite d
eve ry th in g , tha t cou ld s trik e the min d a nd as toni s h
th e si gh t I t wa s very d
s i e cove re d w ith sol id
'
. on e

l a tes of gold an d ; wh e n th e s un a rose up o n it,


p ,

Mosh eims Ecol H i t l i p HormBiblice



. s . vo . . . 81 . .

I It wa b u il t of h d
‘'
s ar w h ite s tone s ma gn it ud e .

Hen e th e d isc ip l es
c ,

of the
Xciiit — See H a r u ood I ntr od ucti on to ( h e j fl l w t Te s ta men t, VO L u .

l . s

p 15 8
. .
42 I NTRODUCTI ON .

v
e e ry coun try exce p t J ud ea
, th e p re domina nt a nd , ,

a l mos t u n iv e rsal rel ig ion T h e R oma n e mp ire un d er .

A ug us tus h a d a tta ine d th e ze nith of its p owe r : w h il e


th e p aga n n a tion s w h o comp os ed th is v a s t monarch y
, ,

e xh ib ite d th e mos t l a ri n g i ture of h u m a n d ap ra


g p c

v it
y a n d th e J e w is h s ta te a n d tr u e re l ig io n w ere , ,

alm
'

os t a t t h e l owe s t e bb J us t b efore our S a v iour .

wa s born th e te mp l e of J a n us w a s s h u
, t to in tima te ,

th a t th e n a tion s of th e e a rth w e re at
p e a ce T h is
re ma rka bl e p ea ce, ges of tumul t a n d
a fte r s o ma ny a

w a r w a s a fi t p re l ud e to th e introd uction of th e
*
,

gl or o s p n ce of p ea ce in to th e w orld
i u ri .

T h e ma l icious a tte mp t of H e rod to in v olv e th e


S a v iour of th e w orld in th e sl a ug h te r of th e b a b es of
Be th l e h e m is record e d by th e sa cre d h is tory xl T h e ‘

ty ra n t d ie d th e foll ow ing y ea r in e x q uis ite tortures .

D uring h is ill ness h e s e n t for th e h ea d s of th e


mos t e mine nt fa mil ies in J ud ea con fi ne d th e m a n d
'

, ,

l eft ord ers tha t a s s oon a s h e h a d b rea th ed h is l a st


, ,

th ey s h ould a ll b e p u t to th e s w ord to obl ig e th e ,

n a tion to a i n mourn in g a t h is d ea th H e e xp ire d


g .

s oon a fte r in th e th irty s e v e n th y e a r o f h is re ig n ;


,
-

th e s en te n ce w a s n ot e xec u te d ; a n d th e n a tion re
ce d a t th e ir d e l iv e ra n c e
j o i .

A fte r th e d ea th of H erod th e Roma n e mp e ror


d iv id e d th e k in gd omof J ude a b e tw e e n h is s ons
,

T h e b roth e rs for s ome y ea rs g ov e rn e d Pa l es tin e


, ,

w ith out a n y O p en reb ell ion or d is turb a n ce Bu t .

A rch el a us w h o ob ta in e d h al f th e k in gd om u n d e r
, ,

th e titl e of e xa rc h p rov e d s o corru p t a n d w w k e d



'

a rin ce th a t b oth J e w s a n d S a marita n s s en t a mb as


p ,

Mosh e itn ’
s Eccl es ias ti ca l H isto ry , v ol . i p 16
. . . 1

M a tth ew xi
.

Jo se p h u s , v ol . v .
p . 15 4 .
I NTRO DUCT I ON . 43

sa d ors 3 to e h im to A ug us tus T h e e m eror


p

a ccus a
.

nd b a n is h ed h imfor h is ty ra n n ica l con d uct

red uce d J u de a to th e formof a R om an


p rov inc e ,

l d by p roc u ra tors w h o were to b e a p p ointe d


e ru e ,

a n d rec a ll e d a t th e p l ea s u re of th e re ig n ing mona rch .

T h e p ow e r of l ife an d d e a th w a s ta k e n fromth e J e ws
the ir ta xes w e re reg ul a rl y ga th ere d b y th e p ubl ica ns ;
a n d j us tice w a s from th a t time a d min is tere d in th e
'

n a me an d b
, y

t h e l a ws
'
of R o m e
* .

C
S E TI O N v .

ercnt denomina tion s a mon th e time


'

Of fl re d g
fl g th e J 6 203 , at
'

Q

h ea r a n ce u on ea rth
o
f rzst s a
pp ' p .

T H oUG u th e J e w is h na tio n ,
at th e time of our
S a v iou r s ’
a
p p e a ra n ce , re ta in e d th e w ors h ip o f th e
'

true G od ,
th ey h a d g1oss l y p e rv e rte d th e ir re l ig ion ,
by e xa l ting th e tra d ition s of th e ir a n ces tors a b ov e
th e l
c e a r a nd v p os iti e inj u n ction s of th e ir l a w a nd

w h il e th ey p re s ume d to infrin ge th e s tron gest mora l


obl iga tion s th ey w e re scrup ul ousl y e xa ct in p e r
,
i
.

forming th e mos t min ute a n d trifl in g ce re mon ie s ,

w h ich w e re e nj oine d b th e ir ra bb ie s T h e ul tim a te


y .

obj e ct of ma n w s to ob ta in o l r l a u se ;
y a
p p u , a a
pp
he nce th ey p ubl icl y d is p l a e d a l l th e p ara d e of os
y
te n ta tions ch arit a n d w e re p riv a tel g u il t o f th e
y y , y

W
V
t

Th e p recis y ea r, .w h en th is e ent too


e p a ce , it ma
y b e if
fi cu t v k l d l
to asce r ta in j d l
b u t th e u icia forms w h ich we re o se r e on th e tria b vd l
an d con d e mna tion of ou r S vi a ou r, an d th e l
a cc a ma tion of th e J ews ,

e ha v e no ki g b n ut Ce sa r,

irre fra g bly
a s he w th a t it h ad a rri vd
e .

H o ra: Bib l icz


e , p 42 h is . . T e v e nt i ll u s tra te s th e lb
ce e ra te d p rop h ecy
of J b
a co , G ene s is x ix 10 l . . Th e g e ne ra l ity of inte rp re te rs, J ewish
as we ll as Ch ristian, h a v e by S hi loh u d erstood th e Mes i
n s ah .
44 mr nonucr rou .

g rea tes t extortion a n d cruel ty Yet e l a te d w ith .


,

s iritua l
p p r id e t h e
y cons id e
, re d t h e m s el v e s as th e

onl f a v ou rites of h ea v e n a d e x cl ud e d ll oth


y n a , er

na tion s fromth e h o es of e tern a l l ife fi ‘


p
D urin g C h ris t s min istry on ea rth th e tera p l e

w as use d a s a p l ace of merch a n d ize a n d th e mos t ,

s a cre d offi ces e v e n th e h ig h i h d ld


,
p r es t oo w e r e s o , .

T h e chie f p riests w ho p urcha s e d th eir p l a ces by


,

b rib es ma in ta ine d th e ir il l a cq uire d a uth ority by the


,

most a b omina bl e crime s T h e in ferior p ries ts a n d .


,

th ose w h o p os se s se d a ny d eg re e of a uthority ha d ,

b ecome d iss ol ute a nd a ba n d one d in th e h igh e s t


d egree : w h il e th e mul titud e excite d b y th eir corrup t ,

e xa m p l e ra n h ea d lon g in to ev e r k in d of ini ui t
, y q y ,

a nd ,
by th eir s ed itious robb eries a n d e x tortion s , , ,

a rmed a ga ins t th e ms elv es b oth th e j us tice of G od

a n d v e n g ea n ce of m an .

T h e J e w ish na tion a t th e tim e of our S a v iour s



,

a p pe a ra nc e w e re d iv id e d into a g rea t v a riety of
,

se cts . T h e p rin cip a l p oin ts in di s p ute a mon g


th e m resp e cted th e l a w of M ose s th e immorta l ity .
,

of th e s ou l the res u rrection of th e b ody


,
futur e '

re w a rd s a n d u n is h me n ts a nd th e n a ture of v irtue
p ,
.

All a d mitte d th e d iv ine a uth ority of the M osa ic l a w .

All a gre e d in th ink in g tha t th e ir re l ig ious ten e ts a nd


,

Obs erva nces w e re th e onl y obj ec ts worthy of the ir


a tte n tion x l
'

T he ra bb ies ,
o r th e tea ch e rs of ea ch se

th eir ten e ts w ith th e g reatest zea l a nd

Th e J ews and S a ma ri
v iol e ntl y o
ppose d to e ach oth e r . T h e la tter, a t fi rs t ,

i
Ha rwood s Introd l c ti o n, v ol i p 108, 103. M osh eim

. . .

1 Pride a u x s Co n ection, vol i p 3 5 3 Here Bibl iez



'
e
n . .
. .
I NTRO DU CT I ON . 45

w ere h ea thens , w h o w ors h ip pe d th e G od of I s ra el ,

in j
co n un ction w ithMe nas ses w ho
o th er deities ,
till ,

w a s ma d e th e ir h igh p ries t w ith oth er fu gitive J ew s ,

com i n g to the m from J e rusa l e m br ou gh t w ith th e m ,

th e book of th e l a w a nd ta ug h t the m to w or s h ip th e ,

tr ue G od onl y a ccor d in g to th e M osa ic in stitu tion


,
.

F rom th is pe riod they a re c ons ider e d a s ect of th e


J e w ish relig io n T h ey l ook e d up on th e te mp le of
.

G e rizzim a s th e onl y p la ce w h ere G od w a s p le a s e d


,

to be wo rship p e d a n d th e ce n tre of tru e re l igion, .

T he y rec e iv e d n o scriptures e xce p t the book s of


M os e s J osh ua a nd J udges w h ich tw o la tte r

, , , ,

h ow e v er th ey did n ot a ll ow to be of d iv in e a uthority
,

l ike the Pe nta te uch .


E

T he Pha ris e es w ere th e mos t d istin g u is h ed flou ,

ris h in an d o u l a r sec t a mong th e J e w s T h


g ,p p e
y .

ass ume d this n a me a n a ccoun t of the ir se pa ra tin g

the mselves for su p e rior strictne s s in ritu a l obse rv


a n ces . Th eir se para tion c ons is te d ch ie fl y in ce rta in
d is tinction s res p ecting rel igio us ce remo n ie s a n d does ,

n ot a
pp e a r to h a v e in te rr u
p te d th e u n ifo r mi ty o f
rel ig ious w ors h i i n w h ich th e J e w s of e v er se ct
p , y
a l w a s s e e m to h a v e b ee n u n ite d
y f -

It ap p ear s , from the fre q ue n t men tion w hic h is


ma d e by the ev a n ge l is ts of th e sc ribe s a n d p ha ri

see s

in j
c on un ction , th a t th e g rea tes t nu mb er of

J e w ish tea ch e rs , or doc tors of th e l a w , w er e at tha t


ti me of the h a risa ical s ec t. T he e ccl es i a stical
p
s cri es b of th e J ew ish n a tion , wh o

W
e X poun ta ugh t itto the p e cfi l l e .

Th e P h arisee s w e re p ll
ri n ci a
p y d is tin g uish e d by

Ba rra ge p 115
, Je
. . g J wi h A tiq ui ti s
n nin s

e s n e .

t J en n n i g J wi h M

s e s [1 3 92
. .
46 mr nonucrron
' '
.

th e ir zea l for th e tra d itions of the lde rs w h ich


e ,

th e y n ot on l y ma in ta ine d to be of e qua l a u th orit


y
ma n y
'

w ith th e w ritte n l a w , b ut in ca ses exp l a in e d

th e la tter by th e for me r, e n tire ly con tra r


y to its true
i nten t a nd mea n in g ; a nd th u s mad e mma n d
th e co ~

men ts of G od of n o eflect by th eir


'

tr a d ition s T h ey .

re te n d e d th a t th ose tra d ition s w h ich th e


y ca ll e d
p ,

th e ora l l a w w e re d el iv e re d by G od to M ose s on
, ,

M ount S ina i a n d p reserve d th rough s ucces s ive ge


,

n e ra tion s T h ey w ere ch a rge d w ith ma inta in in g


.
,

tha t b y ob s e rv in g b oth th e w ritte n a nd ora l la w ,

ma n ma y n ot on l y ob ta in j us tifi ca tion be fore G od ,

b u t p e rform me ritoriou s w ork s of s up e re roga tio n ;


th a t fa s tin g a l ms a bl ution s a n d con fes s ions a re
, , , ,

s uffi cien t a ton e me n t for s in th a t th oug h ts a n d


d e s ire s a re n ot s inful unl ess th ey p rod uce e v il a ction s
, .

T h ey a ck n ow l e dge d th e immorta l ity of th e s oul ,

fu ture re w a rd s a n d p un ish me n ts a n d th e res u rrec tion ,

of th e b ody fi
"
Ac cord in g to J os e p h us th ey ma in ,

ta in e d th e d octrin e of p re des tina tion ; b ut s u p p os e d ,

th a t th e d iv ine d e cree s did n ot in te rfere w ith th e

free d om of th e h uma n w ill s t ‘

Dr . P rid ea ux supposes th a t th e Pharisees ma inta ined onl y a Py o

tha gorea u res urrec tion , tha t is, th e trans mi ra tion of th e sou g l into

W
an othe r bod y . Da i vd Le m , on th e oth er h a n d , asse rts, th a t the
P ha risees k ne w and ta ught th e true resurrectio of th e bod y a d soul n n

togeth e r. For p roof of th is h e q u otes Eze kie l m vi i a d oth r , , n e

ass a ges i th e O ld T es ta me t
n h e nce h e asse rts th a t t
nh e doctrine
p .
,

of th e resu rec tion a nd conseq uentl y th a t of


r , fu tu s tate of re wa rd s a re

and p ni h m
u e ts w s wel l known and esta b l ish e d
s n a th e Jewish tio na n,

(and th t i th e most c lea e xp l icit nd u neq uivocnfi m e? ) for


, 1n

a n r, a
,

al m ost th ousand y ea rs before Ch ris t — D md L am a b r ow nie of


a . a :

J m c, p p 2 5 5 — 2 6 1
th e .


.

hey ma inta ine , th a t


T e fore a m d
an in h orn , it is p red esb
ll
tina te d , wh eth er h e s h a be wise or foo ish , $135 k or s tron , rich o r l g
T O DUC TION
IN R . 47

T h is d e nomina tion , by th e ir a
pp a re n t sa nctit
y of

ma n n e rs , had re n d e re d th e ms elv es extre mely p op ul a r .

It a p p ea rs b oth fromth e sc rip ture ,


a nd th e te stimon
y
of J os e p h u s ,
th a t th e common e
p po e l w ere e n tire ly
at th e ir d is p osa l
ga ve th e ir s uffra ge to e very
, a nd

re l ig iou s p re s crip tion a n d j ud ic ia l s e n te n ce th a t h a d ,

ob ta in e d th e ir sa n ction T h e g rea t w h o fea red



.
,

th e ir a rtifi ce w ere fre q uen tly obl ig e d to cou rt th e ir


,

fa v ou r He n ce th ey ob ta in ed th e h igh es t oflices
. :
-

b oth nin th e s tate a n d p ries th ood ; a n d a ssume d


'
'

th e cl iief d ire c tion b oth of p ubl ic a n d p riva te


a ffa irs
”r
.

T h e p ecul ia r ma n n e rs of th l s s ect a re s tron gl y .

ma rk e d in th e w ritin gs of th e e va n gel is ts par ticu


l a rl y th e ir e xa ctn e ss in p e rformin g th e rite s a n d
ce re mon ie s of th e l a w , b oth w ritte n a nd tra d itiona r ;
y
the ri gour of th e ir d iscip l in e in w as h in gs , fa s ting s,
a nd a bl ution s th e ir s crup ul ous ca re v oid e v ery
to a

k in d l imp urity : th e ir
of ritua l on g a n d fre q ue nt
ra e rs
p y m a de n ot on l
, y i n th e s n a o u e s a n d
y g g _

te mp l e s b ut in th e p u bl ic s tre e ts
,
th e ir p h y l acterie s

on th e b ord ers of th e ir ga r me n ts on w h ich w ere ,

w ritte n s e n te n ces of th e l a w ; th e ir a ss id uity in


'

ma k in g p rosel y tes ; th eir oste n ta tious cha rities ; a n d ,

und er a ll th is s p ecious ma rk of z ea l a n d p urity th e ir


i ‘
,
.

a bom ina bl e a n d a troci ous v ices : A ccord in g to our


Sa v iou r s rep rese n ta tion of th e m th ey w e re a ra ce

of th e mos t d e mure h ocr i te s th a t e v e r d is g race d


yp
h u ma n n a ture re s e mbling w h ite d s e p ul ch res w h ich
'

; ,

t?
"
9

poo r . Bu t wh e th er h e is to be wic kd
e o r ri gh t eou s , Vi ci ous or

vi rtu ous , is e nti re ly i n his own free wi — D a vid L ev i ’


s Ce remon ies o f
th e J e ws . p 2 6 7 . . 1

J os e
ph us .
48 INTRO DIJQ TI ON .

outwa rd l y a p p ear bea utiful b ut in wardl y full


* , a re of

utre fa ction.
p
The a b ov e accoun t is c onfi r me d b y th e testimony
of th e J e w is h w ri te rs t h e msel v e s T he Ta l mu dic .

b ook s me ntion ase ve ral d is tin ct c l a sses of Ph arise es ,


un d er ch aracte rs , w h ich sh ow the m to h a e v b ee n
d e ep ly immersed in s up erstition A mon g the s e we re .

the trunca ted Pha ris ee, wh o th at h e mig h t a p p ea r ,

in p rofo un d med ita tion a s if d e stitute of fee t , : ,

sca rc el y l ifte d th e mz from the ground ; th e mor ta r


P h a risee w h o th at h is contemp la tion s migh t n ot be
, ,
.

d is turb e d w ore a d eep ca p in sh a p e of a morw


,
'

wh ic h w ould onl y p ermit h im to l ook up on th e * .

groun d a t h is fe e t a n d th e strik in g P h arise e w h o; ,

sh utting h is e y e s as h e w a lk ed to a v oid th e s ig h t of
, ,

w om en often s tr uck h is h ea d a ga in st the w a ll ;


,

T hey p ra ctis ed many p a inful a us te ritief a n d mortifi


ca tions ,
fre q uen tl y obse rv ed se v e re fas ts c ov ere d ,

th eir fea ture s w ith gl oom a nd s ol e mn ity a n d use d ,

e ve r a rtifi ce to ca tiva te t h e a d mira tion of th e


y p

W
Th e se ct of th e S a dd ucees wa s v
in cons idera bl e in
nu mb e r b ut s ome of th ose w h o p rofe ssed its te n e ts ,
we re of ill ustrious fa mil ies , a n d oth e rs d istinguish e d
-

for th e ir p ul e nce o
. e fi n d th a t
.
.

, Ca ia p h a s a n
h ig h p ries t, w as of th is d en omina tion, an d J ose p hus
me ntion s se v eral oth er S a dd uce es w h o were e xa lted , .

to th e s u p re me p ow e r in ch urch a n d s ta te T he
'

ch ief rh ea ds of :th e d oc trine of th is s ect a re a s follow .

All l aw s a nd d
tra itions n ot co mp reh en d e d in th e
writte n l a w, a re to b e re ecte j d as m elyer
'

h uma n

2 "
Ba r wo o d I ’
s d uctio
ntro n.

d s Je w ish Antiq E nfi cl d P h il o s . v ol . 11

t G o win

.
p . 45 . s .
p .
50 I NTR O D UC T I O N .

fro m p ol itics a n d p u bl ic a ffa irs , b ut, a s much as


th e na ture of ma h a n d cons titution of s oc ie t w ill
y
a d mit, fro m th e common co n cern s a n d in tercou rs e of

p riva te l ife S ome s up p ose the y took th e ir rise


.
,

from th e d isp ers ion of th e ir na tion a fter th e B a b y ,

l onis h ca p tiv ity ; oth e rs th a t th ey b e ga n w h e n


,

th e p e 1s eci1tion of A ntioch u s com e ll e d th e J e w s to


p
l e tire to th e w ood s a n d mou n ta in s T h ey ma in .

ta in e d th a t re w a rd s a n d pu n ish me n ts e xte n d e d to
,

th e s oul a l on e a n d re ga rd e d th e b od a s a ma s s
, y
of m a l ig na n t ma tter a n d th e ris on of th e i mmorta l
,p
s irit T h e g re a tes t p a rt of th is s ec t con s id e re d th e
p
.
.

l a w s of M os es a s a n a ll egorica l sy s te m of s p iritua l
a nd my s te rious truth a n d re n ou n ce d a ll re ga r d
,

to th e ou tw a rd l e tter in its e xp l a na tio n The .

l ea d in g tra its in th e ch a ra cte r of th is se ct w ere that ,

th e y w e re s ob e r a b s te mious p e a cea bl e l ov ers of


, , ,

re tire m e n t an d h a d a p e rfec t commu n ity of good s


, .

T h ey p a id th e h igh es t re ga rd to th e mora l p recepts


of th e l a w b ut n e gl ecte d th e cere mon ia l e xce p ting ,

w h a t re gard e d p e rs on a l cl ea n l in es s th e ob se rv a tion ,

of th e s a bb a th a n d ma k in g a n a n n u a l p re s e n t to th e
,

te mp l e a t J erusa l e m T h ey c ommon l y l ive d in


.
'

a s ta te of ce l ib a c a n d a d o te d th e c h ild re n of
y , p
oth e rs ,to e d u ca te th e m in th e ir ow n p rincip l es a n d
c us to ms . T h oug h th ey w e re in g e n e ra l a v e rse to
, ,

s w e a rin g or to re q uirin g a n oa th
,
th ey bou n d aii , ,

wh om th ey in itia te d b y th e mos t sa cred v ow s to


, ,

ob s er v e th e d uties of p ie ty j us tice fi dei ity a n d


, , ,

mod e sty : to con cea l th e s ecre ts of


to p res e rv e th e book s of th e ir an d w ith

g rea t ca re to comme mora te th e a ng el s


* .

p 170
. .
INTR DUC I O T ON "

. 51

Pbil o m
ent ions tw o cla sse s of Es s e nes ; on e of

which foll owed a: p ra ctica


l ins éitution, th e oth e r p ro

fesse d

a th e oreticay m l T h e la tte r w h o w ere
s s te .
,

ca l l e d T h era p e utz
e
p la ce d th e ir w h ol e fel ic ity in th e
,

con te m l a tion of th e d iv in e n a tu re D e ta ch in g
p .

th e ms el v es e ntire l y from se cu l ar a ffa irs th e y tra n s ,

ferre d th eir p rop er ty to th e rr rela tion s a n d fr ie nd s


'

a n d re tire d to s ol ita r l w h e re th e d e vo t ed
'

a ce s
y p y ,

th emse lv es to a n hol l ife T h e p r in cip a l s oc ie ty of

W
y .

th is k in d w a s forme d n ea r Al e xa n d ria w he re th ey
'

Ii ve d n ot fa r fromea ch oth er in s ep a ra te cotta ge s


,
'
, ,

ea ch of w h ic h h a d its ow n sa cre d a a rtm


‘ '

e n ts; to
p
h ich th e i n h a b ita nts re tired for the p urp ose s of
dev otion f "

B es id es th ese e min en t J ew ish s ects , th e re we re


'

se ve ral of infer ior n ote , at th e time of Ch ris t s


'

a
pp e a ra n ce ; th e m H e rod ia n s
en tion ed b y th e ,

s a cre d w rite rs a n d th e G a ul on ite s


, by J ose p hu s ,
.

T h e H e rod ia n s d e riv e d the ir n a me from H erod


'

th e Grea t ,
a nd w e re d is tin guish e d by th e ir i
co ncid in g
w ith th e p la n of th a t mona rch to s ubj ect h i msel f a n d

W
h is d omin ion s to th e R oma n s ; a n d a l so by com
l in g w ith ma n of th e h ea th e n u sa g es T h e ir
py y .

d is tin g uish e d te n e t a p p ea re d to b e th a t it is l a w ful , ,

h e n con s tra ined by s u p e riors to comp l y w ith id ol ,

a try a n d with fa l se re l ig ion Herod se e ms toha v e


, .

forme d this s ect in ord er to j us ti fy h ims elf 1n h is

W
,

ra ctice (if s tu d in g v fi g tiate


p y e e r
y a rti c e to in r a
hi msel f w ith th e e ni p eror a n d to s ec ure the fa vour
m
,

s n ages 1n th e c ourt of Ra a
of th e
p rin cip a l
p e r o

e fi n d th e S a dd uce e s rea d il em b ra ce d th e tenets


y
of th is p a rty ; for th e ,
sa me p e rso n s , w h o, in one m
of

Enfi el d , v ol . ii .
p 186
. .

E 2
52 i nr noouc rros '
.

th e gos pel s a re ca ll ed H e rod ia ns a re in a n oth er


, ,

st led
y S a dd u ce e s T h e H e rod ia n s w ere n ot s o

mu ch a rel ig ious as a p ol itica l sect a tta ch ed to


.

, ,

H e rod d urin g h is l ife a nd to h is son s a fter xh 1s ,


IE
d ecea se fi
T h e G a ul on ites w ere G a l il ea n s , wh o d e riv e d th is
na me from on e J ud a s T h eud a s a ,
v
n a ti e of G a ul on,
in U pp er G a l il ee, w h o in th e te nth y ea r of J es us,

C h rist e xcite d h is cou n try me n th e G a l il ea n s a n d


, , ,

ma ny oth er J e ws to ta k e a rms a n d v e n ture u p on


, ,

al l e xtre mitie s ra th er th a n p ay trib ute to th e


,

R oma ns T h e p rinc ip l es h e in still e d in to h is p a rty


.

w e re n ot onl y th a t th ey w ere a fre e n a tion a n d


, ,

oug h t n ot to b e in s u bj ection to a n y oth e r b ut th a t ,

th ey w e re th e e l e ct of G od th a t h e a lo n e w a s th e ir ,

gov e rn or a n d th a t th e re fore th ey oug h t n ot to


,

s ub mit to a n ord ina n ce of ma n T h oug h T h e ud a s


y .

w a s u n succes sful a n d h is p a rty ,


in th ei r v e ry fi rs t ,

a tte mp t; e n tire l rou te d a nd d i s e rse d ; et s o


y p y
d ee p l y h a d h e in fuse d h is ow n e n th us ia s m 1n to th e ir
h ea rts th at th ey n e v e r res te d till th ey in v olv e d th e
, ,

c it a nd te m l e in th e ir ow n d e s tr uction xl
y p
M a n y of th e J e w s we re a tta ch e d to the orie n tal
p h i l oso h
p y c on c e r n in g th e o r ig in of th e w o rld .

F rom th is s ource th e d octrin e of th e Ca b a l a is s up


o e d to b e d e riv e d T h a t con s id e ra bl e n u m b e rs of
p s .

th e J e w s h a d imb ib e d this s y s te m a p p ea rs e v id e n t
'

, ,

b oth from th e b ook s of th e N e w T e s ta me n t a nd ,

from th e a n c ie n t h is tory of th e c h r is tia n chu rch . It


is l
a so certa in , th a t ma ny of th e c ts w e re
foun d e d by J e vvs ¢ ~

J osep h us . Pride a u x s ’
C
rma on ucn on . 53

At th e time w h en ourLord Jes u s C h rist a p p ea re d


upo n earth th e g rea t b ody of th e J e w is h na tion
,

w e re w a itin g w ith g rea t a n xie t for th e ir p romis e d


y
M es s ia h Y e t th ey forme d e rroneous idea s of h is
.

cha ra cter T h ey e xp e cte d n ot a sp iritual bu t a


.
,

te mp ora l s ov e re ign . T h ey s upp osed h e w ould


ma n ife s t h imse l f as a mighty con queror free th e m ,

fro m s ubj ec tion to th e Roma n s a gg ra n d iz e th e ir


,

n a tion , re n d e r J e rusa l e m th e me trop ol is of th e

w orld ; a nd a fte r s ubd uin g al l th e ir e ne mies co m


, ,

me n ce a gl orious re ig n of p ros p erity a n d p ea ce .

H e nce th ey w e re d isg us te d w ith th e h u mbl e a p


ea ra n ce of th e d iv in e R e d e e m e r ; w h il e th e P h a ri
p
sees a n d g rea t me n w e re e xas e ra te d a t th e b old n e s s
p
a n d se v e rit of h is reb uk es F or th oug h h e u n ite d
y .

in h imse l f th e a ccompl ish me n t of e v ery a nc ie n t


m

r
p p o h ec
y h e ,w as ig n o in iou s l y r ej e c te d a nd
p u t to

dea th by th e J e w is h na tion T h e tre me n d ous ca l a


.

mitie s w h ich be fell th e m a fter p erp e tra tin g th is


h orrid crime; th e fulfil me n t of our S a v iou r s p re

d iction s res p ectin g th e d e s truction of th e ir city


,

a n d te m l e a n d th e ir con s e q ue nt d is p e rs ion a n d
p ,

s ufferin s; w il l be re l a te d in th e foll owin g p a g e s


g .
HIS TO RY O F TH E J E W S .

CH APT E R I .

Ty y f th R m g v m t i J d — H d A g ipp m d
ra nn o e o an o e rn en n u ea . e ro r a a e

k i g — Th mp
n C l ig l
e e tt mp t t h v h i
e ro r t ta
pl di
u a a e s o a e s s a ue a ce n

th t mp l
e f J
e el m—R i t o f th J w — D th f
e ru sa e es s a nce o e e s ea o

H od A g ip p
er A b it y d t f th R m g v
r a !
r ra r c on uc o e o an o e rn o rs.

M y J w d p rt f f ig
an e s e a t i — N mb
or f J w i J
o re n

cou n r e s u er o e s n e

l m t th P
r u sa e a v —Th p digi wh i h p d d th
e as s o e r. e ro es c re ce e e

w — O f th
an t t p e ti g th
co n e sity f C res J w ecd n e c o esa rea . -
e s an

Sy i t k
r a ns
p as l V t
e u mb d t y d
a nn . b th id
-
as nu e rs es ro e on ; o s es .

Th Jew t k e v
e sl imp t t f t
a se era — C ti G l l m h or a n or res ses . es us a us a rc es

ag ina t t h m;
s d b i ge J anl m — Th Ch i ti
es e ti r t
es e rus a e e r s ans re e o

P ll —J w m k g t p p ti f w — V p i i
e a. e s a e re a tre a ra on s or a r. es as a n s sen

g i t th m wi th p w f l my — l i d
a a ns
'

e a th i ti
o f
er u ar e re u ce s e c es o

G l il — 0f th p t i
a ee m g th J w — O f th
e ar iv il w
es ai on e e s e c ar n

J l mg m d th
er u sa e l ty f th Z l t V p i i p
n e c r ue o e ea o s F -
es a s an s ro

l im d mp a d d hi T it t t mi t th w by
m
c a e e e ror , n se n s s s on us o er na e e ar

th e re d uctio n 6? Jerusa l e .

T H E min istry of our bl esse d S a v iour wh il e h e ,

re ma in e d on e a rth w a s p rincip a ll y con fi ne d to th e ,

J es ; and n otwith sta n d in g th e o b stina te in cre du


l ity of th e maj or ity of th e n a tion , w h o, imp a tie n t
un d er th e ty ra n n ica l g ov e rn me n t of th e R oma ns ,

ea e rl y e xp ec te d a te mp ora l d e l iv erer a l a rg e
g ,

n umb e r a ck n owl e dg e d h im a s th e tr ue M e s s ia h .

T h e a p os tl es a l so in ob e d ience to th e comma n d ,

of th e ir d iv in e M a s te r b e ga n to p rea ch th e G os p e l ,

to th is d is tin gu is h e d p eop l e U n de r their min is try .


56 n l sr on v or TH E JE SW .

ma ny w e re c on v e rted
fi rs t C h ris tia n ch u rch
,
a nd th e
w a s foun d e d a t J e rusa l e m But th e u n b e l ie v in g .

J e ws w h o h a d rej e c te d a n d crucifi e d th e P r in ce of
,

L ife e xh ib ite d th e s a me e n mity a ga ins t h is a p os tl es


,

a n d foll ow e rs a nd in th e in fa n cy o f th e C h r is tia n
, ,

C urch th ey e re
h ,
w its m os t rue l p e rs e c u te rs
c "
Th e .
E

mos t s ig na l ma rk s of d iv in e v e ng e a n ce h ow e v e r , ,

s oon u rs ue d th is in fa tua te d e o l e ; a n d th e
p p p p re

d iction s of th e D iv in e R e d ee mer res p e cting th e ,

tre me n d ou s d estruction of J erusa l e m b e ga n to be ,

a ccom l is h e d
p .

Th e g ov e rn ors of J u d ea a p p oin ted by th e R0 ,

ma n s con s ta n tl y in s ul te d th e fe el ings of th e J e ws
, ,

by e xh ib itin g a ma rk e d con te mp t for th e ir rel igl on


a nd l a w P on tius P il a te d uring h is a d min is tra tion
.
, ,

took e v e ry occa s ion o f i ntrod ucing h is s ta n da rd s ,

w ith ima g es p ictu re s con s ecra te d s h ields & c in to


, , , .

th e ir c ity ; a n d a t l e ng th a tte mp te d to d ra in th e
trea sury of th e te mp l e u nd er p re te nce of b ring in g ,

a n a q ued uc t to J e rusa l e m S e v e n y ea rs a fte r th e .

c rucifi xion of J e s us C h ris t comp l a in t be in g m a de ,

of th e t ra n n a n d ra in e of P il a te h e w as s u e r
y y p p ,

seded a nd
,
i n e xtre me p ov e rty a n d misery
, p e ,

r is h e d by s uic id e a t V ie n n e in F ra nce

S oon a fte r H erod Ag rip p a g ra n d s on to H erod


, ,

th e G re t w as p romote d to th e r e ga l d ig n ity
a
, and ,

d u rin g h is re ig n th e J ew s w ere in v olv e d in n e w


,

d iffi c ul ties T h e R oma n e mp eror Cal igul a in toxi


.
, ,
~

Th e ear ly l
ecc es ia s tica l h isto rians , as we ll as th e Ne w T esta o

mea t w rite rs , a ttes t t h e e n mity o f the t the Ch ristia ns,


a nd , th a t th e y w e re mo re p a r tic u a rll y a g
a ins t th os e he
l ie ve rs , who we re of th e ir own nation.

1’
Jo seph us , v ol . 7 .
58 n i sr onv or r a n JE S W .

irrita ting
'
th e minds
the p eop l e b y th e of .
mo t s

gla rin g infrin gemen ts u pon th e ir p rivil e es at


g .

F e l ix w ho h a d a dva nce d f rom ob scurity a n d


,

s erv itud e to ra n k a n d ow w ith th e true s p irit o f


p er ;
a s l a v e ex e rcise d th e t ran n o f va n ea s tern i e l
-
, y y p r n c

His op p re ss ion ra p in e a nd cr uel ty excite d a S p irit


, , ,

of re vo l t ; w hil e th e fa l s e p rop h e ts (w h o w e re s o

n u me rous u n d er h is gov e rn m e n t th a t s ome of th e m ,

w e re a p p re h e n de d a n d k il l e d e v ery da y ) w e re con
tin ua l l y bl ow in g th e fl a me s of s e d ition ,
T h e p eop l e .

w e re ma s sa cre d by th e troop s of F e l ix for foll ow ing


th e s e d eceiv e rs w h o a ccord in g to our S a v iour s ' ’
, ,

re d iction d re w mul titud e s in to th e de s a rt to s h e w


p , , ,

th e m s ig n s a n d won d ers In p a rticu lar a certa in .


,

E gy p tian J e w e nte re d J ud ea w ith a numerous ,

b a n d itti a n d h a v ing coll ected a b ou t th irty th ousa nd


, ,

men l ed th e m to M ou nt O l ive t a n d p romise d to


,
. .
,

d el iv e r th em from th e R oma n s Fe l ix with h is .


.
,

l eg ions me t h im a t th e foot of th e moun ta in s l ew


, ,.

ma n y of h is foll ow e rs a n d took oth ers p rison ers , .

T h e imp ostor w ith a re mna n t of h is a d h e re n ts


-

, ,

ma d e th e ir e sca p e d;
J u d e a d urin g th e gc wernrne n t of F el ix w a s 1n
, ,

fe sted w ith robb ers a n d cl a n d es tin e a s sa ss in s n a me d


, , .

Sica rii w h o w ith p oin ia rds con cea l ed u n der th e ir


, , .

ga rments use d to min gl e in th e cro w d , a n d s ta b


, ,

th e ir S up p ose d e n e mies § By th e j us t j udg me n t of


h ea v e n th e J e ws w h o h a d crucifi e d th e ir M ess ia h
, ,
.
.
,

d esire d a robber a nd murderer to be gra n te d

W
and . :

to th e m h a d th e ir coun try ov e rr un w ith robb e rs an d


,

M
J ph
ose us s

a rs of th e Jw
e s , v ol . v .
p. 184 . 1 '
T a c itu s .

3
; T h i i s s su
p p ose d to h ve h a a
p pene d 1
in th e yea r of Ch rist 5 5 .

s J ph
ose us , v ol . v .
p 184 , 185
. .
n m onv or ra n JE S W . 59

murderer s and th e freq ue n cy of th e h orri d as sass i


nations a mong th e m e xc ite d un iv e rsal con s ter na tion
, .

P orcius F es tus w h o s uccee d ed F e l ix u p on h is


m
,

remov a l fromth e go v ern e n t s up p orte d a b e tte r ch a


m
,

rapte r th a n h is p red eces sor At th e comme n ce e nt .

W
of h is a d minis tra tion th e a ssas s in s w e re S p rea d in g
, .

te rror th ro ugh o ut J e rusa l e m H e p u nis h e d these ;

w re tch es ith e xe mp l a ry s e v erity a nd e xe rted h im .

self to th e utmos t to s up p re ss th e c iv il d isc a rd s


.
,

w h ich in c on s eq ue nce of th e e xtra v a ga n t cl a ims


,
. .
,
'

a nd fre q u e n t d e
p os itio ns o f th e J e w is h p o n tifi s ,

ra ge d a mon g th e p r ie s ts a n d fill e d th e cou ntry th e


, ,

a n d s ome ti mes th e te mpl e w ith bl ood


ci ty
‘ J
, , .

F es tus d ie d in h is gove rn me nt a n d th e Roma n


.
,
.

em p e ror Ne ro s e n t Alb in us in h is r oom I nsa tia bl e . .

a var ice be in g h is u inl g s s ion , he b u rd en e d th e


'

r a
.
p .

n a ti on w ith e x tra or i na r tri ute s ; d b a nd be ca me th e


y
enco mu ger of al l k in ds of v il l a n
y , by y ield in g to
brib ery a nd corrup tion s i
G ess ius Fl orius , w h o .
s u cc e e e d d Alb in us ,
fa r su r

p m ed h im in w ic k e d n es s ; a nd
gl o r ie d in h is g rea ter .
.

v iol ence H e e v e n robb ed th e sa cre d treas u ry


. .
,

p il la g e d w h o l e p ro v in ces O pp res s e d th e Jew s b


y a ll,

kinds of ra p ine a n d e xtortion e ncoura ge d th e rob ,


s

bery fi nd p M p d er of th e ba n ditti for a s ha re o f th eir


.
,
-

booty : fomented th e p ublic div is ion s ; a n d e v e n



t -

u s e d his utmos t e x er tion s to excite a n o en re be ll ion


p ,

in h ope s that Afibe p ubl ic con fusion migh t p reve n t


,

coi npl ain t a ga ins t h is in iq u ito us con d uct In a w ord, .

he wa s s a c of th e vi l esb wre teh es tha t e v er di sgmm


.

d ,
e

Jo ph l v p M U iv H i t v l p 3 47 6

se u s, vo . . . a vor s n . s . o . u. . .

l Jo p h
, se 7 L v p 186
us , 0 g . . .
60 '
n rs ron v or TH E W
JE S .

h uma n na ture ; a nd a d is tingu ish ed in str ument of


d iv in e v e n gea nce u
p on th e s ubj ects of h is ca ricious
p
"
ty ra n ny f

In con se q ue nce of th e d is tra cte d s ta te of J ud ea ,

ma ny of its inh a b ita n ts s oug h t a n asy l um in foreign


coun trie s ; w h il e th os e w h o re ma in e d a
pp l ie d t o ,

Ce stiu s G all us gov e rnor of S y ria w h o w a s a t J e


, ,

ru sal e m a t th e p as s ov e r ea rn e s tl b es eec h in g h im
, y ,

to d el iv e r th e m from th e ty ra nn y of th e ir c rue l go
v ernor C e stius ins tea d of ma k in g a s trict in q u iry
.
,

in to th e con d uct of F l oru d ismis se d th e J e w s wi th s


, ,

a ge n e ral
p rom is e th a t h e sh ould be h a v e b ette r for
,

In th e mea n time d irections w e re g iv e n

W
th e fu tu re .

to comp u te th e n umbe r of J e w s th e n a t J e rusa l e m ,

by tha t of th e l a mb s offe re d a t th e fes tiv a l w h ich ,

w ere foun d to a mou n t to


A D
. . h il e th e arb itra ry con d uct of th e
gov ernor a nd th e irrita ted s ta te of th e J e wish p eopl e
, ,

th rea te n e d th e m w ith th e h orrors of wa r p fa min es ,

e a r th q ua k e s a n d te rrifi c s igh ts in th e h ea v e n s a
, p ,

p ea re d to ful fi l th e a w ful re d iction s of ou r S a v iour


p .

J ose p h u s a mon g ma ny oth er fea rful p rod ig ies


, ,

rel a te s,
th a t b e fore th e re b e ll ion w h e n a grea t ,

mul titud e w e re as se mbl e d in J eru sa l e m a t th e ,

P as s ov e r a t th e n in th h our of th e n igh t so grea t


, ,

a l ig h t s h on e roun d th e a l ta r a n d th e te m p l e th a t , ,

it s e e me d to b e b righ t da y ; th a t a fe w da y s a fter
'

th e fe s tiv a l b e fore s un se t ch a riots a n d troop s of


,
-
,

sold ie rs in armou r w e re s ee n p a ss in g th rou gh th e

cl ou ds ,
a nd s urrou n d in g c itie s ; a n d th at th e p ries ts ,

g oing into th e in n e r te mp l e fe l t th e p la ce mov e ,

Jo ph u l v p 187 se s, v o . . . .
111s 3! or r a n JE S W . 61

a nd tre m bl e , a nd h ea rd a v oice more ,


th a n h uma n,

cr ing , d ep a rt h en ce
Le t us
y
.

T h is a ccount is con fi rme d by Ta c itus th e Roma n ,

h istoria n w h o sa y s
,
P orten ts a n d p rod igies a n ,

n oun ce d th e ruin of J e rusa l e m; s w ord s w e re s ee n

gl itterin g i n th e a ir e mb a ttl e d a rmies a p p ea re d ;


a n d th e te mp l e w a s ill umin a te d by a s trea m of l igh t ,

th a t is s ue d from th e h ea v e n s th e p orta l fle w ope n



, ,

a n d a v oice more th a n h u ma n a n n oun ce d th e i mme

d ia te depa rture of th e god s ; th ere w a s h ea rd a t


th e sa me time a terrifi c soun d a s if s up e rior b e ings ,

were a ctuall y rus h in g forth l


” -
.

A con te s t h a d l on g s ub s iste d b etwee n th e J e w s


a n d S r ia n s c once rn in g Ce sa rea w h ich w a s s itua te d

y ,

i n th e con fi n es of S y ria a n d J u d ea Th e J ew s .

ma in ta in e d th a t th e city b el on ged to the m b eca us e


, ,

it w a s b uil t by H e rod th e ir k in g ; w h il e th e S y ria n s


re te n d e d th a t it h a d a l w a s b e e n con s id e red a s
p , y .
»

a G re cia n c it s in ce e v e n th a t mona rch h a d erecte d


y ,

i n it te mp l e s a n d s ta tues D urin g th e a d mmts tra tion .

of F el ix th e con te s t rose to s uc h a h e ig h t th a t b oth


, ,

a rtie s a rm e d a ga in s t e a ch oth e r T h a t g ov ern or


p .

a ll a e d th e fe rme n t for a time b s e n d in g s om e of


y y ,

th e ch ie fs of b oth na tion s to R ome to l ea d th e ir


p
J ose p h us, v ol . v . See A rch bi hs op Newcome

s O b se v r a tions on

th e ch a ra cte r of our Lor d ,


for an a d mira b l de t il of th ese e ve
e a nts.

1 '
M u rp h
y

s T ac itus . Dr J ortin
. re ma rks , th a t if Ch ris t h ad no t

exp re ss ly fore to ld , th a t th e re s h ou ld be f ea rf u l sight s , a ndgr e a t sign s


f ro m he a v en ma ny , , who giv l ittl
e e h ee d to p orte nts, a nd k
n ow th a t

h istoria ns h a v e be e n too c re d u l ou s in th is po in t , w ou h a e s us pec te ld v d


th a t J ose p h us h ad e x gg t d
a e ra e , a nd th a t T
a citu s w as mis informe d
bu t, as th e te s timon ies of ose p h u s J an d T a c it us con fi m th e p
r re

d ictio ns of Ch rist, s o th e p red ictions of Ch rist c on fi r m th e w on de rs

re l a te d b e se h istoria n s — J or tin R ema r k :


"
h E ccl e s ia s tic a l

y t . s on
W
W
2 in s ron v
'
or ‘
rn r: JE S .

ca u se be fore the e mpe ror T h e a ffa ir h ung in sns .



a

e nse till th is iod w h e n N e ro dec ide d it a i st


p p er
gan ,

th e J e S T his e ve nt wa s th e imm
. ed ia te ca use of

the fatal wa r with Roma n s


w h ich p roved t h e
th e ,

mos t de sp e rate of a n recor ed in h is tor ; a nd te r


y y d s

iti a ted in th e d e s tr
u ction of J e rusa l e fi t
m
n
i

AD T h ed ecree of th e e mpe ror was no


.

bl is he d , th an th e J e w in al l a t f th e e
s oon er u s r s or
p p ,

countr , took u rm s ; A r i pa , 1 wh o h a p pe h d
g p
y p a
e
to be a t J erusa l e m a t th e com me nc emen t of the war ,
atte mpt d t e o a
pp ea se th e fury

of th e mul titu d e by an

e al b ora te in w h ich b e p a in te d in gl owin g


s eech
p
th e va s t e xten t a nd gra n d e u r of th e R om
~
, ,

col ours
'
, an

em p ir e ; th e mig h t n a tion s w h o h a d b ee n subd ue d


y
b y its a l l con q ue r in g a rm s ; th e foll a n d in fa tuation
'

y
-

of th e J e w s in o n g th e mas te rs of the w or ld
'

pp o s i ;
co
'
.

an d n cl ud e d b y a p a th e tic e xh orta tion to h is


'

eou fitr
y m en to la -

y d ow n th e w ea p on s of th eir
,

re b e ll ion But h is e n trea tie s a n d re mon s tra iiCes


.

were a l ik e d is re ga rd e d ; a n d h e w a s comp e ll ed to
d
p rovi e for h is
p e rs o n a l sa f e ty yb q u itt in g th e c i t fl
y 4
"
,

-
T h e fl a me s of in te s tin e w a r n ow ra g e d with
s is tibl e fur
y i n e v er
y p a r t o f th e u nh a
ppy p ro v in de ,

an d its p rog ress w a s ma rk e d by a cts of cru el ty a n d

y
J ph u s, v ol
se v p 18 8

W
. .

i
l ’
He was th e son g eat gr d
of Ag r ppa , r an son to Herod , J
na d k h t g
Cha l c is id d hi fly t J l m a nd o ta in
b d the d mi

of . H e re s e c e a e ru s a e ,
e a

n istra ti o n o f th t mp l
e d
e ig h t te, pp an a r o a oint or d epose [be hi gh
p ries ts . h th h ig h p i t A
en e h d r es nnu u s , a co n d em ed S t J m to
n . a es

death , so me Jew s w h o d isa p p rov


Ag ippa r ,
a nd th is p ri nce d p ri
e v d
e

fi th h is siste r Be rn ice , he a rd St .

J os e p h u s , vo L v .
p 2 15
. .
'
u rs ron v o r TH E JE S W . 63

d es p era tion T wen ty . d J e ws w ere mas sa cred th ousa n


a t Ce sa rea fi fty tw o th ousa nd a t Al exa n d ria tvvo
, ,

th ousa nd a t P tol e ma is an d th re e th ousa n d fi ve h u n ,

d re d w e re cut off a t J e rusa l emby th e troop s of F l or s


u
in on e d y
a . mos t of th eir p ow er
T h e Je ws to th e ,
ut ,

e xe rc is e d simila r cruel tie s on th e S y ri a n s a n d Romans


*
,

an d s l a ugh te re d i mme n s e n u mb e rs of p eop l e .

T h e reb ell ious J e w s b e in g j oin e d in J erusa l em


'

by n ume rous a s sas s in s w ith th eir a ssista nce b ea t the,

Roma ns out of th e fortress es of A n tonia a n d M a s sada ,

ss es s ed th e ms elv e s of th e tow ers of P h a sa e l an d


p o

M a riamn e a n d red uce d th e p a l ace s of Ag ri p p a


, ,

Be rnice a n d the h igh p ries t to a s h es T h ey e v en


,
.

d th ei r fury to s uc h a h e igh t a s to ma ssa cre


ca rr ie ,

th os e R oman s w h o h a d ca p itul a te d on con d ition of


,

h a vin g th e ir l iv es p res er v ed T h eir t e a ch ery w a s


r
.
,

h ow e v e r s oon re v e n ged on th e J e w s i n S y th op ol is
, .

w h o h a d offe r e d to a s s is t in re d uc in g th eir faction s

b reth ren For th e i1 s in cerity b e ing s usp ecte d


.
,

a bo v e th irte e n thous a n d of the ir n umb e r w ere in b u

ma nly ma ss a cred T h e re b el s in the mea n time


.
, ,

c ros se d th e J ord a n a n d took th e fortre s se s of Ma


,

ch ze rus a n d C t h e l a tte r of w h ich a fte r


yp ru s ,

p u ttin
g a l l th e R om a n s to th e s word w a s ra z e d to ,

th e rou nd x l
g
'

4,
U p on th e ge n eral re v ol t of th e J ews Ces tiu s
,

G a ll us , S y ria , ma rch e d at th e h e a

d of

a p ow e r an d G a l il ee , b u rn mg a ll
th e tow ns a nd fl fl la ge s in h is wa y , a nd l gh te rin g
s au

ibe on a c it a b out
, y
nu mb e rs of J ew s ,

y ,
tha t h is wh o le
J ose
ph u s , v ol . v .
p . 2 15 . 1
'
I b id .
64 msronv or TH E JE S W .

ar my w a s in Agrip p a w ho j oin e d h im
d a n ge r .
,

w ith a b ody of troop s e n d ea v ou red once more to ,

a e a se h is re b e ll ious coun tr me n b s e n d in g tw o of
pp y y
h is oflice rs to th e m w ith p rop osa l s of p ea ce But .

a fte r th e h a d k ill e d on e of h is offi ce rs a n d w oun d e d


y
th e oth e r C e s tius a dv a n ce d w ith h is w h ol e a rmy
, ,

m m m

re ul s e d th e re b el d d h i l f t f th
l owe r p a rts of J e ru sa l e m * J ose p h us sa y s
p a n a e s se , a s e r o e

If .
,

C es tius h a d c on tin ue d th e s ieg e a l ittl e l on g e r h e ,

w ould h a v e ta k e n th e c ity ; b ut G od b e in g a n g ry
w ith th e w ick e d w ould n ot s u ffe r th e w a r to be
,

te rmina te d a t th a t time But C e s tiu s s udde nl y a n d



.

u n e xp e ctedl ra is e d th e S i e g e a t th e in s tig a tion of


y
s o me of h is offi ce rs w h o it is sa id w e re b rib e d by
, , ,

F l orus E mb old e ne d b y th is imp ol itic s te p th e


.
,

i n s urge n ts p urs ue d C es tius to h is ca mp a t G ib e on ,

from w h e nce h e e s ca p e d by n igh t w ith the l os s of ,

u w a rd s of fi ve th ousa n d of h is a rm xl
'

p y
It is re cord e d b y a n a n cie n t h istoria n I th a t th e ,

C h ristia ns a ba nd on e d J erusa l e m a t th is a w ful p e riod .

H a v in g ca ll e d to min d th e w a rn in g of th e ir d iv in e
M a s ter tha t w h e n th ey s h ould s ee J e rusa l e m en :
, ,

comp a ss e d a b ou t w ith a rmie s a n d th e a b omin a tion ,

of d e s ol a tion (th e R oma n a rm y w i t h th e ir id ol a trous

ima g e s s ta n d in g in th e h ol y p l a ce t h e
y s h oul d ,

Ab t A D 6 7
ou . . 1 J .
ph
'
ose us.

i E b i
u se E l i ti’
us s l H i t y B
cc es a sk i ii h pca 5 s or , oo . c a . .

Th e Roma n ar mie s a re y l d th
st b e , e a o min a tion of de s ol a ti on ,

b eca u se th ey n o t on y s p rea s l d d e ol tio b ef a n o re th e m , b u t we re h e ld


i n th e u tmos t a b h ore nce by th e J e w s, o n a cco u nt of th e i ma g e s of

th e ir gd
o s a nd e mp e ro rs , w h ic h th e y ca rrie d in th e ir s ta n d d
ar s, by
wh ich th e y s wore , a nd to w h ich th e y s a cri fi d ce . Th e us u l o
a rna .

me nts of
'

th e se s ta n d d g v
ar s a e s u ch offe nce to th e J e ws , th a t, in

p e acea bl e times, th e R oma n s e n te re dJ erus a e m w i th ou t the m a nd


l
Vitcl l ius , at th e re q u e s t of so me e minen t Jews h uma ne l y a v oided
,
66 H I STO RY O F TH E JE S W .

k a nd th e l b ra te d w rite r of th e q
a n ti u itie s a nd

ra n ,
ce e

wa rs of th e J e ws ,
wa s a
pp ointe d gov ernor of th e

tw o G a i ee s ll .

N e ro th e R oma n e mpe ror w h o h a d rece iv e d


, ,

i n tell ige n ce O f th e d e fe a t of Ces tius a n d w a s a l a rme d ,

a t th e e n e rg e tic mea s u re s w h ich w e re ta k en b th e


y
J e ws comma n d e d V e s p a s ia n a n Offi ce r of d istin

, ,

u is h e d rud e n ce a n d b ra v e ry to ma rch w ith a l l


g p ,

os s ibl e e xp e d ition in to J u d ea A ccord ingl


y th t
p a .
,

comm a n de r e mp l o e d h ims el f in ra is in g force s ; a n d


y
-

h is s on T itus w a s d es p a tch e d to fe tch two O f th e


R oma n l eg ion s from Al e xa nd ria But th e J e ws .


'

r e v ious to th e a rriv a l O f th e a rmy i n th e ir cou ntr


p y ,

h a d tw ice a tte mp te d to ta k e th e city of A s ca l on a n d


'

w e re e a ch time re p ul s e d w ith th e l os s O f te n th ou ,

s a n d of th e ir n u mb er in th e fi rs t a n d e i h t th ou sa n d
g ,

in th e s econ d e n ga g e me n t .

E a rl y in th e foll ow in g sp rin g th e imp eria l a rmy , ,

w h ich a moun te d to s ixty th ou sa n d men comp l ete l


y ,

a r me d a n d full y d is cip l in e d e n tere d Ga l il ee


,
S oon , .

a fte r th e ir a rriv a l G a d a ra w a s tak e n on th e fi r§ t


, ,

a s sa ul t ; a l l th e a d ul ts w ere p u t to th e s w ord a nd
,

fi re s e t to th e a dj a ce n t tow ns a n d v ill a ge s T he .

c on q uerors n e xt cl ose l b e s ie g e d J ota h a ta Jo


'

y p .

s e h us
p b e ing a
, pp r iz e d of th e ir d e s ig n s u
pp l ie d the ,

city w ith a mp l e s tore s a nd d e fe n d e d it w ith h e ,

v a l ou r for forty s e v e n d a y s -
Th e R oma n s h owe .
,

fi n a ll y s u rp rise d a n d took th e pl ace an d al l ,

in h a b ita n ts w e re e ith er sl a in or mad e p riso n e rs .


,
'
.

T h e ca p tiv es a mou n te d to on e w o h un
'

d re d ; a n d forty th ousa n d l ost


~
o n th is ,

occa s ion .
ale

Joseph u s , v ol . v .
m o m or TH E JE S W . 67

J os ep h us mong th e p ris on ers


was He ha d
a .

e sca
p e d th e g e n e ra l ma ssa cr e b y fl y in g fr om th e ,

mid s t of h is e n e mies a n d w ith forty of h is b ra v e s t ,

me n con cea l e d h ims el f in a de e p ca v ern H is re trea t


,
.

w a s d is cov ere d to V e s p a s ia n a n d tha t fa mous ge ,

n e ra l s en t to offe r h im l ife u on h on ou ra bl e con


p ,

d ition s U p on h is p re p a rin g to a ccep t th e te rms


. ,

h is c omp a n ion s up b ra id ed h im in th e s e v e res t


ma n n e r a nd e v e n offe re d to mu rde r h im A t th is
,
.

critica l mome n t h e a p p ea se d th e ir fury ,


by a dv is in g ,

th e m if th ey w e re d ete r min e d u p on d e a th to d ra w
, ,

l ots w h o s h ould k ill h is comp a n ion in orde r to


, ,

a v oid th e c rime of s u ic id e T h is d rea d ful p r0 p os a l .

w as a cce p te d an d P rov id e nce s o or d e re d it ,


th a t th e

tw o la s t s ur v ivors w e re J os ep h us , a nd a
p e rs on

w h om h e ea s il y p e rs ua d e d to l iv e T he
J e w is h
co mma n d er , up on h is a rriva l in th e Ro ma n ca mp ,

W
ass u re d V es p a s ia n ,
th a t he s h ou ld soon be c h os e n

e mpe ror ; a n d, in c onse q u e n ce of th is p re d iction ,

th e con q ueror trea te d h im w ith g rea t re s p ec t a n d



en e ros ity
E
g .

R oma n forces xve re b es ieg ing J ota


h il e th e

h a ta th e in h a b ita n ts of J a p h a a n e ig h b our in g
p , ,

city ,
re b ell e d T h e ge n era l se n t a p ow erful a rmy
.

a ga in s t th e m a n d th e w ere re d uce d a fter a n


y , ,

ob s ti na te s ie ge All th e me n a moun tin g to


.
,

w e re a n d th e w ome n a n d c h ild re n ma d e

r is oners a w e e k a fte r th e S a ma r ita n s


p .
, ,


w h o ha d 11 a riotou s ma n n e r on M ou n t

G erizmm , all
p u t to th e s w ord or ,
:

p er ish ed J o pa
p .w hi c h h a d b e e n f or
, m e rl y { l a id
wa s te by C es tius b e in g n ow re p e op l e d a n d fortifi e d
,
-

J eph l v p 2 93 os us , v o . . . .

F 2
W
68 H I S TO RY or TH E a s.

by s ome sed itious J e w s , w h o infe s te d th e coun tr ,


y
fell the n ext v ic tim to th e R oma n v e n gea n ce hen .

th e imp e ria l ar my in v a d e d th a t city l a rg e n u mb ers ,

of th e w re tch e d in h a b ita n ts b e took th e mse lv es to th e ir


sh i But th ey d riv e n ba ck by a v iol e n t
w e re
p s .

te mp e st w h ich d a s h e d th e v e s s el s a ga inst th e rock s


, .

I n th is e xtre me d is tres s ma ny p e ris h e d by s uicid e ;


oth e rs w ere s w a ll ow e d u b th e w a v es o r crus h e d


p y ,

by th e b rok e n s h ip s ; a n d s uch a s w e re e na bl e d to
r ea ch th e s h ore w e re k ill e d b y th e me rcil ess R oma n s .

T h e s ea w a s for a l on g s p a ce d is col ou re d w ith bl ood ;


fou r th ousa nd two h u n d re d d ea d b od ies s tre w e d th e
coa s t a n d n ot a mes s e n g e r re ma in e d to re p ort th is
*
,

g rea t ca l a mity a t J erusa l e m .

A fte r V e s p a s ia n h a d refres h e d h is troop s h e ,

ma rch e d to T ib e ria s ; th e c ity y ielde d ; a n d th e


i n h a b ita n ts w e re s p a re d a t th e mov in g in terce s sion
of k in g Ag rip p a Ta rich ae on th e s ea of G al il ee
.
, ,

w a s n e xt a tta ck e d a n d a fte r a n ob s tina te res is ta n ce


, ,

re d uce d b y th e v ictoriou s R om a ns M ul titud e s of .

J ew s w ere d es troy e d a n d up w a rd s of th irty th ou sa n d


,

s old for s l a v es V e s p a s ia n p rocee d e d to in v e s t


.

G a ma l a a city p l a ce d on a rocky is th mus T h e


,
.

a s sa il a n ts w e re d riv e n b a ck w ith p rod ig iou s s l a ug h te r .

T h e ir l a st a tta ck h ow e v e r w a s s ucce ss ful th e fl igh t


, , ,

of th e ir d a rts b e in g fa v oure d by a v iol e n t s torm ,

w h ich ob s truc te d th os e of th e e n e my A fte r t h e .

c ity w a s ta k e n th e e xa s p e ra te d v ictors s l e w fou r


,

th ousa n d of th e i n h a b ita n ts ; a n d a l a rg e n umb e r


fell v ictims to th e ir ow n imp a tien ce a nd u n g o v e rn »

a bl e fu ry T h e R . o m a ns a l s o o b tain e d a l d e c is ive

J ph ose l p 2 9 4
us , v o N . w 7 .m d.b ti. o e Lo dco

e s se rv a ons on ur r ,

p . 2 2 8.
H IS T O RY OF TH E JE S W . 69

v ictory ove r th e J e w s ,
who had re tire d to a s tron g
h ol d on Moun t I ta b y s .

T itus ,
w ho w as b es ie ge G isch a l a e a r nes tl y
se nt to ,

e xho rte d th e i n h a b ita n ts to s a v e th e ms e lv es from


'
d es truc tion b y a timel y s u rre n d e r
,
T h e c itiz e n s .

w ere in cl in e d to a cce d e to h is a dv ice b ut a s e d itious


J e w na med J oh n th e s on of Le v i h ea d of h is
, , ,

fa c tion v e h e me n tl y O p p os e d it ; a n d h a v in g th e
,
.
,

mob a t h is comma n d ov e ra w e d th e w h ol e city , On .

the s a bb a th h e e n trea te d T itu s to forb e a r h os til ities


till th e foll owi n g da y e n g a in g o n th a t con d ition
,
g
, ,

to a cce d e to h is p rO p osa l But a fte r h is re q ues t .


,

w a s g ra n te d h e w ith a n u mb er of h is foll ow e rs
, .
,

w ith d re w to J e rus a l e m T h e citiz e ns th e n s u r


re n d e re d a nd h a v in g a p p riz e d T itus of J oh n s

, ,

fl ig h t ea rnestl y b e s ough t h im n ot to p un is h th e
,

i nn oce n t w ith th e gu il ty T h e con q ue ror a fter .


,

ie ld in g to th e ir e n trea tie s u rs u e d a d k ill e d s ix


y p n ,

t hou sa n d of th e foll o w ers of J oh n a n d b roug h t b a ck ,

th re e th ou sa n d w ome n a n d ch ild re n p ris oners The


tra itor h ims el f el u d e d th e ir p u rs uit a n d e xas p e ra te d ,

th e in ha b ita n ts of J e r us a l e m a ga in s t th e R oma n s f -

A fte r th e c on q ues t of G al il ee wa s comp l e ted by ,

th e re d uction o f G is ch a l a T itus j oin e d his fa th er a t , ,

Cesa rea w h ere h is troop s w e re p e rmitte d to e nj oy


,

a n in ter v al of re os e ; d urin g th e re ma in d e r of th is
p ,

a n d i n th e foll ow in g e ar th e re v ol u tion s i n th e
y ,

Roma n e mp ire p re v e nte d V e s p a s ia n from p u rs u in g


th e w a r w ith v igou r H e th e more rea d il y d e ferre d
.

comme nc in g th e s ie ge of J e ru s a l e m from b e in g ,

1

J
H
ose ph us .

e nce J osep h u s sa y s,
“ God sa v dJ
e oh n for the des tru ction of
J erusa e lm ,

p 2 94
. .

70 msr ortv '
on TH E JE S W .

ap
p ri ez d ,
th a t th e Je w s w e re w as tin g th e ir s tre ngh
t
by in tern a l d iv is ion s and fa cil ita ting th e q uest of
*
, co n
'

th e ir d e v oted c ity .

time

T h e J ew is h
’ .
na tion d ivid e d at th is w er e
T h e more ra tional

into tw o v e ry O p p os ite p a rties
'


t w h o cl e a rl s a w th a t th e w a r if c on tin u e d
p a r , y , ,

w ould e n d in th e tota l r uin of th e ir c oun try s tron gl y


u rg e d th e n ecess it of immed ia te s ub miss ion to th e


y
R oma n s A n oth e r p a rty ca ll e d Z ea l ots from th e ir
.
, ,

b oa s te d z ea l for th e l a w of G od a n d th e rel ig ious ,

c us toms of th e ir a nces tors v e h e me n tly op posed al l ,

a cifi c mea s u res T h is fa ction w h ich w a s fa r th e


p .
,

mos t n umerous a n d p ow e rful con s is te d of men of


th e v il e st a nd m
.
,

os t a b a n d on e d ch a ra cte rs e v e r re

cord ed in h is tory
:
T h ey we re th e re ma ins of th e
.

s e ct of th e G a ul on ite s w h ich w a s h ea d e d by J u d a s ,

T h e uda s a n d l ik e h im a fli rmed th a t it w ould b e


, ,

offe rin g th e g re a te s t d is h on ou r to G od to s ub mit

to an y e a rthl y p ote n ta te much l e s s to R oma n s a n d ,

h ea th e n s U nd er th e ma s k of re l igion th es e
. ,

w re tch es committe d th e mos t h orrid a n d u n na tura l


cri mes f -

J oh n w h o h a d fl e d from G isch a l a , p u t h ims el f


, ,

at th e h ea d of th e s e ince n d ia rie s a n d , b e in g j oin e d

in th a t c it
y b y a ba nd of ro bb e rs a nd i
a s s as s n s ,

se ize d u
p on th e te mp l e for a fo rtre ss , a nd th a t h o y l
p l ace wa s ma d e a th e a tre of ci v il wa r . T h e p p os ite
O
p a rt
y , un e r th e con d d uct of Ana n us , a w is e a nd

v e ne ra bl e ma n ch ief rie s ts a rme d in


amon g th e
p , ,

th e ir ow n d e fe n ce ; an d a fter a n ob s tin a te con te s t , ,

force d th e Z ea l ots in to th e in n e r cin c ture of th e


te mp l e w h e re th ey w ere cl osel y in v es te d
,
J oh n .
,

Jo ph l v p 35 5 t I b id p 33 4
se u s, v o . . . .
, . .
ti mes } ! o n TH E JE S W . 71

who h ad p rete n d e d to a
g re e w ith th os e, w h o d es ire d
pe
a eeée wa s s en t to Zeal ots w ith terms of a ccom
the
sne da tion b ut h e b etra y e d h is tru s t a n d e a rne s tly ,

exhor te d them to p ers e v e re w ith u n sh a k en fi rm ne s s .

He in tima ted to th em th e n ece ss ity of fore ig n


d

a ss ista nce a n d p ers ua d e d the m to e n te r in to a -

trea ty w ith the I du mea n s But An a n us s h ut th e


.
.

ga tes of J e rusa le m a n d p recl ud ed th e n e w a ll ies


*
,

frome n terin g th e city .

O n th e n igh t th e I d umea ns were e xcl ud ed th e re ,

w as a tre me n d ous s torm a ccomp a n ie d w ith th un d e r


, ,

l igh tn in g a n d a v iol e n t ea rth q ua k e T h a Z ea lots


, .

took a dv a n ta ge of th e p re v a il in g terror a n d con


fus ion sa w e d th e b ol ts a n d h in g es of th e te mp l e
,

ga tes w ith out b eing h ea rd forced th e guard s sa ll ie d


, ,

i n to th e city a nd in trod uce d twe n ty th ousa n d of th e ir


,

a l l ies . A fte r b e in g th us s tre n gth e ne d a n d a ss is ted


.

th ey p erp e tra te d th e mos t h orrid crue l tie s T w el v e .

th ousamd p ers ons of n obl e b irth a n d in th e p rime ,

of l ife ,upo n th e ir re fus a l to j oin th e m w ere in h u ,

ma nl y mu rd ered Ana n us a n d J os h ua th e ch ief


.
,

rie s ts w e re n ext p u t to dea th a n d th e ir d ea d


p
.

, ,

b od ies l e ft w ith out b uria l A fte r mass a cre ing ma ny


.

e rson s of d is tin ction th e


y t ur ned the ir sa n gu in a r
p ,
y
cru e l ty u p on th e c itiz e n s a n d l ow e r cl as s es a nd th e ,

ca pita l was fi ll e d w ith bl ood a n d ca rna ge At th is .

d rea dful p e riod n on e da re d p u bl icly to l a me n t th e


,

l os s of h is nea res t frien ds or rel a tion s ; or e v e n a fford


th e m th e l ast me la n ch ol y rite s of interme n t T h is .

cruel d es p otis m comp ell e d ma n y to forsa k e J e ru


s a le m a n d ta k e re fu ge w ith th e R oma ns th oug h th e
, ,

atte m p t wa s ex tre m el
y h a z a rd o u s a s th e a v e n ues of ,

Jo ph seol p 87 8
us , v . 17. . .
72 ms ronv '
or TH E JE S W .

th e c ity w e re l y gua rd e d ; a n d al l w h o w ere


s trict

d e te cte d in a tte mp tin g to es ca p e w e re immed ia tel y ,

t t d h T h I d u me a n s h e re of J oh n s

p u o ea t e . w o w ,

p a rt
y ,
a t l e n g th c o m p l a in e d o f th e v a s t n umb e rs ,

w h o w ere ma ss a c re d ; re p e n te d of h a v in g j oin e d
th e ty ra n t a n d re tu rne d to th e ir na tiv e coun try l
, .
ae

T h e Z ea l ots a fte r th ey ha d ma s sa cre d or d riv e n


,

a wa
y a ll w, h o w e re c a a bl e of o
p pp o s ing th e m ,

turne d th e ir murd erous w ea p on s a ga in s t e a ch oth er .

A n e w fa ction was forme d a ga inst J oh n by S imon ,

a m a n of a n a b a n do ne d ch a ra cter a n d d a rin g s p irit , ,

w h o h ad h is h ea d q ua rters in th e fortres s of M a s ada .

T o increa se h is p a rty h e p ubl ish e d a p rocl a ma tion


, ,

i n w h ich h e p romise d l ib e rty to th e sl a v e s a n d ,

s u ita bl e e n coura ge me n t to a l l fre e me n w h o w ou ld


e n l is t u n d e r h is b a nn ers A fter h e h a d by th is .
,

s tra ta ge m coll e cte d ,


ma n y foll owers h e in va d ed ,

I d umea p e rp etra te d a l l k in d s of cruel ty corrup te d


'

, ,

th e g e n e ra l of th a t cou ntry a n d h a v in ga in e d
'

g ,

o ss e s s ion of th e ir mil ita ry forces a dv a nce d tow a rds


p ,

J e rusa l e m a nd e n ca mp e d b efore th e city


,
T h is .
.

a rm d e s troy e d th e J e w s w ith ou t th e w a ll s a nd
y ,

w ere more d rea d e d th a n th e R oma n s ; w h il e th e


Z e a l ots w ith in e xc ited s till g rea te r terror tha n
e ith er
ale
.

T he inha b ita n ts of J e rus a l e m, in d


or er to opp ose

th e ty ra n ny of J oh n , w h o, th ey a
p p re hend e d ,

w ould b urn th e c ity formed th e fa ta l res ol ution of


,

adm itting S imon a n d h is troop s A ccord ingl y th ey .


,

e n te re d th e m e trop ol is a n d increa s e d th e ca l a m
, itie s
of th e misera bl e p eop l e w h o w e re e xp os ed al te r ,

a s te l y to th e ra g e of b oth fa ction s i A n oth er t


p a r
y .

Jo ph u vol v p 847se s, t I bid


. . . . .
74 '
n rs ron r on TH E JE SW .

ca l e
l d d ow n th e d iv in e w ra th by cruc ify ing the
,

L ord of gl ory a n d bl a sp h e mousl y e xcl a imin g H is


, ,

bl ood b e u p on u s a nd our ch ild re n T h is d rea d ful


.

imp reca tion w a s fulfill e d ; a n d th e v e n gea n ce of


h ea v e n of w h ich th ey h a d b ee n me rc ifull y fore
'

r
,

w a rn e d b y th e p rop h e ts a n d by C h ris t h imse l f


, ,

w as d ischa rg e d up on th em by th a t v e ry n a tion ,

w h om th ey ha d instiga te d to cond e mn th e Mes sia h .


H I S TO RY OF TH E JE S W .

C H AP T E R 11 .

St reng th f J l m —Th J w
o e rusa e mb l d f m l l p t t k p
e e s a re as se e ro a ar s o ee

th e
p v — T
asso h ity i i
e r. v t d by T ite — Th
c
y m k g s t n es e u s. e a e re a

— Th
p p ti
re a ra f tt k
ons y g i th fi t d
or a n a ac d w ll e a n e rs an se con a .

A f mi a
g d i J
ne ra l m —I h m
e n
p ti f th Z l t
eru sa e n u an ra c ces o e ea o s a

J l mi
e ru sa e d d by w ll — T ib l it ti f th ity
s s u rrou n e a a . e rr e s ua on o e c .

—Th t m l i l d
p e p e d d
e d il ys i fi un t h —
e rel h t mp l
, an a sa cr ce ceas e .
'‘
e e e

t
s e ; on fi —H id m re . f th J w — A ll J
orr l m
assa cre o e e s. erusa e c on

q ue red by th e Roma ns .
— Th e te mp e l an d c ity d emol ish ed — Th . c

re ma inin g cas t e s l in J d
u ea a re ta k en.

J ERU S AL E M b u il t on two mounta ins a nd was ,

s urroun d e d by th ree wa ll s on eve ry s ide e xcep t ,

w h e re it w a s e n cl ose d with d e ep v a ll ies wh ich w ere


d e e med ina cces s ibl e



'

E a ch wall w a s fortifi ed by .

h ig h tow ers Th e cel e b ra te d temp l e a n d th e


'

.
,

s tron g ca s tl e of A n ton ia w ere on th e e as t s id e of ,

th e c ity a n d d ire ctl o os ite to th e M ou n t of


,
y pp
O l iv es But n otw ith s ta n d in g th e p rod ig ious s tren g th
.

of th is fa me d me tro ol is th e in fa tua te d J e w s b roug h t


p ,

on th e ir ow n d e s truction b th e ir i n te s tin e con te s ts ;


y
At a time w h en a formid a bl e a my w a s ra p idl y
,
r

a dv a n cin g a n d th e J e w s w ere a sse mbl m from al l


, g
a rts to k e e th v t h t d i g fa ction s
p p
, e
p a s s o e r e c on en n ,

w ere c on tin u a ll y in v e n tin g n e w me th od s of m utua l


destr uction a n d 1n th e ir u ng ov e rne d fury th ey w a s te d
,
.

Th e d a y on wh ich T it us en co mp as sed J e ru s a e l mw as ,

say s

a l a te a u th or, th e fe as t of
.
th e p as so er ; v a nd it is dese v i r g of
n

p a rt icu l
a r a tte n tion , th a t th is wa s th e v
a nn i e rs a r
y of th a t me mora b l e

pe rio d in w h ich th e J am
, ifi d th i M ess i h cr u c e e r a .

Se e a
pa mp h l e t
en titl d Th e d es t uctio of J
e , l em b ol u te r n erusa an a s a nd irres isti bl e

p roof of th e d iv ine a uth o ity of Ch i tia nity d on;



r r s . Lon Pfl b'

l ish ed 1805 .
76 H I STO RY OF THE JE S W .

a nd d estroy e d s uch v a s t q ua n titie s of p rov is ion s a s


mig h t h a v e p res e rv e d th e c ity ma ny y ea rs " ,
6

A D . S u ch w a s th e mise ra bl e situa tion of


.

J e rusa l e m w h e n T itus b ega n h is ma rch tow a rd s it


,

w ith a formid a bl e a rmy and h a v in g l a id w a s te th e ,

cou n try in h is p rog res s a n d sl a ugh te re d th e in ,

h a b ita n ts a rriv e d b e fore its w a ll s


, T h e s ig h t of th e .

Roma n s p rod uce d a te mp ora ry re con c il ia tion a mong


th e con te n d in g fa ction s a n d th ey u na n imousl y re ,

s olv e d to o os e th e common e n e m T h e ir fi rs t
pp y .

s a ll y w a s a ccord ingl y ma d e w ith s uch fu ry a n d


res ol ution th a t th ou g h T itus d is p la y e d u ncommon
, ,

v a l our onth is occa s ion th e b es iegers we re obl ig e d ,

to a b a nd on th e ir ca mp s a n d fl ee to th e moun ta ins ,
.

N o s oon er h a d the J e ws a sh ort interv a l of q u ietf


from th e ir fore ig n e n e mies th a n th eir civ il d is ord ers
.

w ere re n e w ed J oh n by a n imp ious stra ta g e m


. , ,

fou n d mea n s to cu t otf or force E l ea z a r s me n to


.

s ub mit to h im a n d th e fa ction s w ere a a in re d u ce d


g
to tw o w h o O p p ose d e a ch oth er w ith imp l a ca bl e
,

a n imos it
y :
T h e Roma n s in th e mean time e x erte d a l l th e ir
, ,

e n ergy in m a k in g re a ra tion s for a o w rfu l a tta ck


p p p e

up on J erusa l e m T ree s were cut d ow n h ouse s.


,

l e v ell e d rock s cl e ft a s u n d er a n d v all ie s fi ll e d u p ;


, ,

tow e rs w ere ra is e d a n d b a tterin g ra ms e re cte d w ith , ,

oth e r e n g in e s of d e s truction a g a in s t th e d e v ote d city , .

Joseph us .

1 '
Bi h s op N ewco me remark s , th a t at th is pe rio d th e Ch i ti h d
r s a ns a

m Je rusa l e m a cc
gf ord i g to u Lo rd

an O
p port unity of e s ca p in ro ,
n o r s

so e l mn exh o rta tion . Fo r s ome t ime be fore th is fl igh t w p recl d d


as u e ,

as it b ore th e of a re o v l t to th Romans — N e w c omer



s
a
p pea rance e

Ob se rv a ti ons ,
p 2 42 . .

1J ose h us , v ol v i
p p 12 7 . . . .
H I ST O RY O F TH E JE S W . 77

A fte r th e offers of p e ace , w h ich T itus had re


p ea te dl y
sent J os e p h u s
by w e re j
re ec te d w ith in d i n a tion ,
,
g
th e R oma n s b e ga n to p la y th e i r e n g in e s w ith a l l th e ir
mig h t . The s tre n u ous a tta ck s of th e e n e my a ga in

u n ite d th e con te n d in g p a rtie s w ith in th e w all s w ho ,

h a d a l s o e n g in es w h ic h th ey p l ie d w ith u n common
,

fury T h ey h a d ta k e n th e m l a tel y from C es tius


. ,

b ut w ere s o ig n ora n t of the ir u s e th ey d id l ittl e .

W
e xec ution w h il e th e R oma n l eg ions ma d e te rr ibl e
,

h a v ock T h e reb el s w ere s oon comp ell e d to re tire


.

from th e p on d erous s ton e s w h ich th ey th re in ce s


'

s a n tl from th e tow e rs th e y h a d e recte d a n d th e


y ,

b a tterin g ra ms w e re a t full l ib erty to p l a y a ga ins t


th e w a ll s A b rea ch w as s oon ma d e in it a t w h ich
.
,

th e R oma n s e nte re d a n d e n ca mp e d in th e c ity , ,

w h il e th e J e ws retrea te d b eh in d th e s econ d e u
cl os ure :
l ae

T h e v ictors imme d ia tely a dv a n ce d to th e secon d


w a ll ,
a n d p l ie d th e ir e n g ine s a n d ba tte rin g ra ms

s o furiousl y th a t on e of th e tow e rs th ey h a d e recte d


,

b ega n to sh a k e a n d th e J e ws w h o occup ie d it
, , ,

erce iv in g th e ir i m e n d in g ru in s e t it on fi re d
p p a n , ,

re c i ita te d th e ms el v es in to th e fl a me s T h f ll f
p p e a o .

th is s truc ture ga ve th e R oma ns a n e n tra n ce in to


'

th e s e c on d e n cl os ure
.
T h ey w e re h owe v er re .
, ,

ul se d b th e b e s ieg e d b ut a t l e n g th r e ga in e d th e
p y
p l a ce e n tirel , a n d
y r
p p e a red for a tta ck in g th e th ird

a nd in n e r wa ll f
T h e v a s t n u mbe r of e o
p p ,e l w hich w e re e n c os el d
in J erusa l e m occa s ione d a fa min e w h ich ra g e d in
, ,

a te rribl e ma n ne r a nd a s th e ir ca l a mities i ncrea se d , ,

J phose u s , v ol . v i. p 38. .

t I b id p 49— 5 0 Ma v or s Uni v l H i tory


, . . ersa s .
a rs r onv
'
or r a n JE S W .

th e fury of th e
Z ea l ots if p os s ibl e rose to a g rea ter
-

, ,

h e ig h t T h ey force d O p e n th e h ouses of the ir fell ow



.

ci iz e n s in s ea rc h of
t ro v i s ions if th ey foun d a n y
p ,

th ey infl icte d th e mos t e xq u is ite tortu res u o n the m


p ,

u n d er
p re te n ce th a t th e
y h a d f ood c on ce a l e d Th e .

nea re s t rel a tion s in th e e xtre mit of h u n g er s na tch e d


, y ,

th e food from e a ch oth er .

J ose p h us , wh o was an e
y e w itn e s s of th e u rn

ll l d s uf
f i n gs th e J e w s e x erie n ce d d uring

a ra e e e r
p p
th e s ieg e of th e ir me trop ol is re ma rk s th a t a l l th e , ,

ca l a mitie s tha t e v e r b efel a ny na tion si n ce th e


be g inn ing of th e w orld w ere inferior to th e mise ries ,

of h is coun tr me n a t th is a w fu l T h us
y
w e s ee th e e x a ct fulfil m en t of th e e m p h a tic w ord s

of ou r S a v iour res ectin g th e g rea t trib ul a tion i n


p
J e rusa l em
T itus w h o w a s a p p riz e d of th e ir w retch e d con
,

d ition rel a xe d th e s iege four d a y s ; a n d b e in g s till


, ,

d es irous of sav in g th e city ca u s ed p rov is ion s to be


'

d istrib ute d to h is a rmy in s igh t of th e J ews w ho


'
,

fl ock e d u p on th e wa ll s to b eh old it J ose p h us wa s .

me n to a tte mp t to p ers uad e


n e xt s e n t to h is
y cou n tr

th e m n ot to p l u n g e th e mse lv e s in in e v ita bl e r uin by

p e rs istin g in d efe n ce of a p l a ce w h ic h could h old ,

ou t b ut l ittl e l on g er a n d w h ic h th e Ro ma n s l ook e d
,

u on as a l re a d H h d h e m in

p y th e ir ow n e e x orte t .

th e mos t p a th etic ter ms to s a v e th e ms elv e s th e ir , ,

te mp l e a n d th e ir co un try ; a n d p a in te d in s tron g
,

c ol ours th e fa tal e ffe cts w h ich w ould res ul t from ,

th eir ob s tina cy But th e p eop l e a fter ma n y b itter


.
,

in v ec tiv es b ega n to da rt th eir a rrow s a t h im; y e t


,

h e con tin ue d to a dd res s th e m w ith gr ea te r veh e


J ph oseol i p 63
us , v t M tth w xxiv 2 1
. v . . . a e . .
ms ronr '
o r TH E JE S W . 79

m ma ny w e re i n d uce d by h is el oq ue nce to

W
e n ce , a n d z
,

ru n th e utm os t ris k in ord e r to e sca p e to th e R0

ma n s ; w h il e oth e rs b ec a me more d e s p e ra te a n d

re solv e d to h old out to th e l a s t e xtre mity


" 9
.

The J e ws w h o e re forcibl y s eiz e d by th e


'

. ,

Ro ma n s w ith out th e w a ll s a n d w h o mad e th e utmos t ,

re s is ta n ce for fe a r of p u n is h ment w e re scou rg e d a n d

m
,

c ru c ifi e d n ea r th e c ity F a min e a d e th e m s o .

d ar in g imtliese e x curs ions tha t fi ve h un d red a n d , ,

s ome times more s uf fe re d th is d rea d ful d e a th e v e ry


,

day ; a n d on a ccou n t of th e n u mb er J os eph us


' ' '

-
, ,

ob se rv e s th a t , S p ace w a s w a nted for th e cros ses ,

a n d c ros s es for th e ca ptiv e s



A n d y e t con tra ry to .
,

T itus s intention th e s e d itious J e w s w e re n ot d is


p o s e d t o a surre n d e r by th es e h orrid s p ec ta cl e s .

I n ord er Ito ch eck d e s erti o n th ey rep rese n ted th e ,


s uffe re rs a s s upp l ia n ts ; a n d n ot a s me n ta k e n b

y
re s is ta n c e Y e t e v e n s ome wh o d ee me d ca p ita l
.
,

n is h me n t in e v ita bl e e s ca e d to th e R om
p u
p a n s con

e h a n d s of th e ir e n e m
, ,

s id e rin
g d ea th b y th ,
i es a ,

d es ira bl e re fuge w h e n comp a re d with th e com ,

l ica t d d i t w h i h th d ure d A n d th ough


p e s re s s c e
y en .

T itus mutil a te d ma ny a nd s e n t th e m to a ssure th e ,

p pe o l e th a t v o, l u n ta r
y d e s e rt e rs w ere w ell trea te d by

h im a n d ea r n es tl y to recommen d a s urre n d er of th e
,

ci t
y ,th e J e w s re v i l e d T i tu s f ro m t h e w a ll s d e fi ed ,

h is m en a ces an d con tin ue d to d efe n d th e c ity by


,

e v e r meth od w hich s tra ta g em coura g e a n d d es a ir


y , p , ,

c ould s uggest + .

In ord er to accel era te the d es tin e d ruin of J crusa


l em T itu s discom
, ra e d a n d e xas e ra te d b
g
,
p y th e re
i

Jo ph se l i p 56 us , v o v . . .
i

1 I bid p 5 1—6 5
'
, N w m Ob
. v ti ; & p 2 4 5
. e co e s

ser a on s c. . .
80 H I ST OR Y or TH E JE S W .

e a te d d es truction of h is e ng in es a nd towe rs un d en
p ,

took th e a rd uo us ta s k of e n cl os in th e c it wi th a s tron
g y g
w a ll in ord e r to p re ve n tth e inh a b ita n ts fromrece iv in g

m
,

s uccour from th e a dj a ce n t cou n tr i g


an
y y o r i a g n ,

h is v e ng ea n ce by fl ig h t S uch w as th e p erse s enin g .

s irit of th e s old ie rs th a t in th re e d a s th e e n cl ose d


p y y ,

th e c ity by a w a ll n earl y fi ve mil e s in c ircu it T h us .

w a s th e p rop h e c of ou r S a v iour a cco mp l is h ed


y .

Th e day s s h a l l come up on th ee w h en th i n e en emies ,

s h a l l ca s t a tr en ch a bou t th e e a n d com p a s s th e e ,

r ou n d , a n d k eep th ee i n on ev er s id e Up on l h is.
y .

th e fa mine ra ged w ith au


gme n te d v iol e n ce ,
a nd

d e s troy e d w h ol e fa mil ies ; w h il e J e rusal e m e xh ib ite d


a h orrid s ec ta cl e of e ma c ia te d in v al id s a nd p utre
p
sce n t b od ie s f T h e d ea d w e re too n ume rous to be
-

i n te rre d ; a n d ma ny e xp ire d in th e p e rforma n ce of


.

th is offi ce T h e p ubl ic ca l a mity w a s too g re a t for


.

l a me nta tion a n d th e s ile n ce of unu ttera bl e w oe ov er


,

s rea d th e cit
p y T h e Z ea l ots a t th is a w ful
p.e riod , ,

e n d ea v ou re d to e n coura ge th e ob s tina c of th e p e op l e
y ,

Lu k e xix 4 3 . .

1 Th e
'
v ast n u mb e r o f peop l e sh ut u p b y th e wa r, occas ione d pesti
d more
l e ntia l
ra p i dl y .
d iseas es
Dr L a r .
, an d

d n er o
a fte rw a r s

b v
se r e s .
d fa mine
th a t “m g it
of course

i h t ha v b e
a dv anc e

ee n e xpecte d ,

th a t th e bad fo od , w h ich th e Jw e s we re force d to mk a e u se of, th e


s tric tness of th e s ie g an d th e no is o me s me ll o f so many de a d bod ies

m
e,

ly i g
n in h ea ps in th e c it
’ y itse f, l an d i n th e v ll i
a es and d itc h e s w ithou
t
th e w a ll s , sho u ld h v a e p ro du d ce a pl g a ue . Bu t n oth in g of th is
a ppe a rs i n t he h is tory ; w h ic h mu st ha v b
e ee n o w n i gt o th e
i nte rp os ition of d iv i ne p ro v id e n ce. J ose p h u s, in so me of the p la ces ,

w h e re h e spe a k s of th e p u tre fa c tion of


e x res s ions e
p q iv l u a e nt to pes ti e n ti al ; b u l

W
w as an infe ct ion ; if th e re h ad b ee n , it
th e R omans and th e J ews , a nd th e si

b k
ro en u
p , an d th e R oma ns w ou ld ha ve one off a s
g fa st a s they
ld — Tra cts , v ol . v m‘

cou a ts on 8 17 0.'
.
p .
W
W
82 ms ronv '
or wa s JE S .

w h ic h occa s ione d T itus to re ma rk , th a t th ey b ega n


to d es troy w ith th e ir ow n h a n d s th a t , ma gn ifi ce nt
e d ifi ce w h ich h e h a d p rese rv e d
, h e n J os e p h us .

w a s s e n t for th e l a s t time to J oh n wh o comma nd e d ,

in th e te mp l e to up ra i h im for obs tina tel y e x


'

,
b d ’

p o s in g t h a t s acre d b u ild ing a nd t h e m is e ra bl e ,

re ma in s of G od s p eop l e to in e v ita b l e d e s truction


h e a ns we red w ith th e b itte res t in v e ctiv es a dd in g , ,

th a t h e w a s de fe nd in g th e L ord s v in ey a rd w h ich

h e w a s s ure c ould n ot be ta k e n by a ny h u ma n
force ; y e t th is mon s ter h a d n ot s crup l e d to p l un de r
th e te mp l e of a l a rge q ua n tity of its g old e n u te ns il s ,

a n d th e m a g nifi c e n t
gi fts of k in gs w h ic h be con ,

v erte d to h is ow n use H e a l s o s e iz e d th e sa cre d .

oil , w h ich w as to ma in ta in th e la mp s ; a n d e v e n
u se d to in tox ica te h im s el f a n d h is a rt w ith th
p y e

w in e w h ich w a s inte n d e d for sa crifi ce


,
}

O n th e 17 th of J ul y th e da ily sa crifi ce cea se d ,

for th e fi rs t time s in ce its res tora tion by th e b ra v e


J ud a s Ma cca be us th ere b e in g no p rop e r p ers on
,

l eft to ma k e the offerin g T itus up b ra id e d th e .

Z ea l ots for n egl ec tin g th e ir w ors h ip a n d ch a ll e ng e d


th e m to l ea v e th e temp l e a nd fig h t on more p rop e r ,

g round in ord e r to p res erv e th a t s a cre d e d ifi ce


,

from th e fury of h is troop s But a s th ey p e rs is te d .


,

in th e ir in fl exibl e ob s tina cy T itus a fte r s e v era l , ,

bl ood y en ga ge me nts took p osse ss ion of th e outwa rd


,

cou rt of th e G e n til es a n d force d th e b e s ieged d n to


,

th a t of th e p ries ts T h e R oma n comma n d e r h a d


d ete rm
.

in e d in cou ncil n ot to b urn th e te mp l e con ,

s id erin
g th e e xis tence of s o
p ro u d a s tr uc tu re a n

h onou r to h ims el f H e th ere fore a tte mp te d to


.
, ,

J o ph u ol i p 7 9 M o U i
se s, v . v . . l Hi t l
. p 818
av

rs n versa s . vo . 11. . .
H I STO RY on TH E JE SW . 83

W
b a tter dow n o ne of th e ga ll e ries of th e p recin ct ; b ut
a s th e s tre n g th of th e w a ll el ud e d th e force of a l l h is

e ng in e s h is troop s n ext e n d ea v ou re d to sca l e it b ut


, ,

w e re re p ul se d w ith con s id e ra bl e l oss h en T itus .

found th a t h is d es ire of sa v in g th e sacre d b uild in g


, ,

w a s l ik el y to c os t ma n y l iv es h e s e t fi re to th e ga tes ,

of th e ou te r te mp l e w h ich b e in g p l a ite d w ith


, ,

s ilv e r b urn t al l n igh t a n d th e fl a me ra p idly com


, ,

mu n ica ted to th e a dj a ce n t ga ll eries a n d p orticoe s



.

T itus w h o wa s s till d es irous of p rese rv ing th e


,

temp l e ca us e d th e fl a mes to b e e xtin g u ish e d ; a nd


,

a e a s e d th e cl a mou rs of h is troo s w h o v e h emen tl


pp p y ,

i n s is te d on th e n ecess ity of ra z in g it to th e g roun d .

T h e foll ow in g da y wa s th e re fore fi x e d up on for


*
, ,

a g e n e ra l a ss a ul t u on th a t m a g n ifi ce n t s tructure
p .

T h e u tmos t e xertions of T itus to sa v e th e temp l e


w ere h o we v er in effectua l
, , O ur S a v iour h a d fore .

told its tota l d e s truction a n d h is a wful p re d iction


'

w a s a b out to be a ccomp l ish e d l An d n ow sa y s -


,

th e fa ta l da y a p p roach e d in th e re v o

W
J osep h us ,

l ution of a ge s th e l 0th of A ug us t e mp h a tically


, ,
'

ca ll e d th e d a n w ich th e fi rs t
, y f o v en gea n ce
,
i h ,
i

te mp l e h a d b e e n d es troy e d by th e k ing of Ba by l on .

h il e T itus w a s rep os in g h im
/

s el f in his a v il ion

p ,

a Roma n s old ie r w ith out rece iv ing a n y comma n d


, ,

s eiz ed s ome of th e bl a z in g ma teria l s a nd w ith , ,

th e a ss ista n ce cf a n oth e r s old ie r w h o ra is e d h im ,

from th e groun d th re w th e m th rough a w in dow ,

i n to on e of th e a p a r tme n ts th a t s urround e d th e
.
,

s a n ctua r T h e w h ol e n orth s id e t o th e th ird


y . u p ,

s tor w a s imm e d ia tel v l d fl a m es T h e


y , y e n e o
p e 1n .

J ew s w h o n ow b ega n to s up p os e H ea v e n h a d for
,

Jo p h ol
se i p 93 94
us, v . v t M tth w xxi 2
. .
, . a e va .

G 2
84

sa
msronv

k e n th e m rus h e d in w ith vi ol e n t l a menta tions and


or TH E JE SW .

, ,

s a red n o e f fort n ot e ve n l ife its el f to v e th e


p , p rese r ,

sa cre d ed ifi ce on w h ic h the y ha d reste d th eir security .

T itus b eing a wa k en ed by the ou tcry bea med


, ,

to th e s p ot a n d comma n d ed h is sol die rs to e x e rt

W
,

th e m se l v e s to th e u tmos t to e xtin g uis h th e fi re He .

ca l l e d u rg ed
,
a n d th re a ten ed h is me n
, Bu t so .

grea t a s th e cl a mour a nd tumul t th a t h is e n treat ies ,

a n d me n ace s w e re a l ik e d is reg a rd e d T h e e xe s .

era ted R om a ns w h o re s orte d th ith e r from the


p ,

ca mp w e re e n ga g e d e ith er in increa sin g the conflu


,

g ra tian or k ill ing th e J e w s ; th e dea d w ere h ea p e d


,

a b out th e a l ta r a n d a s trea m of bl ood fl ow ed at its


,

s mp s f"

S till , as th e fl a mes h ad n ot rea ch ed th e in ner p art


o f th e te mp me of h is ch ief oflice rs
l e T itus
, , w ith so ,

e nte re d th e san ctua ry a n d mos t h oly p l a ce which ,

excite d h is a s ton ish me n t a n d a d mira tion A fter .

h a v in g in v a in rep eate d h is a ttemp ts to p re v e n t its


d es truction h e sa v ed th e gold en ca n dl estic k the
, ,

ta bl e of s h ew b rea d th e a l ta r of p e rfume s w h ich , ,

w ere a l l of p u re g old ; a n d th e v ol ume of th e la w ,

wra p p ed u p in a rich gold e n tis s ue .


Up on h is .

l ea v in g the sa cre d p la ce s ome oth e r s old iers se t ,

fi re to it a fte r tea rin g off th e g ol de n p l a itin g fro m


.

th e ga tes a nd timb e r w ork fi l ‘

A h orrid ma ssa cre s oon fol l ow e d in w h ich p rd ,


«

d igious mul titud es p erish e d ; w h il e oth ers ru sh ed in

W
a ki n d of h i n to th e mid s t of the fl a m a nd

e es
p r n s
y ,

i it t d th m s e lv e s from th e b a ttl e me nts of the ir


p rec p a e e

fa ll in g templ e S ix thousa n d 116 180118 w h o d e


.
3 , ,

Ia d ed b y a fal se p rop h et w ith hope s of a mira


«
,

3 ivol i p 117 ,
r ab id ; 1 15
a . . . ” .
del iv era nce
H IS TO RY or

h a d fl e d to
wa s JE S
gall ery
W .

d ing
85

,
a
y e t sta n

e, p e ris h e d a t once by th e re l en tless


so ld ie rs , who set it on fi re, an d

to e sca p e q uerors carrie d


. Th e ,
con

th e ir fury to s uch a n h e igh t as to ma ssa cr e al l th e ,


y
me t w ith out d istinction of age sex or q ua lity
, , , .

T h ey a l so b urn t all the trea su re h ouses conta ining ,

v a s t qua ntities of money p l a te a nd th e rich est , ,

furn iture In a w ord th ey con tin ue d to ma rk th e ir


.
,

p r og re ss w ith fi re a n d s w or d till th e
y h a d d e s tro y e
, d
al l, e x ce p t two of th e te m p l e ga tes a n d t ha t p a rt ,

of th e court w i h ch w as d es tin e d fo r th e wome n l


.
ae

I n th e mea n time many of th e Z ea l ots by ma k in g


, ,

th e most v ig orous e xertions e ffecte d th e ir e s ca p e ,

from the te mp l e a nd retired in to th e city


, But th e .

a v e n ues w ere so strictl g ua rd e d a t it was m o s


y th i p ,
»
,

s ibl e for th e m to esca e T h e th erefore fortifi ed


p y .
.

th e mse lv es , a s well as th ey we re a bl e on th e south ,

s ide of it ; from w h e n ce J oh n a n d S imon s e n t


to d e s ire a confe ren ce w ith T itus T h ey w e re .

a ns w e re d tha t th ough th ey h a d ca us e d a l l th is ruin


,

a n d e ffusion of b l ood e t th e ir l iv es s h ould b e


y ,

s a red if th e
p w ould s u rre n d er th e msel v es T h e
y y .

th ey ha d e n ga g e d by th e m os t s ol e mn
‘t
re p l ie d th a t

oa ths n ot to de l iv er up th e ir p e rs ons to h im on a ny
,

ca n dition s ; an d re q u es ted
p e r m ission to re tire to .

th e mou nta ins w ith th eir w iv e s an d ch ild re n Th e


Roma n ge nera l e nra ge d a t th is in sol ence ord ere d
, ,

p ro c l a ma tion ta) b e m , a de tha t n ot one of th e m , ,

s h ould b e s a re d i th i t d i j t i g
p s nce ,e
y p e rs s e n r e ec n
h is la s t offe rs of p a rd on Lf -
.

T he da ugh te r of Zion or the l owe r city was , ,

Jo p h u
se L i p 116 117
s , vo v . . t J osep h
, l i p 12 7
. ru , v o . v . . .
86 n rsr oa v or '
rn s JE S W .

n e xt a ba n d on e d to th e fury of th e R oma n s oldie rs ,


w h o p l un d ere d b urnt a n d mas sa cred w ith in se
, ,
e

tia bl e ra g e T h e Z ea l ots n e xt b etook th e mselv es to


.

th e roy a l p a l a ce in th e u p p er a n d s trong er p a rt
of J erusa l e m s t l e d a l s o th e c it of D a v id on
y , y ,

M oun t Z ion As ma ny of th e J e w s h a d d e p os ite d


.

th e ir p os se ss ions in th e p a l ace for sec urity th ey ,

a tta ck e d i t k ill ed e igh t thousa n d four h un d re d of


,

th e ir coun try me n a n d p l un d ere d th e ir p rop erty


,
* .

T h e R oma n a rmy s p e n t n ea rl y tw e n ty d ay s in
ma k ing g rea t p re p a ra tions for a tta ck ing th e upp er
c it e s p e cia ll y t h e ro a l a l a ce ; d in g w h ich
y, y p u r

time ma n y ca me a nd ma d e th e ir s ub mis s ion to


'

'‘
T itus l h e w a rl ik e e n g ines th e n p l a y e d so furi
. .

ousl y u p on th e Z ea l ots th a t th ey w e re s e iz e d w ith


,

a s udd en p a n ic q uitted th e tow e rs w h ich w e re


, ,

d ee me d imp reg na bl e a n d ra n l ik e ma d men toward s


,

S h il oa h inten d in g to h a v e a tta ck e d th e wal l of


,

circu mv a ll a tion a nd e s ca e d ou t of th e c it
, p y B ut .

b e ing v igorousl y re p ul s e d th ey e n d ea v ou re d to ,

concea l th e mselv es in s ub te rra n e ou s p a s sa g es a nd ,

a s ma n a s w e re d is cov ered w t to d e a th
y e r e
p u , .

T h e con q ues t of J e rusa l e m b ein g n ow comp l e te d ,

th e R oma ns p l a ce d th e ir e n s ig n s u p on th e w a ll s
w ith triu mp h a n t oy T ne xt w a lk e d th e s tre e ts
j h ‘

e
y . ,

w ith s w ord s in th e ir h a n d s a n d k ill e d a l l th ey me t


,
.

A mid st th e da rk nes s of tha t a w ful n igh t fi re wa s set ,

to th e re ma in in g d iv is ion s of th e city a n d J e ru ,

sa l e m w ra t in fl a me s a n d bl e e d in g on e v e ry s id e
,
p ,
,

s unk in u tter ru in a n d d es truc tion D uring the .

s ie ge w h ich l a s te d nea rl y fi ve mon th s u p w a rd s of


, ,

e l e v e n h u n d re d th ou sa n d J e w s e ris h e d J oh n a nd
p .

*J ,
ose ph us , v ol . v i. p . 12 7 .
'
a l s ronr or ra n JE SW . 87

S imon ,
gra n d reb el s w ith s e v en h und re d of
the tw o ,

the m os t bea utiful a n d v igorous of th e J e w is h y outh ,


,

were res erv e d to a tte n d th e v ictor s triu mp h a l


ch a riot Afte r w h ich S imon wa s p u t to d ea th ;


.
, ,

a n d J oh n w h o h a d s toop e d to be g h is l ife con


, ,

d e mned to p erp etua l imp ris on men t " E


.

T h e n u mbe r w h o w e re ta k e n c a p tive d uring th e


,

fa ta l con te s t w ith th e Roma n s a moun te d to n ine ty ,

s e v e n th ousa n d ; ma n of w h om w e re s e n t in to
y
Sy ria a nd oth e r p rov in ces to b e ex p ose d on th e
, ,

ubl ic th ea tres t fig h t l ik gl d i to or to b e
p o e
,
a a rs ,

d e v oure d by w ild be a s ts T h e n u mbe r of th os e

W
.

d es troy e d d uring th e wa r w h ich la s ted se v e n y ea rs , ,

is comp ute d to h a ve be e n on e mill ion four h un d re d


a nd s i x ty tw o th ousa n d cl '

h e n th e s word ha d return e d to its s ca bba rd for

W
.
wan t of o bj ects w h ereon to e xe rcis e
its fury , a n d
th e troop s w e re sa tis fi e d w ith p l u n d er T itu s co m ,

me n d e d th e w h o e l city a nd te mp le to b e d e mol is h ed .

U p on v ie wing th e s tre ng th of th e w ork s b e e x ,

c l a imed e h a v e foug h t w ith th e a s s is ta nce of


,

G od ; it wa s G od w h o d rov e th e J e w s out of th ese


fortifi ca tions for w h a t ca n th e h a n d s of men or th e ,

force of ma ch ines efl ec t a ga in s t th ese tow e rs


In .

ord e r to g iv e p os te rit a n id ea of th e s tre n gth of th e


y
c it n d th e a s tonis h in g v a l ou r of its c on q ue ro rs
y a
,
,

h e p re s e rv e d th e h ig h e s t tow e rs Ph a s ae l us H ip
'

, ,

icus a n d M a ria mn e a nd a t f t h w ll w h i h
p p a r o e a c
-

, ,

s ur rou n d e d J e ru sa le m to th e w e s t All th e o th e r .

'

circuit of th e c ity w a s s o l e v e ll e d as n ot to l ea v e ,

th os e w h o a p p roa ch ed it a ny p roof th a t it e v er h a d
, ,

bee n in h a b ited : It is record e d in th e Ta l mud


'

.
,

'J t I bi d
j phose ol i p 13 9
us, v . v .
1 I b id p 14 2 14 3
. . . . .
, .
88 n arr ow ! or r1115 JE W S .

a nd by Ma imon id es , tha t Te re n ti us R ufus p l oughed


up th e fo und a tions of th e te mp le ; th us w e re our

S a v iour s o h e cies ful fil led Name en emies



r
p p
s ha ll l ay th e e ev en with th e
s ha l l n ot be l e t en e s tone up on
f
'
gr ou nd , a nd ther e

a n oth er .

0 11 th e d uction of J erus al e m T itus re turned in
re ,

triu mp h to R ome w h ere th e se na te d ecree d h im a


,

triump h wi th V es pa s ia n h is fa th e r ; a n d a l l th in gs , ,

th a t w e re e stee me d th e mos t v a l ua bl e a n d b ea u tiful ,

w e re e xh ib ite d to g ra ce th is grea t occa s ion A mong .

t h e r ich s p oil s th os e w h ich w ere sa v ed from the


, ,

te mpl e o f J e ru sa l e m w ere th e mos t re m a rka ble ;


,

a n d th e v ol ume of th e l a w w a s th e most v e n e ra bl e of

a l l th e tro h ie s of th e c on q u e ror
p .

T h re e s tron g ca s tl e s s till re ma ined un tak e n1n th e


al m os t de s ol ate d l a n d of J ud ea Lu cill ius Ba ss us .

w a s s e n t by V es p a s ia n a s l ie ute n a n t ge n e ra l ; and ,

s oon re d uce d H e rod iu m a n d M a ch a rus But th e .

ca s tl e of M a sa d a b e in g v ery s tron g b oth by na ture


,

ea z a r a ma n of n u

W
a n d a rt ; a n d d e fe n d e d b E l
y ,

d a u nte d cou ra ge ba ffl ed th e a tta ck s of th e Roma ns


,
.

At l ength h ow e v er th ey ca use d it to be s u rroun de d


, ,

b y a n h igh w all se t fi re to th e ga te s a n d p re p a re d
, ,

to s torm it th e foll ow in g da y h e n th e J e w s
foun d n o w a y of sa v in g th e ms e lv es or th e ir fo rtres s , ,

from th e h a n d s of th e e n e my E l ea za r in s tiga te d ,

th e gar ris on to b u rn th e v al ua bl e s tore s of th e ca stle ,

d es troy fi rs t the ir wome n a n d ch ildr e n a n d th e n ,

th e ms elv e s T e n me n w h o w e re ch ose n by l ot e xe
.

c ute d th is h orrid p u rp os e Th e l as t s urviv or a mon g .

th e s e e xe c ution e rs , se t fi re to the pl ac e , and de


s tra
y ed h ims el f .
[A . D . th e R oma n s
La k e xix 44
. . Newcome s abse

mtiom , p. 2 5 8 .
90 marrow or r u s
'

W
JE S .

a nd th e ruin of th eir te mp form a p a rt of th e gos


le ,

p e l s
y s te m , by mea n s of w h ich , a k n ow l e dg e of th e

true G od wa s l on ge r to be con fi n e d to one na tion


no

on l y or h is w ors h i a tta ch e d to on e ti l l
, p p a r cu a r p a c e .

In s h ort th a t th ese d isa s te rs th e g re a tes t th a t ca n


, ,

be conceiv e d a re th e v e ng ea n ce w hich G od took


, ,

for th e grea te s t crime w h ich e v e r w a s p e rp etra te d


up on th e fa ce of th e e a rth th e cruel a n d ign omin ious ,

d ea th of h is S on " ” 9

I t h a s p l eas e d P rov id e nce th a t this imp orta n t p a rt ,

of h is tory s h ould b e tra ns mitte d to us by J os e p h us ,

on e of th e J e w ish n a tion w h o w a s a n ey ew itn es s , ,

a nd had h ims el f a grea t s h a re in th e p rinc ip a l e v ents .

He has , u nin te n tion a ll g i v e n u s a s trik in g d e mon


'

y ,

s tra tion of th e tru th


.
of th e c h ristia n re l ig ion ,
by
e xh i b iting ,
in th e mos t l iv el y ma n n e r , how th e

p rop h e cie s of bl ess e d L ord con ce rn ing th e


ou r ,

d e struction of J e rusa l e m w e re l iterall y fulfill e d in


,

W
th e ir full e s t e x te n t .

was giv t tim w h J d


en a a e, en u ea was atd th e sway of a
pea ce, u n e r
nati wh i h
on, c v till th dne er, e estru ctio of J eru l e m trea t d th e ir
n sa ,
e

mies d u n pa ring d es ol a tion — a tson s


ene with u tte r excis ion , an s

Tr a cts .

Cre vior s Roman History



.
n rsr oa r or r un JE SW . 91

W retch e

c om

was p id a au ll y to th
nn a
C H A PT E R I II
d sta te of the Jews after th e d es truction of Jerusa lem—T itus
mand s th eir l nd s to be sold and co fi scates th e t ib ute wh ich
a

te mp l e — H is uccesso
e D omiti
,

trea t s
n
.

r,
r

an , s

the m with still g ea te r se v e i ty — Se d ition t A l xan d i


r r The
. a e r a. -

temp l e b il t by O i l h e Je ws k asy l um in '‘


u i h u t up
n as s s .
-
s ee an

v I tituti f th p t i h i th w t — St t
arious coun tries .-3
-
ns on o e a r a rc s n e es a e

o f l it t
era u re m g th J w — O f th C bb l i ti p h il phy
a on e e s e a a s c oso .

A o t f th l b t d bb l i ti b k —Of th bbi Ak ibh


cc un o e ce e ra e ca a s c oo e ra a.

T H E cond ition of th e J e w s wa s extre mel y mis er


a bl e a fte r th e d e s truction of th e ir ca ita l T h e mul
p .

titud e of th e d ea d th e p ris on e rs w h o w er e s old a n d


, ,

th e fug itiv es w h o h a d fl ed in to va rious p a rts of th e


w o rld ,
h a d l e ft th e country al most d e p op ul a ted .

Th e once fl ouris h in g p la in s of P a l es tin e w ere cov ered


with d ea d b od ies ; a n d of th e cel e b ra te d cities wh ich ,

e xis te d for me rl y on th e ir coa s ts s uch a s C a p e rna um , ,

B eth sa ida a n d C hora z in n oth in g w a s l eft but


, ,

s h a e l e s s ru in s S o m e w ome n a n d ol d m en w ere
p .

e rmitte d to re m a in in J e rusa l e m; b ut a l l w h o w e re
p ,

a bl e to b ea r a rms w e re re mov e d
,
A s tron g a tta ch .

me n t to th e ir n a tiv e res id e nce p roba bl y in d uce d a


num b er to return a nd d w ell a mon g th e ruins of
th e ir d e vote d city * .

.
,

A fter th e wa r w a s te rmina ted th e e mp eror ordered ,

a l l th e l a n ds in J ud ea to b e s old s trictl roh ib ite d


y p ,

b uil d in g a n y cities th erei n a n d comma n de d th e ,

J e w s on con d ition of p reserv in g th e ir rel ig ion to


, ,

p y
a t o J u
p ite r Ca
p i
t ol ia ns th e ca p ita tion ta x w h ich ,

de v otion h a d d estin e d a n nua lly for th e se rv ice of th e


temp l e Al th ough th e su ma ss esse d on the h ea d of
.

Dama ge, p 5 08 . .
i i rsr on r or r u n JE W S .

ea ch in d iv id ua l was incons id era bl e, th e u se for wh ich


it w as ass i g n ed , a nd th e se v e rity w ith w h ich it w a s
x
e a cte d , was c on s i e re d d as in tol era bl e grie va n ce "E
an .

D omitia n b roth er to , T itus , w h o s uccee ded in th e


Roma n e mpire , i
ncrea se d the l mities
ca a of
.
th is
w re tch e d e
p po e l . T he y w er e in v ol ved in th e

p ers ec u tion, w h ich th e Ch ris tian s en da red d uring


h is ty ra n n ica l reign ; a nd ma ny of th em w ere con
da mned ” T h is e mp eror intende d

s u fler d ea th E
to .

to e x tirp a te l in ea ge of Da v id but w he n th e
a ll th e ,

gra n d sons of S t J ud e th e a postl e k insme n of our .


,

Lord w ere b roa ght before h im the ir p overty ind uced


, ,

h im to re tra ct h is sa n g uina ry p urp ose .

A D . N otwith sta n ding th eir l a te cal a mities


.
,

some oft h e se d itious J e w s w h o h a d re tired to Al ex ,


»

a n d ria in E g p t b ega n to e x cite fre s h in s urrection s


y , .

But th e ir country me n w h o res ided in the cit


y , a p p re

h e n d in g th e q ue nce s th a t migh t e ns ue
conse ,

d e n tl y inte rfere d a n d d e l iv e re d th e m u p to th e ,

R o m a n s w h o p,
u t s ix h u n d re d of th e m to d ea th .

T h e y ma in ta in e d th e ir in fl exibl e obs tina cy to th e


la st ; a nd e v e n th e ir c h ild re n w oul d s uffe r th e mos t
ex q uis ite tor tures ra th e r th a n a ck now l ed g e Caes ar
,

for th e ir l ord Th e e mp e ror be in g a p p riz ed of


. ,

th eir re be ll ious d is p os ition ord ere d th e te mp l e , ,

j T h g h f
ou t th q , ta f Po
er m p y J d w m d
e con t ib t y ues o e , u ea as a e r u ar

to th e Romans, the y we re permi tte to co l e ct the ta xes by d l their

own rece i e rs , and w ere e xe mp te from tri u te


v u rin th e sa d b d g bb a tica l
y ea r. Th e ann ua l tri b u te to the te mpl e , th ey s u pp ose d to be an
'
ofl e ring to God , as h is su bj ec ts . But a fte r th e de st uc tion
r
of J e ns.

sa e lm
, the mpe ror
e the p l a ce o f G od a
u s urpe
,
nd pp p rid
a ted the
m
b
tri ute to h i se f h is w aml
s th e m eo r
. afi l ic T
t in g M d i s race fu , d g l
b c
e au se it o i e th e m to pbl g d
u rch a se th e i e r ty o f e xe rc isin t h e ir lb g
g
rel i ion — Ba magc, p
. . 5 09 .

t Ba s na ge , p 509 . .
94 111 mm or TH E mm .

of Ner a , w h o s ucce e e
v d d D omitia n T h is e mp e ror .

fa v oure d th e J e w s re ca ll e d th ose w h o h a d b ee n

ba n ish ed on a ccou n t of th e ir rel ig ion rel ie v e d the m

fromth e h ea v y ta xes w h ich h a d be e n imp os e d up on


th e m by h is p re d ecess or ; a n d forb a d e th e ir b e in g
mol es ted in future on a ccoun t of th e ir rel ig ion .

T h ey a re s up p os e d to b e of th e Le v itica l ra ce s ince ,

th e l ea s t a tte mp t in th e trib e of J uda h to re cov er a n


y
of th e ir former p ow er w ould h a v e e xcite d th e ,

j ea l ousy of th e R oma ns But th e p ries ts a n d Le v ite s


l
.
ae

w e re p e rmitte d to a ss ume th e p owe r of tea ch in g ,

th e p eop l e to se t up sch ool s to a p p oin t p rece p tors


.
,
-

ov e r th e m a nd a t l en g th ins ta ll on e a bov e th e re s t
, ,

w ith th e titl e of p a triarch ; b eca use n e ith er th e ir


trib e w h ich w a s e x cl ud ed th e re ga l a uth ority
, n or ,

th e ir offi ce w h ich w a s con fi ne d to re l igious con cerns


, ,

could g iv e u mb ra g e to th e Rom a ns T h e cel eb ra te d .

c it
y o f T ib e rias s itua te d on th e ba n k s of a la k e
,

w h ich b ea rs its n a me a nd w a s reb uil t by H erod , ,

te trarch of Ga l il ee w as ch ose n for th e p a tria rch a l


,

s ea t T he d ign ity of th e ir ch iefs w a s h ere dita ry xl


.
'

T h e a uth ority w h ich th e p a tria rch s a cq uire d ov er


th e p eop l e committe d to th e ir ch ar g e ow e d its rise ,

a n d g ra d ual in creas e to th e ir g rea t re p u ta tion for

h im as d Ma wh
secon w l ittl i f i t th i l wg iv
oses , o as e n e r or o e r a er :

an d t d th t th p t i
asser e ,
h l d ig ity
a ti
e d i h i f mil y til l
a r a rc a n con nu e n s a

th fi fth
e t y —M d U i
cen u r l Hi t y l xiii p
o e rn n v e rsa s or , vo . . .

Th e h ouse d was now a lmost extinct ; a nd the f w who


of Da vi e

re m i ed a n e d u ce d to p ov e rty
r a nd o b l ige d to l bou fo th i d ai l y a r r e r
,

s ub i tence
s s If the re was s h d ow o f u th ority am
an o ng this peop l
a a e,
.
y
afte r th d es tru ctio o f th e i city a nd te mp l e it fe ll into th e ha nd of
e n r ,
s

th e p riests of the r c e of Le v i and Aa ron T he ir u d e rstand ing nd


ience ra ise d th e mbov e th e v ul gar ; and as the peop le beca me
a . n a

sc a

more um e ous ,th i r a u tho ri ty inc rease d


n r e .

t Ba s nage , p 14 6 .

:
H I STO RY or r u n JE S W . 95

l e rn in g a nd iet
p y Th ey d ecided ca s es of con
a
.

and l ig ious con tro ers ie s v re si e


d d ov e r
sci ence, re , p
sy n a gog ues ; w ere mp ow e re d to
e a p p oin t s ub or

d in a te minis ters a n d mis s ion a ries to e x ecu te th e ir


d
or e rs a nd to rece i ve an an n ua l con tri ution b from
th e ir d is p ers e d b reth re n in ord er to s up p ort th eir ,

d ign ity T h ey ob ta in ed by d eg re es a g rea t e u


. , ,

tho rity ov e r th e we s te rn J e w s w h o w e re p l ea s e d to ,

d e p e n d up on th e m in order to ma in ta in s ome sh a d ow
of u n ion Th e p ow e r w h ich th ese ch ie fs ob ta in e d
.
, ,

h a s h ow e v e r b een much e xa ggera te d b y th e J e w s


, , ,

to e na bl e th e m to re p el a p ow e rful a rg u men t u rg e d
by th e C h ristia n s v iz th a t th e scep tre or re gal
* , . ,

a uth or it w as de p a rte d from th e m


y ,
.

Th e l ea rne d D r Ligh tfoot h as ima g ined tha t . ,

th e J e w ish sa nh ed rimw as n ot imme d ia tel y d estroy e d ,

b ut onl y re mov e d to J a fna a nd th ence to T ibe rias , ,

w h ere it s ubs isted till th e d ea th of J ud a h th e sa int , .

O th er l earn ed men p a rticul a rl y M r Ba s nage s up , .


,

p ose th is trib un a l d id n ot e xis t a fte r th e d es truction

of J e rusa l e m for th e foll ow in g reason s s If Ti


l tu s
'
,

h a d ma d e a n y s uch con ce ss ion J osep h us w ould h a ve ,

me n tion e d it for th e h onou r of h is na tion D omitia n .


,

w h o h a te d a n d o re sse d th e J e w s w ould n e v e r
pp ,

ha v e a ll owe d th e m s uch a s ign a l p riv il eg e b es ide s . ,

it h a s b e e n th e p re v a il ing ide a of th e J ew s a s w ell ,

a s of th e Ch ristia n s th a t th is trib una l h a d n ot ow er


, p
to s it in a n y oth e r p l a ce b ut in J erusa l e m O ur .

Bas nage , p 14 6 . .

i ’
A
fte r the Sanh ed ri mwas a bol i h ed s , th e Jews b
s u s titu te d in its
roo m some pa r ticul t ib u l f
ar r th d na s or d i p utes
e ec ision of re l igi ou s s .

Th ese tri b u na s , l wh ich w afte w d e re r l l d h ouses of j udgm t


r a s ca e en ,

impe rfect ima ge of th e sanh ed rim —Pi u t Re l igi ou



w e re a ver
y a c r s s

Cer emonies , p . 19 5 .
96 mm
3 1

Sa v iour it a p p ears al l uded to th is w h e n he said


or r un JE W S .

, , , ,

( L u k e x viii 33 ) th a t it ow ed n ot be, tha t a p r op he t


.

s hou l d p e r ish or be c ond e mned to d ea th out o


f Je
m s in ce

W
r us a l e th e sa n h ed rim a l on e h a d th e ow
,
p e r

of p a s si n g th a t s e n te n ce on h im .

g a cons ide ra bl e p a rt of the ir


.

Th e J ew s , th ou h
re l ig io n a s in v olv e d i n th e d es truction of th e ir

coun tr s till a dh e re d w ith in fl exibl e ob s tinac to


y , y
th ose c ustoms a n d re l igious rites w h ich rema in e d in ,

the ir p ow er to p ra ctis e A fter th e ir na tion a l pol i ty


.

was d iss olv e d th ey a p pear to h a v e be e n con fir me d


,

in th eir a tta ch me n t to th e ora l tra d ition s a n d un a u


:

thorized d ec is ion s of the rabb ie s As th ey agre ed .

in th in k in g th a t th eir re l ig io
, us rites a n d Ob s erva nces

we re the n l y obj ects w orthy th ei r a tte n tion it fol


o ,

l owed tha t th e ir l itera ry con trov e rsies instea d of


, ,

em bracing l ike th ose of th e p h il os oph ica l sects of


,

th e Pa ga ns th e w id e fi eld of ge n era l l ite ra ture were


, ,

d irecte d a nd c onfi ned to the ir re l igious an d ritual


in stitutions a n d w e re e x ha us te d in q ues tio ns o
, r d is

cuss ions im media te l y re ferribl e to th ese s ubj ects f


After th e d e vasta tion a n d ruin of th eir cou ntry a ,

sm a ll n um b er of l ea rn e d me n only w e re l e ft a mon g
th e m to tra n s mit th e ir a n cie n t d octrin es a n d in sti
tution s to p o ste rity O f th ese p a rt e s ca pe d in to
'

.
,

E gy p t a n d p a rt w ith d re w in to B a by l on ; in both
,

w h ich coun trie s th e refug ee s w ere h u ma n e l y re


ce ive d . T h os e w h o re ma ine d in Pa l es tine coll ecte d ,

th e s ca tte re d fra g me n ts of J e w is h l ea rnin g from th e


gen e ral quen tly
re th ey

Da ma ge . Mode rn Unive rsa l His tory , ve l . x


iii .
p 138
. .

l
t But e r s Hora Bi ica

bl , p 40
. .
98 '
n i s ronr or TH E JE S W .

J ews th e one
p u bl ic , th e oth e r secre t . T h e p ubl ic
d oc trin e wa s th a t, w h ic h w a s
po en ly ta u h t th e g
eO l e from th e l a w of Mo a n d th e tra d ition s of
p p s es ,
(

th e fa th ers . mp re h e nd e d th e p op ul a r a rticl es
It co

of fa ith a nd r ul e s of ma n n e rs
, .

T h e secre t d octrin e of th e J e w s w a s th a t w h ic h ,

t rea ted of th e my s te r ies of th e d iv in e n a tu re a n d


oth e r s u bl i me s ubj e c ts a n d w a s ca ll e d ca bb a l a fro m
, ,

a H e b re w w o rd w h ic h s ig n ifi e s to re ce iv e
, b e ca us e ,

it w a s rec e iv e d by tra d itio n A fte r th e ma n n er of


.

th e P y th a g o rea n a n d E gy p tia n my s te ries it w a s ,

ta ugh t onl y. to
p .
ce rta in b ou n d
ers on s, w h o w e re ,

u n d e r th e mos t s ol e mn a n a th e ma n ot to d iv ul e it
g , .

T h e ca bb al a is d iv id e d in to th ree s orts By th e .

fi rs t th e J e w s e xtra ct from th e w ord s of s crip ture


,

re con d ite mea n in g s w h ich a re s ome time s in g e n ious


, ,

bu t a l wa y s fa n c ifu l T h e s econ d is a k in d of ma g ic
.
,

in e mp l oy in g th e w ord s a nd l e tte rs o f th e s crip tu res


i n ce rta in co mb ina tions w h ic h th e y s u p p ose h a v e
,

ow e r to ma k e th e good a n d e v il s p irits of th e
p
in v is ibl e w orld fa mil ia r w ith th e m T h e th ird, .

w h ic h is p rop e rl y th e ca bb a l a is a n a rt by w h ich , ,

th ey p rofe s s to ra is e my s te rious e xp os ition s of s crip .

ture , u p on th e l e tte rs of th e s e n te nc e s to w h ic h th e y

a l
pp y th e ms l '

Th e J ews a s se rt, th a t th e my ste rie s of th e ca bba l a


con ta in th e p rofou n es t truth s of d l ig ion w h ich to re , ,

b e full com re h en e b fi
y n ite d d
be in gs a re re vea l ed
y p ,

th rou g h th e me iu m of a e ory
d ll g a n d s imil itu d e ,

the sa me ma n n e r a a n ge l s ca n o nl y s er th e m
s e lv es v is ibl e up on e a rth b y a ss u b od y
u 1sr onv on TH E JE S W . 99

of fi ne d ma tter A ccord ing to th e ir a ccoun t


re .
,

w hil e Ad a m w a s in p a ra d ise th e a n g e l Ba s ue l ,

b rough t h im a b ook from h ea v e n w h ich c on ta in e d ,

th e d octrin e s of h e a v e n l y w is d o m An d w h e n Ad a m .

rece iv e d th is b ook a n g e l s ca me d ow n to h im to ,
.

l ea rn its con te n ts b u t h e refus e d to a d mit th e m to


th e k n ow l e dge of sa cre d th in gs e ntru s te d to h im ,

a l on e T h ey a ss e rt th a t a fte r th e fa ll th is b ook
.
, , ,

w a s ta k e n b ack in to h e a v e n a fter ma n ra e rs a n d
y p y
te a rs G od re s tore d it to Ad a m a n d it p a s s e d fro m
, ,

Ad a m to S e th T h e J e w is h fa bl es p roce e d to re l a te
.
,

th a t th e b ook b e in g l os t a n d th e my s te r ie s it ,

c on ta in e d a l most forgotte n in th e d e g e n e ra te a e
g
b efore th e fl ood th ey w e re re store d by s p ec ia l re v e
,

l a tion to Ab ra h a m w h o committe d th e m to w ritin g ,

in th e b ook J ezira h ; th a t th e re vel a tion w a s re


n e w e d to M os e s
t
w h o re ce iv e d a tra d ition a l an d
,
a

my s tica l a s w ell a s a w ritte n a n d p re ce p tiv e l a w


, ,

from G od ; th a t b e in g a ga in l os t a mid s t th e ca l a
,

mitie s of th e B a by l on is h ca p tiv ity it wa s once more


re v e a l e d to E s d ra s th a t it w a s p re s erv e d in E gy p t ,

a n d h a s b e e n tra ns mitte d to os te rit t h rou g h th e


p y ,

h a n d s of S ime on b e n S e ta ch E lk a na h Ak ibha S i

- -

, , ,

me onb e n J ocba i - -

, a n d o th ers .

D r E nfi el d
.
, + from w h om th e a b ove a ccou nt is

d i g to t h J w i h
A c cor n ou ts l l th e p t i
e h of th
e s a cc n , a a r a rc s e

i t w o ld h ad th i
a nc e n r
p t g l to i t u t th m i th my
e r se a ra e a n e s ns r c e n es e s

t rio
e us ; d M h im l f w
a rca na i iti t d i th m by th
an os e s se as n a e n e e

ill t i u p i it M t t
us r o s s—B r
g p 185e a ro n. a s na e, . .

1 Th ’
hi f h d e c f th bb l i ti d o t i
e ea s o th u d l i t d e ca a s c c r n e , a re s e ne a e

by t h boveme tio d th
e a n ne au or .

F om oth i g th i g
r n b p od uce d ;
n , i
no th di t n ca n e r s nce e s a nce

betwe exi te e d o tity i i finit M tt i t o imp f t


en s nc an n n-e n s n e. a er s o e r ec

i
n it tu s dna
pp o ch re ,to

an to o a t ity to b
r a lf es o n ea r

n n- e n e se

e xi t t Th e B e i g f om wh om l l thi g p o ed i a pi it
s en . n r a n s r ce s s r , nu

11 ?
100 H ISTO RY or TH E JE S W .

ch ie fly s e e c te l d ,
su
pp os e s, th a t th e my s tical or ca };
ba l is tic p h il os op h y of th e J e ws , a ros e in th e ti m e

d t l i t ll ige t p ip ie t h v i g w ith i itsel f the


c re a te , e e rna , n e n , e rc n , a n n

p i ip l o f l ife d motio exi ting b e ce sity of it natu


y th
r nc es an n, s e n s s re .

and fi ll ing th imme ity f e T h i i i t i


e E m h th i fins i te o s ac
p p p n n . s s r s n , e

D ity e T h i E t l Fou t i of exi t


. s d fo th f m h imse l f
e rna n a n s e n ce s e n s r ro

natu f v i u o d
re s w h ich
o e v rth e l ar o re till ite d to
s r e rs , , n e ess, a s un

th i e r so
u Th w ld i p ma e t m atio f m th Deity i l
rce . e or s a er n n e an n ro e . l

wh i h h i c tt ib u t d p ope ti
s a f ld ed r d v io l y mod i
es a n r r e s a re u n o , an ar us

fi ed . Th e n ea re r a n
y ema na tion is to th e Fi t F rs ou n ta in , th e more
p e rfe ct a nd i in e dv i s its n a tu re a nd th e re v e rse .

B
e fo re th e cre a tion ld l l p e w fi lled w ith th Dr of th e w o r , a s ac as e

H e S op h o i fi it i t ll ct l l igh t th v l ition for

W
a n , Bu t w h
r n n e n e e ua .
, en e . o

th p d ctio
e fro tu w u fo m d i th d iv i e mi d th
n o na te a l
re as r e n e n n ,
e e rn

l igh t h ith to q ll y d iffu d th rough th i fi ite xp


, er e ua w i th d re w se e n n e a n se ,

it e l f to
s qu l d i t i ev y di
an e tio f om
a ta i po int
s a n ce n er re c n, r a ce r n ,

d th u l ft b o t th i c nt e
an s e
p h e i l p ti
a u of mp ty 9 6 gs
s e r , a s r ca or on e ,

fi ld for th e op e tio of e m tio by wh ich l l th i g w re to be


a e ra n a na n, a n s e

p od ced I th p e f m wh ich th d iv i l igh t w th u w ith



r u . n e s ac ro e ne as s

d w th e w s till h ow v
ra n, er om
p o ti as o t l,
f t f th e er, s e r ons r ra ces e o e

d iv i e se e w h i h w t b ec me th
ne s nc , p t c l c f y se t
n
e re o o e rece a e o ra s,

f th f om th
or Et r l F u t i o th e b i f f tu e wo ld
e e rna o n a n, r as s o u r r s.

F om r t i p t of th
a ce r a n
co v ity of i fi it l igh t w h i h u
ar e n ca n n e ,
c s r

r o d ed th op q u ph e th
un e gy of e m ti w fi t e xe rt d
a e s er , e e ne r a na on as rs e ,

a d n y wer e t f
ra th i
s igh t l i e i t th d k b y s
s n or The n r ne s, n o e ar a s .

b m f l ig h t th u p d u d fo m d h l th o gh w h i h
ea o ,
s ro ce , r e a c a n ne , r u c

t
s re a m w t fl w f s th p e re d tio of w ld T h i b m w
o o or e ro uc n or s . s ea as

u it d tn th
e o v f l igh t d w d i ct d tow d th
o e c n ca e o t , an as re e ar s e c e n re

o f th O p q e
p h F o m
a t h i l u m i
ue s o u h le re .tr m of l igh t
r s n s c a nne , s ea s

fl ow d t d iff t d i t
e , a f m th t
e re n i i cu l a r p th
s a n ce s d ro e ce n re , n a c r a , an

fo m d d i ti ct i l
r e f l ig h t
s p n t d f m th c rc e s o v e of l igh t , se a ra e ro e co nca ,

o f r m h th
ro b y p ti ea c f d k o mpty p ce r, O f th eor ons o ar or e s a e. se

ci l of l igh t t we p od u ed w hi h m y h c ll d S p hzc
rc e s , en re r c , c a e a e e

ce , or

Sp l e nd ou r s .

Th e l b ea mof l igh t wh i h i th e fi t m ti f om
re cti li ne a , c s rs e a na on r

th e e t l fou ta i
e rna d i it l f t h u e f l l oth
n m ti nsn, an s se e so rc o a er e a na o ,

m y b d i ting u i h d b y th
a e s m f A d mK d m y th e fi t ma s e e na e o -
a a ar , rs n,

th e fi t p od u ti rs of d iv i r gy o th S n f G d Th S ph i a;
c on ne e ne r , r, e o o o . e e r

fo t i of m tio bo d i t t Ad m K d m wh h n s, s u

omm ic t esse
a re u n a ns e a na r na e o a a an , 1c

end f th of div i e l ig h t o e d l if to r c
s
y or ra s
c a n un a e n n e

f i b i gs Th e ten Sep h iras k own


e r or e n . d i g to th o de of a re n ,
a cc o r n e r r

e manation by the nam es I nt ll igence or the C ow K owl edge


, ,
e ,
r n, n
,
102 H I STO RY or TH E JE S W .

O rie n ta l Py th a g orea n P la ton ic d og ma s w ith a nd

W
, ,

H e b re w w is d o m T h e ca bba la h a v in g a cc ord mg .
,

to th is a u th or ob ta in e d e a rl cre d it a m o n g th e
y ,

J e w s a s p a rt of th e ir sa cre d tra d ition


, a s tra ns ,

th ir ld Th f th o r m te rial w o ld i the gio of v il


d wo r . e ou r , a r , s re n e

s
p i it r l l ed K l ipp l h th d g of ma n tio T h
s, ca o , the e re s e a n. e se a re

a u th f th e v il w h i h i fou d i th m te ri l wo ld ; b ut the y
o rs o e , c s n n e a a r

a re ti u ll y
co n
p i ni g to w
a d th as
p h i d
r n w ill i th g t ar s e se ric , an , n e re a

re v l u ti of tu
o on tu i t th i xh u tib l fo t i of d ity
na re , re rn n o e ne a s e un a n e .

Sp i it of l l d h v m t i l v h i le l p ure d u b til e i
r s a o r e rs a e a a er a e c , ess an s n

p op tio to th i d i ta
r or n f mE S p h ; e r d th is v h i l i of t h
s nce ro n o an e c e s e

t
na u re o f th w ld xt b l w th t t o w hi h the y be l ong
e or ne M l l o e o a c . . e a r n

i th p i
s e fJ i hr nce o th g l i w ld i wh i h th e
az ra , tor e an e c or , n c re a re en

d i ti t d ; S d lp h of A i h
s nc o r e rs th
a n am t i l wo ld s th e on s a ,
or e a er a r es ,

tog th e w ith th er h t v wh i h th y p e id e os s im t i l
o er c e r s e, an a e a er a

v hi l
e
p bl
c es , f imp ca io f om c p o re l obj ts a d i dif
a e o re s s n r or a ec , n n

f t w y
e re a q i i g ov tio
a s re u r n re n a n .

Th h m e l p ed i g by m tio f om th Deity i n
u a n s ou , ro ce n e a na n r e , s a

i n co r
po l ub t rea f th s m t
s a nce w ith th d iv i i tell t
o e sa e n a u re e ne n ec .

B i g it d t th bod y e ompl x tu i p d u d du d
e n un e o e , on c e na re s ro ce , en e

w ith d
reaso n ,
p b l of tio
an Th e h m
ca a ul o ei t of fou ac n. u an so c ns s s r

p ts N p h h
ar th p i ip l of v it l ity
e es , or R h o th p i ip l e
e r nc e a ua c , r e r nc

o f m ti ; Nfo h m
on th p w sc f i t ll ig
a ;
a h, d J h id h
or e o er o n e e n ce an ec a ,

a d iv i p i ip l by m
ne r nc f w h i h it e, t mp l t u pe i
e a ns o t s c co n e a es s r o r n a u re ,

d v d t th E p h z w o ld A ll o l w p r d ed t '
an e e n as ce n s o e nsO c r . s u s e re o uc a

on ce d p
, xi te d i A d m
an re e E v y h m o l h tw o g d i
s n a . er u an s u as ua r an

an g l p od d by m tio t th tim f th p od ti f l
e s, r u ce e a na n a e e o e r uc on o s ou s .

Th mi d ef m i n it d t o th d iv i
o mi d
an th d ius f
s un e e ne n , as e ra o

a i l t it
c rc e t o Th e ul
s of g o d m
ce n re . d b ov t h so s o en a sce n a e e

W
m i of the g l
a ns o n d d l ig h ted w ith th v i io of the fi st
an e s, an a re e e s n r

l ig h t w h i h ill mi te l l th e wo ld
, c u na s a r s.

Th iv se o ti u
e un to e xi t b y th
er c d iv in n es s e ne

ti on h il t th i e gy i
s xe ted d iff t
s en r s e r e re n

W
.
,

b i g m i ; w h i t i w ith h ld l l th
e n s re a n en s e ,
a e

re t u r n into th e ir fo u nta in .

w ith in h ims e f ; l a nd th e re
e ith e r in a c rea te d o r u n cre a te d s ta te . h e n it 1s in a n u n crea te d
s ta te , G od is al l w h e n w or ld s a re c re a te d , th e Dei ty is u n fo ld ed , or

e v lv d
o e , by v ar ious dg e rees of e man a tio n ,
w h ic h c o ns ti tu te the

v ol . 11. p . 2 17 — 2 2 1.
H i S TO RY OF TH E JE S W .

mitted und e r th is n otion b y th e J ew s in E gy p t to

th e ir b re th re n in P a l e s tin e .

S ime o n b e n J oc h a i a ce l e b ra te d ra bb i w a s th e
t
-
, ,

fi rs t w h o committe d th e s e my s te rie s to p a p er ; a n d ,

th J w ffi r m b d iv in e a s s is ta n c e b e c om
a s e e s a
y , ,

os e d th e Z oh a r or b rig h tn e s s H e is Sa id to
p
.
,

h a v e l iv e d s ome y e a rs b e fore th e de s truction of


J e rusa l e m T itus con d e mne d him to d ea th ; b u t
.

h e a n d h is s on e s ca p e d th e p erse cu tion by s ecre tin g ,

th e m s e lv e s i n a c a v e w h e re h e h a d l
,
e is u r e t o cor n

p o s e th e a b o v e m e n t ione d b oo k H e
p e rf ec te d th e .

w ork w ith th e a ss is ta n ce of th e p rop h e t E l ia s w h o m ,

G o d s e n t f ro m h e a v en fr om ti m e t o ti m ,
e to e xp l a in ,

to S ime o n s uch my s te ries a s w ere a b o v e h is comp re


h e n s io n ''

l
T h e S ep h er J etzir a h ,
or book of th e creation,
is
th e n e xt in ca bba l is tic fa me to th e Z oh a r : a nd is
q uote d by th e J ew s ,
as of d iv in e a u th ority . S ome
a scrib e th is w or k to th e p a tria rch Ab ra h a m oth e rs
s u pp os e it w a s w ritte n by th e ra bb i A k ibh a w ho ,

l ive d in th e s e con d ce n tu ry .

H e w a s p re s id e n t of th e a ca d e mies of Ly dda a n d
J a fna ; a n d a d is c ip l e a n d s ucce s s o r of th e ra bb i
G a ma l ie l . U n til h e w a s forty y ea rs of a ge h e w as ,

a she h erd i n th e se rv ice of a rich c itiz e n of J e ru


p
sa e l m; ma s te r s d a u g h te r h a v in g p romise d
b ut h is

to ma rry h i m if h e b e ca me a l ea r ne d ma n h e a s s i
, ,

d uous l y a p p l ie d h ims el f to s tud y S o s ucce s sful w a s .

h is a p p l ica tion th a t h e b eca me on e of th e mos t


,

fa mous tea ch e rs in th e s ch ool s of J e w is h l e a rn in g .

Da i vd Le i v ca ll s th e Zoh ar a ca bb l i tic l
a s a comme nta ry on th e
P e nta te u c h .

t Bas n age , p . 185 .


104 u m oa v or TH E JE SW .

He was cons i e re
d d by his nation , as the l
orac e

of th e times ; g reatest p re serve rs of


a n d one of th e
the trad itioml l a w *T h e J e w s in P a l es tine d id
.

n o t s c ru l e to sa tha t G od re v eal e d to h im wh a t
p y , ,

b e con cea le d from M os es ; a n d if th e ir a ccoun ts ,

a re to b e cre d ite d h e ha d t we n ty fou r th ousan d dis


,

cip l e s. T h is ra bb i is me n tion e d w ith v e n e ration


th ro ug h th e wh ol e T a l mu d n ot on l
y on acc oun t of

h is gre at a tta in m en ts in th e ca bba l is tical l ea rn in g ,

b ut for h is e x tra ord ina ry a b il ities a n d w is d om in


.

solv ing im orta n t q ues tion s in the l aw s } T o w a rds


p
the c lose of h is l ife h e fol l owe d th e s tan d ar d of th e
,

imp ostor Ba rch och eba wh o a p p ea re d und e r th e cha


,

ra cte r of th e M ess ia h to de l ive r h is cou ntry m


, en ,

from th e p ow er of th e e mp e ror Ad ria n A na ccount .

of th is re v ol t a n d th e n e w and d rea d ful cal a m


,
itie s ,

w h ich th e J ews su f erefd in conseq ue nce of the


ins urrection , wi ll be . l
re a te d in the foll ow mg ,

ch ap ter .

De Ros si H e b re w ,Biogra p h y

s .

1 Da i

v d L vi e

s Ce re monies of th e J e ws .
106 H rsr onr or ra n W
JE S .

ful ar my ga inst th e m a n d th e reb el s were red uced


a ,

a fte r s e v e ra l d es p e ra te b a ttl e s w h ich w e re a tte n d ed ,

w ith gre a t s l a u g h te r }

A D 116 ]
.
«
. T h e foll ow in g y ea r th e J e w s in ,

M es op ota mia a l a rme d a t th e fa te of th e ir b re th re n


,

in Eg y p t a p p e a re d in a rms a n d w ith s uc h fo rce


, , ,

th a t th e in ha b ita n ts of th e w h ol e co un try w e re fill e d


wi th con s te rn a tio n T h is in d uce d T raj a n to s e n d
.

L ucius Q uietus th e g rea tes t g e n e ra l l n th e e mp ire


, ,

a ga i ns t th e m w h o s l e w g rea t n u mb e rs of th e me m
,

ge n ts a n d s ubj ecte d th e re s t to th e Ro ma n p ow e r
, .

To p re v e n t th e ir a ga in a s s e mbl ing a n d re b e ll in g ,

th e e mp eror a p p oin te d h im gov e rn or in P a l e s tin e ,

to w a tch the ir motion s a n d ke e p th e m in a w a f


S oon a fte r, th e J e w s w h o w e re n u me ro us in th e
,

isl a nd Cy p rus
of , ma d e a more d re a d ful ins u r re c tion ,

a nd m a s sa cre d tw o h u n d re d a n d forty th o us a n d of

th e in h a b ita n ts T raj a n s e n t Ad ria n a fa mous g e


.
,

n e ra l a ga in s t th e m w ith a ow e rful a r m A fte r


, p , y .

a n ob s tin a te con fl ic t th e re b e l s w e re re d u ce d a n d
, ,

th e e mp e ror p ubl is h e d a n e d ict b a n is h in g th e m ,

from th e is l a n d a nd forb idd in g th e m to re turn


, ,

u n d e r th e s e v e res t e n a l tie s
p
A D
. . Notw ith s ta n d ing th e mise rie s w h ic h ,

th e J e w s s u ffe re d b y th e ir re v ol t th e ir reb e ll ious ,

sp irit w a s still u ns ubd ue d Ad ria n th e s ucce ss or of.


,

T raj a n h a d p roh ib ite d th em fro m c ircu mcis in g


,

th e ir c h ild re n ; a n d s e n t a col on y to re b u ild J e ru


sa l e m n e a r th e p l a ce w h e re th e a n c ie n t c ity s tood
,
.

H e des ig n e d to a dorn it a fter th e Roma n s ty l e a n d ,

ca ll it (E l ia Ca p itol ina from th e na me of h is fa mil y


,
.

Bas nage , p 5 11 . . 1

I bid .
1: I b id .
p 5 12
. .
H I STOR Y O F TH E . JE S W . 107

cra t ed th e min ds of th e J e w s a n d s timu


c omme n ce a n o e n re b e ll ion *
,

m to p .

b a n d itti w h o
C ozib a , on e of th e ,

J ud ea a n d committe d a ll ki n d s of v iol e n ce
,

a ga in s t th e R o ma n s w a s th e l ea d e r of th e in
,

s ur e n ts T o f a c il ita te th e s ucce s s of h is b ol d
g .

e n te r riz e h e a s s u me d th e n a me of Ba rch och e ba


p , ,

w h ich s ig n ifi e s th e s o n of a s ta r ; a n d p re te n d e d h e
w a s th e p e rs o n p rop h e s ie d of by B a l aa m in th e
"

w o rd s T h e re s h a ll come a s ta r ou t of J a c ob a n d
, ,,

a s ce tre s h a ll ris e ou t o f I s ra e l
p T h is b a rb a ria n .
,

s o w ell ca l c ul a te d b h is coura g e a nd e n te r ris in g


y p
S p irit to b e th e M e s s ia h a ccord ing to th e p e rv erte d ,

c on ce tion s of th e J e w s
p w a
.
s a c k n ow l e dg e d in th
,
at

ch a ra c te r b h is i nfa tua te d cou n tr me nr l H '

y e e n
y
ga ge d to d el iv er h is n a tion frdm th e p ower of th e
e m e ror Adr ia n a n d re s tore its a n c ie n t l ib e rt a nd
p , y
gl ory T h e fa mous ra bb i Ak ibh a b ein g ch ose n by
.
,

h im for h is p recu rs or e sp ou se d h is ca u s e a fford e d , ,

h im th e p rote ction of h is n a me a n d n ot o nl y p ub ,

l icl y a n oin te d h im a s th e M es s ia h a n d k in g of th e ,

J e w s b ut p l a ce d a d ia d e m on h is h ea d ca use d
, ,

mon ey to b e coin e d in h is na me a n d foll owe d h i m ,

to th e fi e l d a t th e h ea d of twe n t h ous a n d of h is
,
y t
d isc ip l es a nd a c ted in th e ca p a city of ma s ter of h is
,

h ors e By ca ll in g on a l l th e d e s ce n d a n ts of Ab ra h a m
.

to a s s is t th e h o e of I s ra e l a n a rm o f tw o h u n d re d
p y ,

th ous a n d me n w a s s oon ra is e d w h o re p a ire d to ,

Ba s nage , p 5 12 . . l

1 e e ra imp os to rs h a d
''
Sv l a ppe a re d b e fore h im, so me ,un de r the ,

tit l e of th e M e ss ia h ; o th e rs un d er th a t of his p recu rsors ; most


of wh o m w e re th e di sc i
p l es of Jd u as th e G a ul onite . But Ba rch o
c he a b was th e fi rs t wh o o bt i d g
a ne rea t ce e l b rity .
108 ms rour '
or r 111: JE SW .

E ith er, a city n ea r J e rus al e m, ch ose n b y th e fa mous


i mp ostor for th e ca ita l of h is ne w k in gd om
p 9 .

Ad ria n a t fi rs t n egl ec te d to ta k e mea sure s a ga inst


th e rev ol t s up p osing th e J e w s h a d b e e n too e ffe ctu
,

a ll h umbl e d b h i re de ces s or to b e a bl e s o soon


y y s
p
to ra is e a fo rmida bl e in s u rre c tion Bu t b e in g a p .

r i ze d th a t n u mbe rs h a d fl oc k e d to th e s ta n d a rd of
p ,

Ba rch och eba h e s en t T in ius R ufu, s g ov e rn or of th e ,

ro v i n ce w i th ow e rful mil ita r f ce a ga in s t


p , a
p y o r

th e m T h e re b el s h ow e v e r ga ine d g rea t a dva n



'

,
.
,

ta ges ov e r th e i mp e ria l a rmy a n d d es tro e d v a s t


y ,

nu m b ers of R oma ns a n d con ve rte d J e ws T h e ir .

ra p id s ucces s a n d s a n gu ina ry d e v a s ta tion s !


fill e d ,

Ho me with a ston is h me n t a n d con sterna tion At .

l en g th J ul ius S e v erus one of th e g rea test ge n era l s


, ,

of h is a ge w a s d es p a tch e d to crash th is d a nge rous


,

re v ol t . T h is a bl e comma n d e r n ot th ink in g it ,

d t t se a t once s 0 formida bl e a n a r my
'

p r u e n o o
pp o ;

a tta ck e d a n d d e fea te d th e in s u rg e n ts in a rtie s ; a n d y


'

p
at l e n g th c ut off th e s u p l ie s of th e e n e my a nd
, p ,

bes ie ged th e min Bith e r +


t
.

T h e re b el s d e fe nd e d th e ms elv e s w i th ob s tin a te
re s ol utio n g a nd , e v e n ut T r h on a fa m ou s ra bb i
'
r
p yp , ,

to d e a th b e ca us e h e p mp os ed th e ir s urre n d erin g to'


the Ro ma n s

How e v e r th ey w e re n ot a bl e l ong to
.
,

wi th st a n d th e r e
p ea te d a n

d v ig o ro u s a tta c k
'

s w h ich l
,

w ere ma d e u p o n th e c ity In o n e of th e s e a ssa ul ts .


,

th e p reten d e d M e s s ia h w a s k ill ed a n d Bith e1 obl ige d ,

to s u rre n d e r“ T h e J e w is h h is tory bl oody a s it is ,

in a l mos t e v e ry p a g e re cord s n o fa ct e xce p tin g th e


, ,

destructi on of J erusa l e m me re a n th e,
'
u n d is tin ui s h e d a n d w h ich
'

ro
g p
B g p b i
a s na5 e, a *
1 I b id .
p 5 18 1 . .
“ 0 H I STO RY on TH E JE W S .

B eth l eh e m a nd , as h e h a te d th e Ch ris tia n s as we ll


as th e J ews ,
he e re c te d a s ta tue of V e n u s in th e
p l a ce C h ris t w a s cr uc ifi e d a n d iri th a t w h e re
w h e re
h e a ros e from th e d ea d on e of J u p ite r In th e , .

rotto of B e th l e h e m w h e re our S a v io u r was b orn ;


g
*
,

h e e s ta bl is h e d th e \ors h ip of Ad on is

T h e e mp e ror by a s e v e re e d ic t p roh ib ite d th e


, ,

J e w s u p on p a in of d ea th fro me n te ring J e rusa l e md


, ,
'

a n d fi xe d a v ig il a n t ga rris on of th e R om a n coh orts


to e n force th e e xe cu tion of h is ord e rs H e ev e n .

forb a d e th e m to vi e w th e ir o n ce b el ov e d c ity a t a
d is ta n ce Be fore th is p e riod sa y s a l a te a u th or
“th ey w ere see n cov e re d w ith ra gs tra v e rs in g
.
, ,
.

, ,

mid s t s ig h s a n d l a me n ta tions th e M ou n t of O l iv es , ,

and th e re ma in s of th e ir te mp l e T h ey w e re .

re d uce d to th e n ec es s it of b e in g e co n o mis ts in th e ir
y
mis e ry to p urch a s e th is fa v our from th e a va rice of
th e sold iery At th is p rice th ey ob ta in e d a s a
.
,

s in g ul a r in d ulg e n ce ermis s ion to o th ith e r a n d


p g ,

w e e p on th e a n n iv e rsa ry of th e s a ck in g of th e ir c ity ;
a n d th e J e w s w ere obl ig e d to a for th e r ig h t of
p y
s h e dd in g tea rs in th os e l a ce s w h e re th e urch a s e d
p , y p
a n d s h e d th e bl ood of J e s u s C h ris t !

I
I n th e ca l a mitie s of th e J e w s w e con te mp l a te th e ,

ful fil me n t of th e p rop h e cies w h ich fore told th e m ,

Ba s na ge , p .

1
'
T
h ou h g Ad ria n inte r icte d d th e J e ws from e nte rin gJ eru sa l e m ,

th ey w e re not b a n is h e d from J d u ea ; th e p a tria rch s s ti ll re s i e dd in


th a t country , an d th e fa mou s sc h oo l of T ib e ria s s ti ll e xis t ed . Th e
con d ition of th ose , w h o re ma ined in P l
a es tine , wa s , h o we v er , ex

t re mel y w retch e d . A cc ord ing t J v l o u e na , some of the Jw e s in Rome


a nd Egy pt ft , a er th e re v lt w
o b l iged
, e re o to tu rn fortun e- te e rs fo r ll
th i bit
e r su s s e nce .
—Ba sna
ge , p 5 19 . .

i G gi i re o re , n h is E s sa
y o n th e R e for ma tion M t h e J ew s , q uot es

as a n a u th orit
y for th is fa ct , S t . J e ro me in So p h on ia n . ch ap . x .
msr onn or x
rnn J ew s . 11]

l on g be fore th e y too k p l a ce
M os es h a d p red icte d
.
,

th a t th ey s h ou ld b e ca rrie d i nto E gy p t a n d s old a t



W
,

a v e ry l ow p rice sa id h e

And th e L ord
. sha l l , ,

br i n g th e e in to E gy p t a m w i th s h ip s a n d y e
ga ,

s h a l l be s ol d u n to y ou r en e mi e s a n d n o ma n s h a l l
,

buy h en J e rusa l e m w a s ta k e n by T itus ,

th e ca
p ti v
es , w ith th e ir w i v es a n d ch i ld re n , w e re so ld
at th e l ow e st p rice and we l ea rn fro m S t . J erome ,

th a t a fter l a s t ov e rth row b y Ad ria n ma n y


th e ir ,

th o u sa n d s of th e m w ere s old a n d th ose w ho cou ld ,


,

n ot fi n d p u rch a se rs w e re tra ns p orte d in to E g t


, .
yp ,

and erish e d b s h i w re ck or fa min e o w m


p y p r ere a s ,

s acre d by th e

D t xxv iii 6 8
en . . 1 S
. N wt '
ee th P oph eci
e on onp 70 e r es , . ;
112 msronv or TH E JE S W .

C H A P T ER V .

S ta te of th e Jew s in th e E t — Of th p i
as e r nces o f th e v ity — J d h
ca p ti u a

th e s a int co mp il es th e M im — Hi tory of th
e s a tw k —J w
or bl . e s re e

WW
d M A u —M ¢u s Au re l iu w Ad i di t ‘
u n er a rcu s ntonin s. ar s re ne s r an s e c

ag i t th —T h
a ns a n ey are trea ted w ith ki d n ne ss by Septimim
S v e — Of th i
e rus e r s ta te d
u n er H li g
e o a ba us l —
. Th ey are fa vou re d
by A l x d S v e an er e er us, a nd th e b q
s u se ue n t Roman E mpe rors .

HI L E th e d to the estern J e ws w e re e xp ose


terribl e ca la mitie s wh ich h a v e b ee n re l a te d in th e

re c e d in g ch a p ter a milde r d es tin a tten d e d th e i r


p y ,

b reth re n in th e e a s t T raj a n ind eed h a d ca rrihd .


, ,
.

h is a rms a ga in s t th e m as fa r a s M e sop ota mia ; b u t


Ad ria n a fte r h is a ccess ion to th e th ron e con se n te d
, , ,

th a t th e E up h ra te s s h ould b e th e b ou nd a ry of th e
R oma n e mp ire T h ose th e refore w h o res ided.
, ,

b ey on d th a t riv er w e re n ot c on ce rn e d in th a t ,
.

in ce s w a r a ga in s t th e ir n a tion M h ow e v e r

p r an
y .
, ,

w h o p a nte d a fte r l ib erty in th e mos t re mote p ro


v in ce s of th e e mp ire p a ss e d in to J ud ea to a ss is t ,

th e ir b re th re n Y e t th ey a ns we re d n o oth e r p u r
.

os e b u t to a ug me n t th e n umb e r of th e s l a in} a nd
:

p ,

in crea se th e triump h q of l th e co n u erors x


'

A D . . Th e h is tory of th e e a s te rn is more
b
o scu re tha n th a t of th e w e s te rn J e w s th e former ,

h a v in g b ut an imp e rfe ct k nowl e dge of th e e v en ts


w h ich too k l a ce a mon g th e ir b re th re n in th os e
p
re mote coun tries . P re v ious to th e d es truction of
Th e nu mbe r of th e l
s a in , a cco r di gn to B as a n a ,
g
a mou n ted to

a b v
o e s ix h un d d re th o usa n d , w h ich nu mbe r co u ld not ha v b
e e en

fou n d in Jd u ea , a fter th e fe rin


s uf
gs of th a t country u nd er T j ra a n .

t Bas na ge , p 16 2 . .
1M mer onr or TH E J a ws .

ra ce of D a v id ba n d on ed
th a t p ro ince , a nd retire
, a v d
to B b l
a on , w h e re th e conc u e th e s ce tre m l d
y y p en

tion ed by J a co is to b e fou n But me n of ea rn in


b d . l g
a mon g th e C h ris tia ns h a v e p rov e d , th a t th ey . ha ve
g rea tl y e xa ggera ted
g ra n d e ur a n d a uth ority of
th e

th e s e p r in ce s w h o w e re s ubj ecte d to th e P e rs ia n
,

mona rchs An d if w e cons id e r th e l ow con d ition


.
,

of th e J e w s a n d th e op p re s s ion s w h ic h th e e n d ure d
, y ,

from th e P a r th ia n s R oma n s a n d oth e r n a tions it , , ,

w ill a p p ea r e v id e n t th a t th e p rin ce s of th e ca p tiv ity


,

could p osse ss on l y a s m a ll s h are of a u th orit t i


y .

I n ord e r to ra is e the glory of th e ir n a tion th e ,

J e w s b e s tow th e h igh es t e ncomiu ms on th e l ea rne d


me n w h o fl ouris h ed a mong the m d urin g th e se con d
,

ce n tury In p a rticul a r th ey e x to l th e fa mous ra bb i


.
,

J u da h l th e th ird J e w is h p a tria rch w h o ob ta in e d


,
-
,

th e a pp ell a tion of S a in t H e wa s b orn in th e c ity of .

S ep h ora a n d h a v in g a c q uire d g rea t cel eb rity for h is


,

iet a n d p rofoun d l ea rn in g
p re s id e d o v er th e
p y ,

a ca d e my of T ib e r i us w ith u n con troll e d a u th orit


y ,

a n d d ec id e d th e mos t a b s trus e c on trov e rs ie s H is . .

me mory wa s so h ig h ly re ve re d a mon g th e J e w s ,

th at th ey comp a re h im w ith th e M e s s ia h ; th e y
re l a te m an
y e xtra ord ina r a ccou n ts of th is ra bb i ;
y
amon g th e res t th e y a s s e r t th a t h e ma d e th e e m
, ,

M arcus A n ton in u s a rose l y te to J ud a is m


p e ror , p , ,

a n d th a t it w a s b y h is ord e r th a t J u da h comp il e d
, ,

th e M isn a i
M d U iv l H i t y
o e rn l xiii p IS O
n e rsa s or , vo . . . .

1 J ud h w
'
b a th m d y th t Ak ibb d i d
as o rn on d th J w
e sa e a a a e , an e e s

im g i v nt w p d i t d by S l m w h h y Th '

a th i
ne s e e as re c e o o on , en e sa s, e s ta r

i th
r se d th
. an g éth d w Ak ibh d y i g w th
e s un o oth t t
n. a n as e sun a se ,

an d J d h th S i t th
u a i i g e B g p
a n 15 6e r s n s un. e ari n s , . .

t Rnfi el d s Philosoph y , v ol . ii p

. .
t .
g
ms ronr '
o n TH E JE S W . 115

Th is l b ra te d b ook is a code of th e J ew ish ca n on


ce e

a nd c iv il l a w It w as h eld in s uch p rofou n d v e n e


.

ra tion b th e J ews th a t the c a ll e d it th e s econ d


y y ,

l a w ( w hich th e n a me M is na s ig n ifi e s in H e b re w )
,

imp orting th a t it h a s th e sa me a uth ority w ith th e ir


,
.

P e n ta te uch or fi rs t l a w J uda h w a s in d uce d to .

u n d e rta k e th is w ork from a j us t a r e h e n s ion th a t


pp ,

h is na tion in th e ir v a r iou s d is p e rs ions a n d mig ra tion s


,

th roug h s o ma n p rov ince s a n d d urin g th e in te r


y ,

r u tion of th e ir
p p ubl ic s c h o ol s w ou ld n e gl ect to ,

ra ctis e th e rite s of th e ir re l ig ion a n d th e tra d ition s


p
of th e ir fa th ers w ould b e obl iterate d from th e ir
'

me mory .
at


f T h e h is tory of th e M is na , sa y s E n fi el d , 1
b rie fly th is : T h e s e ct of th e P ha risees a fte r th e ,

d es truction of J e rusal e m p re va il in g ov e r th e re s t , ,

th e s tudy of tra d itions b eca me th e ch ief obj e ct of


a tte n tion i n a l l th e J e w is h sch ool s T h e n u mb er of .

th e s e tra d ition s h a d in a l on g cours e of time s o


, ,

g rea tly increa sed th a t th e d octors w h ose p rincipa l


, ,

e mp l oy m e n t it w as to ill us tra te th e m b y n e w e x

l a n a tion s a n d to con fi rm th e ir a u th ority fo un d it


p , ,

n e ce s sa ry to a s s is t th e ir re coll e c tion s b y committin g

th e m u nd er d is tin ct h ea d s to w r itin g A t th e s a me .

time th e ir d is cip l e s took min ute s of th e e xp l a na tion s


,

of th e ir
p r e ce p to rs m an
y o f w h,
ich w ere
p re se rv e d ,

a n d g re w u i t l u min ous co mme n ta rie s T h


o v o e
p n .

confus ion , w h ich a rose from th es e ca us es , w as n ow

b ecome so troubl esome th a t n otw ith s ta n d in g w h a t


, ,

H ill e l : ha d b efore d one in a rra ngin g the tra d itions ,

Bas nage . M ua rice s



I d i A tiq
n an n u ities .

t E nfi e l d

s P h il o so p h y , v ol . i i . p 19 8
. .

Th e na me of Hil l el is h e ld in th e h ig h est es tee m among the



I 2
116 r us roa r
'
or TH E W
JE S .

J u da h foun d it n e ce s sar
y to mp t a n e w d iges t of
a tte

th e ora l la w, a nd of th e c ommen ta r ies of th e most

fa mous d oc tors T h is a rd uous u n d ertak i ng is said


.

to ha v e e mp l oy e d h im for ty y ea rs I t w as c om .

l e te d a cc ord in g to th e u n a n i mous te stimon of th e


p , y
Je w s a bou t th e cl ose of th e se con d ce n tury
,
T h is .

M is na or fi rs t Ta l mud comp re h e n d s a ll the l a w s;


, ,

ins titu tions a n d mod e s of l ife w h ich be s id e th e


, , ,

H eb re w s crip ture s th e J e w s s up p ose d th e mselv es ,

boun d to ob s erve .

I

T h is w ork w a s soon respe cte d by th e J ew s as a


sa c re d book It con s is ts of a va riety of tra ditib nS ;
.

a n d e x la na tion s of se v era l a ssa g e s of s cri tu re;


p p p
a n d se rv e s a s a s u
pp l e m e n t to th eir writte n l a w .

A ccord in g to th e ir a ccou n t th ese tra d ition s we re ,

d el iv e red to M oses d urin g h is a bod e on moun t ,

S in a ifi and h e a fte rwa rds commun ica ted th e m to


'

Aa ro n E l ea z a r a nd h is se rv a n t J osh ua T h ey
, ,
.

tra n s mitte d th e m to th e eld e rs w h o d el iv ere d th e m ,

to th e p rop h e ts a n d th e p a sse d from J e remia h to


y
B a ruch a n d from h im to E z ra w h o d el iv e re d th em
, ,

to th e g ra n d s na ogu e th e la s t of w h o m w a s S imo n
y g ,

th e J us t T h us th e se tra d ition s w e re h an d ed d own


.

from g e n era tion to g e n e ra tion in re g ul a r s ucc e s sion , ,

till th ey w e re tra n s mitte d to J uda h th e S a in t w h o ,

committe d th e m to w ritin g a n d th us forme d the ,

vol umin ous comp ila tion s ty l ed M isna f th is w ork -

Jews , for h is e xe rtions to p e rpe t ua te th e know e l d ge of

d iti ona ry l a w . He a rra n gd


e its p rece pts u
and th us l aid th e fo und a tion for th ht diges t
T lm d
a u — E ufi el d °
s Ph il owp hg .

Enfi el d .

t See a l
pa rticu a r acco u n t o f
Dav i d Lav i s Ge reruonies of th e

115 ms romr or
'
TH E JE S W .

al l fore ig n gov ern me n t P ha risees had


. But th e
s ince th e d e s tr uction of J erusa l e m forme d th e b ul k ,

of th e n a tion T h e H e me ro Ba p tis ts w ere a b ra n ch


.
-

of th is d e n o mina tion on l y d is tinguis h e d by th e ir


,

more fre q ue nt w a sh in gs T h e M a sb oth ea ns w e re


.
,

a b ra n ch of th e S a dd uce e s for th ey d e n ie d th e im
,

morta l ity of th e soul a n d a ttrib ute d al l e v e nts to


,

ch a n ce T h e H e ll e n ists w ere th e J e w s w h o s p oke ,

G reek a n d rea d th e S ep tua gint in th e sy n a gog ues


, .

T h oug h th e re w a s a t fi rs t s ome j ea l ousy b e tw e en


th e m a nd th e ir b re th re n w h o p e rforme d p u bl ic
,

w ors h ip in th e H eb re w l a n g ua ge th e y w e re a ll ow e d ,

to u s e th e G re e k tra n s l a tion in th e ir re l ig ious a s


sem bl ie s But a fte r th ey found th a t th e C h ris tia ns
.
, , ,

i n d is p utin g a ga ins t J uda is m d e riv e d a dv a n ta ge ,

from th e S e p tua g in t v e rs ion th e ir p rej ud ice a ga in s t


,

it w a s h e ig h te ne d a n d th ose w h o v in d ica te d it w ere


, .

re ga rd e d by th e oth er p a rty a s s ec ta ria n s a n d ,

sch is ma tics .
’IE

The d ict of Ad ria n w h ich p roh ib ite d th e J ew s


e ,

from c ircu mc is in g th e ir ch ild re n b e in g s till in fo rce , ,

th e ir imp a tie nce u n d e r th is re s tric tion s timul ate d


th e m n otw ith s ta n d in g th e ir l a te ca l a mitie s a ga in to
, ,

h a v e recou rs e to a rms T h e e mp e ror A nton in us


.
,

h ow e v e r s oon s upp re sse d th e re v ol t a n d a fte rwa rds


,

re s tore d to the m th e p riv il ege for w h ich th e y c on

te n d e d a n d trea te d th e m w ith g rea t mod e ra tion a n d


,

k in d n ess H e h ow e v e r forba de th e ir a tte mp ting to


.
, ,

ma ke p ros ely tes to th e ir rel ig ion .

In th e comme n ce me n t of th e re ig n of Ma rc us
A urel ius th e ea s tern J e w s w h o w ere s ubj ec ts of
, ,

th e k in g of P a rth ia j oin e d tha t mona rch i n a w a r


,

Bu m , p .
a gdim th e
ms romr on
Roma ns
'

. The
TH E

e
JE S
mpe ror
W .

,
ince nse d
119

at

th is conduct, a fte r h e h ad d uced th e reb el s re


re ,

d Ad ria n s s e v e re e d ict a ga in s t th e m But



ne we .

th ose l a ws w ere n ot e xecute d in th e re m ote p ro

A D. Th e e mp eror S e p timius S e v erus in


. ,

th e comme n ce me n t of h is re ign d e cl a re d w a r a ga in s t ,

th e S a ma rita n s a n d J e ws T hey h a d se ttl e men ts .

ih Ga l il e e ; b u t th e p roh ib ition , w h ich e xcl ud e d


.

th e m from e n terin g th e precin cts of J erusa l e m w a s ,

s till in force T h is un ha p py p eop l e th ough so


.
,

ofte n h u mbl e d a n d s ubd ue d a tte m te d on ce more to


p ,

re e l th e ir e n e mies a n d i n v a de d S a ma ria a n d J ud ea
p , .

A fte r th e e mp eror h a d red uce d th e m to ob e d ience ,

h e rel a xe d h is s e v erity a ga in s t th e m In ord e r to


re w a rd th e ir fid el it to h im w h e n Pe sc e n n ius N ige r
y ,

w a s comp e titor for th e th ron e h e a ll ow e d th e m th e ,

p riv il e g e s of Ro m a n c itiz ens a n d re n d e re d th em ,

e l ig ibl e to offi ce s of trus t a nd h on ours ]


A D Th e ch ie fs a nd d octors of th e

. .

ea s te rn J e w s ob ta in e d c e l eb rit
y mme n ce me n t
in th e co

of th e th ir d ce n tur
y , a nd e s ta bl is h e d a ca d e mie s in
va rious p a rts . A fte r th e P ers ia n mon a rch y wa s
res tore d , P a rth ia n ov erth row n th e ra bb ies
a nd th e ,

w e re for s ome time trea te d w ith g rea t res p ect


.
At .

th is p ros e rou s
p p er io d Sa m u e l J a rc h i w h o,
w as ,

fa me d for h is l ite ra ry a cq uire me nts p a rticul a rly for


'

h is Sk ill in as tronomy ca me from J ud ea was con sti


'

, ,

tuted ch ief of a n a ca d e m a t N a h a rd ea a n d a mon g


y
oth e r d ig n itie s ob ta in e d th a t of p rin ce of th e ca p t1

The tra n q u ill ity , w h ic h th e J ew s e n oy ej d in th e

Rusange , p 5 2 3 . . 1*I i bd .
p 531
. .
1 I b id .
12 0 ms r on v or TH E J e ws .

ea s t
p ro v ed ,
h ow e v er, on ly a
p re ul d
e to a gv iel enz
t

pe rse cu tion , w h ich S a p or, k in g ef


me n ce d a ga ins t .
th e m . Accord in g to athe
'

J e w ish
h is toria n s , h e w a s in s tiga te d by h is s ubj ec ts , w h o,
b e in g j e a l ous of th e in fl ue nce of th e ir n a tion, en dea
fe c t
vou re d to e f th e ir d es truction .

me d
"

The
'
s ce n e wa s re ve rs e d, a n d th eir a fi a irs a ss u

a . fa v o ura bl e d er Z en ob ia q uee n of Pa l
.
as
p e ct u n ,

my ra D urin g the r e ig n of th is cel e b ra te d p rince ss


.
,

the y fl ouris h ed in e v e r a rt of h er d omin ion s ;


y p
e re cte d s u e rb s n a g og ues a nd w e re e xa l te d to th e
p y ,

h ig h e s t d ig n ities But a fter th is h e roine w a s s u b


. .
, .

d ue d by A u rel ia n th ey retired from h er dominion ,

to P e rs ia .
"E

A D . . H el iogaba l us ,
who a t th is t ime

a sce n d e d i th e th rone , ha d b e e n . i
c rcu mc is e d ,
: an d ab

aine d from s win e fl e s h He h owe v e r, e re c ted a



st s .
,

su
p e r mp l e in
b te h onour of th e s un , th e id ol be
w ors h ip p e d He . or e re d d th e p a ll a d iu m, th e v es ta l
fi re ; th e moth e r of

gods , a n d wh a te v e r th e ‘

th e
Roma n s h e ld in th e h igh e s t v e ne ra tion to b e co n ,
»

v e y e d to th is te mp l e B e in g w ell acq ua in te d w ith .

th e te n e ts o f th e S a ma rita ns a n d J e w s h e inte n de d ,

to bl e n d th e ir l ig io us r ite s w ith th e dora tion of hi s


'

-
re a

d e ity . de a th of th is emp e ror, w h o


Th e u ne xp ec ted
w a s a s sa s s ina te d sb y h is sold iers d e l iv e re d th e J e ws
.
,
~
,

w h o ne v e r w o uld h a v e con s e n te d to a dop t h is r el l a

i from th e fi er ria l w h ich a wa ite d th e mdx



g ou s
.

y t 2

A l exa n d e r S e ver us w h o s ucce e d e d H e li oga b al us


, ,

h ig h l y fa v ou re d th e J e w s corresp on de d with the m ,


'

a n d w a s ins truc te d in th e ir re l ig io n T h is e mpe ror .

h a d a domes tic c h a p e l , w here h e p l ace d the s ta tues


.
l

B g p 5 33 1 I b id
as na ep . . .
12 2 msromr or TH E W
JE S .

Al exa nd er S e v e rus a nd h is s ucces sors in p a rticula r


trea te d th e J e w s w ith g rea t cl e me n cy . But a s it
,

w ill a p p ea r in th e foll o w in g p a rts of th is h is tory,

w h e n th e C h ris tia n p rin ces w e re a t th e h ea d of th e


R oma n e mp ire th ey d id n ot sh ow s o much ind a l
,

ge n ce to a na tion w h omthey con s id ered a s th e inve


,

tera te e ne mies of J es us C h ris t


,
.
msr onv or wa r: sew s .

C H A P T ER V I .

S tate of J w d C t ti
th e e s un er o ns a n ne and h is s u ccessors — The mperor
e

J l i h igh l y f v d th i p p l
u an a ou re s eo e , and p ropose d to ass is t the m in
b ild i g th t mpl f J
re u n e l e e o e ru sa e m — Of th e
. v as t
p re parations
w h ich w e re ma de for th is p urpose , and th e miracl e wh ich ca use d
hi s d es ign to be a band o ed n .

IN th e fourth ce n tu ry ,
on e of th e most imp orta n t
rev ol u tion s k p l a ce tha t e ve r w a s k n ow n in th e
too ,

a nn a l s of ma n k in d T he s p l e n d id e d ifi ce of pa ga n
.

su e rs tition w as s u bv e rte d a n d Ch ris tia n it


y e s ta
p ,

b l is h ed u n de r Con sta n tin e th e G rea t a n d h is s uc


ce ss ors D uring th e re ig n ofi th is mona rch th e city
.
,

of J e rusal e m w h ich Ad ria n ca ll e d E l ia


,
res u me d i ts ,

a nc ie n t n a me T h e e mp eror e n l a rge d a n d be a utifi ed


.

it with ma ny s up e rb b uild in gs a n d ch u rch e s ; a nd


h is p ious mun ifi cen ce e xte n d ed to e v ery s p ot w h ich
h a d b ee n con se cra ted by th e foots te p s of th e a p os tl es
*

and ro h e ts , a n d of th e S on of Go d
p p .

T h is imp orta n t ch a n ge in th e rel ig ion of the


Ro ma n e mp ire did n ot p rov e a dv a n ta geous to th e .

J e w s Con s ta n tin e in th e commen ceme nt of h is


.
,

re i n e n a c te d s ome s e v ere l a w s w h i h b idg d


g , c a r e ,

th e ir p r iv il e ge s T h e ir in crea s in g n u mb ers a n d
.

p ro s e rit
p y h a v i ng re n d ere d th e m in s ol e n t th e
y ,

in s ul te d a nd buse d th ose w h o d e serte d th e sy n a


a

g og ue a n d e mb ra ce d C h ristia n it T h e e m e ror
y p .

c h a rg e d th e m w ith s to n in g a n d b urn in g th ose w h o

re n ou n ce d th e ir re l ig ion a n d con d e mn e d th e m a n d

a l l th eir a cco m l ices to s uffer th e sa me i h men t



p p u n s .

e al so forba d e th e m toma k ep rose ly tes u n d er th e


'

*Gibb l i 4
on, v o . v.
1221 1115 1 011? or TH E s ew s .

se v e rest p ena l ties a n d ga ve l ibe rty to a l l th e sla v es ,

w h o a ccu se d th e ir ma s te rs of h a v in g circu m cis e d

th e m or w h o p rofe ss ed th e Christia n re l ig ion


, He .

furth e r ord ere d th a t th ey s h ould b e obl ig ed to s erv e


,

a t a ll publ ic offices l ik e th e oth e r s ubj ects te


h, .

em ire fromwh ich h ow e v e r h x e m t d


p , e e
p e p a
, ,
~

tria rc h s p ries ts a nd oth ers w h o offi cia te d a t th e


*
, , ,

s n a g og ue s s ch ool s & c
y , , .

Th e c ouncil of: El v ira in S pa in w hich is com


mon l y p la ce d in th e re ign of Constantine proh ibite d -

th e Ch r istiam s n w ho dead bce e m h em of socia l inter.


cours e w ith t e J e w s
h
.
fr o m e a tin g w ith ith e m in
t
q , ,

futu re Tho ugh th e p e nfi ty d ell only on t he Christ


.

tim ns w h o w e re ma d e l ia ble to e x com


, munica tion it ,

s ubj ecte d th e u nh a I sra el it e s to in s ul ts a n d c on


pp y
s

te mp t; By a noth e r d ec ree th is coun cil p roh ib ited .

th e p os sess ors of l a n d fr om p e rmitting J e w s to bl e ss


th e frui ts of the ea rth + b eca us e th e ir b e ne dict


'

jions ,
o

'

w oul d re n de r th ose of th e C hr istia n s ms el ess . T he


c ou n ci l d to exp e l from th e ch urch th ose
th reate n e ,

w ho re fus e d to obe th e s e ord e rs i


y
3Ds1r in th ei g n of C onsta n tin e th J e ws w e re
g e r e ,

n ume rous in P e rs ia a n d h a v in g e xp e rie n c e d g re a t ,

k ind nes s a nd l ib e ra l ity from ma n y of th e s ov e re igns


in th a t k ingd om; ha d a c qu ire d g rea t in fl ue n ce a t
E mbolde ned by th eir p rosp erity a n d stimu

W
t
l a te d hy a d e s ire of reve n gin g th e insu l ts a nd
,
'

mitice the y suffe red in th e R oma n emp ire th i


,

Rusa nge p 35 4
' ’

, . .

it The J ews in th is m
ou ntsy ap pea r to ha v l
e en tenants d o the
in

C They M p ub l i c

b l essi s on th i g d e r , ro un s.

H is to , vbl ii . .
12 6 H I ST O RY or TH E J W
E S .

Th e d ea th of Co nsta n tius d el ivered th e J e ws from


th e e v il s th ey e n du re d T he ir a ffa irs a ss ume d a
.

more fa v ou ra bl e a sp e ct w h e n J ul ia n s ty l e d th e
, ,

a os ta te w a s e l e v a te d to th e im e r ia l d ig n it A it
p , p y s .

w a s h is d e te rmin e d p u rp ose to s u bv e rt th e Ch ris tia n ,

a n d res tore th e P a ga n w ors h ip h is a v e rs ion to th e


,

C h ris tia n s in d uce d h im to trea t th e J e w s w ith d istin


uis h ed k in d n e ss a nd l ib e ra l it H e a ll ow e d th e m
g y .

th e free e xe rc is e of th e ir re l igio n a nd e xe mp te d
th e m fromth e h ea vy ta xes w h ich w e re imp os e d
'

u on
p
th e m by h is p re decess ors E mbold e ne d by s uc h
.

ow e rful rote c tion , th e a sse mbl e d in s e v e ra l cities


p p y
in S y ria a nd J u d ea ; d e mol is h e d th e c h u rc h es , a n d
co mmitte d oth e r outra ge s . T he ir e xa mp le wa s fol
l ow e d by th e ir b re th re n in Egy p t w h o d e stroy e d
th e fi n es t c h u rch es in Al e xa n d ria *
,

J ul ia n es ta bl is h e d the Pa ga n re l ig ion by l a w
d is q ua l ifi ed th e Ch ristia n s from bea rin g ofi ce s in th e
s ta te ; fi ned a nd ba n is h e d th eir cl e rgy forb a de
th e m to tea ch th e sc ie nce s in th e p u bl ic sch ool s ;
i mp ose d a ta x on a ll w h o re fuse d to s acrifi ce to id ol s
a n d in s h o rt u se d e v e ry me th od th a t h u ma n in g e

u n it could in v e n t to d e s troy th e C h ris tia n r e l ig ion


y ,
.

But fi n d in g h is a tte mp ts ba fll e d b y th e in fl e xibl e


fi rmness of th e C h ris tia n s h e forme d th e fa mous,

d es ig n of re b uild in g the temp l e of J e rusa l e m Its .

fi na l de s truc tion h a d b e e n fore told by C h ris t a n d the


rop h e ts ; a n d it w a s as h e ima g in e d res e rv e d for
p , ,

h im to fa l s ify th e ir p re d ictions ; a nd h e mea n t to

W
ha v e con v e rte d the s ucces s of h is un de rta k ing into a
i g me t a ga i n s t the fa ith of p re p hecy a nd


s ec ou s a r u n
p
truth of re v e l a tion
C
, p 5 46
, , l
‘’
l id .
ms ronv '
. 01 TH E J E W
SI ‘
12 7

ge ne ra l de s ig n of op p os ing
' '

In p n rsua nce

of h is a

to its el f by s ettin g on e s ec t a ga in s t a n .

em p e 1or a dd res s e d a p ubl ic e p is tl e to th e

c ommu n it of th e J e w s d is p e rse d th roug h


y ,
'

rovin ce s In th is l e tter h e h on ours th e p a


.

tria rch w ith th e titl e of b roth e r H e comp a ssiona te s .

th eir misfortu ne s p ra ise s th e ir con s ta n cy d ecl ares


, ,

h imsel f th e ir g ra c iou s p rotector a n d concl ud e s w ith ,

a ro m ise th a t if h e s h ould re turn v ictorious from


p , ,

th e P ers ia n w ar h e w oul d re b u ild J erusa l e m a n d


, ,

h is g ra te fu l v ow s to th e de it i t h h l ’
p ya
y n a t o y
p l a ce .

T h e p ros p ect of a n immed ia te a n d imp orta n t


a dv a n ta g e w ould n ot su f fe r th e imp atie n t mona rch to
a w a it th e re mote a n d u n certa in e v e n t of a P ers ia n

wa r . He res olv e d to e rect a s ta te l y temp l e on th e


comm a n din g s ummit of M oria h ; to esta bl ish a n .

or d er of rie s ts w h ose i n tere s te d z ea l w ould d etec t


p
~

the a rts a n d res is t th e a mb ition of th e ir C h ris tian


,

riva l s ; a nd to in v ite a nu merou s col on o f J e ws


y ,

w h os e s tern fa n a tic is m w ou l d b e al wa y s p re p a re d to
s econ d a nd e v e n a n tic i a te th e h os til e mea s ures of
, p ,

th e P a ga n gove rn men t l ‘'

For th is p urp os e th e e mp e ror a ss ig n e d imme n se


,

s ums ou t of th e p ubl ic re v e n u e a n d c ommitte d th e

s u er in te n d e n c
p y o f th e
p l a n to A l y p u s h is in tim a t e ,

frien d w h os e a v e rs ion to C h ris tia n ity w as cong en ia l


,

to h is ow n ; T h is m1n 1s te r h a v in g ob tain e d th e , .

s tren uous su
pp o r t o f t h e g o v e
, r n o r o f P a l e s tine

W
,

rov id e d imm e n s e q ua n titie s of ma te ria l s a n d l a rg e ;

W
p ,

n um b e rs of work me n To use th e w ords of a .

b t J li a r ur on 5

u an .

f G ibb l i 1
on , v o0 5 l t J l i ’
u an
g o
v n s
p . . . a r ur .
12 8 ms ron r'
. or r a n v s .

ce el brated a uth or f

At th e ca ll of th e ir grea t Il e

m
,

l ive re r th e
, Je w s from a l l the p vine e s of th e e mp i re
a s se mbl ed .
on th e h ol y mo u n ta in of th e ir f a th e rs ;
u
,

a nd th e ir in s ol e n tt triump h a arl me d a nd e xa s
p e ra te d
th e C h ristia n in h a b ita n ts of J e rusa l e m T h e d e s ire .

of re bu ild in g the te mp l e h as in e v e ry a e b ee n the


g
rul in g p a s s ion of the chil dren of I s ra e l In th is .

ro p itiou s mome n t th e me n forgot th e ir av a rice


p , ,

a n d th e w o m e n th e ir d e ic a c
l s a de s a n d i k '

y ; p
s
p n

a xes of s ilver wie re pr ov ide d b th e v a n it of th e r ich


y y
a n d th e ru bb is h tra n s p orte d in ma n tl es of s ilk a nd

ur l e E v e r u rs e w a s O e n e d in l ib e ra l contri
p p y p p
~
.

b ution s e very ha n d cla ime d a s h a re in th e p io us


,
:

l a b our a nd th e comma n ds of a g re a t mona rch w e re


,

e xec ute d by th e e n th us ia s m of a
AJ D . O n th is occa s ion h ow e ve r th e , ,

o w e r of J ul ian w h o h a d a l l th e re s our ces of the


p ,

e mp ire a t hi s c omm n d a n d th e e nt h us ia s m of th e
a
,

k is s we re u ns uccessful ; it is a ttes te d by s e v e ral


,

re s pe c ta bl e w rite rs th at w h il e th e w o1k me n w e re
,
.

diggin g up th e fou nd a tion s of th e te mpl e te rribl e ,

ea rth q ua k e s a n d b a ll s of fi re b rok e forth w h ich ,

o bl ige d th e mto d e s is t a n d caus e d a tota l s u re s s ion


, pp
of th e w ork 1 .

T h e mos t une x ce p tion a bl e te s timony to th is ex tra


ord in ary fa ct i s th a t of A mmia n us M a rc ell in us a ,

W
cel e b ra te d P a ga n h istoria n w h o w a s a fr ie n d a nd ,

a d mire i of J ul ia n Th is write r in h is h is tory of


'

.
,

h is ow n time s h a s th us r e cord e d the ob sta cl e s w h ich


,

in terp ose d to inte rrup t th e re s tora tion of th e te mp l e


of J e rusa le m : h il s t Al y p us a s sis te d by th e ,

g o v e r n or o f t h e p ro v in ce u r g e d w ith v ig ou r a n d
,

G ibb g
b

l i B 5 46

on, vo
p 10 6 . v. t .
p . and a e, . .
130 H I STO RY or TH E JE W S.

to v
s er e th e mmon g a in s t J ud a is m and
*
co ca us e a

Pa ga n s i m .

O th e rs , p a rtic ul a rl y Mr Ba s n age a n d D r La rd n e r
. .
,

h a v e e xp ress e d th e ir d oub ts re s
p e ctin g th e tru th of
mira cl e xl T h e l a tter of th es e w rite rs j ud ic iousl y

W
th is
ob s e rv e s

J ul ia n s inte n tion (or d es ire a t l ea s t) to
,

re b u ild th e c ity of J e rus a l e m a n d th e J e w is h te mp le ,

mp l ish e d
.

wa s nev er a cco ,
b ut w a s frus tra te d and

d e fe a te d . h e th e r it w a s ow in g to mira c ul ou s
in te rp os ition , or to h is p e x e ns i e v p re
p a ra tion s for
th e P e rs ia n w a r, a n d oth er c irc u ms ta n ce s of h is
a ffa irs , a n d d e fea t a n d d ea th in tha t w a r the
to h is ,

o v errul in g p rov id e n c e of G od o ug h t to be a ck n ow

l e dged in th e e v e n t ; a n d th e a rg ume n t for the


tru th of th e C hris tia n re l ig ion ta k e n from th e ful fi l ,

me nt of our S a v iour s p re d iction in th e d e s truc tion


o f J e rus a l e m a n d th e ov e rth row of th e J e wis h


,

e o l e b y V es p a s ia n a n d T itus a n d th e ir con tin T


ue d
p p ,

d is p e rs ion re ma in s in a ll its force i


,
.

J ti R m k l

or n s e p 3 97
ar s, v o . 11. . .

1 Th
'
d i f d t B g H i t y f th J w nd t
e rea e r s re e rre o as na e s

s or o e e s, a
'

vo l v iii f L d
. . o J wi h d H th T tim i f th r
a r ne r s

e s an ea en es on e s , or e e asons

on w h i h th y g
c d th i d i b l i f f th i mi l
e ro u n e r s e e o s rac e .

t L d a r nerJ wi h d H th T tim i ol v iii p 393


e s an ea en es on es , v . . . .
H I STO RY O F TH E JE S W .

C H A P T E R V II .

J
Sta te of th e ews u n er a en n an a n a en s — D urin
d V l ti i dV l th e re i n of . g g
T d l
h eo os ius th ey insu t th e Ch ris tia ns a t the fea s t of urim P .

d
E ic ts of h eo osius T d A fa se II
ess iah a ppea rs in Can is
.
-
l M d
T umu t 1n l e xa n ria — io en t e h a iou r o
l A d V l
f Cy ri , i shop of th a t
. b v l b
city J
e ws in th e w es t fa ou re
.
- by v
onorius — Re p ute con d H . d
ve rs ion of th ose i a inon e —S uppres sion of th e e wish p atria rc h s :
M J
of t h e J ews afte r th e irruption of th e b b ar arous natio ns

i nto th e Roma n e mp ire .

A D . . TH E re i gn of J ov ia n , wh o su c

ce e de d J ul ia n ,
w a s too s h ort to af
fect a n y ma teria l
a l te ra tion in the con d ition of th e J e w s V a l e n tinia n .
,

w h o u n d e r th e re ig n of a n a p os ta te h a d s ig na l iz e d
, ,

h is z ea l for th e h onour of C h ris tia n ity gra n te d a ,

ge n e ra l tol e ra tion to h is s ubj ects Th e P a ga ns .


,

th e J e ws a n d a l l th e v a rious s ec ts w h ich a ck now


,

l ed g e d the d iv in e a uth ority of C h rist w ere pr otected ,

b y th e l a w s from a rb itra ry p owe r a n d p op ul a r in su l t .

H e p roh ib ite d th e J e w is h sy n a g og ues fro m be in g


p r o fa ned
p l u n d e re d
, a n d d e m o l is h e d, U n d er h is .

re ig n a n d th a t of V a l e ns th e J e w is h a tria rc h s we re
,
p ,

re s tore d to th e e nj o m e n t of a l l th e ir p riv il eg es
y .

H o w e v e r V a l e ns d e p riv ed th is p eop l e of one g rea t


,

a dv a n ta g e by re v ok ing th e d ecre e w h ich h a d


,

e xe m ted th e m fro m ubl ic offi ces ? "


p p
T h e J e w s e nj oy e d a p ea cea bl e in te rv a l d urin g
th e re ig n s of G ra tia n Th eod os ius a n d A rca d ius
, , , .

T h e od os ius I g ra n te d th e m p a rtic ul a r j uris d iction ;



.

a n d b e s id e s th e ir c ivi l a n d u bl ic j udge t h e y h a d th e
p ,

p o w e r of e l ecting offi ce rs a n d ma g is tra tes of th e ir

ow n
p e rs uas ion T h ey p o s.s e s s ed a l s o a u th ority to
Basnage , p 5 4 7 . .

x2
132 n rsr onr or TH E JE W
S .

e xecute d ecree s w h ich w e re p a sse d resp ectin g


th e ,

th e re l ig io n a n d d isc ip l in e of th e ir b re th re n Th e .

tra n q uill ity w h ich th ey e nj oy ed u n d er T h e od os ius


w as ,
h ow e ve r d is turb ed b y s ome b igotte d C hr is
,
~

tia n s w h o ca used one of th e ir sy n a g og ue s to be


,

b u rn t ; b ut upon comp la int b e ing ma de to th e em


p e ror h e ord e re d it to b e reb uil t
,
S t A m b ros e it . .
,

i s sa id j ustifi e d th e ou tra g e a n d w a s h ig h l offe n d e d


, y ,

w ith th e e mpe ror for p rote cting a n unb el ie ving


na tion .
ale

D urin g th e re i gn of T he od os ius I I . the l i e ra b l


trea tme n t w h ich th e Jews ha d l ong e x e rie n ce
p d ,

mbold e ne d th e m to ode r

e an in s ul t to th e e sta blis hed


re l ig io n B ein g a sse mbl ed to cel eb ra te th e feas t of
.

P urim instea d of h a ngin g a fi g ure of H a ma n on a


h ig h g ibb et a s h a d b een th e ir commo n cus tom th ey


, ,

res ume d to fi x it on a cros s a n d w ith th e ir us ua l


'

p ,

ex ecra tion s b urn t th e cros s a n d th e fi g u re T he .

e mp e ror be in g a p p riz e d of th e ir in s ol en t b e h a v iour ,

roh ib ite d th e ir e rectin g a n d b u rn i n g s uch g ibb ets


p ,

u n d er th e p en a l ty of b e in g d e p riv e d of a l l th e ir

p ri v il e ges T h e J e w s g e n e ra ll
.
y ob e e d
y b u t t h ose

of M a ce d on a n d Da c ia con tim1e d th e ir in s ul ts of th is

k in d w h ich th e C h ris tia n magis tra tes re ta l ia te d by


b u rn in g the ir h ou se s a n d sy n a gogues a n d p uttin g ,

th e ir l e a d e rs to d ea th f -

A D . . In ord e r to s u p p re ss th ese d is orde rs ,

th e e mp e ror is sue d a n e d ict forb idd ing th e C hristian s ,

to b u rn th e s y na gog ue s a nd th e J e ws to offe r ins ul ts ,

to th e esta biis h ed re l ig ion Ab out th re e y ea rs a fte r .


,

th ose of l a me s te r a c ity in C h a l cis b e ing in fl a me d


, ,

B a sn a
g p 5 4 7 Je, ti R .m k . E l e i ti
or l H
n s i
’ t y e ar s on cc s as ca s or .

Ba s na ge , p 5 5 0 . .
134 H I S TO RY or r u n JE SW .

th e J ews . The e mp e ror wa s o bl iged in 42 5 , to


,

a na tion of h is for me r
p bl
u ish l
a n ex
p ed icts in ord er
,

to s up p ress th e cru el ty a n d inj us tice w h ich th e


,
,

re v oca tion of h is l a te d e cre e ca u s e d th e b i otte d


g
e
p p o l e to in fl ict up on th is u n h a
ppy n a tion .

A D
. . Th e J e ws w ere n u me rous in th e
is l a n d of Ca n d ia a nd h a d ac q uire d w ea l th
, Ab out .

th is time a n imp os tor a p p ea red w h o p re te n d ed to ,

b e a se con d M ose s s e n t to d e l iv e r h is p e op l e
, He .

p r o m is e d to d iv id e th e sea a n d a fford th e m a sa fe
,

a ssa g e th roug h it to th e ir ow n l a n d D i g
p u r n on e .

ea r h e a ss e d th rough e v e r tow n a n d v ill a g e in


y p y
th e is la n d a n d p e rs ua d e d h is c ou n try me n to me e t
,

h im on th e da y a n d a t th e p l a ce a p p oin te d
, T h ey .

coll ecte d a s muc h of th e ir e f fects as th ey w e re a ble


to ca rry a n d h a v in g a sse mbl e d w ith th e ir w iv e s a n d
,

ch ild re n h e l ed th e m to th e top of a rock a n d


, ,

comma n d e d th e m to ca s t th e mse lv es in to th e sea .

T h e me n w ith u n sh a k e n fa ith i ns ta n tl y ob ey e d
, , ,

a n d th e w ome n an d ch ild re n foll ow e d w ith e q ua l

a rd ou r . M a ny w ere d rown ed ; oth e rs w e re sa v e d


by C h ris tia n fi s h e rme n T h ey b e ca me se n s ibl e of
.

th e ir in fa tua tion a nd,


e n d e a v ou re d to s e iz e th e
imp os tor ; b u t h e h a d th e a dd re s s to e l u d e th e
s ea rch , w h ich l e d th e m to s us
p e ct th a t h e w a s th e
d e v il A sh a me d of th e ir bl in d cred ul ity ma ny w e re
.
,

in d uc ed to e mb ra ce th e p rofes s ion of C h ris tia n ity fi "

A D. . T h e c ity of Al e xa n d ria w a s c om
ute d to c on ta in a b out on e h u n d re d th ousa n d J e w s
p ,

w h o h a d ea rl y d is tin g u is h e d th e ms e lv es b y th e ir
d exte rity in tra d e a n d l ik e th e oth er Eg y p tia n s
,

w e re mutin ou s a n d s e d itious s ti m
A t th
i e th e
.
y
Bas na ge , p 5 5 1.
.
HI STO RY O F TH E J E . W Se

a xe d in th e s trictn es s
a nu mb er of th e m,
y s na g ogu es on th e s abb a th ,
re s e n t at th e ubl ic d ive rs ion s w h ich
p p ,

h ib ite d onth a t da y . O n th e se . occa s ion s

fre q ue n t d is s e n s ion s too p k l a ce b e twe e n '

th e m a nd

th e Ch ris tia n s w h ich s el d om i te rmin a ted w ith out


,
r

bl ood s h ed Cy ril th e b is h op of th e city w a s a rd e nt


.
,
'

i n th e p ros ecution of h e re s y a n d e n te rta in e d i , ,

a rticul a r a n extre m e a v e rs ion a ga in s t th e J e w s


p , , ,

w h om h e th re a te n e d w ith e ccl es ia s tica l e xe cution .

But con fi d in g in th e rote ction of O re s te s th e


p
r
,

g ov e rn or of Al e xa n d ria , w ho wa s th e ir : frie n d
a nd
p a tron , th ey

d es p is e d th e m e na ce S zo f th e
b is h op .


An l te rca tion h a v in g ta ken l a ce w ith th e
a
p .

C h ris tia n s ,
th e J e ws re so lv e d to . a tta ck th e m in th e

middl e of th e ni gh t; For th is p urp os e th ey d e


s p a tch e d v era l
se
p ers on s th roug h th e s tre ets of th e .

c ity ,
w h o e xcl a ime d th a t th e p rin c ip a l ch urch w a s
,

in fl a me s Al a rme d a t th is outcry th e C h ris tia n s


.
,

ca me h a s til y ou t u na r me d ; a n d th e J e w s w ho ,

d is tin g u is h e d th e m by s ome p ecul ia r ma rk s imme ,


'

d ia te l y a tta ck e d th e m a n d ma n y w e re s l a in in th is
,
~

tu mu l t

l
.
ae
E xa s p e ra te d a t th is outra g e C y ril w ith , ,

ou t w a itin g for a l e ga l s e n te n ce l e d a s ed itiou s ,

mu l titu de to th e a tta ck of th e s y na g og u es w h ich


'

th e y l e v e ll e d w ith th e g rou n d T h ey th e n e n te re d .

th e h ou s es a nd w ith ou t ma k in g a n d s tin ction


, ,
y i
b e tween th e gu il ty a n d th e in n oce n t p l un d ere d th e m ,

of a l l th e ir good s wh ich w e re a p p rop ria te d to l th e ‘


,

u se o f th e ch urch T h ey n e xt comp e ll e d th e re m
.

Ba s nage , p 5 5 1 . .
136

n a n t of th e
n rs r onr or TH E JE S W .

b el ie v ing n a tion to a ba n d on the city


un

a l most na k e d a n d Al e xa n d ria wa s im ov e rish e d b


p
,
y
th e l oss of a n in d us trious a n d w ea l th col on ‘
y y .

Ore s tes w a s e nra g e d a t th is infringe me n t up on


h is a uth ority T h e p eop l e a ls o d ecla red a ga in s t the
.

p ro c eed in gs of th e b ish op a nd e n d ea voure d to ,

er su a d e h im to s ub mit to th e g ov e rn or But h e
p .

res ol utel refu se d a nd a k in h e gos e l in h is


'

y t g t p , ,

h a n d e n d ea v oure d to intimid a te h im to a recon


,

cil ia tion Up on fi n d in g O re s tes infl e x ibl e b e com


.
,

me n d e d a reg ime nt of monk s y l a moun ting to fiftee n '

h un d re d to d esce n d fro m th e moun ta ins a n d a tta ck


, ,

h im in h is ch a riot A ccord in gl y h a v ing fi rs t re v ile d .


, ,

th ey a ssa ul te d a nd d a n g e rousl y w oun d e d h im H is



.

l ife h ow e v er wa s p res erv e d by th e p eop l e wh o


, , ,

re p a ire d to h is a s s is ta n ce rescu e d h im ou t of th e ,

h a n d s of th e monk s a nd comp ell e d th e m to p rovid e ,

for th e ir sa fety by fl igh t A fte r th e tumul t wa s .

a p ease d O res te s ca use d A mmon ia s th i i l


p , e
p r n c
pa ,

offe n d er to b e p u t to d ea th a n d s e n t a n a ccou n t of
, ,

th e w h ol e tra n sa ction to h is court Cy ril al s o .


,

w rote to th e e mp e ror to j ustify h is con d uct ; a nd


in h is next s e rmon d e cl are d A mmon ia s a marty r in
th e ca use of C h ris tia n it }:
y ‘

T h e i nd iscree t z ea l of Cy ril p rodu ce d a ne w


comm otion i n w h ich ma n e rs on s l os t th e ir l iv es ;
y p ,

an d a n a trocious mu rd e r ga v e a dd ition a l h orrors to


.

th is se d ition H y p a tia da ugh ter of T h eon a ce l e


.
, ,
~


m
9
R , p 5 32
. .

l '
Cy ri l ke pt a sta n d ing rmy of d ra goons n me l y
a , a ,
th e E y ptia n g
monks and Al exand rina dy to fig ht ec c l ias tic w h o were a l wa y
es s, s rea

h is b ttice ml o tin R em k on E l e H is t v ol v iii p ms


a -
r

s ar s cc s. .
,
. . . .

1 Ba sn ge p 5 5 6 J orti n s Remark s o Ec le iastica l H i tory ’


a , . . n c s s ,

vo l iii p 106
. . . .
138 ms roa r
'
or TH E JE S W .

ea cea bl e e nj o me n t of a l l th e ir rig h ts a n d i vil e eé


p y p r
g .

Ag re ea bly to th is d ec re e h e e xp re ss l y p roh ib ited the ,

d es truction of sy n a gog ue s a nd th e a pp rop ria tion of ,

th e m to a ny oth e r p ur ose s H l g v d
p e a s o a e o r e rs.
,

th a t th e y s h o uld n ot b e com e ll e d to v iol a te th e


p
s a bb a th on a ccoun t of th e ir ubl ic s e rv ic e s a lle g in g
p ,

th a t th e r es t of th e w e e k w a s s u ffi c ie n t for s e c ul a r

p pur os es H e d isa.
pp ro v e d o f th e u n j us t ca l u m n ie s

w h ich w e re ra is e d a ga in s t th is e o l e ; a n d c om
p p
e

ma n ded th e gov e rnors of p rov in ces to d o th e mj us tice ,

by res is tin g all th e e ncroa ch me n ts w h ich h a d be e n ,

a n d s h ould in fu tu re be ma d e u on th e ir r iv il e g es
p p .

H e a l so a ll owe d th e m to re ta in C h ris tia n s in th e ir


s e rv ic e rov id e d th e l ft th e m a t e n tire l ibert t
*
e o
p , y y
fulfil th e d utie s of th e ir rel ig ion O n th e oth er .

h a n d to p re v e n t th e J e w s froma b us in g th e ir l ibe rty


, ,

th e e mp e ror p roh ib ite d the ir b u ild in g n e w sy n a .

o ue s a n d ma k in g l t a n d d e riv e d th e m
gg , p r o se
y e s
p
of s ome offi ces ? w h ich th e f orme rl y e nj oy e d in th e
y
e mp ire .

A D . . Th e l b ra te d b ut d is p ute d
ce e con

vers ion of th e J e ws in M in orca is sa id to ,


h a ve
ta k e n p l a ce in th e fi fth ce n tury T h e re w e re tw o .

cons idera bl e tow n s in th is isl a n d ; a n d th e H e b re w s

w e re in te rd icte d from th a t in w h ich th e C h ris tia n ,

b is h op res id e d It is e v e n rel a te d tha t th ose w h o


.
,

re s u me d to e n ter it w e re g e n era ll u n is h e d w ith


p y p
s u dd e n a nd mira c ul ou s d ea th T h e oth er wa s .

ch ie fl y in h a b ite d by th e J e w s w h o u n d e r H O D O I IUS ;

Ba sna ge , p 5 5 7 . .

J
t Th e e w s we re ad mitted i to th Rom t oop fo f cen n e an r s r our

t i
u r es
; th ey co ti ued o t h m enfoonti g t ill th
n e mpe ro H o ori us
e sa n e r n

th o gh t p op r t
u d ecla th m i ca p ble 'of mi l ita ry se v ice
r e o re e n a r .

R q or ma tion
'
G r egoir e l he l

s E ssa y on th e f
o w s.
marrow or run JE S W . 13 9

en o ej y d v ery c on s i e ra d bl e a nd l ucra tiv e offi ce s .

T h e od os ius y , p d
re s i e n t of th e s na gog ue ,
an d doctor
of th e l a w , w a s th e p rinc ipa l p ers on in th e ~
isl a n d.

S e v eru s th e b is h op w as p e rsua d e d by O ros ius


, , ,

wh o had l a te ly re turn ed fromJ e rus a l e m l oa d e d w ith ,

mira cul ous re l ics to a tte mp t th e ir conv e rs ion Th ey ,


.

be ga n w ith p riva te a n d p rocee d e d to p ubl ic con ,

fe re n ce in th e sy n a gog ue T h e C h ris tia ns b e in g .


,

a riz e d th a t th e J e w is h w ome n in te n d e d to a s sa ul t
pp
th e m p rov id e d for th e ir d efe n ce
,
A tumul t e ns ued .
,

in w h ich th e s y na g og u e w a s d e s troy e d It is sa id .
,

h ow e v e r tha t th e b is h op e xh ib ited s uch a n u mbe r of


,

mira cl es th a t th e ir p rinc ip a l me n w ere in d uce d to


,

rel e n t a n d in th e c ou rse of e ig h t da y s th e g rea te s t


,

a rt of th e J e w s w ere con v erte d to th e C h ris tia n


p
fa ith a n d th e ir sy n a g og u e to a ch urch
, But s ome .
,

w h ocon tinu e d ob s tina te a n d intra cta bl e concea l e d ,

th e mse lv e s in ca v e rns till h un g e r comp ell e d th e m to ,

q uit th e ir retrea ts ; oth e rs l ea v in g th e ir p rop erty ,

b e h in d th e m s ough t a n a sy l u m in fore ig n cou n tries


, .

T h ese fa cts cl ea rl y d e mon s tra te th a t com m y i se r _

m“
J
e a n s ha d b e e n u s e d to e ffe ct a con v ers ion
- 0 v m n - ~ p
.

A D 4 2 9 J TheJ e ws s us ta in e d a s e v ere a ffl iction


. . .

i n th e fi fth c e n tury b y th e offi ce of p a tria rch w h ich , ,

h a d k e p t u p a ce n tre of un ity a mon g th e m b e ing , , .

a b ol is h e d b th e i m e ria l l a w T h e s e ch ie fs w e re
y p .
,

su orte d b ta xe s l e v ie d u on th e J e w is h l
pp y p .
e
p po e ,

w h ic h a t l e ng th
, be ca me s o e xorb ita n t th a t th ey, ,
.

a
pp l ie d to th e c iv il
p o w e r for rel ie f I n s te a d h ow .
,

e v e r of ob ta in in g re d re ss th e h a d th e mor tifi ca tion


,
y ,

of s e e in g th e trib u te c on v e rte d to th e e m e ror s u s e ;


p
a n d a s th e re w a s n o i n com ort th e d ig n it
, e to s u
pp y : ,

B g p 553 as na M d U iv l H i t y
e, . l xiii. o e rn n e rsa s or , vo . .
140 H I STO RY or TH E JE S W .

it b eca me A fte r this p eriod the w es tern


extinc t.

J e ws w ere s ol el y u n d er th e d irection of th e ch iefs


of th e s n a g og ues w h om th e a ll e d Prim a te s
f
y y c ,

T h e fi fth ce n tury wa s re ma rk a bl e for th e e ru p tion


of th e b a rba rou s n a tion s u on th e w e s te rn e mp ire

W
p .

Y e t th e J e w s on l y p a rticip a te d in th e ca la mities
w h ich usua ll y a tte n d g rea t re v ol ution s U nde r th e .

V a n da l s th ey e re a ll ow e d th e fre e e xe rcis e of th e ir
re l ig ion a n d on th e p a y m
,
e n t of trib ute w e re p e r

mitte d the free d om of commerce O ne of th e e fi e cts


'

of th e i n vas mn wa s th e d e struction of tra d e w h ich ,

th ose ba rb a ria ns w h o d e l ig h te d in w a r h eld in l ittl e


, ,

e s tima tion Comme rce w a s th e re fore tra n sferre d to


.

a p eop l e w h o were g e ne ra ll t rea te d w ith ig n om i


, y n
y
an d con te mp t a n d p recl ude d from e nj oy ing titular
,

d ig n ities a n d civ il a n d mil ita ry offi c es xf


,

A fter th e Goth s ob ta ine d p os s ess ion of I ta l y th e ,

J e w s con tin ue d to be p rotected by th ose ba rb a rous


k ings . T h eodore t in pa rtic ul a r des erv es h igh , ,

comme n d a tion for th e l ib era l it of h is c on d u ct


y .

D uring h is reign th e J e ws h ad forme d e s ta bl ish men ts


,

a t N a l es R om e M il a n a n d G e n oa for th e b e n e fi t
p , , , ,

of tra d e a nd u n d er th e sa n ction of th e l a w s
, Y et .

th e ir p e rsons w e re in s ul te d ; th eir e ffe cts p ill a g ed by


th e p op ula ce of Ra v e n na a nd Rome u p on th e mos t ,

friv ol ous or e xtra v a ga n t pre te ns ion s


, T h eodore t .

e n d ea v oure d to rectif th ese a b use s ; h e d e fe n de d


y
th e m a ga in s t th e C h ris tia n zea l ots a nd forba de a ny ,

T heod os ius an d Vl a entin ian dep riv ed the p a tria rc h s of th e ir

offi ce , and a p
p l ied th e ta xes w h ich w e re l e v k d fo r the ir s u p po rt to

th e impe ria l trea su ry . H ono ri u s a s o l pu bli h d


s e ,
at th e e nd of the
fourth ce ntu ry , a law u
p on th e sa me su bj e ct — Ru sa nge, p 556
. .

t B al a n e ,
g p 5 60
. . A d n e rson on Comme rce .
142 H I STORY or TH E JE S W .

CH A P T E R Vl Il .

0f th e Jewi h s aca d emies i th e east —Ra bb i A ce begins to ompil


n s c e

the T lm d
a u of B by l o — An ac
a u t of th
n M a m — P ersecutio
co n e a n

of th e J e ws i P ni d u in g the fi fth
e rs a d ixth ce nt uri — O f th
r an s es . e

S eb u rea ns an d G —S ta t of th J w
a on s . d th P e i mo
e e e s un er e rs an

n a rc h s . — T h e ir a tte mp t u p on Ty re— O f th e ir s ta te in th e wes t .

J us tinia n s e di g a ins t th e m— A pp e a ra nce of a fa lse Me s sia h .



c ts a .

Re v lto in Ce sa rean — Th e J e ws as s is t th e G oth s a g a ins t J ustinia nw


Th ey ra ise a n ins u rrection in Antioch — Con v ers ion of th ose in the
is l an d of Cy p rus .

T H E J e w is h a ca d e mies
ds in th e ea s t w e re tow a r

th e cl os e of th e fi fth ce n tu ry in a fl ou rish in g con d i


tion u n d e r th e d ire ction of ra bb i A sce w h o w a s
, ,

e min e n tl y d is tin g u is h e d for h is ta l e n ts a n d l ea rn in g .

H e w a s b orn a t S ora in Ba b y l o n a n d a t th e ea rl y ,

a e of fourte e n w a s ch os e n s id e n t of th e ce l e
g p re

b ra te d a ca d e my in th a t c ity w h ich offi ce h e e nj oy e d ,

s ixt ea rs H e d ie d i n
y y .

A fte r h a v ing ta ug ht w ith th e h ig h es t re p uta tion


forty y ea rs h e b eg a n a coll ec tion of th e s a y ing s
, ,

d eb a te s a n d d ecis ion s of th e ra bb ie s from th e time


, ,

of J ud a h th e S a in t to th e p eriod in w h ich h e l iv e d .

H e a rra n g e d th irty fi ve b ook s ; b u t h is d ea th p re s

v en te d h is comp l e tin g th e w ork How e v er it w a s .


,

a t l e n g th fi n is h e d by h is d is cip l e s a n d s ty l e d th e ,

Ta l mud of Ba by l on fi "
T h is coll e c tion l ike th e ,

It is lled f m its be ing the p rod uctio of th e B by l oni


so ca ro n a an

sch oo l s as th e T a l mu d of J e us l e m d e iv es its na m
,
e from its b e ing
r a r

compile d f th J ws ior Pa lestin e T h i consists of th e M i of


e e n . s sna

J ud h the S int a d th e Ge mara of J ocha nam Th T l mu d of


a a , n . e a

Ba by lo co i ts of th e me M i na w ith the G ema of bb i Am


n ns s sa s ,
ra ra .

0 1 th e ubj ec t of th ese Ge m as a d i t ing uish ed J e w h


1 re m a k ed
ar s as r ,
s ,

th at bei ng noth in more than coll ectio of se time ts p ra b les


g a n n n , a ,
H I S TO RY O F T H E

JE S W . 143

Ta l mud m com s e s th e M isn a


'

ov erusa l e
p ri ,
w h ich ,

is th e te xt, a nd is common to b oth a n d th e G e ma ra

or co mme n ta ry ll e d th e comp l e tio n


, w h ich is ca .

T h e J e w s e n te rta in th e h ig h e s t v e n e ra tion for th is


w ork a l ea rn e d w rite r of th e ir na tion s t l e s it
y a ,

com l e te s s te m of a l l th e ir l ea rn in g a n d a c o m re
p y p ,

h e n s ive rul e of a l l th e p ra c tica l p a rts of th e ir l a w s


a n d re l ig ion 1 .

Ra bb i A sce l e ft a s on call e d H un a a n d two


'

cel e b ra te d d is c ip l e s w h o w e re to h a v e fi n is h e d th e
, ,

Ba by l on ia n Ta l mud But th e w ork w a s re ta rd e d .

*
by a v iol en t p e rse cu tion w h ic h ra g ed in P e rs ia
a ga in s t th e J e w is h n a tion a n d w h ich is sa id to h a v e ,

con tin ue d s e v e n t th re e
y y ea rs T h e s n a g og ues
y
-
.

w e re s h ut th e ob se rvation of th e sa bb a th p roh ib ite d


, ,

a n d th e s ch ool s a n d ch a el s g iv e n to the M a g i
'

p
'

H u na ,
w h o w a s th e n th e J e w ish '
ch ief, a nd h is tw o
d is cip l es w ere imp ris on e d d ea th w ith d , a n d s uffere

a s ton is h ing con s ta n c B ut th e y ou th ful p a rt of th e


y .

c ommun it b e in g more a tta ch e d to th e l e a s u re s of


y , p
l ife w ere ea s ily in d uce d to a p os ta tiz e from th e ir re l i
,

g ion a n d th e ir e xa mp l e wa s foll ow e d by a ge nera l


d e fe ction in I sra e l i

a nd l g ld
e a e ter mina tions of th e se v lge ra rea t men of th e ir sch oo s a t l
d iff e re n t time s , th e tw o G e ma ras ma y be cons i ere d d a s one , a n d th e
B by l on is h o n ly a co ntin u a tion o f th e J l m It is true , h o we v

W
a e ru sa e . e r,

sa y s h e , th e former is th a t inte n d d e to be d iges n a te d by th ge ric e ne

e xp res s io n of T lm d a u ; bu t on ly b e ca use , a s b e in g l te d mo
a r an re

co mp l e te th a n th t f Ja o e rusa e l m , it co mp rise s th e l as t. ~
A d a ms R e li

giou s or l d disp l ay ed , v ol i
'

.
p 33
. . .

It h a s e en v b een sa i d , th a t th ou h th ey g fi
af r m th e Scrip tu re , the
Mi s na , a nd G e ma ra , to be q u lly
e a of d iv i ne a u th o rity , th ey co mpa re
th e Sc r ip tu re to w a ter, th M i e sna to wine , a nd th e G a m ma to th e
ch oice s t w ine — Ba s na
ge, p 16 8 . .

t Le i s Ce remon ies
v J
«

of th e i 5 62

ews , p 3 10
. . Basna ge , p . .
144 msroa v '
or r a n JE S W
.

The mp ila tion of th e T a l mud w as h ow e ver


co , ,

resumed by th e l ea rn e d me n of th e n a tion a n d it is ,

gene ra ll y s upp os ed th a t it w a s compl e te d in th e


,

s ixth ce n tur
y T hi s w ork w as re ce iv ed wi th h igh
.

l au se b th e J e ws w h o a g ree d th a t n o a ddi tion


a
pp y ,

or d imin ution s h ould be ma d e to it for th e future .

But a n e w ord e r of d octors a ros e ca ll ed S eb urea n s ,

or S ce p tics w h o p rofe ss e d to d ou b t of e v e r th in
,
y g ,

a nd o os e d th e in fa ll ib il it w h i h th i b re th re n
pp
a ttrib ute d to th e Ta l mu d *
y c e r

A fte r th e J e w s h a d l ost th eir ex is te nc e a s a na tion ,

th ey w ere s ol icitous to p rese rve th e p u ri ty a nd


in te grity of th e ir s a cre d book s For th is p urpose .

a n umbe r of l ea rn e d ra bb ie s com il ed a w ork sty l e d


p ,

th e Mas ora in w hi ch th ey fi rst fi x e d th e true


,

rea din g of th e H e b re w te x t b v owel s a n d a cce nts ;


y
a nd s e con dl n um b d n ot on l th e ch a p te rs a n d
, y er
, e y
se ction s bu t e v en th e v ers es w ord s a n d l e tters of
, , ,

th e O ld T es ta me n t
th is w ork “ A l a te l ea rn e d w rite r h a s s ty l e d
.

th e mos t s tup en d ous mon u me n t in th e


w h ol e h is tory of l ite ra ture of min ute a n d p erse ,

v a ring l a b ou r 1 T h e J e w s ca ll th e M a sora th e
.
'

h edge or fe n ce of th e l a w
,
b eca use th e e nu me ,

ra tion of th e v erse s & c is a mea n of p res e rv ing it


, .

from be ing a l tere d o r corrup te d .

T h ey asse rt th a t w h e n G od ga v e th e l a w to M oses
on m h e ta ugh t h im th e true rea d in g

ou nt S ina i , ,

w h ich wa s h an d ed d ow n by ora l tra d ition from a ge


to a ge till it wa s committe d to w ritin E l ias Le
, g .

v ita a c el e b ra ted ra bb i w h o b estowed twen ty y ea rs


, ,

lab our on e x pl a in in g
com il ers of it th e J
p
7’ B g p 5 62
enna e, . .
146 H I STO RY or Ira n J ews .

ne g otia tion s for p ea ce w ith th e e mp e ror J ustiniarn,


w h ich w ere th e n i n g re a t forwa rd ne ss For th is .

h m is e d Oh os roes, th a t if h e w ould

u
p pr ose t e
y p ro ,

con s e n t to con tin ue th e w a r, th ey w ould fur n is h h im


w ith fi fty d me n by w hose a ssista nce h e
th ousa n ,

mig h t be e na bl e d to con q ue r J eru sa l e m one of th e


r ich es t citm
,

e in th e w orl d T h e k in g d upe d by .
,

th e ir fl a ttering promise s broke off h is tre a ty w ith ,

th e e mp eror a nd p re p a re d to ca rry th e p roj ect into


,

e x ec ution H e w as ho wev e r s oon informed th a t


.
, , ,

th e p ers on s w ho w e re em l
p yo e d in th e tr ea ch erou s

d es ign h a d b ee n se ize d by ord er of g ov ern me nt a n d


a fte r m a k in g a full d is cov er of th e ir l a n a nd

y p
a b ettors h ad b een p u t to d ea th
, But this inte l .
e

l ige n ce d id n ot d eter C h os roes fromp ros ecu tin g th e


war w h ich w a s cond ucte d w ith g rea t e n e rgy a n d
, ,

ma ny s uccess ful inroa ds w e re ma d e into S y ria a nd n

Pa l e stin e T h e J e w s h ow e v e r p a rticip a ted in the


.
, ,

comm on ca l a mitie s
,
a n d w e re trea te d w ith e q ua l
,

s e v e rity w ith th e oth e r in h a b ita n ts of th e con qu e re d

coun trie s T h e ir a ca demie s w ere sh ut ; th e ir l ove


.
.

of l ea rn in g b eca m

W
e e xtin g uis h e d th e p rin ce of th e

ca p tiv it w a s obl ige d to re mov e in to J u de a a n d th e


y ,

ea s te rn J e w s w e re d es titu te of ch iefs to p resid e ov er

th e m .

A D . . h e n H ormis d a s th e T h ird as .

ce n d e d th e th ron e b e re s tore d the ir forme r p rivrl e ges


, ,

w h ich th e y d to e nj oy d uring the re ig n of


con tin ue

th is p rinc e T he a ca de my of P un debita w as op ene d


.

u n der th e d irec tion of th e ce l e b ra te d ra b bi Ch ana n

Me h ischa A n ew ord er of doctors ap p eare d w h o


.
,

w e re ca ll e d G aon s (s ubl ime or ex ce l le nt) an d de


, , .
'
n Is ronv on T H E JE S W . 147

s tro
y ed th e S eb urea ns , or S ce p tics T hese d octors
.

w e re d ch ie fs of th e
con s titu te a ca d e mies w e re c on ,

s uite d u on a l l d iffi cul t q ues tion s a n d th e ir decisio n s


p ,

we re re ga rd e d a s ora cl e s b y th e ir br e th re n wh o ,

con s id e re d th e m th e a bies t in terp re ters of th e l a w fi


"

Afte r C hosr oe s II h a d murd ered h is fa ther Hon .

misd a s in orde r to ob ta in th e th ron e his son Va ra n es ,

re b e ll e d a ga in s t h im a n d h a d th e a dd re s s to e n ga g e
,

th e J e w s in h is in te res t T h ey h owe v e r p a id .
, ,

dea r for th e ir p resu mp tion a n d Va ra nes b eing re


duced to s u bj ection th ey w e re rega rd e d as a fa ith l es s
,

a n d im p l a ca bl e p eop l e th a t excite d th e s u bj e cts ,

a ga ins t th e ir p r in ces a n d fome n te d s ed ition , T h ose .

of A n tioch w ere th e fi rs t vi ctims of C h os roes re s e nt



s

men t ; ma ny of w h omp erish e d b y th e s word oth ers


w ere p ut to d ea th b y th e mos t crue l torme n ts a nd

th ose w h o s urv iv ed subj ecte d to th e most a bj e ct


, ,

sl a v ery l
-

A D . . C h os roe s h owe v er w a s a fter wa r d s , ,

W
reco n cil e d to th e J e w s w h o a e a r to h a v e re n de red
pp ,

h im ma n y s ig na l a nd i mp orta n t ser v ice s T h ey a cte d .

in c oncert w ith th is mona rch d urin g h is in va s ion of


Pa l es tine a nd e v e n furn ish e d h im w ith a n a rmy of
,

tw e nty th ou sa n d men h en a fte r th e re d uction of


.
,

Gal ilee th e P ersian mona rch ma d e h ims el f mas ter of


,

J erusa l em: th ey w ith furiou s b ig otry p ill a ge d a n d


, ,

d estroy e d the C h ris tia n ch urch es a n d th e k in g


h a v ing d el iv ered th e C h ristia n p rison e rs in to th e ir
h a n ds th ey sa tia te d th e ir imp l a ca bl e h a tred a ga ins t
,

ll m g p 5 65 Mod U iv s l H i t l xiii p 2 08
'

a a e, . . e rn n er a s . vo . . . .

l B

as n a e ,
g p 5 6 6 M . U i . l H i t l xiii p 18
avo r s

n versa s . vo . . . .

1 J r s l emw
. e u a ov d f m th P ia by th G k mp
a s rec e re ro e e rs ns e ree e e ror

H li
e ra c d oo
us, a n ft s
'
t k by th A b i
u a er S a th f ll wi g
en e ra a ns . ee e o o n

ch a p ter.
W
W
148 ms ronr '
or TH E JE S .

th a m,
'

by p uttin g n in ety th ousa n d of th is unh a p p y


p eop l e to a crue l d ea th f
"

h il e C h os roes w a s
'

b es ieg in g C onsta n tin op l e,


a n d a l l th e forces of S ria a n d J ud ea w e re e m l o e d
y p y
in d efe nce of th a t city th e J e w s con s ired w ith
'

,
p
th e ir b re th re n in Pa l e stine to ma k e a n a tte m t to
p
con q ue r T re a n d d e str o its in h a b ita n ts Bu t
y , y .

th e T y ria n s h a v in g ob ta in e d timel y in tell ig e n ce of


th e ir d es ig n w e re p re p a re d for th e a tta ck a n d re ,

p u l se d t h e m w i th g rea t b ra ver
y A fte r th is disa
p .

p o i n tm e n t t h e
y
,
d is ers e d th e mse lv e s th rough th e
p
a n d a ssa ul te d a n d b u rn e d ma n

W
c ou n tr f the
'

y , y o

C h ristia n ch urch es T h ey w ere a t l en g th va n .


, , ,

u i h d b t h e T ria n s w h o sa ll ie d ou t of th e cit
q s e
y y , y ,

a n d ma d e a terribl e sl a ugh te r l
-

h il s t th e e a s ter n J e w s in th e s ixth cen tury , ,

s us ta in e d a s e rie s of p ers ecutions i n P e rs ia th e ir ,

b re th ren in th e w e st w e re cruelly op p re sse d a nd ,

g ra d ually s trip p e d of th e ir immun ities a nd p riv il e ge s .

T h e e mp eror J us tin ia n w h o a ss ume d th e p re roga,

tiv e of d e cid ing on a l l re l ig ious con trov e rs ie s iss ue d ,

an e d ic t w h ich p ro h ib ited th e ir cel e b ra tin g the


a ss o v e r a ccord in g to th e ir ow n ca l c ul a tio n a nd
p ,

obl ig e d th e m to ob s e rv e it a t th e s a me time w ith th e

C h ris tia n ch urch S oon a fter h e forba de th e ma g is


.

tra te s to a d mit th e m to g iv e e v id e n ce a ga ins t th e


C h ris tia n s ; a n d d e p riv e d th e m of th e p riv il ege of
ma k in g w ill s a nd b e q u e a th in g l egacies
,
T h ese .

d e cre e s we re foll ow ed by a noth e r s till more op p res ,

s iv e ,
w h ich in te rd icte d th e m from e d uca tin g th e ir

ch ild re n i n th e ir ow n fa ith J ustin ia n al so a t th e



.
,

re q ues t of th e c ou n cil of C a rth a g e d e p riv e d th ose o


f ,

s
l

B g p
asna e , 5 6 6 . . B g M d U iv
a na H i t
e. o ern n e r. s .
W
W
15 9 n l sr onv or TH E JE S .

T h e J ew s j oine d th e G

W
ga inst J 111k oth s "E
in I ta l y a

tin ia n a nd h is ge ne ra l B e l isa rius h il e th is ce l e .

b ra te d offi cer w a s e n ga g e d in th e s ieg e of Na p les ,

th ey d efe n d e d th e c ity w ith th e mos t ob stin a te re s o


' '

W
l u tion : h e n th e c itize ns w ere a b out to ca p itul a te
.
,

th ey e ncoura ge d a n d p ers ua d e d th e m to h old out to


th e l as t e xtre mity I n conseq ue n ce of th eir a x er
.

tions th e s ie g e w a s p rotra cte d w h ich occa s ione d th e ,

d es truction of ma n y of th e R oma n s old iers he n .

th e c ity wa s ta ke n th ough B e l isa rius e n d e a v oure d to


,

ins p ire h is troop s w ith s en tim e nts of cl e me nc a nd


y
p yit , th e J e w s w ith o u t a n y d,
is ti n c tio n of a e
g s e x , ,

er ra n k w ere c ruelly p ut to dea th


,
I ntimid a ted .

by th is d rea dful s e v e rity th ey re ma ine d p e a ce a bl e ,

d urin g th e two sub s eque nt reig ns .

A D . At l e n gth u n d e r th e re ig n of ,

P h oca s th e J ews a t A ntioch w h ere th e y had


b ecome p op ul ous a n d a m
, ,

ue n t ra is e d a n ins u rrection ,

a g a in s t th e C h ris tia n s w h o d e fe n d e d th e ms elv e s with


,

g rea t res ol ution bu t n ot b eing suffi cie ntl y p ow erful


to rep el th e ir e n e mie s th ey b eca me th e v ic tim , s of
th e ir cruel ty M a ny w ere b urn t in th e ir h ou ses ;
.

a n d b is h o A n a sta s ius n d v r l t h fte r


p a s e e a o e rs, a ,

h a v in g e n d ure d th e gre a te st in d ig n itie s w e re p ut to ,

d e a th T h e re b ell ion h owe v er a fte r a n a rd uous


.
, ,

con fl ict w a s s up p ress e d b y a p ow erful b ody of


,

force s wh ich P h oca s se n t a ga in s t th e m ; and th e


,

ba rba rous con d uct of th e insu rg e nts s e vere ly


u n ish ed xf
p

Th e fid l itye of th e J
e ws to th e G oth ic ki g
n s ca nn ot j u tly
s be
a ll ged
e
a g a ins t th e m, s ince the y were th e n th e ir s ubj ect s.

Ba sna ge, p 5 79 ; .

i Bas nage , p 878 . .


HI STORY O F TH E JE S W .

A D
. . T h e J e ws a t th is p eriod n otwith
, ,

s ta n d in g th e e d ict of Ad ria n h a d b ecome n umerous


,

in Cy p rus .About four y ea rs a fte r th e in surrec tion


a A n tioch b is ho L i f in g tha t th e isla n d
t , p eo n t us e ar ,

would s uffe r s imila r cal a mities resolv ed to us e ev e ry ,

i e meth od to e fi ect th ei r con ve rs ion


' "

p oss bl H is .

e n d ea vo u rs p rov e d so s u cc es sful if w e ma y de p e nd
,

up on h is a o log to b e ge n u ine th a t th e g rea te r


p y ,

a rt of th e m r e n ou n ce d J ud a is m a n d w ere ba p
p ,

tized fi " Ma n y of th e ir b reth re n in oth er p arts , ,

w ere a bout th is ti me in d uce d to p rofess th e C h r is tia n


re lig ion A l ea rn e d e ccles ia s tica l h istoria n h ow e v

.
,

rema rk s , th a t it mus t h e a ck n ow l e dge d th a t of ,

th e se con v e rs ion s th e rea te r p a rt we re ow ing to


g

W
.

th e l i be ral ity of C h ristia n rinces ra th e r th a n to th e


p ,

force of a rgu me nt or lov e of ,

33 9 , p 5 7 9.
. M oshe im ’
s Ecc les iastica l Hi s t . v ol . 11. p 98
. .
H I STO RY O F TH E JE S W .

CHA PTE R I X .

A pp eara nce f M h om t — Hi b h v i
o a e t s e a our o th e J ews — T he
y ta ke
ar ms a ga ins t h im a re red u ced and compe ll ed to become tributa ry
, , .

—Rap id conq uests of the ca l iph O mar ; h e besieges a nd ta kes Je ru


sa l e m — Tlie Je
. c cess in P e rs ia — T h ey a re fa
ws rej oice a t h is s u .

by th e rs t ca ip h s — h ose in ta y a re p rote cte by pope


fi l T I l d :
v ou red

m
.

g
G re o ry th e G re a t — '‘
l h ey a re se e trea te
. by th e e mperor I
-
v d
Hera c ius, who insti a tes oth e r mona rch s to pe rsecute th em
l g

W
.

A D. .M AH O M E T th e fa mou s A ra b ian ,

imp ostor a p p ea re d in th e ea rl y p a rt of th e s e v en th
,

ce n tu ry a n d e s ta bl is h e d a n e w rel ig ion
,
w h ich by , ,

force of a rms ma d e a rap id p rog ress in th e orld


, .
"

M a n y of th e J e ws a fter th e d es truction of the ir , ,

coun try h a d fled to A ra b ia ; a n d th e ind us trious !


,

e xil e s w h o a s p ire d to l ib e rty a nd p ow er ob ta in e d


, ,

o s se ss ion of s e v e ra l tow ns a n d fortre ss es a n d h ad


p ,

a rm ies a n d p rince s to comma n d th e m T h e ir


'

.
,

n um b e r a nd res p ecta b il ity in d uced Ma h omet a t fi rst


to trea t th e m w ith g rea t a ttention “H e ord ere d h is
foll ow e rs w h e n th ey p ra y e d to turn tow a rd s th e ,

te mp l e of J erusa l e m ; a n d a d op te d ma n y of th e ir
O p inions a nd cus toms in ord er to e nga g e th e m ,

ale
i n h is in te res t .

Th e J ews d a zzl ed by th e s p l e n d our of h is vic


,

to r ie s b,
e g a n to re g a rd h im a s t h e e x p e c te d M e s s ia h ,

an d s o m e p e r s o n s o f d is tin c t io n a m o n g th e m e m
b ra d
c e h is r e l ig i o n H o w e v er t h.e
y w ere s oon
, ,

a fte r m,
u c h o ff e n d e d a t h i s e a t in g ca m e l s fl e s h w h ic h ’

b dd
is for i e n y b t h e M o sa i c l a w B u t th e fe a r of .
-

a p e a ri g n in c o n s ta n t o r t h e h O
p e o f d er iv ing ad
p ,

v a n ta ge from th e imp os tor in d uce d th e m to a i d h 1m ,

Ba g p 5 6 6 G
s na e ,ibb l i
. . on, vo . v .
154 i ns r onr or r un JE S W .

ge d the J e ws in Hegia sa m h a v ing obl ige d


s ie
'

th e m to s u rre n d e r a t dis cre tion d rove th e m into .


,

e xil e T he ir w ea lth w a s con fi scated a nd d istribu te d


.
,

am on g h is foll ow e rs .

i n w h ich th e imp os tor

W
h imnea r K a ib a r ; a n d th ough th is p l ac e w a s th e se a t
of th e J e w is h ow er in A ra b ia th is mis e ra bl e e o l e
p , p p
w e re d efea te d w ith g rea t sl a ugh te r T h e ir l ea de r .
,

w ho ith d iffi cul ty esca p ed b e in g resolv e d to try ,

th e e ve n t of a n oth er en ga g e men t w as a ga in com ,

p te ly route d ; a n d s uffe red dea th w ith th a t com


l e

s ta nc
y w h ich c h a ra cte riz es h is n a tion A fter th e .

termin a tion of th e u n e q ua l con fl ic t th e J e ws w ere , .

co m e ll e d to s ub mit to th e o w e r of th e con q ueror


p p ,

a nd be come trib uta ry S ome ti me a fte r th e death .

of th e i mp os tor th ey w e re tra n s p l a n te d to S y ria


, ,

b e h a v in g l eft it a s h is dy in g inj u n ction th a t one ,

a n d th e true re l ig ion s h ou ld a l one be p r ofess e d in

h is na tiv e l a n d of A ra b ia * .

I n th e ca l ip h s w h o s uccee d e d Ma home t w ere


, ,

unite d b oth th e te mp ora l a n d th e s p iritua l powe r 1 ,

a n d th ei r v a l ou r b e in g a n im a te d b
y,
t h e v iol e n t s irit
p
of fan a tic is m w a s a l toge th e r irre sis tibl e
, O ma r .
.
,

th e s ec on d ca l ip h w a s one of th e mos t ra p id con

W
s
,

e ror s , w h o e v e r sp rea d d e sol a tion ov e r th e fa ce


q u .
.

of th e ea rth D urin th e te n y ears of h is re ig n


.
g
,

h e s ubd ue d A ra b ia S y ria M es op ota mia Pe rs ia , , , ,

a n d E gy p t ith th e S a ra ce n s u n d e r h is comma n d
.
,

h e in v este d J erusa l e m a n d a fte r a n ob s tin a te s iege , ,

1
an d l '‘
ur k s, wh o b gie n th e ir co mp u ta tion fro m the da y tha t M ah ome t
co mpe lle d to ma ke h is esca pe fro th e m c it
y of M e cca , w hic h too k
pl a ce , J ly u 16, A . d
D 6 2 2 , un e r th e rei
.
t M e mpe ror Heracl ius .

9 G ibbon, vo l . v i.
H I STORY or r u n JE S W . 15 5

wh ich l a ste d fou r month s , th e C h ris tia n s , h a v in g


o btained an h on oura bl e
r d ere d '
ca p itul a tion , s u re n

the city T h e con q ue ror w ould n ot a ll ow th em to


. .

bé d e p rive d of th e ir ch u rch e s But b y h is comma n d . ,

W
th e g rou n d w h e re S ol omon s te mpl e stood wa s p re

,

d f th e fou n da tion of a mos q ue wh ich wa s


p a re o r ,

th e fi rs t Ma h ome ta n p l a ce of w ors h ip e recte d in


J e rusa l e mfl ‘

P ers ia s ub mitte d to th e v ictorious S ara cens


h en .
,

th e J e w s w h o h op ed for a fa v oura bl e cha ng e in


,

th eir a ffa irs rej oice d in th e ir s ucc e ss


,
l s des ge rd i .

th e T hird th e l as t P e rs ia n mon a rch h a d a ccord in g


, , ,

to th eir a nn al s e ith e r b e gu n or ca rrie d on a bl ood y


, ,

e rs ec ution a ga in s t th e m; giv ing th e ir s na g ogu es


p y
to th e M a g i a n d ca u sing th eir a ca d e mies to b e s h ut
, .

Th e ra p id con q ue sts of th e e ne mies of th e ir cruel


Op p ressors w h o w ere eith er Pa ga ns or C h ristia ns
, ,

a n d th e fre qu e nt d e s truction of th e ch urch es of th e

la tte r h ig hl y g ra tifi ed th e ir incl ina tions T hey a re


,
.

e v e n a cc us e d of ha v in g in g ra tia te d th e ms e lv es with

th e S a ra ce n s b y in s tigating th e m a ga inst th e C h ris


,
:

tia n s T h ose e n th us ia s tic con qu erors for s ome time


.

us ed th e ir
p ros erit
p y w ith m od e ra tio n ; a n d th oug h

th e J e w s ofte n ch a ng ed ma s te rs b th e s w ift s uc
y
c es s ion of mon a rchs th e y o n l y p a rticip a te d in th e ,

W
Bas n age , p 5 7 2 . . l
J er u sa em wa s tra nsfe rre fro m th e p osse ss ion d
o f th e G re e k
Ch r is tians , to th e ominio n of th e ra ia n ussa ma ns , d A b M l
a nd c ontinued in s ub ec tion to th e cal iph s , a ou t fou r h u n re
j b d d
y ea rs . he n Om r t k a oo th e city , th e i nh b it t w
a an sll w d ere a o e

l ig ion ; p oh ib i t d f om
[

e xe rcis e of
J
th e th e ir re bu t the y w e re r e r

b ild i
u ng a ny n e w ch u rc h e s, e ith e r in th e me tropo l is , or the adj a ce nt

c o u ntr
y ; from ri in d g up ddl e o h e ing y k i d of rm
on sa s, r ar an n a s.

Th ey w e re o b l ig ed t d ess i diffe t m
o f m th M h d
r n a ren a n ne r ro e a

meta ns , an d su bj t d to p ay tribu t to thei o q u ro O ck k y


ec e e r c n e rs .

s

S a ra cen

s Con q ue s ts , p 258
. .
l 56 ms ronr '
or TH E JE S W .

co mmon l mities
ca a w h ich a tte n d g rea
in gove rnme nts T h ey h i .

'

of th e fi rs t ca l i h s w h o
p ,

e xe rcis e of th e ir re l ig ion

ca tiv it to j o g r t
p y e n
y ea

th e ir a ca d e mics to b e o
p e ne d ,
a nd

fl ourish in g con d ition .


"E

A D. . A nu mb er of th e Roma n pon tif


f s

ha ve be e n
q ually ind ulg en t to th e J ew ish na tion
e

with th e fi rs t ca l ip h s I n I ta l y w h e re th is p e op l e
.
,

we re n u merous in th e s e ve n th ce n tury th ey w ere ,

trea ted w ith mod era tion a n d k in d nes s b y p op e


G rego ry th e G rea t T h e ir ge n e ra l con v e rs ion w as
.

th e obj ect of h is a rd e n t d es ire s a n d ea rne st e nd ea ,


'

vours .I n ord er to efi ect th is b e n e v ol e n t d e s ig n h e ,

w rote to h is rece iv er in S ic il y to a ba te th os e w h o ,

ro fes sed th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion a th ird a rt of th e


p p .

re v en ues th e y w ere in d e b te d to h im H e a lso .

wa r ml y ex h orte d h is cl e rgy a n d fl ock to use th e J e w s


w ith ca n d ou r a nd m n dern e ss a ll eg in
g th a t th e
y , ,

w e re one da to b e re ca ll ed a n d b ecome a l a rge


y ,

p a rt o f C h ris t s fold a

n d t h a t t h e
p pro e r m e th od to

con d uct th e m to th e un it o f th e f a ith w a s k in d a n d


y ,

frie n dl y tre a tmen t V iole nce s a id h e w ill d is


.
,

,

gus t th ose w h o migh t be a ll u re d by ge ntl e nes s a n d


ch a rit H s tron gl e x res s e d h is a b h orr e n ce of
y .e y p
th e p e rse cution th e y s uffe re d in d iffe re n t cou n trie s ,

a n d con d e mn e d th e z ea l of s ome of th e b is h op s
'

a ga ins t th e m H e e v e n re p re h e n d e d th e con d uct of


.

a con v e rte d J e w w h o in ord er to


, ,
self

w ith th e C h ris tia n s s e t u p a cros s e of th e


, g ,

v irgin in a sy na g og ue G re gory
, .
th e cros s

Ba s nage , p 5 7 3 . .
'
u rs ro mr or r . m: J aws .

h isv e ngeance by p rofe s sin g th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion .

T h is e x p e d ie nt , h ow e v er , d id . n ot l es se n th e m o
n a roh s a e rs ion v to th e J e w is h n a tion

ale
.

H e ra cl ius was s till more e xa s era ted ge in g th e


p a

J e ws , w h en , l ting th e d iv in ers e on
u
p on h is con s u

c e rn in g th e fa te of th e e m ire h e r ce iv d f or
p e e ,

a ns we r th a t a circu mcis e d n a tion w ould rov e its


,
p
r uin C ons id erin g h ow p owerful a nd n umerous the
.

H e b re ws were in mos t p a rts of h is domin ion s an d ,

th a t th ey s till c h erish e d th e h op e of b e in g res tore d


to th e ir n ativ e cou n try h e b el iev e d th e m to be ,

the p eopl e intend e d by th e p re d iction T h e g rea t .

a nd fre q ue nt e f forts th ey ha d ma d e to recov e r th e ir


l ib erty an d their cruel a nd sa ng uina ry p roceed ings
,

a ga in s t th e Ch ris tia n s a t d iffere nt tim es a n d in ,

W
v a rious p la ce s con firme d h im in th is b el ie f ; a nd
,

in d uced h im to p e rs ecute th e mw ith th e utmost s e v e


r it H e b a n ish ed th e mfrom J erusa l e m to hi ch
y . , ,

th e y h ad on ce more g a ined acc es s a n d iss ue d a n

e d ic t ro h ib it in g th e m from a ro a c h in g w ith in
p , pp
th re e mil es of th e c ity T h e e mp eror w a s not
. .

sa tis fi e d w ith pe rs e cu tin g th is u n h a p p y p e op l e in h is

ow n d om inion s b u t in stiga te d oth er mon a rc hs to


fol l ow h is e xa mp l e i The ca l a mities w h ic h they
s ufle re d in S p a in G a ul a n d o the r k in gd oms w ill be
'

, , ,

re l a te d in th e followin g ch a p ter .

B g p 5 8 0
as na e , A d i g t .th ou t f .M h i m
ccor th n o e a cc n o os e , e

emp ror H r l i b i g i
e e ac d g i t th i mi b l p pl by
us , e n n ce nse a a ns s s e ra e eo e,

th e in sin u ations of th e Ch ris tia n d o to p e e ute d the m c mos t


rs , rs c 1n a

c rue lmm a a } ,
an d o d e e d mu l titu d s of th emto be i h uma l y d ragge d
r r e n n

i ord e r to be baptized by v iol ce and


'
into the Gh ristian h u rch e
c s, n ,
en

co mp ul sion .

— M osh eim’s E ccl esia s tical H istv ry , v ol . ii p 15 2
. .

1 '
P re v iou s to th e con ues t of q Jer usal e m by the Sa racens , which
h as b een men tione d in th e p rece di g p
n a rt of th is c h ap te r.

1 Ba sna ge , p 5 81
. .
H I STORY O F TH E JE S W .

C HA PT E R X .

Th e Jews i n Spa in a re cru el l y


persecut e d by S ise but, th e Goth ic ki n
g
of T
th a t co untry — Dec rees of th e cou nci l d — F qu nt l s of oe o. re e

t
a os as
p y f th J w i h ov t —Th e hel h p s f T l d w
con er si t s e a rc
'

ns o o oe o r e

W
.

in d tor er v t th m— T h y f m
o con erpi ye g i t th e or a co ns ra c a a ns e

Sp i h g
an s m t —S lw
ove rn en t d g i t th m— O f
ev ere a s a re enac e a a ns e

h—

.

th J w i G
e e T heys xp l l d by ki g D g b t
n a rt d by are e e e n a o er , a n

mb k i g f th G th — T h y f d
a a, n o ed my i L l
o s. e oun a n aca e n u ne .

T H E J e ws ,
who w ere tra n sp l a n te d to S p a in by
th e p o icy of l b ecome n u me rous in th a t
Ad ria n had
k in do m g d g cq gne d w ml mby the ir d exterity in
.
,

g , _

W
tra de T h e ir a fll ne n ce excited th e a va rice of th eir
.

Th e e mp eror
had b e en en gage d in ar w ith
S iseb ut, th e S pa n ish mona rch ,
ma de it on e of th e

p rin ci al
p l
a rtic es of th e p ea ce, tha t th e in g s hou d k l
co mp eL th em to v b rece i e a tis m, or a a n on th e
p b d
k ingd om T h e rel ig ious b igotry of S ise but in duce d
.

h im rea d il y to acce d e to th is a rticl e ; a n d w ith out


c on s ul tin g an
y of h is b ish ops , a nd e ven con tra r
y to

the ir re mon s tra n ces b e imp ris one d th e most d is tin


guis he d p ersona ges a mong th is u nh a p p y p eop l e *
,

A fte r ha v in g re ma ine d s ome time in con fi n e men t ,

la rg e n u mbe rs of J e ws in orde r to p re s erv e th eir ,

wea l th a n d l iv es con se n te d to be b a p tiz e d


, Th e .

es ta te s of th e more ob s ti n a te w ere con fi s ca te d an d ,

the ir b od ies tortured S ome foun d mea ns to retire ,

into Ga ul w h e re s imi lar mis e ries a wa ite d th e m


, , .


h ow e v e r th t d urin g th e l ife o f
a ,

w e re not ev e n al lowe d the rivile e of


p g
Mariana s H story ’
i of Spain .
160 ms ron r or wa s J E W S .

p re fe rrin g th e ir l ig ion to th e ir country a nd e n de a


re ,

v ou rin
g to e sca e
p b y a v ol u n ta ry e x il e from th e e v il s
th e y e nd ure d
A D . . T he con d uct of th e k ing was ,

h ighl y c e ns ure d by I si d ore b is ho p of Se v ille a n d , ,

c on d e mne d b y th e cl e rg y in S p a in I n th e fourth .

cou n cil of T ol e d o + in w hich I s id ore p re s id ed


, it ,

w as d ecl a re d u nch ristia n a nd u n l a w ful to u s e c om


'

ul s ory me a s u re s i n rel ig ion T e rea son s as si gn


'

h ed
p .

w e re th a t G od h a rd e n s a n d h a s comp a ssion on
, ,

w h om h e p l ea s es a n d th a t n on e ca n b e s a v e d w ith

o u t th e ir o w n free con se n t Th is council h ow e v e r .


, ,

orda ine d th a t th os e w h om p e rse c ution h a d in d uc e d


,

to re ce iv e ba p tis m s h ould b e comp e ll ed for th e


, ,

h on ou r of th e c h urch to p e rs e v e re in conformin g ,

to th e e xte rna l rites of th e C h ris tia n re l ig ion T hi s .

d ecre e w h ich d e roga tes fro m th e l ib era l s p irit e xbi


'

b ite d in th e forme r w as e n a cted b eca use th e , ,

p r e te n d e d c o n v e rts r e l a
p s e d in to J u d a is m w h e n e ve r ,

th e imm e d ia te in fl ue n ce of te rror w as w ith d ra w n g t


A D . . Ch in til a w h o s uc ce e d e d S ise n a n d
, ,

trea te d th e J e w s w ith th e g rea tes t r igour ; a nd


a ea r ed to be tota ll r e gardl ess of th e sa c re d righ ts
pp y
of c on sc ie nce T h e d ecree of th is mo na rc h w h ich
.
,

c omm a n de d a l l h is s ubj e cts to p rofe s s th e C h rm


'

tia n

fa ith wa s th e s ig na l of p erse cution a n d e xil e a nd


,

a n e d ic t w as p a s s e d for th e ir tota l e xp ul s ion It

Ba snage , p 5 81 . . Hi t s ory of S pa in .

Th is co unci was l asse mb l e d by S ise na nd , wh o h a in thr one v g de d


th e son of S ise b n t, end ea v d o ure to reconci e the m l
i n s of th e peop e d l
to h is gv
o e rn me nt
, by p re
v il i g
a n u p on th e l gy
c er to g iv e a re l igiou s

sa nction to h is p rocee in s d g . Th e co u nci l confor me d to h is vi w n


d e s, a

ins tructe d th e Goths to u nite unde r h is go vernme nt Ba sna gc, p 5 8f


- .
. .

Bas nage , p 5 82 . . H i s tory of Sp aim


16 2 a rs ro nr or TH E JE SW .

By th is la w it wa s ord a in e d th a t e v e ry J e w who , ,

re fuse d to re ce iv e ba tis m, sh ould s uffe r a se v ere
'

p
cor oral u n ish me h t be e xil e d from the k in gd om,
p p i
,

a nd ha ve a l l h is goo ds c on fis ca ted :


if
n

A D. .
p eo
p l e ,

in timid a ted by th e gl éomy p ros p e cts e m ,

w e re in d uce d to con forme xte rna ll y to the ona l n a ti

fa ith . But a s th e ir c onformity w a s on l y extorte d b y


te rror ma n y w e re s oon ob serv e d to a p os ta tiz e
,
To .

re m e d y th is e v il a ne w cou n cil w as con v e n e d


, The .

J e w s a p p re hend ing th a t th e d ecre es of th e a s se mbly


,

w ould b e th e p re l ud e of a v iol e n t p e rs ecutinn a ga in st


th e m, re s olv e d to s h el te r th e ms e lv es from th e i m .

p e n d ing ca l a mity For th is p urp ose th e mos t d is


.
,

tin guis h e d e rs on a g e s of th e ir n a tion me t, d


p a n

w rote to th e k ing i n th e b re th re n na me of th e ir

in S p a in d e cl a rin g th a t th oug h th ey h a d till th e n


, ,

d isse mbl e d th e y w e re now fi rml y re solv e d to become


,

c on form to t h e l a w s of
'

s in ce re con v e rts a n d w h oll


y ,

th e gos p el T he f a ss ure d h is maj es ty , th a t th ey


.
'
:

w ould n o l o n ger ob s e rve th e ir s a bb a th circ umcis e


th e ir c h ild re n or fo rm a n y con n e xion s by ma rria g e


,

w ith th os e w h o w e re u n b a p tiz e d ; a nd p romis e d to


e rse c ute a n y of th e ir b re th re n w h o sh ould p re s u m e
p ,

to v iol a te th e s e e n ga g e me n ts
'

T h e y e v e n cons e nted .
,

rov id ed th e ir l ive s mig h t be s p a re d to be d oomed


p ,
'

to p er pe tua l sl a very a n d h a ve a l l th ei r efi e cts w on


,

fi sca te d .
+
T he a m le ro mis e s con ta in e d in th
p p
d ere d th e ir s in ce rity more s na
p
con d uc ;m st rict l y ob s e rv ed
t ore .

Modem U nivera l H i tory ol xiii


s ,
s . .

Basna ge , p 5 82 . . Modern Univ ersa l H i tory s , va l . xiii .


p 223
. .
H I ST O RY or
'

ra n JE S W . 163

d iscoxered , tha t th ey ll p erform e d tth e —J e w is h rites


sti v ,

a n d e v e n v e n tu re d to a tta ck the C h ris tia n r l i uin


eg
'

T h e k ing fi nding the d ifiiculty : of effectin g ? h is


‘ ‘

r
,

u
p p r os e b y co e rc iv e
. m e a s u res : o rd e re d J u l ian , ,

a rc h b is h o f T l d i g i h m ‘

t w t a t t a nd
'
o o e o 0 r e a n s e y
p

'
th ié p re l a te , in 6 86 , p u bl is h e d
'

l ea rn e d tre a tis e,
'

a ,

W
ro e s from th e p roph e tic w ritin s,
in w h ic h h e p v g
th a t J es u s o N a za r e th 2 8 the M es s ia h
' '

f 1

ed
.

Th e G otl g k
y d iscov re ,

th a t h a tr e d
TEE J E E

emi tted in th e v ictories of th e Ma h ome ta n s; a nd


c oin me nce d a d a n ge rous a nd
'
h os til e 'corre s p on d e n ce
w ith th e ir b re th re n ,
. w h o, un d er th e a d min is tra tion
th emsel ve s from p
'
of C h in til a , . h a d s h e l ter ed e rs e

c utiOn ih A frica . O nl rece ivin gf rom th e ma s s u ra n ce

of s u
pp ort, an d w ith th e s e cre t h op e of ,
more ef
fe ctu a l s u ccour from th e . S a ra ce n s th ey fi xed ia d a y

to e re ct th e s ta n d a rd of re vol tfi .

B efore . th e a
pp o inte d time a rr iv e d , th e ir p re

p a ra tion s l m ed
h ad a ar ,
and . th e ir inte n tion s ee n b
b etra y e d to k in g E gica . T h is mona rch compl a ine d
of th e con spira c to th e c ou nc il of T ol e d o a n d
y
"

d e ma n d e d th e a ss is ta n ce a n d a dv ice of th e d iv ines ,

w h m corh p ds e d th e a s s e m b ly U po n d el ibe ra tion .


th a t a l l th e c ircu mcis e d s h ould b e


'

th e y re solv ed ,
'

d e cla re d p e rp et ua l sl a v es th a t th e ir e s ta temsh oul d


,
. .

be con fi sca te d a n d th e ir ch ild re n ta k e n from th e m


, ,

a n d e d uca te d 1n th e C h ris tia n fa ith


1 .

If fromSp a in w e turn to a n e ig h b ourin coun tr


g y ,

w e fi n d th e J e w s s till O d d t d
pp r e s s e a n
p e rs ec u e .

Basnage , p 5 83. . Hi ts or of
y Spa in . i Ba snage
: .

M 2
l 64 H IS TO RY JE S W
W
or TH E .

As soon a s th e Roma n s
d rive n out of Gaul , *w e re

a n d th e V is igoths su re ss e d e l d i ec ti ons an d
pp s ev ra r ,

decre e s ere ma d e res p ecting th e m a nd on e in '

a rticu l a r u n de r C h il de b ert D h
p , [ A w o , . .

forb a d e th e m to a p pea r in th e s tre e ts of Par is from ,

Tu e sda y in th e h ol y w ee k to Eas ter S un da y T h e .

cou nc il o f O rl ea n s a b our th e sa me time e na cte d

a s imil a r d ecre e, wh ich re n d e rs it ev id en t w he t th ey ,

w e re d is p e rse d in sev e ral p a rts of Fra n ce l: T h ey


'
~
.

w e re s till more n u merous in La n gu e d oc Ferreol .


,

b ishop of Uz e s was exp ell e d from h is d ioc e se fo r


, ,

h a v ing trea te d th e m w ith too grea t famil ia rity a n d


'

k in d ness H is motive was a n a rd e nt de s ire to effect ,

A fte r h e had con tin ue d in e x ile


th e ir con v e rsion .

ma ny y ea rs a n d th e k in g be d re sto red h im toh i s


b ish op ric h e fell in to th e oth er e x treme a nd ha


, ,
»

d is h e d th e J e w s I .

Av itus b ish op of Cle rmont was d istingu ish ed by


, ,

h is z ea l for th e con v e rsion of th is p e op le a n d ,

in d uce d se v e ra l p er son s a mon g th e m to p rofe ss th e ir


b el ief in C h ristia n ity O ne of th e n e w com ets .

e n te re d th e c it in h is w h ite ga r me n t w h ich be in g
y ,

ob se rve d b a J ew h e th re w a p ot of oil 06 v e ry
y ,

offe n s iv e od our u on h im T h is ou tra g e ir rita te d


p .

th e C h ris tia ns to s uch a de gre e th a t h ad n ot the ,


;

bis hop in terposed th e ofi e n d e r w oul d ha ve beett ,

i
G l w h d by th V i ig th d B g d i gw h Gl dvid
au as s a re e s o s an u r un a ns e n‘ ,

k ing of th F nks d f ted Sy g iu


e ra , R m e ea
pe i th h p w l a r s, a. o a n usur r nJ a t

wince , a nd t bl i h d
es a ew k i g d om t w h i h h g v th
s e a n am eo fn , o c e a e e n

Fra nce , th lor d f f m — R ll M d E p


e an o ree e n. us se

s o e rn u r o e.

f Th J w whe e ttl d i G
s o sel t ly p i d md b t li ttl
e n au a a n ea r er o , a e u

e

figu re ,nd ar
a ly k w by m d i t f C t ti w hi h
e on no n so e e c s o ons a n ne , c

m ti th m i B l g i G l T h y b g t b
en on e n e c ti d i th
au hi. e e an o e no ce n e s.

to ries of th e co u ntry in th e s ixth ce ntu


ry .

i Bas aa ge w p 5 88 .
W
166 n arrow

W a mb a
or

k ing of th e G oth s in
La n g ue doc a lso e xh ib ite d a viol e n t e n mity a ga in s t
, .
,
TH E

th is p e op le ; a nd is s ued a n e d ic t w h ic h e xp e ll e d th e m
'
JE S .

.

a

fro m h is d omin ions


. But h e e xp erien ce d th e most
. .

d e te rmin e d O p p os ition from th e a bb ot Ra y mirus a n d ,

th e cou rt of T oul ou s e w h o u n ite d to p rotect th is ,


.

ers ecut e d ra ce a n d op ose d th e k ing s e d ic t b


p p , y
force of a rms Th e k in g e n trus te d coun t Pa ul h is
.
,

fa v ou rite , w ith th e comma n d of a n a rmy w h ich wa s ,

W
d es tin e d to a ct a ga in st th e reb el s Bu t ins te a d of .
.

s up p re ss in g h e u n ite d w ith th e m took N a rb on n e


, , ,

a nd ca us e d h ims el f to b e crow n e d k in g At l e n gt h ! .
,

c on d e mn ed

h owe v er ,
h e w a s d e fea te d a nd by, .
-

a mb a ; a n d h is a cco mp l ice s, e s p ec ia ll h e J e ws

y t ,

fel t th e e ffe c ts of th is mo na rch s re se n tme n t a n d


’ '

w e re e x e ll e d from th e k in d omfi
‘'

p g .

N otw ith s ta n d in g th e s uffe ring s of th e J e wi s h ‘

n a tion in the s e v e n th ce n tur th e a ca d e m w h ic h


' y y ,

th e y h a d fou nd e d a t L un el a .
,

b e ga n to fl ou rish In p rocess of time it a cquire d


. .

rea t cel eb rit a n d w a s th e l a ce w he re so me of


g .

y , p
th e mos t l ea rn e d J e w is h ra bb ies re cei v e d th eir
e d uca tion .

Ba snage , p 5 84 . .
HI STO RY O F TH E . JE S W .

C H A P T ER X I .

W
6f the p re te n e con dd v i f th k i g f
e rs o n o e n o Ch o z ar to Jd u i
a s m .

S ta te of th e e aste rn J w i th igh th d
e s n e e an n int h ce n tu ries — Th ey

a re fa v o ure d by v se e ra l of l
th e ca ip h s , w h o w e rea tta ch e d to l ite ry ra

mam— Ed ict of l ma n J aa ffar a


g a ins t th e m — Al .
-
a th k ob l ige s
e

th e m to pa y h ea y v — Mota v e l cond emn


ta xes the m to w ea r
.
s a

di g
s ra c efu l ba d ge of d istin c tion — ta te of th e
'

. S Jw e s un de r th e

G re ci an e mpe rors .
— A fa l se M ess ia h a ppea rs in Sp i a n .
— O f th e ir

s ta te in F rance — P un is h me nt in icte fl d u po n th e m b y the e mpe ro r


Cha r l ma gn
e e — Th ey a re gl
h i h y fa v ou re d by Le w i s , s u rna me d De b o

na ir ; b ut th e ir c on d ition is ess a l g reea b l e d Cha l


un er r es th e B ld a .

TH E ei g h th y l b ra te d b y
ce n tur J e w is h. is ce e

w rite rs for th e con v e rs ion of C h oza r a P a ga n p rin ce , ,

to th e ir b e lief A ccord in g to th eir a ccoun ts h e


. ,

b eca me d issa tis fi ed w ith th e rel ig ion of h is p e op l e


a n d p ro ge n itors a n d c on v ers e d on th is s ubj ect w ith

p h il oso p h e rs ,
a nd J ew s .

At l e n g th a l ea rn e d ra bb i c on v in ce d h im
, th a t ,

J uda is m w a s th e on l y true rel ig ion to which a ll ,

oth e rs w e re b u t a s th e s h a d o w to th e s ub s ta n c e ,

or th e p icture to th e l iv in g or ig ina l C h oz a r th e re .

fore a bj ured h is former te ne ts a n d after be w a s , , ,

in itia te d in th e be l ie f a nd ce re mon ie s of th e J e w s
'

‘ ,

e m l o e d h ims e l f in con v e rtin g h is s ubj e c ts He


p y , .

s e n t for th e m os t l ea r n e d me n of th is n a tion fro m a l l

cou n tries tmins truct h is e o l a n d from th a t time


p p e

th e orig ina l J e w s w e re h e ld in h ig h e s tima tio n A .

tab e r na cl e w a s e recte d s imila r to th a t of Mos e s in ,

th e w ild e rne s s ; to w h ich th e a n d th e C h ozrea n


y
co ve rts re a ire d to th e J e w is h w ors h i T h e k in g
n p p .

b eca me p rosperous ; triumph e d ov e r h is e ne mies ,


168 ms ronr
'
or TH E a

s.

a nd e n ar l ge d h is d ominion s by n e w a n d con si era d bl e


con q u e s ts . S uch is th e accou n t of J e w ish w riters ;
b ut n otw ith s ta n d in g th e d eg re e of cre d it w h ich th e y
h a v e e n d ea v ou re d to a tta c h to th e con v e rs ion of
C h oz a r , a nd of h is s ce of

th a t p rince , a n d of h b ee n
much is p ute d
ale
d .

Du rin g th e ei
gh th , a nd
p a rt of th e nin th ce n tur
y ,

th e e a s te rn J e ws un d er th e d omin ion of th e ca l i h s
p ,

s u s ta in e d th e ir sh a re mities w h ich
in th e cal a re s u te l d
from th e ci v il w a rs amon the ir con q u e rors T hey
g .
,

h ow e v er ,
e nj o e d e n tire l ib e rt
y y of con sc ie nce u n der
th e ca l ip h Ab da l mel ech , a nd h is tw o s ucces s ors

Al w a l id a n d Sol y m an . T h eir a cad e mies fl ou rish ed ,

and th e ir d octors p os s es se d a ll th e ir a nc e n t i p ri vi
l eg e s .

In th e g n of Z e y d th ey su ffe re d s ome op pr es
r ei

s ion s , w h ich w ere ca u s e d m ore from the ra p a cious s

n e ss of h is min is ters th a n th e cruel ty of th e ,

mon a rch But Up on th e d iss ol utio n of th e gov e rn


.
.

me n t of th e O mmia d es u n d e r M e rva n th e ir co n ; ,

d ition wa s a me l iora te d b y th e p rin ces of th e dy n a sty


of th e Abb a s s id e s + .

A D . .T h e ca l ip h Al ma n sor w h o w a s a ,

l ea rne d p rin ce p a tronise d a n d e n cou ra ge d l ite ra ry


,

me n a nd in v ite d a l a rge n u mbe r of th e m to h is


,

chu rt w ith out a n y reg ar d to th e ir p a rticul a r rel i


'

g ions op inions M a ny J e w s a cce p te d th e invi ta tion


.

of th is mo na rch a n d took a dv a n ta g e of h is l ib era l it


,
y
to p l a ce th e ir aca de mics in a more flou ris h in g con d i

Ba s ua ge, p 5 87 . M od U ive sa l H ist i ol xiii p 2 2 8


. e rn n r .
'

. . . .

Th e fa l of th e l O mmi d d th
a ta bl ish ment f th e d y nasty
e s, an e es o

of the Abb a s s i es , d too k p l ac e about 7 5 0 G ibbon .


- .
170 ms ronv '
or r a n J E S W .

most fh igh G od M oh a d i sent force s a ga ins t the


'

'
. . .

i mpos tor w h o be sie ge d b im in on e of h is fortre sses


, . .

U p on w h ich h e fi rs t po ison ed h is foll ow e rs a nd th e n ,

d e s tro y e d h imse l f } :

A D
'

. A a ron th e N S UCC ESS O I of M oh ad i


.
,

w a s d is ting uis h e d for h is l ov e of


e n cou ra g e d a n d p a tron iz e d l ea r ned me n o f a l l re l i

gion s { a n d of e v e ry p rofes s ion JP p articul an h e


,
. .

h igh l y fa voure d th e J e w s w h o w e re d is p e rse d in h is


'

.
,

d omin ion s a nd ch ose on e of th e ir n a tion to s e n d on


th e em
,

a n : e mb a s sy to C h a rl e ma g ne p e ror of th e ,
.

w es t H e s uccee d e d ih h is commis s ion a n d e nj oy ed


.
-
, .

a d is ti n m s h e d re uta tion a t th e c ourtf of Aa ron


g p . . .

T h is ca l ip h p la ce d th e a ca de mics of th e e a s te rn
.
,

J ew s in a fl ouris h in g con d ition ; a n d th ey e nj oy e d


p ro fo u n d tra n q u ill it d urin g h is re ig n
y ]
.
A D .
'

M a moun th e b roth er of A a ron


. -
, ,

w a s a l s o a tta ch e d to l ite ra ture; a n d ca us e d th e m os t


v al ua bl e J e w is h w ork s to b e tra n sla te d in to A ra b ic
An d th oug h th is ms ta n ce of h is l ib e ra li ty e xas p e ra te d

W
h is s u bj ec ts h e con tin ue d to d is tin g uis h l ea rn e d me n
,

of a l l n a tion s a n d rel ig ion s Masha l L a a ce l eb ra ted .


.

M 1! 9 as s o h ig h l
y e ste e m ed - : .

c ou rt th a t h e w a s s ty l e d th e P h aan ix of th e age
, ,
.
.
.

D urin g th e re ig n of fa mous imp ostor

W
M os es a p p ea red w h o p re ten d e d tha t h e w a s the
,

grea t l a w g iv e r of th e J e w s w h om G od h a d rece ntly ,

ra is e d fro m th e d ea d f;

A D 84 L ] Ai a th ek ins tea d of imita tin g


. .
-
,

th e c on d uct of th e mos t e n l igh te n e d ca l ip h s w h o


d d m b eca me a n imp l a ca b e n e m to th e
p re c e e h i ,
e y
l.
F U

Ba snage , p 5 9 1 . . G ib bo n , v ol . v i i. p . 189 .

i Bas nage , p 5 92
'
. .
1
l 6 :3
; Ib id .
p 5 94
. .
m '4 ' w
n rsr onr or run s
'

J e ws o le , b e ca us e the re fu se d
.
B h ated th is e
p p
e y
to rece ive th e Ko ra n a s a n a uth e n tic re v el a tion , a nd
.

the fra ud ul e n t p ra c tice s of w h ich th ey ‘h a d b ee n . .

g u il ty in th e ma n a geme nt of th e fi na nces d urin g


. . . ,

th e re i gn h is p re d ece ss or, in crea se d h is e n mity


of - .

W
a ga in s t th e m D urin g h is re ign th ey w ere : l oa d e d
. . .

v bl ige d la rge ms

w ith h e a y ta xes , a nd o to p ay su in to
th e trea s u ry me
at
. u . .
n

.A . D M ota ra k el th e success or of Al .

a th ek trea te d th e J e w s w ith s till g rea te r s ey e m


, ty .
.

He comp ell ed th e m to w ea r a c ord or sa s h roun d th e ir . .

w a is ts , as an " d in v id ious
is tin ction ; I an d ma rk of

e xcl ud e d th e m from a l l offi ce s in the D iva n whi ch it ,

a e a rs th e h a d til l t h e n e nj o e d H f i b d
pp .

y y e o a e .

th e ir r id ing o n ; h ors es a n d onl y p e r mitte d th e m to ,

u se a s s e s or mul e s w ith 1ron s tirr u s


p
T h e e d icts of th is mona rch not on l y e x ten d ed
th roug h h is e mp ire
,
b ut s p 1ea d in to th e n e igh
,
n

b ourin g k in g do m s ; a n d th e s e ma rk s of in fa my in ,

a g rea te r o r l ess d e g ree h a v e s ub s is ted e v e r s in ce , .

in th os e coun trie s w h ich a re s ub e cte d to th e Turk s


j v

a nd a l s o in oth er a rts of E uro e u n d e r C h ris tia n


p p
o f M ota ra k e l s s ucce ss ors trea te d th is

l e w ith e q ua l conte mp t In th e re ig n —
. .

th e l a s t of th e rinces w h o s ucc ee d e d
p .

h im Ac hme t th e go v e rn or of E gy pt rev ol ted a nd

W
, , .
, , .

If
uwe t M rn from th e
a h ome ta n to th e C h ris tia n .

monarcli s e fi nd th e J e w s e xp os e d to e q ual if n ot
, .
,
,

g rea ter v e xa tions a nd p ersecutions Th e e mp ire in


. .

J " 3
Bas na gef p 5 9 4
H

. .

isme mbe red fromth e cal ip h a te a b out th e end of the


(
I O Y
H ST R or ra n JE S W .

th e w es t, in th e g h th ce n tury was g rea tly a g itate d


ei ,

by th e civ il d is se n s ions b et w ee n th e I con ocl a sts a nd


th e w ors h ip p ers of ima g es a n d th e J e w s w e re a n s

j ustly a ccus ed of fomen tin g th e se d issens ion s Leo .

Isa uricus th e G re cian e mp eror comme n ce d h is


, ,

reig n w ith th e p e rse cu tion of th is p e op l e a nd com


me n ded th e m to a bj ure th eir te ne ts a nd e mb ra ce
, ,

C h ris tia n ity u n d er th e se v e res t p e nai ties T he y .

sa v e d th e ir l iv e s by d is s i mula tion a n d con se n ted to ,

be b a p tiz e d a nd rece i v e the commun ion b u t at the


,

sa me time e x re ss ed th e ir in te rna l a ve rs ion to th e


'

p '

rel ig ion th e y ha d re ce n tl y
p ro fe s se d b
'
y w a shin g ,

th e ms elv e s in c ommon w a te r a nd ea ting common ,

b rea d imme d ia tel y a fter rec e iv in g th e sacra men ts .

Th e patrons of ima ge s n otw ith s ta n d in g th e stre,

n uou s e x e rtion s of the e m eror a t l e n gth e va il ed


p p r , .

T h e J e ws w h o h a d p re te n d e d ob e dien ce to th e
,

ma n da tes of Le o, b e ing s us p ecte d of ins in ce rity .


«
,

w e re obl ige d to s ubs crib e a n e w formula ry i n w hich ,

th e y a ck now l ed g e d th e ms e lv es w ors h ip p e rs of th e

cros s ,a n d h ol
y i ma ges a nd
p ra y ed to G od th a t h e

w ou ld in fl ict up on th e m th e l e p rosy of G e h a z i a nd ,

th e fe a r of Ca in if the y d id n ot w ill ingl y c on form


*
,

to th e es ta bl is he d rel igion .

N ice p horus w h o s ucce e de d Le o a bout th e com


,

me nce me n t of th e n in th cen tury p rotected the J e ws , ,

a n d p e rmitte d th e m to l iv e quie tly u n d er h is gov e rn —


l L

me n t ) T h ey w ere s til l more fa voure d by h is s uc


.

ce ss o r Mic h a e l w h o tol era ted a l l r el igions ; is sa id


,

toha ve imb ibe d some th im fromea ch d enom i na tion ;


g
a n d e n te rta in e d a p ec ul ia r re g a rd for the J ews l:
-

cl esia stica Histor


H enry s Ec
‘ l y , vol iv p : 43. . Damage , p . 5 69 .

M odem Universa l Hi tory s , v ol . xiii .


p . 2 39 .
17d 111sr o1n
'
or TH E JE S W .

bl oods hed . He w a s, h owe v er , p re va i e l d u


p on to

a nd on ly
th e p rin cipal
'

a nd mos t g uil tyo s uffe re d d ea th } .


T h e 1othe rs , wh o
in ha b ite d th e c it
y , tw e re c on d e mn e d to re c e v e a i b ox
on th e ea r th r ice a
y ear a t th e
f

g a te s of o n e of th e
c h in c h es ,

w h ich s h ou ld be na me d by th e b is hop ;
a n d to p a
y

a er e tua l
p p fi ne of v th irte e n p ou n ds of

Ch a rl e ma g ne , h owe v er, in me 1ns ta nce s


so ,
trea te d
ge ntl e n es s T h ey a n d mod era tion

b oa sted i of : h a vin g th e l ibe rty o f p u rc h a s in g th e v r a

s a cre d u te n s il s a nd rich fu rn itu re of th e c h urch e s


'

w h ich th e b is h 0p s a n d a bb ots in d uce d by in xu ry


v
,

a n d a v a rice h ad exp os ed fto sa l e An d th oug h this



'

.
,

mon a rch e n a cte d a s e v ere l a w p roh ib itin g th e bl e rgy ,


fro m ca r ry in g on th is s ca n d a l ous tra fli ck h e d id n ot ,

res titu tiOn from thos e of H e b re w orig in


'
'

e xa ct a n
y
'

or lay an
y res triction s u
p on the ir co mmerce }
T h ey w e re h ig h l y fa v ou re d by L e w is , s urna me d
D ebona ir w h os e ch ie f p h y s ic ia n
, med S e d ecia s , na ,

w a s one of th e J e w ish i na tion



T h is ma n h a d .
'

a c q uire d s uch a n a s ce n d a n c ov er th e mon a rch


y
.
,

th a t .th e cou rtiers en dea v ou re d to con c i ia te l h is


m
'

an d h is c ou n tr s frie n d s h i w ith th e rich e st



e
y n
p
T h ey
'

had to th e e rs on
'

re s e n ts a cce s s p
p a n ea s
y
~

of th eir
'
g n ; wh oa llow e d th e m th e l iberty of
s o e re i v
T h i v t th gh l t d by m y h i t ri i d i p dt d b;
s e en ,
ou
' f
re a e an s o a ns , s s e

Ba s na e ,w h d mit l th t
o a t h f t w f t iz th t T
s on l e ru o o a c s, v a o u o us e
g y .

was b i g d by th S
es e e d th t th J w i th e ity w e il l
a ra ce n s , an a e e s a e c er

i th i y d i
'

u d
se d b fl tt d i th p
an u

e e Th i
n y h
e e rs o n o

e r s n c. s,

sa
'
s e,

w d
as t f h t d t th J w
one o u w ith
o t th ei b i g g i l ty
a re f o e e s, ou r e n u o

the imp t d im u e f b t y i g th cr ity ; d th


e o t y f th i e ra n e c an e s or o e r

tre ach y w i v t d i
er as d t th iz th p i h m t d th
n en e , n or er o au or e e un s en an e

i f my —B m g
n a

.
p 5 98 a i a e, . . n o 3

1 Ba sna ge , p 5 9 8 . .
msr onv or r u n JE S W . 175

e rec tin g ne w g ogue s a nd ran te d th e m oth e r


s
y na , g
v p riv il eg S de h pow erful p rotec tion
t
ns i e es . re n

e k ci e d l

h a ugh ty f a nd ins ol e nt, a nd th e
'

'

C h ristia n sth e .

b ish op of Ly ons not onl y p roh ibited th em ,

as in g C h ris tia n s l a ve s b ut forb a d e th e m


'


to obs e rv e th e sa bba th a rid ca rry on a ny commerce
'

w ith th e Ch r is tia n s d urin g L e nt


'

T h e y compl a ine d .

of th ese e d ic ts to th e k in g w h o se n t th ree commis ,

sa r ies to L o n s to ma k e in q u
'
ir ies in to the b is h O

y p s

con d uct ; a n d u p on th e ir re p ort th e J ew


s w e re
' '

, ,

imme d ia te l y res tore d to th e ir a n cie n t priv il ege s


'

A goba rd b e in g mortifi e d a n d d isa p po in ted for med


, ,

n e w acc usa tion s a ga in s t th e m; bu


'

'
t th ey w e re re _

ec te d a t court as fa l s e a n d g rou n dl ess


j
l ae
, .


Afte r th e b is h op fou n d a l l h is a tte mp ts frus tra ted ’

h e res ol ved to ta k e a j ou rn ey to court to s ol ic it


' '


,

Le w iS more e ffectu all y a ga ins t th e J e w s But th e


k in g surroun d ed by courtie rs w h o h a te d th ep rel a te


, ,

an d we re a tta ch e d toth is p e op l e a b sol ute l y res iste d ,

a n te d h ima n a u d ie n ce
'

a ll h is s ol ic ita tio n s a n d on l g r
y ,

w h e n h e w a s a b out to de p a rt T h e p rotection th e .

ou tca s ts of I s ra e l foun d a t th e cou rt of L e wis aga in s t

on e of th e mos t l ea rn e d b is h op s of th ea ge re nd ere d

th e m so p op ula r th a t it w a s sa id op e nl a t court
' '

,
y ,

th a t the de sce n da rits of Abra ha m w e re e n ti tl ed to


'

'

res p ec t E v e n s om
. e C h ris tia n s ob se rve d S a tu rd a
y
for th e sa bba th a n d prefe rre d a tte n d in g th e s ermon s
,

of th e ra b to th os e of th e c urates a n d mon k s ,

w h o a t th is time w e re e xtremel ig n o ra nt I t is
y
e ve n sa id th a t a d ea con n a me d Pa u do q uitt d h is
'

e
om
,

c e 1n th e c hu rc h a n d w e n t o v e r to th e s n a gogu e
y ,

1 *B s g p 5 9 9 Mod U i ffl i t ol xiii 2 4 1 t I b id
a on a , n v s v
p
. . .
. . . . . .
I76 '
n rs ronv or TH E JE S W .

T h e J e ws un der Ch a rl es th e B a ld ,
w ere l ess firm s

rishin a nd rin g th e
g p
re ig n of h is b ish op s ,

na me d Re mis iu d ioce se,


to p rea ch e v e ry Sa turda y in th
ind uce d a n u mb er of J e w ish
ch i ldre n to oth er p a rts of th e k in gd om i n orde r to
re v e n t th e ir c on v e rs ion Re mis ius co m p l a in e d of
p
.

th eir con d uct to th e k in gy an d p e rsua ded h im to


'

comm a n d th e b is h op of A rl es a n d oth er r e l a tes to


p , ,

W
foll ow h is e xa mp l e T h e conse que n ce was th a t
.
,

ma ny of th e J e w ish ch ild ren w e re v ol un ta ril y ba p


tize d . S oon a fte r C h arl es w as p oison e d by S ed ec ias
, ,

th e J ew is h h
p y s ic ia n, wh o as so fa mous in th e
p re ced in g re ig n ; a n d it w a s s u
pp ose d h e w as in ,

s ti a te o commit th is crim s coun tr m


g d t e b y h i y en ,

w h o h ate d th e k in g be cause h e fa v oure d th ese


,

con v ersion s It was . h ow e v e r d i cov e red tha t


, ,
s
,

ma n y of th e n ob il ity corrup te d S ed ecia s a n d eu


'

,
-L

ga g ed h im to de stroy th e l ife of h is sov e re ign .

i T h e J e w s w ere al so a ccuse d of fa v ou rin g th e


{
t

in curs ion s of th e N orma ns w h ich took p l a ce d urin g ,

th e re ig n of C h a rl es ; a n d of trea c h e rou s l y b e tra y in g


Bourd ea ux a n d o th e r citie s in to the h a n d s of thes e
in v a de rs T h ey we re still e x pos e d to the ignoml
.

n io ds se n te nc e of b e in g b u tfe tted th re e times e v ery


ea r a t th e ch urch d oo r
y .

ori ina ted fro m a d e cree of


'

g
ex ec ute d on a l l the fi n e d to th e s y nd ic
J ew s ,
b ut con ,

or h ea d m a g ist ra te w h o rece iv e d th is p u n is h men t


,

in the na m f e o t h e '
re s t I n re m o te c ities th ey w e re
.

a l so l ia bl e to m n s ults from the p op u la ce


.

an i At
y
.

B g p 5
a s na 9 9e, M d .U i”v l H i t y
o er n ol xi ii p 2 4 8n e rs a s or , v . . . .
C H A P T E R X II .

Fl i h i g t t f l i g m g th
our s n s a e o t J w t th om
earn n a on e e as e rn e s a e c

m m t f th t th
ence en t y —Th i t
o e en q ill ity i i t pt d
ce n u r . e r ran u s n erru e

by i t l d iv i i — Of thei l
n e rna d bb i — Th J w i Egy p t
s ons . r ea rne ra es . e e s n

p
a re t d b th
ersecu e
y l ip h H ak m w h i t d
e ca w l i e , o n ro uce s a ne re

gi Th y
on . -
xp ll d f m th
e a re et — S m f th m t l
e e ro d e eas o e o e os ea rne

m g th m p i t Sp i
a on e d l tiv t l it t
a ss n o d th S
a n, an cu a e e ra ure u n e r e a

racens— Th T l m d i t l t d i t th A b i l g g — T h y
e a u s ra ns a e n o e ra c an ua e e

tt mpt t
a e v t th M h m t ; d
o con e r p e t d by th
a o e a ns an a re e rsecu e e

ki g f G d — K i g F d i d I
n o rena a. l v t d t y th m;
n er nan . reso es o es ro e

b t i p v t d by th p p
u s re e n e d bi h p Th ev l ti o e an d s o s. - e re o u on ca use

W
by th M i Af i
e xt i t
oors th m f m p
n r ca ti e — Th r ca e s
y e ro e rse cu on . e

f v
a re d by Al ph
a ou re d hi g d P t — Th C d
onso, an s ran son a on e ru sa e rs

m th
a ssa cre J w Di p t e i e m g th m p ti g th
s .- s u es a r se a on e res e c n e

t d y f th
s u i o —O f th l d bb i i Sp i
e sc ence s d F e ea rne ra es n a n an ra nce .

A D . . C h ris te ndom wa s in v ol ve d H ILE


in d a rk ne s s a n d ig n ora n ce th e S a ra ce ns b eca me th e ,

p a tron s of
p h il os o h
p y in th e ea s t T h e J e w s u n d er .
,

th e ir d o minion imita te d th e ir e xa mp l e a n d a p p l ied


, ,

to l e a rnin g w ith a ss id uity a nd s uccess f "


N e w a ca
d e mie s w e re e re cte d in cons e quen ce of th e ra p id
in crea s e of p rofe s sors a n d p up il s ; a n d th ose wh ich
ha d s u bs is te d for a ge s we re p l aced in a fl ourish in g
c on d ition u n d er a bl e rece tors T h J w s b oa s t
p p
, e e .
,

th a t th e fa mous me n wh o a pp ea re d a mon g th e m a t
th is time we re s up e rior to th ose of a ny p re ce d in g
,
T
ag e s ince th e ir d is p e rs ion xl
‘ ‘
,

T h eir tra n q u ill ity wa s h ow e v er s oon in terr up ted , ,

In th e n inth ce ntu ry th e Jew b ga s e n to ma ke th e mse l v e s ac

qu a inte d w ith th e s c ience s o A b I p ti l


f th e ra s . n ar cu a r they e xce lled
in th e s tu dy of med icine . F m th b g i i g f th
ro e e nn n o e n int h to th e
and of th e th ir teen th ce ntu ry , e minent sch ool s of ph il osoph y fl ou rished
i n th e Sa ra ce n e mp ire — E nfi cl d s Ph il os op hy v ol . ii p 2 3 4

. . .
,

t Bas nage, p .
ms ronr o n TH E JE S W . 179

by in te rna l d iv is ionsD a v id p rince of th e ca p tiv ity , .


,

a h a ugh ty a n d a mb itious m an h a d a cc ordin g to , ,

th e J e w is h a ccoun ts fou n d mea ns to d el iv e r h is ,

na tion from th e tr ib ute w h ich till th e n th ey w e re

com e ll e d to to th e ca l ip h s A f te r h a vin g th is
p p y
a .

a ug me n te d h is a uth ority h e r e ig ne d as a b s ol ute ly ,

as mona rc h In con se q ue n ce of h is a r
a n e as te rn . .

ro a n t be h a v iou r fre q ue n t a l terca tion s took


p l a ce
g ,

b etw e e n h ima n d th e h ea d s of th e a ca demies f w h ich


‘ .

p ro uce d d fa ta l d iv is ions , a nd in v olv ed th e J ews in


fres h d iffi cul tie s .

A D . Th e n a tion a t th is ti me w e re nu

m
.

e rous a nd
p o w e rful ,
e s p ec ia lly in th e c it
y of

Ph e ru ty S h ib oour A new a ca d e m w as foun de d


.
y
famous
f

in t h is cit ,
y at th e h e a d of w h ich w as th e

W
U ran us , u n d er
fl ouris h e d a b out th irty w h om it
e a rs H e was a m a n of g rea t l ea rn in g b u t a v io
y .
,

le nt e n e my to th e C h ristia ns p a rtic ul a rl y to th e ,

mon ks ; a n d on th a t a ccoun t more h ig h l y re s p ec te d


by h is b re th re n h en a rriv e d a t a n a dv a n ce d a ge
.
,

h e w as s uccee d e d by h is son Ha y 1 w h o ob ta in e d ,
'

s uch a d is tin gu is h e d r e p uta tion th a t th e J e w s t e ,

sorte d from a ll p a r ts to a tten d h is ins truction s ; a n d


'

9
Th e power of th e h ea s d of th e a cad emies w l mo t eq ua l to as a s

th a t of the p rin ces For th e . l a tte r c oul d ot e ac t ny l a ws xcep t


n an e

th e y we re sa nc tione d by th e former . T h ese h iefs ha v ha d fre q u t


c e en

i ns u rrec tions a gi
a ns t e a ch oth e r. Th e p ri nce s o f th e ca p ti ity and v
hea d s of th e aca d e mics w e re b o th e l ecte d
by a ma ority of otes ; j v
a nd so metimes b
o th the se d ig ni ties were ves ted i n t h e sa me person .

Ba s na ge , p 6 02 . .

t The ews p re te n J d th at l
h e was ine a y esce n e from in Da i ; ll d d d k g vd
h en ce h e b o re th e l io n on h is a rms . a s d id a ll th e in s of u ah , k g J d
a g e bl y t J b p p h y
r ea o i g th t t ib
ac o

s B th q i d
ro ec con ce rn n a r e. u e ac u re

s till g t l b ity by v i w iti g p ti l l y th f mo


rea e r ce e r a r ou s r n s, ar c u ar e a us

ca bb li ti l w k ty l d Th v i f G d i p w —J ( odm
a s ca or , s e , e o ce o o n o er.

Univ ers a l H is tory , v ol xiii p 2 47


. . .

N 2
180

st
C

l ed h i m,
ms rouv
th e
'
O F TH E

mos t e xcell e n t of a l l
JE S W .

th e e xce ent. ll ”
y
H e was pl ace d at th e h ea d of two aca d e mics , a nd

l
e e cted prince of th e ca tiv it
p y . He d ied in 1037;
ag e d s ix ty nine y ea rs -
.
9"

Th e J e w s, in th e reign of th e H a k em ,

f
s uf ere d secution for a sh ort time in T he

p e r
p t .

o bj ect oi th is mona rch wa s to a b ol ish I sl a mis m a nd ,

es ta bl ish a n e w re l igion of wh ic h h e s h ou l d b e th e ,

hea d r l T h e l a rg e n u mb e r of Pa ga ns wh o a cce d ed ,

to h is nO Vel d og ma s a n d p re te n s ion s fl a tte red h is ,

v a n ity a n d in d uce d h im to p e rs ecu te th e C h ristia ns


'

a nd J e ws wh o op p ose d a nd con temn e d h is d octrin es .

He obl ige d th e l a tter to w ea r a d isg ra ceful ma rk of


d istinction ; comma nde d th e ir sy na gogue s to be sh ut ;
a n d comp ell e d th e m to e m b ra ce h is ten e ts But .

h e s oon ch a n g e d h is op in ion s a nd p e rm itte d the m ,

to re turn to th e ir former rel ig ion


:

W
A D . . T h e ca l iph s of th e h ous e of th e
Abb a ss id es w h o h a d a l way s fa v oured th e J ews
, ,

h a v in g l os t th e ir a uth ority th e sul ta n Gel a Doul l at , ,

h o re ig ne d by th e na me of C aj e m re solv ed to ,

e xtir ate th is u n h a l F th i h e
p e
p py p p o e o r s u
p p r o s e .

sh u t u h i a ca d e mie s ; ba nish e d th e ir
'

p t e r
p ro fe ss ors

a n d k ill e d th e rin ce of th e c a tiv it , w ith his fa mil


p p y y .

T h is persecution disp e rs ed s ome of th e na tion into


the deserts of A ra b ia w h il e oth e rs s ou ght a n a s y l um
,

in th e w es t F rom th e p e riod in w h ich th e J ews


.

w ere expell ed from th e ea st, mos t a uth ors d a te th e


tota l e xtinction of th e p rince s of th e ca p tiv ity b ut ,

I
Basnage, p .

t He bl e d d th
n e e re li gion of th e fi r m , with O ther tenets , whic h

h e p rete nd éd w v
rece i e fro mthe d e it y — EM , p . 605 .

Bas nage , p 6 05 . .
t
ms ronv '
or TH E JE S W .

th e ir
But, ge n erall y k in g it w a s l y d uring
*
s ea on
p ,

u n ion w ith th e .
S a ra ce ns in S p a in , or in th e fl ou

W
ris h in
g a g es of th e ca l ip h s of B a gd a t th a t th e y ,

v en ture d in to ge n era l l ite ra ture a nd u se d in th e ir


.
,
»

w ritin gs a fore ig n a n d con s eq ue n tl y (in th e ir v ie w )


,

a
p rofa n e l a n guage s l '

h il e th e Ch ristia n s an d Ma
a tte n tion of

th e
h ome ta ns in S p a in w a s O cc up ie d by th e ir m utual ‘
.

h os til itie s th e J e ws e nj oy e d a n in te rv a l of tra n q u il


,

l ity . T h e ir a ca d e mies w e re in a fl ourish ing s tate .

u n d e r th e S a ra ce n mona rc h s ; a n d th e
y b e ca uie

merous
'

nu a nd a fll ue n t. D u rin g th is p rosPerous
mny l ea rned doctors a re d a mon g th e m
'

e ra a a
pp e ,

w h os e d ition h a s b e e n cel e b ra ted by J e w ish


e ru

Th e Ta l mud h owe v er wa s so l ittl e


w rite rs
( .

k n ow n in S p a in th a t th ey w ere obl iged to se n d


.
,
, ,

d ep u ties to th e Ba by l on ia n a ca d e mies to decid e th e ,

d is p utes wh ich a rose a mong th em E v e n th e p ra y ers .

i w h ich th e y offe re d u p on th e g ra n d e x p ia tion da y


a n d oth e r n a tion a l fa s ts w e re comp ose d by one of ,
,

th e Ba by l on ish ra h Ha s h e y m I I th e S a ra ce n .

mona rch of 0 w a s a frien d a n d


p a tron

to th e I s ra e l ite s comma n d e d th is cel e b ra te d w ork to


,

e tra n sl a te d in to th e A ra b ic l a n g ua g e in order ,

e ith e r to g ra tify h is curios ity or p re v e n t th e ir

fre q ue n t e xc urs ions to Ba gda t or J e rusa l e m from


,

, ,

w h ich it is sa id h e a p p reh e n d e d fa ta l cons e .

q uen ce s
l
T h e w a rs in S p a in w h ich ra ge d w ith v iol e nce ,

d urin g th e el ev e n th ce ntury § a n d the re v ol utions to ,

Th e Sa ra ce ns su bd d S pue a in in the ei gh th ce ntu ry .

B tlu er s

Hora Bibl icz
e .
1 Bas nage , p 6 06 . .

Ab ou t the b gi
e nnin g of th e e e lv e nth century , o T l doe , Val en tin,
ms rom:
' r
or TH E JE S W .
l 83

w h ich the y ga v e r is e , w e re in th e ir co mme nce ment


be nefi cial to th e J e w s f Ra bb i S a mu e l Leviw be in g
nd me min is te r to
ri th e k in g of G rena d a
p ,

h im a p p oin te d ch ie f of th e ir n ation , a nd
'

h ims e l f to th e u tmos t to p romote th e ir -

in te re s t a n d h on our For th is p urpos e b e se nt for .

so me mos t l ea rne d J e w is h ra bb ies from


of th e
'

Ba b y l on a n d E gy p t to w h om h e was a l ibera l be ne
'

fa ctor H is cou n try me n h a d th e sa tisfa ction of


.

see in g h is so n s ucce e d h im in a l l h is dig n itie s .

T ow e v e r w a s da m e d
[ A D. . h j y
e ir o h p , ,

by h is a rroga n t b e ha v iou r , w hich w as v ery d ifleren t


from th a t of h is fa th e r, w h o in th e ze n ith of h is
p ros
p erit
y wa s d is tin guish ed for h umil ity a nd

mode ra tion .

T h e inte rv a l of tra n qu il ity l w h ich th e J e ws en

j oy ed w as a b out th e middl e of th e el e v en th ce n tury


, , ,

d isturbe d by a n u nfortuna te e v en t J ose p h Hal l e vi .


,

a l ea rn e d a n d z ea l ous ra bb i a ss is te d b th e A ra b ic
y ,

vers ion of th e Ta l mud e n d ea v oured to con v e rt th e ,

M a h ome ta ns to th e J e wish fa ith Th e k in g of G re .

n a da h igh l y e xa s p era te d a t th is a tte mp t a ga in st th e


,

e s ta bl is h e d rel ig ion ca use d th e rin ci a l offe d e r to


p p, n

be a p p re hend e d a n d e x ecute d A v iol en t p e rsec ution .

of h is na tion imm e d ia te l foll ow e d a n d one h un dre d


y ,

th ousa n d fa mil es e x erie n ce d its d es tr uc tiv e e ffe cts


i p .

se v e rit
y o f th is m o n a r ch w a s more s en sibl y fe l t
a fte r a s e ries of ro s e r it w h ich h a d re n d e re d
p p y ,

th em af
fl uen t and
p ow e rful . T h ey w ere a
pp re

h e ns ive th a t th e oth er s o e rei v gns w ou ld foll ow h is

v l
Se il e , and a lmost al l the grea t cities in Sp a in , h a d th e ir in d epend e nt

kingdom — Rut er M odern E ur op e , v ol . i p 180


*Bm
t : . . .

ge , p 607 . .
M
T msroa r r
o n TH E JE S W .

e xa mp l e . Bu t the p erse cution wa s quickl y supa

p re sse d , : an d d id n ot e x te n d b ey ond th e k ingde mof


G re n a da .
’IE

T h e J e w s w ere l more seve re


e x p ose d to s uf
fer sti l
an d c rue l trea tme n t u n d e r k in g F e rdi na nd Thi s .

mo narch h a v in g d e cla re d w a r a ga ins t th e S a ra ce ns


, ,

re s ol v e d to cons ecra te h is e n terp r is e b y p re v iousl


y
e xtirp a ti ng a l l th e I srae l ite s in his k in gd om But .

th e S p a n is h p r e la tes O pe n l y con d e mne d a nd O p p osed


th is me a sure a nd o e A l e xa n de r l l w rote a l e tte r
p p .

to th e m i n w h ic h h e h ig h l y c omme n ded th eir


,

O p p os ition to F e rd ina nd s bl oody d e s ign ; se v erel y ’

re p rov e d th is mon a rch for h is furious a n d u n ch ris tian

z ea l ; an d re min d e d h im of the e xam p l e of


p op e

G reg ory th e G rea t w h o h a d s tre n uousl y opp os ed


,

s im il a r p erse cution a n d th e d e mol is h in g of th e


,

s n a gog ues T h e u n ite d re mon s tra nces of th e p op e


y . ,

a n d b is h o s d e l iv ered th e J e ws from th e impe n d in g


p

A D
. . T he v l
re o ution, d by th e ca us e

M oors in A frica more e ffe ctually e xtrica te d th em a t


,

th is p e riod from p e rs ec ution Al p h on s o th e s uc


.
,

c e ss o r o f F e rd in a n d b e in g e x t,re m e l y d is t r e s se d by
th e in r c ea s in g p o w e r o f th e S a r a c e n s f o u n d h im s,
e lf
o bl ig e d t o b e fr i e n d a n d c a re s s th e J e w s i n o rd er to ,

b
o ta in fr o m t h e m p e r s o n a l a n d p ec u n ia r
y a s s is ta n ce .

A ccord ingl y b e p romoted the mto gre a t a n d l ucra tiv e


of fi ces a n d e v e n a ll o w e d th e m to b e j u d g e s ov er

th C h i ti P o G r e g o r h ig h l y d is a p p r o v e d
e r s a n s p e
.
y
l f h k i g i d lg d

of th is a s t i n s ta n ce o t e n s n u e n c e a n ,

up b ra i e d d h i m w ith h a v i n g e s
y n a o ue
g g
f T h e Yem
o f S a ta n a b o v e th e c h u rc h o e n
»

B 6 0 7 + I bid ’
g p a s na e, . .
.
186 '
n i s t on r or r u n JE W S.

,
th e m . Und e r th e id ea of g a bl essings tr
p roc u rin -

th e ir e x p ed ition ,
th ey d e s troy e d th e d es ce n da n ts of
th ose , w h o crucifi e d our S a viou rfi "

N otwi th s ta n d in g a l l the p ers ecutions th e J e ws


fe re d in S p a in d uring th e el e v e n th ce n tury ma ny
'

s uf ,
P
ra bb ie s a p p ea re d w h o we re d is ting u is h ed for a b il ity
,

a n d l ea rn in g Sa muel C op h n i a na tive of C ord ova


.
, ,

u bl ish e d a comme n ta ry on th e P e nta te u ch th e m


p ;
a

n u sc rip t of w h ich is s till e xta n t in th e V a tica n l ib rar


y .

S oon a fter h im fl ouris h e d th e fi ve I sa a cs a t n ea rly


th e sa me p e riod ; on e of w h omca l l e d I sa a c Al p hes i

, ,

ca m e from A fr ica to S p a in He wa s e s tee me d th e .

mos t l ea rne d ma n of h is a ge ; a nd w a s ch osen ch ie f


of th e ca p tiv ity in th is k in gd om T h e s ec on d of .

th e I saa cs wa s th e son of Ba ru ch wh o d eriv e d h is ,

orig in from th e a n cie n t B aruch a nd p re te n d e d th a t , ,

h is famil y ca me to S p a in as e a rl y a s th e re ig n of
T itus a nd h a d s ub s iste d th e re till th is tim
, e He

u n d e rs too d La tin G reek a n d A ra b ic ; a nd w as so


, ,

r ofoun dl y v e rs e d in ma th e ma tics th a t th e k in g of
p ,

G re na da w h o wa s a p a ss iona te a d mirer of th is
,

sc ie nce s e n t for h im to cou rt in ord er to rece iv e h is


,

in s tructions T h is mona rch trea te d h im w ith s uc h


.

fl a tterin g d is tin ction th a t h e con tin ue d to res id e a t


,

h is cou rt till h is d ea th w h ich took p l a ce 1007 Th e, .

oth e r th ree I saa cs w e re a l so men of d is tin g uis he


d
a b ility a nd l ea r n in g + .

once ; the p hrens y w as as l as tin g as it was extra vg a a nt. D urin g tw o

centu ries E u rope see ms to h a v e ha d no o bj ect b ut to reco er , orv k e ep

p osses sion of th e l la n d ; and d u ing th is period v ast a rmi


ho y r es con ti

march to Pa l estine — R obert o H i te s! Qf Cha r l es V



n ued to s n s t r .

v ol i p 22
. . . .

Ba snage , p 608 . .

t Es sange , p 609 . . M ode rn Univer His t . . v ol . xi 1l .


p 2 56
. .
H I STORY or T H E JE S W . 187

mbe r of fa mous
.

Th e nu ra bb ies , wh o a
pp ea re d in
th e e e l v e nth a nd tw e fth l . ntu ries
ce

,

d isp utes re s p e ctin g th e u til it


y of stu

u ce s . Th ose w h o h ad ac qu ire d a ta s te
l y w is h ed : to ma k e farth e r i m
d

a r en t

e men ts A c d in g to E n fi el d l h e a tte n tion


ae
p r o v co r . t , ,

w h ich wa s p a id to th e w ritin g s of Aristotl e d b oth


by A ra b ia ns a n d C h ris tia n s e xcite d th e e mul a tion of ,

th e J e w s w h o a dd icte d th e ms elv e s to th e s tudy of


,

th e P e rip a te tic p h il os op h y T h is in n ov a tion s o .


,

in con s is te n t w ith th e re v e rence w h ich th ey p rofe ss ed


to e n te rta in for th e l a w a n d tra d ition s of th e ir fa th e rs ,

w a s e xce e d in gl y d is p l ea s in g to th e z ea l ous a dv oca tes


for T al mu d ic l ea rn in g w h o ea s il y p erce iv ed th a t a s , ,

th e on e ga in e d g roun d th e oth er w ould d ecl in e



, .

T h e a n cien t curs e d e n oun ce d Up on th e J e w w h o


s h ould i ns tr uct h is s on i n G rec ia n l e arn in g w a s

re v iv e d But ra bb i S ol omon h e n Ab ra h a m w h o
.
- -
,

ta ug h t a t B a rcel on a mitiga te d th e s e v e rity of th is ,

d ecre e w h ich h e h a d n ot s uffi cie n t coura g e to a b ol is h


,

a nd? p ron ou n ce d an a n a th ema and s e n te n ce of

e xcommun ica tion a ga in s t a l l w h o b e ga n to s tud


y ,

G ree k b efore th ey w ere tw e n ty y ea rs ol d Ra bb i .

M a r h o we v e r re s tore d th e J e w is h s tud en ts to the


, ,

e n tire l ib ert of l ea rn in g th e l a n gu a g es w ll
y a s e as ,

th e a rts a nd s cie nce s )


; .

In F ra nce d urin g th e te nth a n d el e v e n th cen


,
'

E nfi e l d s il os oph y

v ol . 11.
p 2 04
s , . .

To fa c i ita te th el s tu dy of A ri s to t e a l hJ
mong t e ews, h is w ritin g s

d f o m the A b ic to th e
were tra ns l a te r e ra H b wt g
e r on u e Se v l era oth e r

a ncie n t wo k p ti u l l y the E l m s o
r s, ar c ar e en t f E lid uc , a nd th e med ica l
wr itin g of the G ks towards th e cl ose of
s re e , th e thirteenth centu ry ,

a
p pea red i H eb ew d ress
n a r .

i Bas na ge , p 6 10 . .
188 s u mmer o r r1119
: JE S W
.

turice, on ly a fe w ra bbies w h o w e re dis


tin guis h ed for a b il i Th emost cele
b rute d a mong th e m w ho fl ourishe d
in the e l ev e n th ce n tu p os e h e wa s a

na tiv e of G erma n h w v h u bl is h e d h is
y ; o e e r e
p ,

b ook of con s titutions in th is k in gd om T h oug h .

e l a s e d b e fore th is w ork m
a l on
g t im e
p et w ith the

a ro b a tion of th e oth er J e w is h d oc tors ; y e t it


pp
was rece iv e d as a cod e of e x ce ll en t l a w s a bout th e
ea r 12 04 an d its a uth or d ign ifi e d w ith th e titl e of
y

-

the L ig h t of th e F ren ch
J a cob th e s on of J e ka r one of G ers ion s p up ils
, ,

,

w a s a g re a t mu s ic ia n a n d ca s uist a n d th e s ucc e e din g


J e wish d octors fol l ow e d h is d ecis ion s w ith imp l icit
re v e re nce . Ra bb i J udah a n oth er of h is d iscip l es
, ,

a l s o h eld a d is tin g uis h e d ra n k a mon g th e l ea rn e d men

of h is n a tion .H e c omp ose d a trea tis e on th e righ ts


of w ome n a n d a w ork on the J e w is h ca lc ul a tion s of

time . A ccord in g to h is a cco un t the ir fi rs t e p ocha


wa s from their d e p a rture from E g y p t ; th e y b ega n
a n oth er d a te fro mth e e riod i n w h ich th e w e re fi rs t
p y
gov er n ed by k in gs ; a n d a th ird from th e time
A l e xa n d e r th e G rea t fi rst e n te re d J e rusa l e m w hich ,

w a s obs erv e d till th e te n th c e n tu ry d u rin g w h ich ,

p e r io d ra bb i S h e ri ra fl o uris he d a n d ob l ige d h is
,

n a tion to d a te from th e crea tion of th e w orld He .

a l so u bl is h ed a n u mb e r of s ermons A n oth er of
p .

G ers ion s p u p il s ra bb i M ose s H a rda rs ia n or th e


, ,

p r e ach e r a cq uire d a d is ting uish e d re ut


, ,
p a tion H e .
,

a n d rabbi J uda h in trod uce d the cus tom of p reach ing


,

in th e s na go ues w h ich h a d b ee n much ne gl e cte d


y g , .

T h e forme r w a s th e auth or of a co mmenta ry ou


. .
,

Ba snage , p 6 10
. .
190 ms rour
'
or TH E JE S W .

C H A P T E R X I II .

0f th J w i H g y d i g th
e e s n l v th t y —P
un a r ti of ur n e e e en cen u r a e rsecu on

th i p p l
s i G m y
eo d B h mi — Th C
e n erd m an an o e a . e ru sa e rs a ssacre

v t m l tit d f th m i th i m h th gh th iti f G
as u u es o e n e r a rc ro u e c es o er

m y t th H l y L d — T h y
an o iv
e t Jo l m b i g and . e a rr e a eru sa e , es e e an

ta ke th e city , and
p u t al l th e Jews to d ea th —Of th e second cru sa de .

— The J e ws a re ma ssacred in most p a rt s of E urope .

A D . . DU RI NG
l a tter p a rt of th e th e
e l e v e n th c e n tu ry S t La d isl a us k in g of H un ga ry
, .
, ,

c on v e n ed a sy n od w h ich p roh ib ite d th e J e ws from


,

marry ing C h ristia n w ome n or p urch a s in g sl a v es ,

w h o h a d e mb ra ce d th is re l igi on Col oma n h is s on .


,

a n d s uccess or a l s o forb a d e th e ir ma k in g use of


,

C h ris tian sl a v e s b ut b e p ermitte d th e m to buy a n d


cul tiv a te l a n d s w ith in th e j uris d ic tion of a b is h o
p .

T h ese l a w s cl ea rl y d e mon s tra te th a t th ey w e re ,

n u merou s a nd p owe rful 111 this k in gd om .

T h e n u mb e r a n d p ow e r of th e J e w s h a d a l so
b ecome g rea t in G e rma ny ; a nd th ey h a d e recte d
s u erb s n a g og ue s in m
.

os t of th e rin ci a l citie s
p y p p ,

a rticul a rl a t T re v e s C ol og n e M e tz a n d Fra n cfort


p y , , .

T h ey h a d p a s s e d from F ra n con ia into B oh e mia a n d


h a v in g i n th e el e v e n th ce n tury a s s is te d th e C h ris tia ns
a ga in s t th e irr up tion s of th e b a rba ria ns w e re ,

a ll ow e d th e p riv il e g e of a sy n a g og ue T he y s uf .

fe red in d ee d s e v e re p e rs ecution s in s e v e ra l p a rts of


th e s e k in gd oms a nd th e fa n a ticism p f h e
p op ul a ce m

fre q ue n tl y e xp ose d th e m to d e s tru ction A p ries t .

n a me d G o tes cal at th e head of fi ftee n th ousa n d ba n


,

d itti d ecl a re d w a r a ga in s t th e m a n d b e ing s up


,

o t d a n d e n c ou ra ge d b s e v era l monar ch s p as se d
p r e y ,

Ba snage , p 6 16 . .
H ISTO RY or Ira n JE S W . 19 1

nd co mmitte d th e mos t h orrid out

u nh a p p y p eop e l . ,
But a t en l gth it
th a t h e p i a e th e
g ll h d
ris tia n s a s C
th e J ew s ,
h e w a s s urp rise a n d s a in w ith d l
est
t .
p a rt of h is ar my .

l on g a fte r, th e l a n dg ra v e of L in 1ngh e n
decl a re d
h ims el f th e p ers e cutor J e w s a nd of th e ,

committe d s e v e ra l a cts of v iol e n ce a ga i n s t th e m But .

on h is a tte m p tin g to p en etra te i n to H un ga r h e


,

y ,

w as s u rp ris e d a n d d efea ted Th e e mp eror H en ry I V . .

e x e rte d h imsel f in d e fe n ce of th is op res se d e o l e


p p p
a n d ord ere d th e m to b e re in s ta te d in th e ir a b od e s

a n d p rop e rty T h is occas ion ed fresh comp l a in ts


.

a ga in st th em : a nd th ey w e re a ccuse d of h a v ing
e x a gge ra te d th e ir l osse s in ord e r to e n rich th e m
,

s e lv e s b a m l n tiful restitu tion


f i
y o re e
p .

A D . . S oon a fter th e Crusa de rs in ,

v olv e d th e m in th e most terribl e ca l a mities th ey h a d


e v er e x erie n ce d s in ce th e re ig n of Ad ria n
p T h es e .

e x e d ition s a w a k e n e d a l l th e ra ge of th eir e n e mie s


p
a ga in s t the m; a n d
“ th e ir p op ul a tion s e e me d to h a v e
in crea s e d onl y to furn ish n ew v ictims T h e cha m

.

i n s of th e cros s in th e ir m rch th rough G e r m


p o a , a n
y
toth e h ol y la n d ma ssa cre d a l l w h o refu se d to p rofess
,

th e C h ris tia n re l ig ion 1Fiftee n h un d re d w e re b urnt


. .

a t S tra sb ur h t h irte en h u n d re d a t M a e n ce d
g , y a n

th e fl a me s be in g commun ica te d to th e city i t w a s in ,

g rea t d a nge r of be in g 1e d uce d to a s h es 1 Th is .


'

ma ssa cre w a s con tin u e d from th e mon th of A p ril till


'
J uly . A ccord in g to th e J e w ish : h is toria ns fi ve ,

Bas nage , p 6 16 . .

g
t G re o ire on th e Re forma tion of th e J e ws ,
p 5 . .

4‘
A mod e rn J ewish a u th or h as th us d escri e bd
th e miserie s h is
192 111 mm on TH E mws .

th ousan d of th e ir na tion w ere e ith e r s a u l g h tered or


d rovme d ; a n d th e n umb e r of th os e, w h o p re s erveh
th e ir l iv es b d is s imul a tion , wa s much more consi
y
de ra ble T h ey w e re so fa r from exa gg era ting , th a t
.

th e Ch ris tia n w riters mak e th e a moun t of those w h o


we re d es troy e d v a s tly g rea te r Th e Ba ta v ia n a h .

n a l is ts a ss e rt th a t up wa rd s of tw e lv e tho u sa n d were
,

s la in in th e ir cou n tr ; n d a l l a gr ee th t th
y a a e ,

n umb e r of those w h o e ris h e d in oth er a rts of


p p
G erma ny ” w a s a l mos t inc ed ibl e
r M any i n th e .
,

p h re n sy o f d e s a ir
p p u t a p e r io d to th e ir o
,w n l ive s .

E v e n s ome w ome n a t T re v es s ee ing th e C rusa d ers ,

k ill ed th ei r ch ild ren te ll ing th em

W
a p p roa ch ing
“ th a t it wa s m
,

uc h b e tte r to se nd th e min to Ab ra h a ms
,


,

b os om th a n to a ba nd on th em to th e Ch ris tian s
,
” ’
.

S ome of th e me n b a r ricad e d th e ir h ou ses a n d p reci

W
,

it a tin th e m s elv e s th eir fa m il i a nd ea l th in to


p g es , ,

na tion en d u ed f o mthe
r r fu ry of the Crusa d e rs : h e n from h is so li
ta ry re trea t a n e nth u s ias tic h e rmit p re ac h e th e cru s a des to t h e d
na tions of Eu rope , a nd a
p b
a rt of its inh a ita n ts e ft th e ir c ou n try to l
moiste n with th eir b l d
oo th e p ains of l
a es tin e , the ne ofP l
p ro is k ll m
c uo u s man ners to ll e d b fo th l e re e a ar m be ll of wa r . M ill io ns o f Jw e s

w e re the n mu r d d t g l t th p i
e re o u e o u s ra g
e of th e C ru sa d e rs . It w a s
by te a rin g th t il
e e n ra f th i b th
s o e r re re n th a t th e se w a rrio rs so u gh t t o

d e se r v e th e protec tion of H ea Ve n . S k llu s of me n a nd g h ea rts bl e di e n

w e re offe re d as ho loca u s ts on th e a lt a rs of th at God w h o h as no


.

p l e a s u re e v en in th e b l h o d of the innoce nt mb ; l a a nd minis te rs


of p e a ce w ere th row n in to a h o y th e se oo y l e nth u s ias m by bl d
sa crifi ce s It is th u s th a t
. asi , B l T
rev es , Co e nt , a nd Co o ne . bl z l g
be ca me h u ma n sh am es — App e a l to th e J us tice qf K ings a nd

bl .

N a tion s , by M M i cha e l Ber r . .

M z
e t is ,
p erh a
p s , th e o n
y c i ty in G e r ma ny w h l
e re t he Cru sa ers d
di d n ot imb rue th e i r h a n d s in th e bl d oo of the Je w s . Lew is the
Y ou g n hi d p t
, on fo P l ti s mb l d h i
e my i
a r u re r a es ne , ass e e s ar n this

pl ; d y t it i
a ce an t id th t th J w
e iv d a y i u l t
s no sa , a e e s rece e n ns . Th e
sil nce o f h i to ry in this r pe t mo u t to
e s p itiv e p roof es c a n s a os , if we
C sid er
on th t M etz th en h ad h i to ri s —G goi
, a
p 2 42 s an . re r e, . .
194 a 1ss oa r or r u n JE S W .

a s ie ge of fi ve w ee k s d imp ell e d by a mixtur e of


an

mil ita ry a nd re l ig ious ra g e , d e s troy e d th e in h a b ita nts

w ith o ut d is tinc tion of s e x or a ge T h e ir fury rose .

to s uch a h e ig ht tha t a ll the J e ws be ing th e s uc


, ,

ces s ors of th os e wh o h a d cruc ifi e d our S a v iou r w ere


*
,

mos t in h u ma nl y p ut to deat h .

A D. T h e p erse cutions wh ich th e J e ws


s uffe re d from th e C rusa d ers we re n ot te rmina te d a fte r

th e con q ue s t of J eruml e m Ot h e r e xp ed ition s w ere


.

u n de rta k e n in o rd er to sec u re to the C h ris tia n s the

o s s e ss ion of th e h oly l an d to e nl arge th e ir


p ,

que s ts a nd to m ov e r th e c ity a fte r it wa s reta ke n


,

b y th e Ma h ome ta n s fi Th e s econ d crusa d e w a s


p ro m o t e d b y t he e xh o rta ti
no ns of S t B erna r d a nd . ,

su
pp o rte d b
y th e e m p e ro r C onra d a n d th e F ren c h ,

k in g L e w is V I I Th e hermit R odol p h us w h o w as
.
,

c o mmis s ion e d to p rocl a im th e h ol w a r a l on g th e


y
ba nk s of th e R h ine ea rnes tly incul ca ted u p on th e
,

G e rma n p rinces the n ece ss ity of ex te rmina tin g th e


e n e mie s of Ch ris t w ith in the ir ow n territorie s .

O th e r p rea ch e rs followe d h is exa mp le ; a n d th e


J e w s s eize d w ith con stern a tion re tire d to N ure m
, ,

b urg a n d oth e r cities in w h ich th e e mp eror k in dly


, ,

rece ive d a n d p rotec ted th e m “ Mgy y


a o f th e C h ris .
, _

tia n bish ops h igh ly c on de mn e d th e h e rmit s p erse



-

eutin g doctrine S t Be rna r d i n p a rticula r se v ere ly


. .

q uired by th is po p u

W
l r
p rize H u me s H is tory

the y h ad ac a r e nte -
.
f
o

E ngl a nd , v ol i p 2 3 2 . . . .

G u th rie s i sto ry

H of th e or ld , vol . 1111. p . 66 . Gi bb on ,
H I STORY or TH E . JE S W . 195

N ot conten te d h ow e v e r , , . w ith witi r n g


t h etic l etters bj e ct h e re p aire d to
th e
pa p u on su ,

G e rma ny w he re h e a fi orde d a n effica c ious p rotection


'

to th e J e w s by th e in fl ue n c e b e d eriv e d from h is
ta l e nts l earn in g a n d v irtues l ae
.
, ,

T h e p e rsec ution k in dl ed by th e C rusa d ers w as n ot


co n fi n e d to G e rma ny
'

b ut exte n d e d th rough th e
,

grea tes t pa rt of E urop e Th e p ubl ic outcry wa s;


.

L et u s exte rmina te th e d e s ce n da n ts of th os e wh o

c ru cifi ed J es us Ch r is t ; a nd l e t th e na me of I s ra el

be no more re me mbered But th ou gh v as t mul ti



.

tud e s fell a sa crifi c e to th e b iga try of th e p rince s a n d


eo l e a s till g rea ter n u m b d riv e n to d es p a ir b

er
p p , y ,

W
-
our atwnticn g g ed a n d ou r fe e l ing s
1s e n a ,

ta te d in re v ie w in g th e terribl e ca l a mities w h ic h
th e J e ws w e re c omp elle d to e n d ure w e may b e l e d ,

to in q uire , ha t a re the ca us es of th e recip rocal


ha tred wh ich h a s s ub s is ted be twe en th e m a n d oth e r
n at ions ? A ce l e b ra te d a uth or, w h o h a s d ee p ly
in te res te d h imse l f to a mel iora te th e con d ition of th is
p ers ec u te d n a tion h a s g iv e n th e foll ow in g a n s we r
, ,

re s is t
a nc e a of p th e J ews i n th ei r l a st wa r
a
gains t the Roma n s grea tl y incen se d the l a tte r w h o ,
.

took e v ery O p p ortu nity of in s p iring a l l th e pe op l e of


th e e mp ire w ith th e ir p rej ud ice s T h e J e w s d riverr . .

from th e ir cou n try b ut con tinual l y e l e va te d by th e


,

imp os tur e of fal s e M e ss ia h s w h o a dd ed fue l to th e ir


,

fa a at ic is m could n ot ta rnely s ubmit to a fore ign


,

Barra ge, p 6 17. . Greg


oire, p u s .
V r Bas nage , p are: .

0 2
/
196 u rs ronv or
'
TH E JE S W .

y k
o e ; a nd th ey p res e r e v d e ve n to th e s e enthv
/
;
,

c e ntur
y , a s
p irit of s e d ition , w h ich e xcite d hatre d
ga in s t th e m
“Besides p eop l e p a rdon ea ch other l ea st; for
a .

th in k in g d iffe re n tl in re s p ec t to re l ig ion a nd if
y ,

th e re be a ny rel ig ion ca p a bl e of offe n d ing th e v a n ity


of th os e w h o a re n ot foll owers of it w ith out d ou b t
, ,

it is th a t of th e J e w s Its d iv in e a uth or ga v e it th is
.

s irit w ith a v ie w to ra is e a b a rrie r b e tw e en h is


p
e o l e a n d th e c orru p tion of th ose id ol a trous na tion s
p p ,

by w h om th ey w ere s urroun d e d J ud a is m is a n .
'

u gh it im os es th e obl i
e xcl us iv e w or h i
s p a
pd oth p
a tion of u n iv ersa l p h ila n th ro
py i ts s in ul ar it
g y
g ,

th eG en til es rev ol te d a ga in s t a d og ma w h ich sa p p ed


th e v e ry fou n d a tion of P a ga n is m; b e s id es th ey
n e v e r s p ok e of circ umc is ion th e most a n cie n t of a l l ,
-

rite s b ut w ith a s mil e of d eris ion a n d th e p a ssa g e


,

from rid icul e to co n te m t is imme d ia te


p I t is a
p rin .

cip l e in mora l s th a t p eop l e d o n ot h a te w ha t th e


, y
de s p is e b ut th e mis fortune s of th e J e ws h a v e re n »

d e re d the ma n e xce p tion Conte mp t c on s ig n ed th e m


ghr is tm m
.

to d is g ra ce a nd fu ry to torture
, us , .

b e h old inDg“ i—“n th e m tW h e aW u th ors of a D e ic id e


“W — s o m e ,

m
' -
u m n- M ~ ” . lfi I

time s for ot th e e xa“ l e of th e ir F ou n er


d ,“ w h
g “* b p q m
..
o u
,

the cross im oge d forg iv e n e s s for h is


a :

w h e n u p on “ pl ,

e x e cutione rs Ma h o me t a t fi rs t s h ew ed a grea ti
. .

res p e ct for th e J e w s but th is s en time n t s oon ga v e ,

p l ac e to fu r
y H is K ora n w a s fi l l e d w ith v iol e n t
. .

d ec l a ma tion a ga in s t me n e ne mie s to h is d octrine ,

a nd th e M uss ul ma n s w h o a rg u e d w ith th e sa b re , ,

incl ud ed the J e ws in th e p roscrip tion of al l rel ig ions


198 msr oa r or r u n JE S W .

C H A P T ER X IV .

S ta te of th e J ew s in v i u p t f th t i
ar o s ar s o e ea s n l
th e twe fth centu ry .

—0f the rinces


p o f th p tiv
e ity
— Th I
ca . e s ra el ites we re nu mero u s
in Egy pt , but on ly a s ma ll nu mbe r was fo un d in P a l e t i s ne — Of
th ose in the T ki h d
ur s minions and
o , in I ta l y G m y
,
er an , and

F ra nce — S t B e rna r d e xe r ts h is infl uence b h lf —Th y


i n thei r e a e are

d III —l h y b com
.

fa v d by pope I ocent II and A le x e


o u re nn . an r .
'‘
e e e

po werfu l in S pa i during th ig of Al ph o o VIII


n e re n ns .

B E NJ AM I N of T ud el a a c ity ,

in N a va rre a ffi rms tha t h e v is ite d ma n y re g ions


,

b oth in th e ea s t a n d w es t in th e twel fth ce n tury for , ,

th e p urp os e of a s ce rta in ing th e s itua tion of the


J e w is h p eop l e H e p ubl ish e d a n a ccount o f h is
*
.

tra v e l s a n d ga v e a min u te rel a tion of w h a te v er


,

was h o n ou ra bl e a n d in teres tin g to h is n a tion He .

e v e n in v e n te d n e w cou n trie s a n d me n tion e d k ing ,

d oms a nd cities w h ich d id n ot th en e xis t A lea rne d


, .

mod ern a uth or s p ea k in g of th is w ork a n d tha t of


, ,

ra bb i Peta ch ia h w h o tra v e ll e d a b ou t th e sa me

p e riod ob s erv e s
,
t h at
“ a w is h to m
,

a g n if th e im
,
y
p o rta n ce o f th e ir b re th r e n i s d isce rn ibl e in the
w r itings of b oth ; a n d for th e ir e xtre me c re dul ity , ,

b oth a re j us tl y ce ns ure d But a fte r e v e ry rea s on .


,

a bl e d e d uction is ma d e o n th e s e a ccou n ts from th e

c re d ib il it
y of th e ir na rra tiv e m u ch w ill s till re m a i n ,

to in te res t a n in tell ig e nt a n d ca u tious rea d e r 1 - '

B e nj a min informsus th a t th e J e w s in th e ea s t irf , ,


c

th e tw el ft h ce n tu ry e nj o ed th e
y p ea cea ble e,x erc is e

of th e ir rel ig ion a nd
p o s s e ss e d s e v era l con s id era bl e
,

Th i s wor kh b as ee n trans ate l d fromth e Hebrew into the F rench ,

by J P B ti
. . ar ra e r.

t B tl Ho u er s

ra Bibl ice .
ms roa r
'
or TH E JE S W . 199

s y nagq u es . F ou r b reth re n inh a


th ous a n d of h is
bite d Ba s s ora h a n is la n d on th e T ig ris S e v e n
, .

th ousa nd re s id e d at Al moza l a n s w e ring to th e e u ,

c ien t N in e v e h I n th is c ity our tra v ell er foun d


.

Z a cc he us a p rin ce de sce n d e d from th e h ous e of


,

D a v id a n d a J e w ish as tronomer na me d B ere n a l


,

Phe re c w h o offi c ia te d as a ch a p l a in to Z i n Ald in


, ,

a Ma h o me ta n k in g Pa s sin g th roug h Re h oboth in


.
,

h is wa y to Ba gda t h e d is cov ere d th ree th ousa n d


,

J ew s ; a n d fi ve h u n dre d a t Ka rch e mis h fa me d for ,

the de fea t of P h a ra oh N ech o a nd s itua te on th e ,

ba n k s of th e E up h ra tes f
T h e cel e b ra te d a ca d e my of P un d e b ita h a d l os t
much of its or igin al g ra n de ur a n d conta in e d on ly a ,

fe w l ea rn ed ra bb ies w h o s up erin ten d e d a b ou t two


,

thousa n d of th e ir b re th re n p art of w h om a p p l ie d ,

th emse lv es to th e s tu dy of th e l a w T h e a ca d e my .

of S a ra w a s a l so i n a d eca y e d con d ition ; a n d tha t

of N a h a rde a w a s on l y fa me d for a sy n a og ue w h ich g


,

its s u p erstitious in h a b ita n ts h a d b uil t of ma te rial s


con v e y e d fro m J e rus a l e m T h e g rea t me n yvh o.
,

formerl y res id e d in th e ea s tern cou n trie s h a d fl e d ,

to th e w e st ; a nd the J e w is h a ca d e mie s d ec l in e d in
cons e q uen ce of th e ir d ep arture But th oug h th e re .
,

we re b ut fe w l ear ned rabb ies in th e e a s t th e J e w s , ,

a ccord in g to our a u th or s a ccoun t w e re s till n u me


rou s ; he informs u s h e foun d te n th ousan d of th e m

a t O bk e ra y w h ich city h e p re te nd s w a s b u il t b y
,

k in g J e ch on ia h d u ring th e B a by l on ia n ca p tiv ity :


It m y p p r su p i i g th t
a a ea J w i h t m h ld b
r r s n , a a e s a s rono er s ou e

Cha pl a i

Ba snage , p 6 l 9 .
3: Ibid .
p: 6 2 0 .
2 00

ms ronr '
or TH E JE S W .

B j min a rriv e d a t Ba gd a t d urin g th e re ign of


en a .

th e ca l ip h M os ta n ge d w h o h ig h l y fa v ou red h is

n a tion a n d re ta ine d a n umb e r (if J e w s in h is se rv ic e


,
"
.

T h is p rince wa s w ell v erse d in th e H e b re w l a n g ua ge ,

a n d h a d a cq uire d s ome k n ow l e dg e of th e M os a ic

law . T h e city of B a gda t con ta in e d a b out one


th ousa n d J e w s w h o{ p os s ess e d tw e n ty e ig h t s y n a
,
-

o
g g ue s T.h ey w e re a l s o a ll ow e d ten trib un a l s ,

u n d e r th e d ire ction of te n e mine n t me n of th e ir

n a tion , w h o w e re ch ose n to tra n sa ct th e ir ffa irs




a .

T h es e ch ie fs w e re , h ow e v er, su b ord ina te to th e

p rince of th e Benj a min a ss e rts th a t th e


ca
p ti v
ity .
,

e r s on w h o th e n e nj o e d th is d ig n it w a s s t le d
p y y y
L ord by th e J e w s a n d by th e Ma h ometans th e s on
,

of D a v id h e b e in g a ccord in g to ou r a uth or l in ea ll y
, , ,
.

d e scen d e d from th a t mon a rch H is a u th ority e x .


r

te n d e d ov e r al l h is b re th ren in th e d omin ion s of th e


ca l ip h a n d fro m S ria to H in d us ta n O u r tra v ell e r
y .

a l s o a ffi rm e d th a t th is ch ief re ce iv e d re g a l h on ours
,

h a d a n h un d re d g ua rd s to e scort h im w h en h e v is ite d
th e cal ip h ; a n d th a t a h e ra ld ma rch e d b efo re h im
'

cr in g P re a re th e w a y for th e L ord th e s on of
y , p , .

D a v id T h e J e w ish p e op l e in th e mos t r e mote


.

a rts w e re h e sa s obl ig e d to re ce iv e th e ir tea ch e rs


p y , ,

from h im by th e imp os ition of h a n d s ; a n d h e w a s


e na bl e d to s u p p ort h is d ig n ity b y th e l a rg e p re se n ts

a n d trib ute w h ich h e re ce iv e d from h is n a tion f


"

The e xis te n ce of a s ucce ss ion of th es e ima g in a ry


ote n ta te s h a s b e e n s tre n u ou s ly ma in ta in e d by
J e w is h a uth ors T h e ir v ie w s w e re to a gg ra n d iz e
'

.

th e gl ory of th e ir n a tion a n d d e p riv e C h ris tia n s of ,

k th e fo rce o f th e a r g u me n t fu rn is h e d b h
y t p p
e ro h ec
y
Bas nage , p 6 2 0
. .
$02 H I ST O RY or r a n JE SW .

of b reth ren w h o p osses sed a s pacious sy nagogue


h is , .

In H ila a b out fi ve mil es froma nc ie n t Ba by l on h e


, ,

d iscov ere d four sy na gog ues a nd ten th ous a n d J e ws , .

Pa ss ing eas twa rd h e a rrive d a t the ba nk s of th e


,

r iver C h cba r w h e re h e fou n d s ixty s y n a gogues


, .

H e as se rte d th a t th e p roph et E ze k ie l w a s b uried


,

on th e b an ks of th is r ive r r th a t h is tomb w as p re

serv e d ; a n d th a t b oth J e w s a n d P e rs ia n s reso rted

to it a s a p l a ce of d e v otion In C ufa on ce th e me .
,
4

trop ol is of th e cal ip h s , h e d is cov e red n ea rl y s e v en


th ousa n d of his n a tion w h o p osses se d onl y one s y ,
~

’I
E
n a gogue .

O ur tra v ell e r foun d th e J e w s n umerous in E gy p t ,

a n d comp u ted th irty th ousa n d of th e m in one city

u p on th e frontie rs of E thiop ia . T h e re w e re a b out


tw o th ou sa n d I s ra el ites a n d tw o sy na g og ue s a t M is
ra im a t p re s en t G ra n d C a iro
,
T h e ch ief of a l l .

th e sy n a gog ue s in E gy p t re s id e d in th is c ity ; a p
oin te d th e J e w is h d octors ; a n d s u p p orte d the in
p
te re s t of h is n a tion S e v era l p a rts of th e l a n d of
.

G os h e n w e re i nh a b ite d by J e ws ; two h und re d were -

fou n d in o ne p l a ce in a n oth e r fi ve h u n d re d ; a n d
,

n ea rl y th ree th ou sa n d in th e city of G os h e n Ab out .

th e sa me n u mb e r res id ed a t Al e xa n d ria a n d b ut ,

a fe w D a mie tta xl
at

O ur a u th or foun d Ty re a b out fou r h undred of


at

h is n a tion most of w h om w ere e mp l oy e d in th e


,

gla s s ma nu fa cture T h e re w ere h ow e v e r a few


.
, ,

l ea rn e d me n a mon g th e m wh o w e re w el l v erse d in ,

th e Ta l mu d T h e S a ma rita n s h a v in g a ban d oned


.

th e ir a ncie nt ca p ita l some of th e mretire d to Ce sa rea


, ,

w he re h e foun d a b out tw o h u nd red ,


a nd on e h un d red
Ba s nage . p 6 2 0 . I bid .
'
u rs ro mr or TH E JE S W . 2 03

at S iche m wh ich ha d become


,
th e s ea t o f th e ir re i l
gion T h ey w e re e xtreme ly
.
str ict in sol e mniz in g
v e ir sa c ri fi ces M oun t

th e ir festi a l s , a n d ofl er in h

t orf
g
G er izzim * .

In Je rusa le m th e a nc ie n t ca p ita l of the J e w ish


,

rel ig ion B e nj a min foun d on ly tw o h un dred of h is


,

na tion w h o all res id e d togeth er a n d ma de b ut a


, ,

me a n figure in th e me trop ol is T h ey w e re n ot n u .

me rous in oth e r cities of J ud ea in one of which


h e found onl y two in a noth er tw e nty
,
S h una n con .
.

ta ined bout th ree h un d red At A sca lon th ere w e re


a .

fi ve h un d re d a nd fi fty th re e J ew s a n d Sa m ,
a r ita ns .

U p p er G al il ee con ta in e d a lar ge r n umber ; ma ny of


the I s ra el ites re tire d i nto th is p rovince a fte r th e d e

s truction of J e rusa l e m a n d fou nd e d th e fa m


, ous

a ca de m of T iber ias Y e t h e d isc ov e re d onl o ne


y .
y
s n agog ue in th is p art of
y
F rom Pa l estine our a uth or p a sse d into G ree ce ,

a n d fou n d tw o h u n d re d J e w s w h o res id e d in a nd
,

a bou t M ou n t P a rn as s us a n d ob ta in ed a s ubs is te n ce
,

b y c ul tiva ting v e ge ta bl es T h e re w e re th ree h un


.

W
d red of th is na tion a t C orin th a n d tw o tho usa n d a t ,

T h e bes w h o w e re e ith er d y e rs or s il k w ea v e rs
Th ere w e re a s m
, , .

al l n u mbe r a t Le a n to P a tras
p , ,

a n d oth e r a rts of th e T urk is h e m ire ; b ut the


p p y
w e re ne ith e r n ume rous n or a fi nen t h en Be n .

a min a r riv e d a t Cons ta n tinO l e h e d iscov er e d a bo ut


j p ,

tw o th ous a n d of h is n a tion w h o res ide d in th e


,

s ub urb ca l le d G al a ta or P e ra
, wh er e th ey ha d ,

forme rl y b een se ttle d b y th e e mp eror T h eod os ius .

T h ey w e re a l l s ilk wea ve rs or mercha n ts , Th ere .

w e re b es id e s fi ve h u n dre d C a ra ite s w h o w ere s e p a ,

t rhid .
2 04 H I STO RY or r u n JE W S.

ra te d by a wa ll from th e J e w s in orde r to
oth e r ,

p re ve nt a l l in tercourse be twee n th e m T h e re m .

n a n ts of th e n a tion . in th e O ttoma n e mp ire w e re


forb idd e n to d
ri e on h orse s th rough out th e s tre e ts

of th e c itie s ; a nd w e re h a te d a nd in s ul te d b oth by
T urk s a nd G reek s .
ale

Fro m C on s ta n tin op l e our tra v elle r


p a s se d in to
I ta l y : a n d re a te s l
d isse ns ions th e re ig ne d ,
w h ich th e n

W
b etwee n th e in h a b ita n ts of G e n oa P isa a n d oth e r , ,

re p ubl ica n c ities H e ob se rv e s th a t th e J e w s w ere


.
,

fe w in th e s e p a rts ; a n d th a t w h a te v e r p a rty ga ine d


th e a sce n da n cy th ey w ere s ure to b e op p ress e d
, .

h en h e r e p a ire d to Rome h e foun d h is b re th re n ,

more n u merous ; a mon g w h om were s e v e ra l l ea r ne d


d octors p a rticul a rl y rabb i J ech iel w h o w a s s up er
,
'
,

in te nda n t of th e p op e s fi nan ces C a p ua w a s n o l e s s



.

fa me d for th e n u mb e r a n d l ea r nin g of h e r d octors ,

th oug h th e c ity con ta in e d on ly th re e h u n d re d J e w s .

B e nj a min reck on e d fi ve h und re d a t N a p l es two ,

h u n d re d a t S al e rn o T h e re w e re oth e rs s e ttl e d a t
.

B e n ev e n to A scol i a nd T ra n i T h e isl a n d s of S ic ily


, ,
.

a n d C ors ica a l s o c on ta in e d a con s id era bl e n u mb e r

of J e w s ; a rtic ul a rl th e former w h e re h e d is
p y ,

cov ere d a b ou t tw o h u n d re d a t M e s s ina a n d fi ve ,

h u n d re d a t Pa l e rmo s l ‘

O ur tra v ell er p a ss e d from I ta l y in to G erma ny ,

w h e re h e a s s e rts th a t h e fou n d h is na tion n ot onl y


,

more n ume rous a n d a fll ue ntj i b ut a l s o more l ea rn e d ,

de v out a n d h osp ita bl e to s tra n ge rs


,
T h ey l a men te d .

Ba snage , p . 1 '
M od ern Uni H i t l xiii p 2 74
v e r. s . vo . . . .

4‘
B j
e n a min w rote a n a cco un t of h is tra v l b t 117 0 i ev ty
e s a ou ; ns en

ea rs , th e J e ws h ad reco e re v df ro m th e mas sa cre s of th e Crusa e rs , d


mentioned 1n the p rece di g h pt
n c a e r. ii p 2 6
. . .
2 06

th e
cities
. ba nk s of

w h e re th ey w ere forme r y co p ute


'
u l s r our or

th e Eup h ra te s ; a n d in th e et
to h e
TH E J a ws

l m
.

d
W v

W
a
a moun ted to ni ne h und red th ous a n d .

A D . B e rna rd w h ose h uma n ity to St.


,

th e J e s h a s b e e n n otice d in the p re ce d in g ch a p ter


contin ue d to rep ress th e v iole n ce of th e ir e n e mies .

H e a ll ege d tha t it w a s n eces s a ry to tol erate the m a t

W
,

re s e n t in ord er to e f fect th e ir future con v e rs ion ;


p ,

a n d ma d e us e of h is i nfl ue n ce ov e r p o e I n n ocen t
p
the S e cond to in q fl re h im w ith the s a me s e n timen ts
,

of g e n tl en e ss a nd forb ea ra nce h en th is p on tiff .

ma d e his gra n d entra nce int o P a ris th ey a p p roach e d ,

h im w ith p rofound res p ect a n d p res en te d h im the ,

r oll
, or vol um e of th e ir l a w U p on rece iv in g it .

from the ir h a n ds h e return e d this a n s w er ,


I re v e ,
a

re n ce the la w g iv en b G od to M os es b u t con de n m
y ,

ou r e x os ition of it b eca use o u s til l ‘e x ect th e


y p y p ,

M es sia h w h om th e ca th ol ic ch u rch b el ie v es to be
,

C h ris t w ho l iv e th a n d re ig n eth w ith th e F ath e r a nd


, ,

th e H ol y G hos t H is s ucce ss or Al e xa n de r I I I

. .
,

a lso fa voure d an d rotecte d th e J e w s a n d p roh ibite d


p ,

th e p eop l e from insul ting th e m on th e ir sa b ba th s ,

W
fe s tiv a l s or a ny othe r occas ion U n d er s uch p ow e r
, .
- 1

ful p a trona ge th e y beca me fl ou ris h in g a ffl ue n t


, , ,

a n d l ea rne d in R ome a nd s e v e ra l oth er citie s in


*
,

I ta ly . l
A D I OJ T h e J ew s w e re n o l ess p ow erful
lI in S a in d urin g a rt of th e twel fth ce ntur O ne
. .

p p y .

of th e m na me d J os e p h w a s p ri me min is ter to A l
'

, ,

h ous o V II I a n d h a d a c oa c h of s ta te a nd gua rd s
p .
,

to atten d hi m At l en gth h owev e r he w as exp el l e d


' “
.
, ,

from his offi ce by th e trea ch ery a n d intrig ues of


,

'
t

Ba sna ge , p 6 3 4 . .
a
n rsr on v on TH E JE S W . 2 07

G onza l eS, one of hi s d epe n d e nts , w h o , ha in v g ia


e d is p le a s ure of h is be nefac tor by h is
n is h m
'

e sca
p e th e p u e n t
U n d e r p rete n ce
ru in .

n a rch s cotfe rs th is wretch p re va ile d



,

u on Al h on so to g ra n t h im e igh t of th e rinc i a l
p
p p p
J e w s T hese h e ca use d to be p ut to d ea th a n d
.
,

c on fi s ca ted th e ir e f fec ts He ne xt offe re d a much


.

l a rger s um for tw e n ty more But th e k in g th ought


.

it more h on oura bl e to s e ize th e ir es ta tes for d e


fra y in g h is e xp en ce s th a n to d ep riv e th e m both of
,

th e ir l iv es a n d p rop e rty T h is un h a p p y p eop l e,


.

w h o rej oice d to b e a bl e to p urch as e th eir l iv es a n d


l ibe rty up on a ny terms v ol un ta rily poure d immen se
,

s ums in to th e trea s ur
l

y G on z a l es w as soon a fter
.

imp ris on e d by th e k in g a nd h is fa ll esta bl ish e d th e ir


,

tra n quill ity .

Al p h on s o wa s afterwa rd s ind uced to trea t th e


J e w s w ith g rea t ind ulge nce in cons e q ue nce of h is ,

a ss ion for a b ea utiful o g J e w e ss na me d Ra ch el


p y u n , ,

to w h om b e s a crifi ce d h is h on ou r a n d interes t H er .

coun try me n s e iz in g th e a dv a n ta ge
, g rew e xtremely ,

ow e rful a n d i n s ol e n t d th e cou rt a n d cl erg


p a n , y
w ere offe n d e d a t th e h a ugh tin e ss of th e ir b e h a v iou r .

At l en g th th e fury of th eir e ne mie s ros e to s uch a n


,

h e igh t th a t th ey ca use d th e y ou n g J e wess to b e


,

murd ered Th e na tion h owe v er d eriv e d es s e n tia l


. , ,

b e n e fi t from th is p rosp e rous e p och a n d be ca me ,

n u me rou s a n d a f fl ue nt Ra bb i E l ia k im w h o w a s
.
,

i h ig h l y este e me d l n S p a in a nd comp ose d h is ritual of


,

\ al l th e ce re mon ies u s e d in e v e r
y y s n a gog ue com ,
'
moul y sty l ed T h e R itua l of th e U n iv e rse
, h as ,

B g p 6 35 ul un e , . .
2 08 msr onv o r TH E JE S W
.

co mp uted '
th a t th e re w ere tw e lv e th ou sa n d J e ws in
th e c it
y of T ol ed o . T h ey w e re fl
a so l
ou ris h in g
in a

s ta te a t A n d a l us ia w h e re g rea t n u mbers a pp l ie d to
,

th e s tudy of th e ol ogy a n d th e sc ie n ce s At l e ng th .
,

th ey d iv ide d th e ms elv es i nto th re e d iffe re n t se cts of ,

w h ich M a imon id e s w h o l iv e d a t th is time has g iv e n


, ,

a n a ccou n t . T h is d iv is ion w a s re ga rd e d by h im a s
on e of th e fa ta l con se q ue n ces of th e a b ol ition of t h e

S a nh ed rin * .

Basnage , p 6 3 5
. .
2 10 msr onv or TH E J a w s .

h
p y s icia n, as tron o me r ma th e ma tic ia n g ra mma ria n
, , ,

a nd p oe t ; a n d, ll ve rs e d in
tha t h e w as so we
H e b re w C ha ld a ic A ra b ic a n d oth er l a n g ua g e s
, , , ,

th a t he co mp ose d in th e m a l l w ith g rea t fa cili t


y .

H is me th od of e xp l a in in g th e s crip tu res d ifle re d


'

om th e oth e r ra bb ie s ; for ins tea d of s e ek in g a fte r

&
my s tic in te rp re ta tion s h e g e n e ra ll y a d h e re d to th e
,

l iteral mea n in g ; a n d ga v e s uch p roofs of h is gen ius


a n d good s e n s e th a t th e C h ris tia n s re fe r h im to ith e
, p ,

is ,

oth e r J e w is h ex os itors

C mm o
p H is mos t cel eb ra te d work

e n ta ries on
.

th e O l d He
.

die d R h od e s 1174 in the se v e n ty fi fth y ea r iof


at .
, ,
-
,

h is a ge xl '

M os es M a imon id es wh o wa s e minen tl y d is tin ,

uis h e d a mon g th e l ea rne d me n of th is a e w


g g as . ,
:

born of a n ill us trious fa mil y a t Cord ova in S p a in ia ‘

,
.

th e y e a r l l 3 l H e b oa ste d of b e in g d esce n d e d :
.

from th e h ouse of Da v id a s d id m

an of th e
y ,

S p a n is h J e w s H e ma d e s uch a ra p id p rog res s i n


. . .

s c ie n ce a n d l itera tu re th a t h is cou n try men s ty l e d


,

h im th e
i


ea gl e of d octors ; a n d a s s e rte d t iq .

a l l th e ir na tion n on e e v e r s o n earl a roa ch ed to


y pp
th e w is d om a n d l ea rn ing of th e ir g re a t fou n d e r an d .

l a wg iv e r a s M os es th e son of Ma imon A t l e ng th .
,

h ow e v e r th e s up e riority of h is ge n ius a n d th e v a s t
, ,

fu n d of k n owl edg e w h ich h e a cquired e xc ite d


, ,

th e e n vy a n d j e a l ousy of th e J e ws Pe rh a p s a l so .

h is con n exion w ith Av e rroes a ce l e b ra te d A ra b ia n ,

p h il oso h e r
p w h o w a s one
, o f h is
p re ce p tO rs m ig h t ,

He l w ote v rious th eol ogical gramma tic l math ema tica l


a so r a ,
a , ,

a nd a stro o l g ica l wo k many of wh ich r mai in ancie t l ib ra ies


r s, e n n r ,

no t y et e ed it d .

l Ba snage, p 6 2 6 . .
ms ronr
'
or ru n J E W S . 2 11

h a v e l ed h im to dop t ob n oxious Op in ions H is


a .

w ritin gs p a rticula rl y h is M ore h N e voch im or re s o


, ,

la tion of d oub tful q u estion s s oon ra ise d h im ma ny ,

op pon e n ts T h e d e s ig n of th is w ork wa s to e xp la in
.

th e mea n in g of s e v e ra l d iffi cu l t a n d ob s cure wo rd s ,

as e m a ra bl es a ll e gorie s & i

h r e ta p h ors p c n
p s , , , , .

s crip tu re It w as w ritte n for th e be n e fi t of th os e


.

w h o w e re in d oub t w h e th er th ey sh ould inte rpr e t


s uch p assa g es a ccord in g to th e l e tter or ra th e r fi gu ,

ra tiv e l y a n d me ta p h orica ll y It was a sse rte d by ma ny .

a t th is time th a t th e M osa ic r ite s a nd s ta tutes h a d


,

n o fou nd a tion in rea son ; b ut w e re ord a ine d by G od

u p on a p rin cip l e p urel y a rb itra ry th e oth er .

s id e Ma imonides a rgued th a t th e
,
d isp e nsa
,

tion in ge n e ral w a s in stitute d w ith a w is d om w orth y


of its d ivine a uth or a n d e xp l a in e d th e ca use s a n d
,

rea s on s of each
p a rtic ul a r b ra n ch of it
)
e xh ib ite d l e ss res e ct for th e d e cis ion s of th e T a l mud
B ut b e

p ,

tha n th e oth e r J e w is h d octors w h o rece d e d h im


p .

T h os e of h is na tion w h o w e re mos t a tta ch e d to th ese


fa bl e s w e re h igh l y offe n d ed Ra bb i Sol omon th e n .
,

ch ie f of th e s n a g og ues a t M on t el ie r e rs ua d e d
y p p ,

th e d octors w h o s tu d ie d u n d e r h im to e n ga ge in .

d efe nce of th e T al mud A ccord in gl y th ey n ot on ly .

op os e d th e d octrin e of M a imon id e s b ut e n d e a
p ,

v oure d to bl as t h is re uta tion T h e b n t h is


p y u r .

w ork s a n d e xcommu n ica ted th ose w h o rea d th e m


,
,

a nd a dd icte d th e mse lv es to th e s tud o f h il o


y p
p y l
h x ‘
SO

Th e ra bb ies of Na rb on n e w ith th e g rea t D a v id ,

K imch i a t th e ir h ea d e xe rted a ll th e ir e l oq u e n ce in
,

Ba snage , p 62 7
. . B i g phi al Di tio a y
o ra c c n r .

1 Basnage ,

p 62 7
. . M od U iv s l Hi t l xiii p 2 87
ern n er a s . vo . . . .

9 2
2 V
2 a ns w e r or r un JE S W.

d e fe n ce of Ma imon id es a n d e x commun ica ted th eir ,

b re th ren a t M ontp el ie r T h is con te n tion l a s te d .

forty y ea rs a n d ca ll e d forth th e a b il itie s of th e


. .

l ea rned me n on b oth s id es of the q ue s tion The .

s ch is m to w h ich this dis u te g a v e ri se w a s a bol is h ed


p
in 12 32 .

Ma imon id es d
, fi n d ing h 1s
in S p a in trou re s i e n ce

b l eso me a n d h a z a rd ous re mov e d to E gy p t a n d , ,

s e ttl e d a t Ca iro H is k nowl edge of th e h ea l in g a rt


.

i n d uce d th e s ul ta n of E gy p t to ch oos e h im for h is


h s icia n a n d b e e m l o ed h is c re d it a t court in
p y p y
ote ctin g h is n a tion H e a ls o fou n de d a n a ca de m
p r .
y .

a t Al e xa n d ria for th e ir b e n e fi t a n d ga ined m an


, y ,

u il s fromv a riou s coun tr ies T h e w ere h ow e v e r


'

p p . y .
, ,

soon d is p e rs e d by p e rs ecution S ome as s e rt th at .


,

this g rea t ma n d ie d in Egy p t 12 01 ; oth e rs th a t


*
,

h is d ea th took p l a ce in P al estin e 12 05
T h is l earn ed J e w wa s n ot onl y ma ste r of ma n y
'

ea s te rn l a n g ua g es w h ich w as a s in g ula r a ccomp l ish


,

men t in h is time but w a s w el l v ers ed in th e G re e k


,

tong ue a n d h a d rea d th e w ork s of th e G rec ia n p h i


,
~

l os op h ers w h om h e fre q ue n tl y q uotes


,
He was .

ce l e b ra e d for h is k n ow l e dge of th e ar ts a n d s c ie n ce s
t ,

a s w e ll a s l a n g ua g es ; was e mine n tl y d is ting u is h e d as

a p h y s icia n ; a n d in T a l mud ic l earn in g e xce ll e d a l l . .

his cote mp ora ries 1 H is writin gs are too n ume rous .

to b e p a rticul a rl y men tion e d .

S olomon Be n I sa a c J a rch i is ra nke d a mong th e


ill us trious ra bb ies of th e tw el fth ce ntury H e w as .

B P: 3 0 7 i En fi ql

d Psh i l o o h
p y sv ol i i p 2 05
asn g ,
p
a ° ,
. . . .

i He w as t h e a u t h or of tw enty fi ted w o k
ve no b es ide some
r s, s

oth e rs of l import nce . —Mod ern Uni ver sa l H is tory v ol xiii


a
es s ,

p 2 11
. .

1 b V
2 14 ms roa v '
or TH E JE S W .

ma tica l .
k n ow l edge l w as the a uth or of a
. He a so

Comme n ta ry on th e P s al ms a nd othe r b ook s of th e ,

O ld T es ta me nt Pa rt of th is w ork h a s b ee n
.

tra n sl a te d in to La tin a n d in s erted in th e B ibl es of


,

V e nice a n d B a s il M oses K i mch i h is broth er was


. .
, ,

a l s o d is tinguis h e d for h is l ea rn in g a n d h a s w ritte n

trea tise s t l ed th e G ard e n of D el ig h t th e


a y , ,

l ib ra ry fi “
ma n uscrip t of w h ich w a s p res erv ed in th e V a tica n .

T h re e l b ra te d ra bb ies n a med L e v i or H al ev i
ce e , , ,

a p ea re d d urin g th e tw el fth ce n tury Ab ra h a m


p .

H a l e v i w a s a l ea rn e d ca bb a l istica l J e w w h o ha v ing , ,

l a ce d h imse l f a t th e h ea d of th e tra d ition a l p a rty


p ,

v iol en tl y a tta ck e d th e C a ra ites b ut b e in g in ferior to


th e m l n p oin t of a rg ument h e h a d re s ou rce to ,

Al p h on so V II for w h om h e h a d p e rfor me d s ig nal


.

s e rv ice s a n d w h o re w a rd e d h im by comm
,
a n d in g h is

op p on e n ts to b e s il en tx l

J u da L e v i w a s th e a u th or of th e C os ri, a p ole

mical trea tis e on re l igion , es


p e cia lly th e J e w ish ; a nd
a th etic e e l gy in wh ic h h e d ep l ore d th e des truc
a p ,

tion of J er usa l e m i
An oth er l ea rn e d ra bb i n a me d J ud as H a l e v i w as , ,

b orn a t C ol og ne ; a nd a fter ma ny con fe re n ce s w ith


th e C h ris tia ns b eca me a c on v e rt a nd was b a p tiz ed ,

by th e n a me of H e rma n A fte r h e e mb ra ced C h ris .

tia n ity h e e n te re d a mon g th e re g ul a r ca n ons of


,

S t A ug ustine §
. .

S ome l ea rne d J ew ish w ome n a p p ea re d d uring th e

Bas nage, P 030 . t i Ib d .

t T
h is e e y h as lg b
ee n tra ns a te by Mr in , l d . B g a nd inse rte d in a note
of G re o g
ire

s w or on th e Rkefo rma tion of th e J e ws , p 2 80
. .

S Basna ge , p 6 30 . .
'
ms ronv
'
on TH E JE S W .
'
2 15

twel fth x e at ury . The ra bbi



Pe ta ch ia h , whov isite d
th e s
y na g og ues of h is n a tion at th a t p eriod has
.
,

da ugh ter of th e

M d, th a t th e p rin ce of th e
w el l verse d in th e l a w Ta l mud

wa s so a nd
,

y re s orte d to h er for instruction , a nd th a t


sh e rea d l e ctures th rou h th e g
l a ttice of h er win d ow ,

in d
or er to b e
'

h ea rd w ith out b e ing seen by h e r


r
p P
u fls

It ppa ea rs from th e J e w is h a n n a s, l th a t s ome of

{ th e na tion h a v e b e e n fices in ra is e d to th e high e s t of


th e cou rts of p rin ces O th e rs h a v e a cq u ire d a p p l a us e


.

a t th e h ea d of a rmie s ; in p a rtic ul a r th e cel e b ra te d ,

don S ol o mon 3 P ortugu e s e J e w w ho w as as mu ch


, ,
2

d is tin g uis h e d for h is k now l e d g e in p h il os op h y a s


'

for h i s sk ill in th e mil ita ry d e p a rtme n t H is me rit



.

ra is e d h im in l l QO; to th e d ig n ity of fi el d ma s te r
’ -
,

era l ; a nd b e d is ch a rg e d th e d utie s of h is offi ce


g en

w ith s u ch fid e l ity th a t h e s oon obta in e d th e



‘ ~

com ma n d of th e w h ol e a rmy T h e e n vy a n d j ea .
.

l ousy of th e gra ndees w a s a t l e ng th e xcite d b y h is


'

va l our an d s u ccess But h e s ubd ue d th e ir e n mity


*
.

by h is re ma rka bl e h umil ity a n d 1n odera tion .

In th e twel fth ce n tury s e vera l l ea rn e d J e w s t e


'

n ou n ce d th e ir rel ig ion

For i n sta n ce S a muel Ben .
,

J eh uda h or a s h e is common l y ca ll e d As mouil


, , , ,

d ese rte d th e sy n a gog ue a n d fp rofe ssed th e Ma h o ,

me ta n fa ith In ord e r to p rov e th e s in cerity of h is


.

c on v e rs ion ; in 1174 h e w rote a b ook a ga in s t h is .

na tion in w hich h e c h a rge s th e m w ith h a v in g a l te re d


,

the l a w of M ose s : T h is a ccusa tion w a s rece iv e d


w ith s uch a p p l a us e b y th e Ma h o me ta n s t ,

forb a d e th e q uotin g or tra n s l a ting a ny .

w } a 4
'
i
2 16 '
n Is r onv or THE JE SW .

th e P e nta te uch a ccor d in g to th e J ems h or C h ris tia n



t t . t

O ne of th e C h ris tia n con ve rts r ece i e v d th e na me


m Aft
,

of : P e ter Al p h onso a t h is b a p tis . er h e de se rte d


th e s
y na gog ue d i
,
a l og u es a ga ins t the J e ws
h e w rote ,

a n d w a s a p oin te d p sicia n to Al p h on so V II k i g
p
of Ca s til e a n d L eo11
h y
H e d ied in th e y e a r .
n .

I t is in d e e d surp ris in g th a t th e l ea rn e d ra bb ies of,

th e tw e l fth c e ntury d id n ot s ufli cie n tl y e n l igh te n


th e ir n a tion as to p re v en t th e ir b ei n g fre q uently
-
.

d up e d by imp os tors But th e n umber of th os e w h o .

ea re d in th is a ge w a s g rea ter th a n iii a n


a
pp y p er
-

ce d in g or s ub s e q ue n t ce n tur In 11 3 7 , a fa l se
y .

C h ris t a rose in F ra nce a n d en ga ge d h is foll owers to ,

h old u nl a wful as se m bl ies In con se q ue nce of the .

imp os tor s crimes th e ov ern men t ca used ma ny of


’ ‘

g ,

th e s na g og ue s to b e d e mol ish e d B ut a t l e ngth h e


y .

a n d a l a r e n um b f h i f ll ow s w ere a p re
g er o s o er p
h e n d ed a n d p ut to d ea th }:
Th e foll ow in g y ea r th e P ersia ns w ere d isturbe d
b y a J e w w h o ca ll e d h imsel f th e M es s iah ; a nd
, .

coll ecte d a formid a bl e a rmy of h is na tion Th e . .

Pe rsia n mon arch h ire d h im to d isba n d h is soldiers


bu t w h en th e s tip ul a te d s um w a s pa id th e k in g ,

fi n d in g h imsel f out of d a n g er comp ell ed th e d is ,

ar me d J e ws to re imb urse h im th e mon ey a nd ,

ca use d th e im os tor to b e b e h ea d e d §
p .

In 115 7 a noth er fa l se Me ss ia h a p p eared in


S p a in H e was a na tive of Cordova a n d wa s


.
‘ , ,

s up p orte d in h is imp osture by one of th e g rea te s t

ra bb ies in th a t city w h o h ad , te n a

Ba snage , p 6 30 . . f Mod ern 2 9 f.

t J o rtin s Rema r s,

k v ol . ii p 3 04
. . . 1 s Basnage , p 6 3 2 . .
2 18 msronv '
on TH E W
JE S .

S ome time d w el t bey on d the


a fte r, a J e w wh o
E up h ra tes ca ll e d h imse l f th e Mes sia h a n d dre w
, , g

v a s t mul titud es a fte r h im H e foun d e d h is p rel im .


~

s ion s on h is h a v ing b ee n a l e e r a n d be in g w onde r


p ,

full y h eal e d in on e n ig h t of th is obs tina te d isease .

Th e J e w is h d octors s oon p ers ua d e d h im a nd h is


follow ers th a t th is s up p os e d mira cl e w a s n ot a s uf
,

fi cie nt e v id e n ce of h is miss ion


. T h e p op ul ace .

b eca me a sh a med of th e ir bl in d cre d ul ity ; b u t as ,


,

th ey h a d ta k en a rms in h is ca use a fre s h p e rse cution ,

w a s ra is ed a ga in s t th e m O ne of th e ir w riters .

i n forms us th a t e x h a us te d with th e ir s ufferin gs on


, ,

h is a ccoun t te n th ou sa n d of th is mise ra bl e p eop l e


,

re n oun ce d th e i r rel ig ion ; w h ich h a s re n de red dhe

me mory of th is imp ostor od ious to th e w h ol e


.

n a tion .

In th e y ea r 1174 a noth e r p re te nd e d M ess iah ,

a rose in P e rs ia T h is imp os tor se d uce d mul titwdes


.

of th e common e o l a nd in v olv e d h is n a tion in


p p e


,

a n e w a n d se v ere p ers e cution .

A J ew , na me d D a v id Al muss er, a
pp ea re d in
M ora v ia in th e y ea r
, 96 wh o s e t u p for the ,

M e ss ia h a n d b oa s te d th a t h e p oss esse d th e p owe r of


,

re n d er in g h imse l f in v is ibl e w h e ne v e r b e l ea sed


p .

V a s t mul titu d es foll ow e d h im a n d we re de ce iv e d by ,

h is a r tifi ce In ord er to p re v en t th e il l con se q ue nces


.

of h is o ul a rit
p p y th e k ing
p ro m
,
ise d h im h i s

l ife on con d ition tha t h e would surre n d e r h imsel f .

H e comp l ied ; b u t th e p rin ce ca u se d h im to b e i m


ris on e d H e ha d th e a dd re ss h ow e v e r to e sca p e
p .
, ,

a n d for som e tim e el ud e d a l l u rs u it A t l eng th th e


p .

k ing su mmone d th e J e w s to del iv er him up a n d in ,

Bas nage , p 632 . .


ms ronr '
or a n s W
JE S . 2 19

ord er to a void a fres h erse cu tio "


th e c om l ied
'
n
p , y p .

H e wa s p ut to d ea th , a n d a h ea vy fi ne i mp os ed up on
'

l us n a tion .

D a v id Al roi mos t fa mous


E l Da v id w a s th e
'

or
'
o
,

im
,

ea red d u rin h e tw e lfth c


p os to r w
,
h o a
pp g t e n tur
y .

H e w a s a n a tiv e of Al mar io w h ich city con ta ine d ,

a b out on e th ousa n d J e w s w h o p a id trib ute to th e ,

k ing of P ersia In th e y ea r 1199 h e a ss ume d th e


.

titl e of th e M ess ia h a n d b e ing a ma n of l ear n in g ,

an d w el l v ers e d in a ll th e a rts of d ece p tion be ,

a ttra cte d ma n foll ow e rs A fte r h e h a d d el ud e d th e


y .

o ul a ce b
p p y h is
p re te n d e d m ira cl e s h e p re v a il e d ,

u on th e m to a rm th e mse lv e s in h is ca us e T h e
p .

P ers ia n k ing a l a rme d a t th e ra p id p rogress of th e


,

in s urgen ts comma n d ed th e imp ostor to rep a ir to


,

cou rt romis in g th a t if h e p rov e d h ims el f th e


, p ,

M es s ia h h e would ack now l edge h ima s a k ing s en t


, ,

from h ea v en E l D a v id contra ry to ex p ecta tion


.
-
, ,

ob e e d th e s um
y m on s a n d assu re d th e k in g th a t h e
,

w a s reall y th e M es sia h U p on w h ich h e w a s ord ere d .

to b e imp ris on e d till h e could p rove h is miss ion by


e xtrica tin g h imsel f b y a mira cl e H e h a d th e .

a dd re ss to esca p e a n d th ough th e k in g d es a tch e d


, p
mes s enge rs in s ea rch of th e i mp ostor th ey w e re ,

u n a bl e to fi n d a n d a h n d h im But a t l e ng th
pp re e .
,

u p on a
p ro m i s e of re ce iv in g te n th ousa n d crow n s ,

h is fa th e r in l a w con sen te d to b etra y a n d p ut h im to


- -

dea th V a st n umb ers w h o h a d b e e n d el ud e d by h im


.

we re cruelly sl a ugh te re d 1 .

After g iv ing a n a ccoun t of th e fal se Me ss ia h s w h o


a
pp ea re d am o n g th e J e w s D r J ortin re mark s “ It
, .
,

B J o ti Remark ol

6 32
asna g p e, . .
p 3 04
r n s s, v . 11. . .

t Ba snage , p 6 3 3 . .
220 ms ronr
'
or r u n JE S W .

may s ee m s tra n ge tha t th ey s h ou ld h a ve j


re ecte d
C h ris t
, w ho ga ve th e ms o ma ny p roofs of h is miss iofi i ,

a nd
y e t s h o uld foll ow e v er
y i m p os tor w h b p reten d e d

to b e th e M ess ia h w ith out o


, fferin g a n y s uffi cie nt or
e ve n p la us ibl e e v id e n ce of it T h e rea son is p la in
'

our S a v iour b y n ot s e ttin g u p a te m


, p ora l k in gd om ,

d as he d a ll th e ir w orldly vie ws a t h ues b ut: th e


cla im s of th e titl e of M ess ia h b ega n w ith p rom ises
of d e l iv erin g th e m from the ir e n e mies a nd res to ring ,

to th e m th e ir c ou n try a n d th ei r l os t l iberties ”
, .

J o rtin s Re nmrk s, v ol . 11.


p
. 3 19 .
222 ms ronv '
or ru n J aw s :

p ortio n of T h ey w ere th e onl y ba n k e rs


th e l a ity .
,

or, as the v ulga r te r me d th e m th e us ure rs of th e ,

time s T h ey co n d ucted w hat th en e x iste d of

W
.

fore ign tra d e ; a nd ofte n v is ite d the civ il iz ed south


of E urop e Tl fey w roug h t mos t of th e gold a nd

\
.

s ilv e r orna m e n ts for c h urch es .

il l ia m R ufus w h o w a s a n irre l igious p rince


, ,

h igh l y fa vou re d th is sing ul a r p eop l e ; a n d n ot on l y


'

e rmitte d b ut e n coura g e d th e m to e n te r in to s ol e m
p , n

con te s ts w ith h is b is h o s concern ing th e true fa ith


p .

It is sa id th a t h e s en t for some l ea rn ed C h ris tia n


,

d iv in es a n d ra bb ies a n d ord ere d th e m fa irl y to ,

d is p u te th e q ues tion of th e ir re l ig ion in h is p re


se n ce ; a ss u rin g th e m h e w as p e rfectl y in d if fe re n t
b e twe en th e m an d th a t h e would e mb ra ce th a t
,

d octrin e w h ich upon compa ris on a p p ea re d to b e ,

s up p o rte d b th e mos t s ol id a rg u me n ts A ccord


y .

ingl y it is rel a te d th a t th ere wa s a p ubl ic me e tin g


, ,

of th e c hief l ea d e rs on b oth s id e s 1n Lon d on w h e re ,

th e J e w s op p ose d th e C h ris tia n s w ith s o much


e ne rg th a t th e b is h o s a n d cl e rg w e re n ot w ith ou t
y , p y
s ome s ol ic itu d e h ow th e d is u te mig h t te rmina te
p .

No oth e r cl a ss of me n were a t th is time s uffi c ien tl y


ome

W
e n l ig h te n e d to e n ga g e w ith th e rie s th ood S
p .

oun g J e w s w e re e v e n s o i m ru d e n t a s to v a l ue
y p
th e ms el ve s u p on th e ir in fi d e l ity It h a s b e en a sserte d . ,

th a t th ey b eca me s o p ow e rful a n d op ul e n t tow a rds


th e concl usion of th e re i gn of ill ia m R ufus tha t ,

th e y n ot onl h e ld p ubl ic d isp ute s b ut e n dea v ou re d


y ,

by p ec uniary b ribes a n d oth er a ll ure me n ts to in du ce


th e oor to e mb ra ce th e ir rel ig ion ‘
p .

-
H m Hi to y f E gl d 1 i p 189 M l loy D Ju
u e s

s r o n an , 170 . . . . o e re

Ma ritime , p . 400 .
H I STO RY O F
A D . H enry II I h a s b e e n h igh l y ce n
.

s ure d b
y m on k is h w riters for tol era tin
g a nd

p ro ?

tee tin g the J e w s T h ey were so n ume rous in his


.

re ig n th a t p oss es sing onl y on e b u ry ing g roun d in


, ,
-

th e c ity of L on d on th ey p etition ed th e k ing to a ll ow


,

th e m s ome n e w ce me ter1e s T h is re ques t wa s .


'

g ra n te d a n d p l a ce s to inter th e ir dea d w ere a s


s ig n e d th e m on th e outs id e of e v e r cit w h re th e
y y e
y

W
d wel t I n th is re ig n on e J osh ua a J ew furn is h e d
.
,
'

th e re b el s in I rel a n d w ith l a rg e s ums of mon ey 1; a n d


th e ir O p ul e n ce h a d re n d e re d h e m so p re s ump tuous
t “
a s to rid icul e th e h igh e r d ig n itaries of th e

e ma a rt a ttrib ute to th e mt h e s irit w h ich



y in
p p
d icta te d th e constitutions of C l a ren don } I
In3 1188 E
,

th e p p a rl ia me n t a t N orth a mp ton p rop os ed to a ss es s


th e m at a nd th e C h ris tia n s at

m
.

tow a rd s ith e p roj ecte d wa r T h e J e w s us t, th ere . .

fb re , h a v e h ee n va stl y rich , or th e pa rl ia men t e x


'

t ~
.

tre mel y ra nn ica l But th is n a tion , from th e ir


"

ty .

W
fi rst res ide nce in E ngl a n d , w e re l wa y s con s id e re d
a .

a s v a ssa l s to th e cro wn ,
who mig h t b e p illa ge d .

a ccord in g to th e ca p rice of th e re ig n in g s ove

W
v

re ig n + .

A D
. . R icha rd I a sce n d e d th e
.
h en .

th ron e th is e o l e b rou g h t l r g e res e n ts i n ord e r


p p , a p
to sec ure th e ro a l o t t io M an h a v in g
y p r e c n
y .

h a s te n e d from1 re mote p a rts of E ngla nd to est

min s te r th e cou rt a n d p op ul a ce ima g in e d th ey h a d


,

De crees e nacte d l
by th e co unc i of C a re n on , w h ich enry l d H II .

v d in d to ch ec k
th e us u rp a tions of th e o e an d c e r l g
“M
con e ne or e r
p p y .

1 l

1'
Mo nth l y M gaz i a ne a nd B ritish g
Re iste r, 17 96 . Molloy de J ure
M ariti mo . v
.

an it
W
W
224 msr onv on TH E JE 81

cons p ire b ew itch th e k in g and a n e d ict as


d to
'

ale
,

is su ed to p re v en t th e ir p re se n ce a t th e corona tion .

But c ons id era bl e n u mbe rs w h ose curios ity w as


'

g rea te r tha n th e ir
p ru d e n c e fa n c ie d th e
y m ig h t ,

a ss u nobser v e d a mon g th e crow d d v tur d to


p a n e n e ,

ins in ua te t h e mselv e s into th e a bb ey U p on b ei ng .

d iscove re d th ey fl e d i n great con s tern a tion b ut th e


,

e op l e p urs ue d th e m a n d murd ere d s e v eral x l


p

A rumour sp re a d ra p idly th rough th e city that ,

th e k ing in h on ou r of th e fest iv al h a d g iv en ord ers


,
.
,

for th e ma ssa cre of th e J ew s a comma n d s o a gree ) .

abl e w as in s ta n tl y ie xe cuted on al l w h o fell in to th e


c '

Th os e w h o re ma in ed at

W
ha n d s of th e p op ul ace
. . n
.

h ome wa re ex p os e d to eq ua l da nger th e p e op l e
'

mov ed b y ra p a city , a nd zea l b rok e into th e ir h ouses ,

wh icl n th ey p l un d e red , after h a v in g mu rd e re d the


t

'

ow n e rs . . h ere th e J e w s b a rrica ded i th e ir d oors i


~

a nd de fe n de d th e ms el v es v igour; th e ra bbl e setl


w ith
fi re to th e h ous es ,
'
a nd ma d e wa y th rough th e fl a me s
a

to e xe rc 1se t ir p il l a ge
h e ‘
a n d fv iol e n ce . T he u s ua l l

l ice n tious n ess Lond on w h ich th e sov e re ig n p ower


of ,

w ith d ifi icu l ty res train e d brok e ou t w ith fu ry , a n d


'

v
,

con tin u e d th e s e ou tra g es T h e in h a b ita n ts of th e .

oth er cities of E n gl a n d
'
h ea rin g of the sl a ught e r of ,

th is u n h a p py p e op le in th e metmp ol is imita te d th e
. . t
,

e x a mp l e ; «a nd th ou g h the g ov ern me n t p ubl ish e d a


,

r o cl a ma tion th e da y a fter th e cor ona tio n in order


p
. 1
,

to s up p re ss th e fury of th e p op ula ce, th e p ersecution !

wa s con tinue d th e g rea ter p a rt of th e y ea r :

it i i d th t th J w w e m t f t he m conj u rors
A
1
t o u
su pe rs s ea a e e s re o s o

wa s p re a l ent d u rin th e d a rk a es
v — g
Ba sn agc, p 6 3 8 l 1
g . .

t ofl trm e
’ '
s Hi st or y ( If E n gl w d ‘
Sm o ll b tfis ist o ry o f En la nd . H g .

: H ume s
1 H i to y of gl d
En

s r an .
226 H I ST O R Y or w e JE SW .

in wea l th , w h il e th ey , w h o s up p ose d the rnse l tve s fhips j


'

ec ul iar frie n d s a n d fa v ou rites sh ould be obl iged to


p ,

d e p riv e th e ir fa mil ies of n ece ss aries in ord er to d e fray


th e e x p ens es of th e crusa d es H e nce th ey p ersua d ed
.

th e mselv es it w ould be a me ritorious a c t to destroy


1

th e d e s ce n dants of th ose wh o crucifi e d ou r S a v iou r


, ,

a nd a pp l y th e ir weal th to th is h ol t iz
'
y e n e r
pr e .

T hough th e king a t h is d e pa rtu re h a d l eft ord e rs


th a t th ey sh ould n ot be mol e s te d ; y e t a s soon a s h e
qu itte d the k in gd om th e ir fury b rok e ou t a n e w '

T h e y d es troy e d ma ny of th es e w re tc h e d p e op l e at
N or wich S ta mford a nd oth er p l aces a nd sei ze d
, ,

u p on th ei r p ro e rty T h e murd e re rs took s hipp n


p .

as soon as p ossibl e a n d fle d to J e rusa l e m not so

much a s one of th emb ei ng de ta ine d by th e ma gm


, ,

a.

tra te s or a n y furth e r in qu iry m


, a de res ec ting th eir
p
inj ustice a nd cru el ty fi ‘ e

A s til l more h orrid tra nsa ction took p l a ce a t Y ork


w h ere th e J e ws we re grea t u s ure rs a nd wh ere ,


as th ey l iv ed in a s p l en d id ma n ne r th e ir op ulence ,

e x cite d e n v y a n d in crea sed th e h a tre d a ga ins t th e m


, .

T h e pop ul a ce in th is city a s se mbl e d to in fl ict the


sa me b a rb a ritie s u p on th e m w h ich th e ir co u n try me n
,

h a d s uffe re d in L ond on a n d oth er p l ace s


,
U p on .

w h ic h th e p rincip a l p e rs on s a mon g th is p e op l e
,

a p p l ie d to th e g ov e rn or of Y ork Ca s tl e an d
p ne ,
u

v a ile d u p on h im to g ra n t th e m a n a sy l u m T he .

p l a ce wa s s uf fi cie n tl
y s tron g for th e ir d e fe n ce B u t .

a s us p icion a ris ing th a t the g ov e rnor w ho fre q ue n tl y


, ,

w e nt ou t in to th e c ity h a d comb in ed w ith th e ir


,

e n e mies to d es troy th e m th ey on e da y re fuse d h im


,

e n tra n ce H e comp l a in e d to th e sh e riff a n d to th e


.
,

M o th l y M g zi nd B iti h R gi te I796
n a a ne a r s e s r, .
msr onv be TH E JE S W .

h ea ds nit the v io e n t l p rty a d eb t .


wh o w ere
d py
ee l in

to the J ew s an d wa s ord ere d to attack the ca stl e


, .

The sh eriff h ow ev er rep ented of a n d re v oke d

W
, , ,

th e ord er a n d th e s up e rior citiz e ns re


, fused th eir
aid . But a s th e fury of th e p o
, p ul a c e could b e

a p eas ed
p nl
o y b y m u rd e r a n d r
ohh e r
y a n a tt a c k ,

w a s ma d e h en th e J e ws found th a t th ey coul d
.

n t h old out a ny l on g e r a nd th e ir offe rs of


o p u r ,

ch as ing th eir l iv e s w ith money were rej ecte d th ey h

took th e horrid resol ution of d es troy in g th e mse lves ,

on e of th e mos t d es p e ra te a mon g th e m e xcl a im in g


in d esp a ir th a t ,
it was b ette r to die c oura geousl y ,

for th e l a w th an to fa l l in to th e ha n ds of th e C h ris
,

tia n s Accordin gl y afte r s etting fire to th e towers



.
,

of h e cas tl e a nd d es troy ing th e ir wi v es a nd ch ildren


t , ,

th ey p ut per
a iod to th e r ow n l iv es
i F i v e h und red .

e rish d a t th is time A f e w w h o s urre nd e re d in


p e .

hop es of m q y
rc w e re m u r d e “y
re
, d b t h e o
p p u l ace f
Im m e d iate l y a f te r thi s d rea d ful ca ta s tr o p h e t h o se ,

who we re indebted to the J e w s re p a ire d to th e ,

ca th e dr l
a wh e re th e b o n d s w ere d e p o s it e d co m ,

p o ll e d th e o f fi c e r t o .
d e l iv e r th e o bl

i g a t io n s a n d ,

disch arge d th eir de b ts b y b urnin g th e m in th e


it
A l t w it a a e t th t th l e d
r er of th
sse r s , b bl wh a tt k d e a er e ra e o a ac e

th e cas tl w e
n as
g l a w
a ca
h ze l w
on re u f v t thr, t h ose a as so e r en , a e

s too d by t he m in h is s urp l ice , w h ich h e cons i ere d d as a coa t of mail ,

an d rei terate d ly th e e ne mies of J es u s.



Th i s

sp iritua l laconism in v igo ted th arm of me wh o pe h ps wante d


ra e n, r a

n o oth e r stimu l a tiv e tha th e h o e o f ob ta i i g th e im


n me nse p ro
p s n n

pa rty of the b es ieged Th same u th or l o asse t t h t v e b le

W
. e a a s r s, a a e n ra

ra bb i wh o w
, h igh l y este emed among h i b r th e
as fi t p oposed s e r n, rs r

to th em to pe i h by u ici d e i orde r to l d th to t
r s s w hich , n e u e e r u res

they e xpected would be infl i ted up on th em if they f ll i to the h ands c e n

of the ir ee — Cu riosities L iter a tur e, v ol . ii p 4 2 7


. . .

t De sh a go ,

p 6 88.
. Ad
n erson, vol . i p 224
. . . M acph erson, v ol . i .
228

c h u rch ,
ms ronr

g rea t s ol emn ity


w ith
'
or

T h ey a l so e n tere d
TH E

.
JE W S .

a nd
p l un d e re d th e d es ol a te h ous e s w h ich b e l on g e d

to th e J e w s T h e k in g in cen se d a t this in s ul t to
.
,
'

h is a uth ority ord ere d th e b is h o of E l a t th a t


, p y ,

time c h ie f j us tice of th e rea l m to ma k e s e v ere e x ,

a m l e s of th e guil t B u t b e fo h rri v e d in Y ork


p y r e. e a

th e prin cip a l ofi e n d e rs h a d fl e d in to S cotl a n d


'

s h ire , ,

a n d th e c ity of Lon d on l mp u tin g w h a t h a d h a p


of th e m
.

n e d to th e u n g ov e rn e d fur ul titud e t h
p e y e ,

r e l a te con te n te d h ims e l f w ith d e riv in g th e h ig h


p p
s h e riff a nd g ov e rnor of th e ir of

u on th e mos t O ul e nt of th e in h a b ita n ts )
p p
fi ce s a n d l e vy in g fi nes ,


A D . . Th e c rue l p ers ec ution s wh ich th e
J e w s s uffe re d d uring th e re ig n of Rich a rd h ad in ,

d uced ma ny of th e w ea l th ies t a mon g th e m tol ea v e


th e k in gd om T h e con s e q uent d imin u tion of th e
.

re v e n ue w a s so se n s ibl l a t J oh n u o n h is
"
f t th
'

y e p , ,

a cce s s ion to th e th ron e u s e d va rious a rts to al l ure


,

th e m to re turn He g ra nte d th e m u p on rece iv in g


.
,

a l a rg e s u m of mon e a c h a rter w h ich c on fi rmed


y ,

a l l th e ir a n c ie n t riv il e g e s ; a n d a ll ow e d th e m to h old
p
l a n d to b uild sy na gog ue s a nd n ame a h ig h p ries t
, ,

by th e titl e of P re s by ter J udasorumxl M a ny of


th is op p re s s e d p e op l e re tu rn e d a n d w e re a fte r wa rd s
m
W
,

ore c rue ll
y p l un d e re d th a n e v e r T h e ir e xorb ita nt .

B a sna g p 6
e, 8 8 S m.l l t H
. t y of E
o e g l d v ’
l
s p 227i s or n an , o . u. . .

h en th e k i g mpl y d G v ill th j ti i y t i q i i t
n e o e ra n e e us c ar o n u re n o

th e au th ors o f th im th g il t w
ese cr f
e s, d t i v lv e m y
u as ou n o n o e so an

o f th m t
e os id
c o ns b l i tiz th t it w d m d me e p d t
e ra e c e ns , a as ee e r ru en

t d
o rop t h pe ti
rose cu d v y f w
o n, a n ff d t h p i
erh m t d n
e t su e re e un s en e o

th is e n o rmity .

H u me s ’
His tory f
o E ngl a n d , v ol . i i p 35 1
. . .

By th e ca n o n l a w n o J ews co u ld e rect a s y na o gg ;f ue or if th ey
a tte mp ted b ild th
to u e se
p l aces of w orship th ey migh t b e sei e z d by
th e c ro wn . —M m m a v Pa ris

s H is tory qf E ngl a nd . M a cp hcr s on on

Comme r ce .
2 30 ni sronr '
or TH E J aws .

bm
su itted sev e n d a y s a nd oil th e eighth a grees
,

W
to s a tisf th e k in g s ra p a c ity I sa ac a J ew of N tih

y .
A
,

wich beca me b oun d to pay


, ma ria It is .

ass erted b y s ome h is toria n s } th a t the kin g n ot


ith th e vas t s u ms extorte d fromth is in i
,

sa tis fi ed

sera b l e p e op l e con fi sca te d a ll th e ir p ro e rt a nd


, p y ,

e th e m from th e k in gd om It a p p ea rs h ow .
,

e v er ,
th a t th ey s oon re turne d .

A D. . H enry I II l ib era te d s uch J e ws .

a s w ere in p ris on a n d ord e red th e m to be ro tec te d


, p
a ga in s t th e cruel ty o f th e C ru sa ders xl I n l 2 33 th is '

mona rch founde d a seminary wh ere J e wish can verts


migh t be sup p orted with out labour or usury Th is
,
‘ ’

in d uce d many of th e n ation to p rofess Ch ristianfi y ;


a n d th e h ouse con tin ue d till a fte r th e ir e x ul s ion
p
from E ngl a n d ]:
U pon a p etition of th e inh a b ita n ts of N e wca stl e ,

th e k in g gra n te d the m t e inh os p ita bl e p riv il ege


h ,

th a t n o J e w sh ould resi d e a mon g th e m D uring .

th is reign th e a rch b ish op of C a n te rb ury


, a n d th e ,

b ishops of L incol n a n d N orw ich in ord er to expel


'

,

th e J e w s for wa n t of s us te n a nce p ubl ish ed i nj une ,

tion s th roug h th e ir res p e ctive d ioces e s th at no C h ris


'

tia n sh oul d p res u me to s ell th e m any provisions


u n de r p a in of excommu n ica tion T h e p rior of .

Dunsta bl e h owever a b ou t th e sa me p eriod gra nted


, , ,

to s e v era l J e w s l ib e rty to re s id e w ithi n h is d om ains ,

Matthew P Macph erson ol


a ris . 1 p 37 6 ,
'

v . . . .

Th e Jew s were so deepl y l rme d


a a a t th e
persecution w hich th eir
F
bre thren in rance , Sp a in , and Ge rma ny , snfi erd a t t his ti me from
'

th e Cru sa ders, tha t th ey p u rch ase a n e ict from the k ing to prese rve
d d
th em from simila r ou trages . Ba snage, p 6 78
mg
. .

'
2 Da a e, p 67 9
. .
H I ST O RY or TH E JE S W . 2 31

in con sideration of th e a n n ua l a
p y men t of two silv e r
'
A D. .
N orw ich we re a c
T h e Je ws of

cus ed o f h a v in g s t ol en a C h ris t ia n c h ild a n d k e p t

h im a y ea r

t h a t th e
y m,
ig h t c i rc u m c is e a n d c r uc ify
h im a t the e n s u i n g p a s s o v e r ; b u t b e in g d e te ct e d
re v io usl y to th a t pe riod th ey s uffe re d a se v e re p u
p ,

“ f
n i s h m en t I n L o n d o.
n th e y w e re a l so a cc u s e d o

mu rd ery f a n d a fte r e n d urin g va rious v exa tion s a n d


,

torme n ts we re de p riv ed of a th ird p a rt of a l l th eir


,
.

‘ Th is h ow e v er d id n ot sa tisfy th e insa
e s ta tes . , ,

tia bl e k in g w h o s oon a fte r re ne w e d h is e x tortions


,
.

T h is w re tch e d pe op le w ere a ccus e d of c oin in g fa l s e


mon ey a n d c ounterfe iting th e p rinc e s s ea l ; a nd

.
,

u n d e r th e se p rete n ces w ere l oa d e d w ith e n ormous

t a xes I n 124 1
. ma rks w e re e xa cte d from
,

th e m T w o y e a rs a fter a J e w n a me d Aa ron of
.
, , ,

Y ork wa s comp elle d to p a y fou r gol d a n d four


'

thous a n d s il ve r ma rks Se ve n y ea rs afte r th e sa me


.
.

ma n w a s a ccuse d of *
'

forge ry a n d con d e mne d to p ay ,

four th ousan d ma rk s of g ol d a nd fou rtee n th ousa n d -

of s ilve r T h e h igh p en a l ty i mp os ed u p on h im
.
,

w h ich it see ms h e w a s th oug h t a bl e to pa y ma y be ,

d ee me d by some ra th er a p re sump tion o f h is ih


n bce n ce th a n of h is
g uil t
i
A D . N e w su p p l ies w e re d ema n d e d
.

Month ly M g zine a a , 17 9 6 .

b
t It a ppea rs p ro ab l e , th at most, if not al l th e accu sa tions of th is

k d
in we re ma e a gai nst th e J ews , to i e a etter p re te nce fo r e x
d gv b
to rting th eir money for, a c cor d i g ton
232 H I STO RY o r TH E JE S W .

from th e J e ws for y i g
ca rr
n on th e S a n is h w ar
p .

I rrita te d to th e h ig h e s t d e g re e b y th is O p p re ss ion ,
th e y m
q ue s te d
i i d f m E l a nd

*
re
p ss on to e p a rterro ng
for s o me mor e p rop itio us a n d frie n dl coun tr
y
.

y .

Bu t th is th e y w ere refuse d a n d co mp ell e d to p a y ,

p a rt of th e c on tri u tion b T h e foll ow ing y e a r th e


.

k in g re n e w e d th es e e xtortion s H e re p rese n te d , .

th a t n otw ith s ta n d in g d h e s till


th e ta xes h e h a d ra is e ,

c on tin ue d o o n d i n v olv e d in d e b t a n d d e cl a red


p r a ,

th a t h e mu s t h a v e mon ey froma ny ha n d from a ny ,

q ua rte r or b y a ny mea n s
, H e th e n d e ma n d ed .

e ig h t th ousa n d ma rk s of th e J ew s a nd u pon , , ,

th e ir p l ea d in g in s olv e n cy s old th e m to h is b roth er ,

R ich a rd for th a t s u m It w a s e xp ecte d h e w oul d .

d e ma n d a rigorous p a y me n t of th e d eb t ; b ut h e
com a ss ion a te d th e ir s itua tion d w on v ince d
p a n a s c ,

of th e ir p ov e rty a nd in a bil it
y .

A D . . T h e h a tre d of th e p e op l e a ga ins t
th e H e b re w n a tion h a d d urin g th e rei g n of H e n ry , ,

a rriv e d a t s uch a h e igh t th a t w h e n th e ba rons , ,

a p ea red l n a rm s a ga in s t th e k in g th e e n d ea v oured
p y ,

to a tta ch th e c itiz e n s of Lon d on to th e ir in te res t by


ma ssa cre ing se v e n h u nd re d of th is d e v ote d ra ce .

An a tte mp t w h ich w a s ma d e by on e of th e n a tion


,

to obl ig e a C h ris tia n to pa y a n e n or mou s in te res t fo r

a l oa n of mon e is sa id to h a v e a f ford e d a
p re ten ce
y ,

Eli as, a Lon don J ew , d


u n e rto o k t pl d f
o ea or h is b re thr e n b efo re

th e counc i ; l an d ma d e a p a th e tic s ee ch ,
p re
p rese n tin g the i mp os
sibil ity o f the ir p a y in g th e su m d ema nd ed . v liSe e ra n s ta nces a re re

l ated by Basnage of th e J ews b ib i g th


r n e ir j dge t b
u s o. e fa v o u ra bl e to
th em. In pa rticu l a r J
ohn Lunel , th o u h in the ec c e s ias ti ca ine, g l ll
,
was a ccu se of recei in d v gl g
ar e s ums from a ny e ws fo r h is
p ro m J
tee tin th e m at th e ba r, and iminishing t e ir ta xes
g d Pg
h a e 6 79 . .
2 34 ms ronr '
or T H E JE S W .

A D. . K in g E d wa rd , h owe ver, w hh se
p rej ud ices a ga inst th is un h a
p py p p
eo l e w e ee in
c reas e d by h is ex e
p di tion i n to th e h ol y l a n d , trea ted
the m w ith g rea t r igou r H e fo rbade th e ir se ll in g or.

as s ign in g th e ir d e b ts with out h is l ice ns e


. He .

ord e re d al l th e ir re p os itorie s thr oug ho ut the k ingdo m

to be sear c h e d a n d es tablis h e d a n in q u is ition to ta ke


,

cogn i za n ce of th ose wh o n egl ecte d to w ea r t h e d is

tin gu is h ing ba dges Th e Opp ress io n a n . d mise ry


fi n der w h ich th ey con tin ual l y gr oa ne d a pp ea r to
[ h a v e r en d ere d the m rega rdl ess of c ha ra cte r ; a nd
th e freq ue n t e xtorti on of v a s t s ums from th em


see m s to ha v e m a d e th e m im a gi ne e ve r
y m e m j
od us

tifi a bl e w h ich th ey could ta k e to in de mnify them


,

s e lv es T h ey w ere accused of a d ul tera tin g th e


.

1 coin c ircul a tin g cou n te rfe it mon e a n d ma ki n g


, y ,

fra u d ul ent e xch a n g es In con s eq ue n ce of th ei r.

guilt a nd th e outcry ra ise d aga inst the m al l the


,

,

M s in E n glan d w ere imp rison e d on on e day a n d ,


'

tw o h un d re d a n d e igh ty e xec ute d in L on do n b es id es ,

v as t n umb e rs in oth er p a rts of th e k in gdom Th e ir .

h ous es a nd l a n d s a s w e ll a s th e g ood s of multitudes


, ,

w ees s ol d a n d con fi sca te d The k in g l es t it sh ould .


,

b e s usp ec te d th a t th e rich e s of th e s uffe re rs w e re th e


ch ief p a rt of th e ir g uil t ord e re d a moie ty of the
,

money ra is e d by th ese c on fi sca tion s to b e se t a p art ,

an d b es tow e d u p on s uch as w ere w ill in g to b e con


ve rted to C h ris tia n ity But re se n tme n t w a s w e .

p re v a l e n t w ith th e m th a n a n
y te m p ta t io n f ro m t h ei r '

It w mp t d th t th J w p id th
as co u e , w i th p
a e e sf a e ,
c ro n n e s a ce o

e y
sev n wa f m th fi fti th y
ea rs , s. ro f H y u
e 1 t the d ear o
.
e nr . o e secon

y ear of E d w d I l arth f . h no d ed d
es s twe ty t
an h a d
our un r ,
an n ous n

d
Poun s , or two h un dred a nd s ixty th ous a n d pou n s of 0 01 d '
modem
money — A nder s on on Comme r ce, v ol . i p 32 2
. . .
ms r oa r or wa s JE S W . 2 35

o v
e r ty ; a n d v ery fe w cou ld b e in d uce d by in te
p
res t to e mb ra ce th e rel ig ion of th e ir p e rs ecu tors
ale
.

A D . Ab ou t th is time k in g E d w a rd
. ,

b y h is z ea l a n d ra p a city orde re d th e Je ws ,

b a n ish e d from th e k in gd om a n d n e v e r to ,

return up on p a m of d ea th
,
He s e iz e d a t onc e .

th e ir w h ol e p rop e rty an d a ll owe d th e m onl y mon e y ,

s uffi cie n t to bea r th e ir e xp e n ce s into fore ig n coun


trie s w h e re n e w p e rsecution s a nd e x tortion s a wa ite d
,

th e ms f men of th e c inq ue p orts


But th e

sea

d es poil ed most of th em of th is s mal l p itta n ce a n d ,

e w sh me h u ndre d s of th is mis era bl e p eop l e


e v e n th r

into th e s ea . T he k in g infl icted a ca p ita l p un is h

h is territorie s in
Fra nce A fter th is exp ul s ion th e J e w s n e v er a p
.
,

eare d a ga in i n a bod i E gl d d i g th ree


p y n n a n u r n

h un d re d a n d fi fty y ea rs I .

Bas na ge , p . 6 80 . M ac
p h erson , v ol . i .
p 432
. . H ume, v ol . 11.

p 4 .

t Th e c erl gy were so we ll p l ea ed s with th e b i ment


an sh of th e
J e ws , tha t the y g ra n te d a tenth of th e ir be nefl ces t o th e ki g n a nd

d j oine d with th e ob il ity ob l iging h im with a fiftee th of


a fte rwa r s n in n

th e ir te mp o l ities to ma k e some a mend fo th el oss h e us ta ine d b


ra s r s
, y
th e expu l ion of a eo l e from wh om h i
s ed h d xa cte d
p p p r ec es sors
, e s a

nsid ra bl e su bs id ie in th e emergen cy of l afl i — S moll t v ol i



e s a rs. e . .
,

p 401
4
. .

1 And erson 0 Co mm r e vol i p 3 2 2 Macphe r on ol


y s %istory of Britai v ol iv p 4 6
e c , . . . . s , v .

45 0 Henr .
n, . . .
2 36 ,
'
n i s ro nr »
or TH E J aw s .

C H A P T ER X V I I .

f th J w i F r u —T h y r gx p l l d th k i gd m by
‘ ’
St t a e o e e s n a en e a e e e e n o

P h il ip A g t — T h y v l y p p ut d d th ig f
'

u u s us e a re se e re e rs c o un er e re n o

L w i IX w h
e st l gth b i h th mf m h i d mi i —S v
. o a en an s es e ro s o n on s . e e re

l w a st d g i t th m by th d k f B itt y
e na c e a a ns d th e e u e o r an , an e

il
co u n c f Ly d Vi
s o — Th J w ll d by Philip
ons a n e nne e e s a re re ca e

th B ld T h y
e o b i h d by P h il ip th F i
.

-
e d
a re ll d an s e e a r, an reca e

by L w i X I —I e ptis f th h p h d . d t h irru l ty
— Th e
on o e s e er s , a n e r c rue

Jw d f
s a re a ccuse i g th iv w ll & t b p oi nd so e

i h m t th y
e o ca u s n e r e rs , e s, c . o e .

ib l p d f th i pp d im ’
Th t ff

W
e err e un s en e su ere or s su ose cr e.

Th y e b i h d by P h il ip th T l k— T h y i v t b ill f x:
a re an s e e a e n en s o e

h g — Th y
c an e ll d by J h 11 — T h y
e a re d f
re ca e o n . e a re a cc u se o

i im
v a r ou s cr d ll y t t d d i g th eig f Ch l TI
es, a n crue rea e ur n e r n o a r es .

— Th y fi l l y xp ll d th F
e a re h d mi i p a e e e e renc o n ons . 1

J e w s in E ngl a n d w ere e ddurin a l l


'

HI L E th e
g
k in d s“of O p p ress ion a n d misery th e ir breth re n in '
,

F ra n ce w e re s ubj e cte d to s im il a r s uffe rin gs a n d pe r


s ecu
'

Ab out th e y e a r 1182 K in g P h il ip s u
' '

tion .
r , , [

n a me d th e Ail ii s t, u nd e r
'

re ten ce of a nd z e al
g p p


'

for th e hon o G od, ba n is h e d th e m


i ' i

of h is do
'

ur

min ion sfi a n d con fi sca te d th e ir e sta tes T h ey were .

ermitte d to r i l h l d b ll e d from
'

p e ta n on
y w a t c ou e co e ct
th e l sa e of th e ir furn iture ; for wh ic h th ey foun d it
d iffi c ul t to o ta in p u rch a se rs b . It is eve n s a id , th a t
th e y w e re ro e of th e s m a bb d ll su ms th e y w e re e na

g rea tes t mise ry


'

bl e d to hra l s e ,
I
a nd re d uce d to th e ,

a n d th a t ma n fell v ictims to th e s e t ra n n ica l p ro


y y
ce e d in gs S oon a fter h ow e v er th e k in g ordere d
.
, ,

th e m to be reca ll e d ; a n d u pon fi n d in g th a t th is
mea s ure e x cite d th e re se n tmen t of th e Zeal ots h e ,

Th e mu rder of a y ou th na me d R ich a r d , wa s l id to th
a e ir ch a r e, g
a nd se r e vd as a p re tence for e xp e ll i g
n th em from F rance —Pica rt ,

p 17 3
. .
2 38 H I STO RY or ra n

be ca me
JE S W . .

a nd in d ustry . If a J ew a con vert to Chris ;


tia n ity
th e u s e
, the w h o
of h is l ord f
le of
h is p rop erty w as
T h e p a ss ion for “ con fi sca ted to

e x torting
w eal th from th i s mi se ra bl e v eh emen t
“h t a t a con e rs ion v w as consi ered
race

d
wa s
as a
so

bank rup tcy


,

a nd . e env p a ra d i se d id not p ossess th e r igh t of

Sa in t Le w is d a n d confi rmed
n ot onl y sa n ctione
,

b ut e v e n e xte n de d the s e op p ressi v e l a ws H e or . e

d e re d th e J e w s to be s e ve rely fi n e d if they n egl ected


to w ea r a disting uish in g a n d d isg ra ceful ba dg e on
th eir ga rmen ts a n d p roh ib ite d th e m from h a v in
, g
a ny in tercou rs e w ith th e Ch ristia ns D uring h is .

re ign w h e n a J e w a p p ea re d in e v id e n ce a ga in s t a
,

C h ris tia n h e w a s comp ell e d to s w ear by th e te n


,

nam e s of G od a n d h is oa th w a s ac com a n ie d with


p
a th ousa n d imp reca tions u pon h is ow n h ea d if h e ,

de v ia ted from th e truth T h e pe rs on w h o a dmi



.

n is tered th e oa th th u s a dd res s ed h im Ma y the ,

Lord G od s en d y ou a contin ua l fe v e r or a g ue if ,

y o u a re g uil t
y o f p j
er ur
y ; m a
y h e d es tro
y y ou

in h is a nge r y ou a n d y our fa mil y , a n d y our


, ,

effects ; may th e s word a n d dea th fea r a n d in qu i ,

Th i g l
s s in u a r c us to m of confi sca tin
g a l l th e goo d s of th e J wse

wh o mb
e ra ce d Ch ris tia ni ty , w as fi rst in tro d u ce d
into F ra nce ; and is
kno w n on ly by th e la w w h ich su
pp resse d
it, given a t asv il e , 1392 B l .

Th by a s tra n e and imp ious


us g incons istency , th is w re tch e peop e at d l
one tim e incu rre a se e re pe na ty by ren ou ncing u a ism; a t
d v l J d
a noth er epoch , th ose in th e sa m e cou ntry , wh o refnsed to p rofess

W
Ch ristia nity , we re or ere to be u rnt d d
Th e p rac ti ce p f s o e» ; b . m
the p roperty of th ose ews wh o p rofesse J d Chri tian ity beg n under
s a

the feu dal g m


rn e nt, an d was co n tinu em d i most p rts of fi u ope
n a r

\J l l the end of the £0 t century a —Mm maieu or k s French



s .

E n cy cl op e dia .
t Essa on Pu l ic Ha
y pp i ness , b vol . i i . p 42 7
. .
'
n i s ronr O F {ra n

ma il d
s i es
JE S W .

ma y th e
239

ea rth
etudei t
i p i i rs ne y ou e ;

s w all ow y ou p u
-
. lik e Da th a n a nd Ab ira m ma y
al l th e s in s of ou r p a ren ts , a nd a ll th e ma l e
y .

M on s co nta in e d in th e l a w of M os es fal l on
y our

h ea d .

T o th is d rea d ful imp reca tion th e J ew s w ere
to a n s w er th ree time s, S o be
A D
. . T he most s ig na l cal a mity w h ich
th e J ew s d d uring the reign of S t L e wis was
su ffere .

a p erse cution ra ise d a a in s t th e m b th e P a ris ia ns ,


g y
on a cou n t a s w a s p re te n d ed
,
of th e ir s a crifi c in g , .

s ome C h ristia n ch ildr e n on G ood Frida a n d of


y ,

u s ing th e ir bl ood a t th e s ol e mn it of th e as so v e r
y p .

For th is i mp ute d a ct of murde r a n d i mp ie ty th e y ,

w e re cru ell s l a ugh tere d in th e me tro o l is T h e


y p .

ti w l xt d d t B r ie T i

p er se c u o n a s a s o e en e o o u r a ne , ,

A nj ou P oitou a nd M a ine ; in w h ich p la ces up


, ,

wa rds of tw o th ousa n d fi ve h un d re d J e ws wh o ,

re fus ed to e m b race Ch ristia n ity w ere p ut to d ea th ,

by th e mos t cr uel torture s T h e ir s uffe rings w ould .

roba bl h v b l g d h d n ot G
p y a e e e n p ro on e a o
p p e re ,

gory I X in te rp osed a n d w ritte n to S t L e w is


.
, .
,

re q u e s tin g h im to a ll ow th e m l ibe rt of con sc ie n ce :


y
D urin g th e k ing s imp rison me n t in th e h oly l a nd f

a c r usa d e w as forme d in h is k in gd omof s im l e s h e


p p
h e rds w h os e p rofe s se d obj ect w a s to ma rch th ith e r
,

a nd rel ea s e h im T h ey g roun d ed th e ir ch imerica l


r ..

d es ign u p on revel a tions a n d p re te n d ed th ey h a d th e


'

g ift of work in g mira cl es T h e e n th us ia stic fury .

sp rea d till th e ir a rmy a mou n te d to a n h un d re d tho u

san d m en wh o ma rch e d to B urge s pl u nd e re d th e


o
, ,

G ifi ord


s Hi t s ory of F ra nce , v ol . i p 4 36 , 437— 45 0
. .

t S t Lewis wa s
. at th e h ea d of th e sixth and se enth c rusa es v d in
12 48 a nd 12 7 0 .
W
W
2 40 '
u ts ronv or ru n JE S .

J e ws and se iz e d a l l the ir b ooks in ord e r to commi t


,

th e m to th e fl a mes At l e n g th h owe v e r th ey e re
.
, ,

s u bd ue d a n d ma n of th e m ut to d ea th ‘
y , p .

Th e foll ow ing y ea r a co n fere nce w as h e ld in th e


p rese n ce Bl a n ch e of th e q uee n re ge n t
,
d uring ,

W
S t Lew is s a b s e n ce b e tw e e n ra bb i J e ch ie l a l ea rn e d

.
, ,

ca bba l is t a n d N ic h ol as Don im a ce l e bra te d J e w is h


, ,

con v e rt T he F re nc h a uth ors as s ert th a t J ech iel


.
, ,

ba fll ed a n d mortifi e d b y th e p ow e rful a rgume n ts of


h is opp one n t retired in d isgus t to Je rus a l e m
,
h il e .

the k ing w a s u n d e r con fi n e me nt in th e h ol y l a nd h e ,

se n t a n e d ict to F ra n ce to e x e l th e J e w s fro m h is
p
d omin ion s wh ich w a s p u nctual l y e xecute d by th e
,

q uee n rege n t .

A D . . T h e I srae l ites b e in g n ume rous a n d


grea t us urers in B ritta ny th e n ob il ity a n d me rcha n ts ,

u n ite d in a com l a in t a ga in s t th e m to J oh n l e Roux


p ,

th e d uk e A n a ct w as p a sse d w hich d ecl a re d th a t


.
,

a t th e re q ue s t of th e b is h o s a bbots b a ro n s a nd
p , , ,

v a ssa l s in B ritta ny a ll th e J e w s s h ould be for ev er


,

ba n is h e d from th a t p rov in ce By th is la w a l l th e ir .

d e b tors w e re e xon e ra ted a n d th e ir effe cts ord ere d ,

to b e reta in e d ; a n d th os e w h o h a d rec e n tl y k ille d


a J e w w e re forb idd e n to b e d is tu rb ed T h e k in g .

of F ra n ce w a s to b e re q u e s te d to e xp e l th is h a te d

race a n d c on fi s ca te th e ir p rop e rty


,
T h e d uk e en .

ga e d for h imsel f a n d h is s uccess ors for th e p res en t


g
,

a n d future to s u ort th is l a w ; a n d if h e v iol a te d


pp ,

it he a rith orized th e b is h op s to e xcommu n ica te h im


, ,

a n d co nfi s ca te h is l a n ds in th e ir d ioce ses w ith ou t

re ga rd to a n i v il g s l
-
r e e
y p
1 Bas ‘'e
g p 6 7 2
na ,1 I b id p
. 6 1.1 En g l ; P

343 . . . e se
-
.
2 42 H I STO RY or TH E J E S W .

unha l ifi d h k i g s extre m

pp y p p e w e reeo
s a cr c e to t e n e

a varice "
for h e s e iz e d up on a l l the ir w ea l th a n d
,
E
. ,

onl y a ll owe d th e m mon e to d efra th e ir e x p e n ses


y y .

to th e fron tiers M a ny p e rish e d by th e way w ith


.

fa tig ue a n d w a n t a n d th os e w h o s urv iv e d retire d


,

in to G e rma n y H e nce th e J e w s of th a t coun try


.

su
pp os e d th e m s e lv es o f F re n c h e x tra ction Am ong .

l b ra ted N icol a s de Ly ra
of th e ce e ,

h ow e v e r a p p ea rs to h a v e b ee n s ince re
, H e w rote .

a l ea rn e d tre a tis e a ga ins t h is na tion a n d s e n t th e


p ,

re ma in d e r of h is l ife in th e e x l a na tio n of th e sc ri
p p
ture s . M ost of th e p rosel y te s th ink th e ms e lves
obl ige d to g iv e a tes timon of th e ir fa ith b w iti g
y y r n

a ga ins t th e ir d es erte d br e th re n ; b ut h e is s a id to . .

h a v e a dd uce d more coge n t arg u me n ts a ga in s t th e m


th a n a n y J e w is h con v e rt b efore h im H e s tudied .

s ome time in th e u n iv ers ity of P a ris a n d th e n e u ,

te re d i n to t h e F ran cisca n ord er H e d ied a t h is .

con v ent a t Ve rne u il in th e y ea r


.

A D. . T h e s a me a v ar ice w h ich ca us ed
P h il ip to e x p el th e J e w s fromF ra nce ind uce d Le w is ,

th e T e n th th e s ucce e d in g mona rch


, to ma il th e m , .

H e e xp e cte d by th is mea s ure to re cruit h is fi na n ces ,

a n d th us b e e na bl e d to re d uce th e F l e min gs to s u b :

j ec tion T. h e con d ition of th e ir re turn w a s

a ve r h ea v ta x a n d th e tim of
y y ; e

in th e k in gd om l imite d to twe lv e y ea rs Du ring .

th is p eriod th ey w e re a t l ib erty to e n ga ge in tra d e ,

or s up p ort th e mse lv e s by l a b our T h ey w ere a ll owe d .

*B a sna
ge , p 6 7 4
. .

1
‘'
M od ern Uni e rsa v l H istory , v ol . xiii p. .
H I STO RY or TH E JE S W . 2 43

to l
co l ect d eb ts two th ird s of w h ich th e
th e ir ol d ,

k in g cla imed for h imsel f T h ey w ere a l so p e rmitte d .

to p urch a se s y na g ogu es b u ry in g p l a ce s a n d th e ir ,
~

b ook s e xce p t th e T a l mud But th ey w ere n ow


‘ '

.
,

obl ig ed a s b e fore to w e a r a p a rticul a r ma rk of


'
, ,

d istin ction T h ey w ere p roh ib ite d from l e n d in g


. ,
.

money on u surious inte re st w ritten obl iga tion or , , ,

in s h ort a n y thin g b ut p l edges » T h ey w e re l ike


,

w ise forb idde n to d is p ute on rel ig ion e ith er in p ubl ic


or p riv a te " 6
.

I n th e re ig n of P h il ip V s urna me d

W
A D
. . . .

th e T a ll th e sh ep h e rd s a n d oth e r in h a b ita n ts of th e
'

cou n tr l e ft th e ir fl ock s a n d fa rm s a n d a sserte d th a t


'

y , ,

th ey w e re g oin g to J e rusa l e m for th e rel ief of th e


h ol y la n d ith n o oth e i w eap on s th a n a p il g rim 3

.

s ta ff th e
y m a rch e d in g rea t b od ies w h ic h w er e ih ,

cre a s e d b th e j un c tion of th e l w h i h th
y p o pu a ce c e
y ,

me t on th e ir w a y T h e ir l ea d e rsw ere tw o p rofl iga te


.

p rie s ts w, h o
p re te nd e d to w o r k m i r a cl e s a n d th us ,

i mp os e d u p on th e cre d ul ity of th e p e op l e T h ey .

ra v a g e d s e v era l of th e s outh e rn
p ro v in c es br ok e ,
4

O p e n th e p rison d oors an d e nl iste d a l l th e criminal s ,

th ey foun d into th e ir
'

y m ea n s th es oc ie t
y . By th es e
ma de th e msel ve s ma ste rs of s e v era l cities a n d com ,
'

mitte d th e v il es t ou tra g es a n d crue l ties ; b u t more


a rticul a rl y a a in st th e J e w s T h is misera bl e ra ce
p g .
,
.

l e ft to th e ch oice of dea th or b a p tis m coll e cte d th e ir


‘ ,

mos t va l ua bl e e ffe cts ; a n d fle d b efore th is tumul tu ous


ra bbl e ; A cons id era b l e n u mb er of: th e m h av ing
'

tak e n refu ge in th e roy a l


V erd un in th e ca s t e l of ,

d iace se of T oul ous e w e re th e re b esieg e d by th e


.
,

sh e
p h erd s . T h ey d efen de d th emselves w ith v igour
*
5 Bas na e
g r p 6 7 4. .

R 2
24 4 H I STO RY or TH E W
JE S .

a nd d es p e ra tion an d, fi n d ing th e ir ar ms fa il ,
began
t

to th ro w th e ir ch i ld re n o ver th e w a ll s in h op es {o
mp a ss ion mies

e xc ite th e of th e ir b ut in
*
co en e ;
va in .

T h e s h ep h e rd s s et fi re to th e fo rtre ss , and

f to sa tia te l gh te r o
th e ir ra e w ith g th e s au

s ieg ed But th e J e w s p erce iv in g th e re w as n o


.

manii s of escap e to a void fa ll in g into th e b a n d s of


,

th e e ne my re q ueste d on e of th e ir b re th re n a y ou ng
, ,

ma n of grea t s tre ng th to p u t th e m al l to d ea th , .

The w re tch a cce p te d th e fa ta l commis s ion a nd afte r ,

h e h a d massac re d fi ve h un dred h e p resen te d h ims el f


to th e be s iege rs w ith a fe w ch ild ren w h os e l iv es he ,

h a d sp a re d a nd d e ma n d ed ba p tis m H is re quest
, .
,

ho wev e r w as rej ected a nd h e rece iv ed th e p un is h


, ,

me n t due to h is ba rba rity At l e n gth a g rea t .

n umb e r of th e sh e h e rd s w e re a p re h e n d e d a n d
p p
e x ec uted a t d itfere n t p l a ces a rticul a rl a t T ou
p y ,

l ouse wh ere th ey h a d ma ssa cred a l l th e J ew s in th e


,

cit x l
'

y
A . D . T h is misera bl e p eo
p l e w e re ten

yea rs a fte r m
in v ol ve d in
l ity p re tend e d
a n oth e r ca a ,

to h a ve bee n occas ion e d by th e ir h a v ing su ffere d


th e mse lves to be b ribe d by th e S a ra ce n k in g of G re
na d a ,to p roc ure th e p oison in g of a l l th e riv ers ,
w el l s a n d res e rvoirs of w ate r A l e p e r h a v in g dc

W
L
.
.
,

o d th a t h e was h ire d by a certa in rich J ew to?


p se ,

effe ct this p urp os e th e p eop l e in s eveml p rov inces


, ,

with out a it ing for th e n ecess a ry formal ity a tta ck e d ,

th e J e ws , a nd p ut the m to th e most crue l d ea th


S ome d riv e n to d es p a ir p e ris h e d by s u ic ide


,
At ,
.
2 46 H I STO RY or TH E JE W S.

to th e re ge nt wh o e v ince d a d is p os ition to gra nd


,

th e m a fa v our w h ic h th e y offere d to p urch a se a t a


v ery h igh p rice S oon a fter h is re l ea se J oh n p ub

.


l ish e d a d ecla ra tion b y w h ich b e p e rmitte d th e m to ,

re turn a n d re ma in in th e k in gd om twen t ea rs
y y
a
.

B es id es th e su m w h ich th ey a dva n ce d for thi s p riv i


l e ge e v e ry mas te r of a fa mil y p a id tw elv e fl orin s m
.

, l

gold on h is e n tra nce in to a n d s ix fi oria s y ea rly for


.
,

th e l ibe rty of res id in g in Fra nce A ge ne ra l p oll


~

. .

ta x w a s a l s o l e v ie d u p on th e m of on e fl orin p er
T h e kin g s trictl y p roh ib ite d th e ir e xorb im

h ea d . nt

a n d p ermitte d th e m onl t o ta ke modera te


us u r
y , y
in te re s t} l6

D urin g re i gn of C ha rles V I J ews


"

th e th e w e re
mrd
.

a ccus e d of u e rin g a ne w con v e rt a nd oth e r

ml
;

cri es ,
~
for w h ich so me w e re e xe c ute d , oth ers

scou rge d an d fi ne s l ev ied u pon th e s y n a g ogue s


, .

T he s e sev erities in d uce d a n y to a ss ume th e ma s k m


of C h ristia n it
y; T h e eo l e
p p h o w e v e r i n 1380, , ,

i nsis te d u p on th e ir l
e x u s ion , a nd a s s e
p mbl e d a s it is
sa i d at th e in s ti ga tion of certa in n obl e me n w h o h ad ,

b orrow e d l a rge s ums of th is p ersecuted ra ce w ho ,

th oug h ge n e ra l l y con s ide re d a s th e o utca s ts of so


cie ty e xerte d th e ir in d us try w ith s ucce ss in th e


,

a cq u is ition of w ea l th
"
T h e h ou se s of th e p ubl ic

rece iv e rs mos t of w h om w e re J e w s in Lo mb a rdy


, ,

w e re b rok e O p e n th e ch e s ts in w h ich th e mon ey

th e J ews , a nd se ll th e mth l ibe rty e of trad in gi F n ra nce — A n de rs on,


v ol . i p
. .

G iffor d , v ol . 11 .
p . 2 69 . Bas nage , p 6 76 . .

'
l es VI d ur i g
1 Ch a r g b g d ged in h i
. n h is re i n , ecomin e ra n s

it was su p ect ed th at th e Je w d ep riv e d him of his reason — G


s s re
goi r e,
p 22
. .

Rainege ,p .
H I ST O RY or THE JE S W . 24 7

wa s dep os ited w e re s e i e z d , a nd th e ir con te n ts e mp s

tie d in to th e s tree ts w h il e
bonds a n d th e re is te rs , g ,

a ll oth e r sec urities for mon ey l e n t w e re d e stroy e d ,


.

I n on e s tre e t a l on e th irty hou se s w ere p ill ag e d a n d


all th e furn iture cl oth es l a te a n d j e we l s b eca me


p , , , ,

th e p rey of th e p op u l a ce T h e J e w s e n dea v oure d


.

to p rese rv e th e ir l iv e s by fl igh t b ut mos t of th e m ,

we re i nte rcep te d a n d ma s sa cre d w h il e th e few w h o


e sca e d took re fug e in th e d un geons of th e C h a te l e t
p ,
.

Th e w ome n in d esp a ir a tte mp ted to foll ow th e ir


h us ba nd s w ith th eir ch ildr en in th e ir a rms
.
b ut th e
mob force d th eir ch ild ren from th em a nd ca rrie d ,

th e m to b e ba p tiz e d !

T h e g ov ern me nt w a s too w ea k to in fl ict on th e


insurg e nts th e p un is h men t w h ich th e ir crimes
des e rv ed T h e J e w s h owever w e re re e sta bl is h ed
.
-

, ,
'

in th e ir h a b ita tion s a n d a n ord er wa s is s ue d by th e


counc il for e v er one to res tore u n d er a in of
y p ,

d ea th w h a te ve r h e h a d ta k e n from th e m ; but th e
,

ord e r w a s trea ted w ith con te m t T h es e mis era bl e


'

p .

obj e cts of O r e ss ion a fte r b e in g d e s oil ed of th e ir


pp , p
p pr o erty w e,re e xp ose d to p r o s e c u tio n s fr o m th ose

w h o h a d l e ft p l e dge s in th e ir h a n d s ; b u t a n ord i r

n a n ce wa s a s s e d to e xe mp t th e m from th e c ons e
p
ue n ce s on ta k in g a n oa th th a t th e ro ert w h ich
q , p p y ,

w as th e obj ect of th e a ction h a d b een ta k en from


th e m d u rin g th e tu mul ti f
A D l 39 4a ] I n th e re ig n of C h a rl e s V I a
. . .

coun cil w h ich w a s h e ld on th e 17th of Se te m b er


, p ,

p a s s e d a n a c t for th e fi na l e x ul s ion of the J e w s


p
from F ra n ce T h e p rov ost wa s o rd e re d to s up er
.

in ten d th e e xe c ution of th e e d ict a n d tak e a n in ve n ,

G iffo d l rp 2
,
69vo . 11. . t I b id
. .
2 48 msron r or TH E JE S W .

tor y of a ll the effe cts w h ich cou ld b e fou n d in th eir


h ous es . at th e ti m e of th e ir de p a rture T h ey . w e re
o bl iged to lea v e th e k ingd om in N ov e mbe r d an

from th is las t e xile th e y be g in th e da te of th eir

y ea rs T h e grea te r
.
p a rt of th is p e rse cuted p eo l e
p
retire d in to G er m an I th e cit of M e tz i n Lor
y n y .

ra ine th e re s erv e d th e ir a n c ie n t riv ile g es } the


y p p
n g at the time of the ir eX ul s ie n a fre e to w n
'

c it
y b e:i p
in the imp eria l te rritories A fte r it w as a n ne xe d to .

th e Fre nc h d omin ions th e k ing of F ra n ce con tin ue d ,

to tole ra te the J e w s wh o w e re s ettl e d th er e and for ,

a l on g p e riod it w a s th e on l y p la ce in the k in gdom


w h e re th ey e nj oy e d a p riv il e g e d a b od e l -

Re s p ecti ng the re
p ea te d a ccusa t o ns i b ml g ht
a ga in st th e J e ws C h ris tia n child re n
, of cruc if
y ing ,

p o iso n ing th e r iv ers & c a la te a uth or ob s e rv es ,


In . ,

th e da rk p e riods of th e midd l e a g es h e J ew s
: t ,

u n is h e d bu t i n th e m t d d f l m fo l
p o s rea u a n n e r r se a .

c rimes s u f fe re d ofte n er for crime s me re l y c h imerical


, .

T h e rel a tion s of th e ir sa crifi cin g C h ris tia n ch ild ren


a re g iv e n b C h ristia n h is toria n s B t e v e n gra n t
y u .

ing th a t ra g e ma dne ss or a de si re of re v e n g e ma y
, , , ,

Th J w w e t bl i h d
e s t M tzere lyes a th y 888
s e a e as ea r as e ea r ,

sin ce t th t p
a h G mb t th
a e oc d b gh t m mp lai t
o er e e an r ou so e co n s

ag i t th m S ig b t d G mh l
a ns e . t gh t i th i ity i th
e er e e ou rs au .
n s c n e

tw l fth
e t y w ith
cen u rh u th t th y g ly e t d t h
su c s c ces s , a e ea er r so r e o ea r

h is i ns tr u ctions — G r egoi re on the R efor ma ti on f the J ew s , p 2 83


o . .

t B g
a sa n a ,
p .
6 76 . G ifi ord ,
'

v ol . ii .
p 344 . .

3: The middle a
ge , as it is ca ll d
e , is cons i dered as te rmina tiag a t
th e ta in k g of Co ns ta ntino p y l e in th e fift ee n th cen tu r . .
I ts commen ce
ll fi d
me n t is not s o w e xe by h istoria ns , s ome ca rry irig it a c ev e n to b k
th e re i n o f Co ns ta n tine , and some o n y to th e iv ision of th e e mp ire
g l d
un erd T h eo osius Th e mi
d ddl
e age con ta ins a pe riod of a o ut one
. b .

th o u sa n dy e a rsTh e term d a k age


. r is so me times u sed to exp ress the
n in th , t th
en d l e v e th ce turies
, an e n n , w hi ch we re th e mos t ba rbarods
of? thi s d ark
p ortion s period .
C HA P TE R X VII I .

Th e Jin S pa in a re pe rse cu te d by the b ish op of o edo — h ey a re


e ws T l . T
massa cred by th e ru sad ers — R a y mond d e Pe nnefo rte a tte mp ts to
C .

conv e rt th em — T
h ey a re fa v ou red by A ph onso X a nd a mes 1 l . J .

g — h ey a re de u ded by an impos tor, w h o p redm


g T l ‘
k in of A r ra o n .
ted
the p p nc e o f t h e ess ia h — M I
rrup tion of th e sh e h e rds — The
a e a ra p .

es ti ence sp re a ds from th e ir a rm
l y
— Th e e ws a re a cc used of oi J
p p .

s onin g
th e r ive rs h ey a re fa v oured by A phonso X I — h e ir
.
-
T l . T
ene mies consp i re to d es troy th em .
—Fresh ins u rrections at Tol ed o .

— M a ny Je ws pe rish by s uicide — O f th e pe rsecutions th ey ’


su fi e re d
at C astil e a nd Arragon in th e l a tter p a rt of the fou rtee nth ce ntury .

— P ope Be ned ict a p po ints a confere nce be tween th em a nd th e C h ris


tia ns — A l a rge n umbe r of Je ws p rofes s C h ristia nity — Of th e re .
p
te nd ed conv e rs ions by Vi Ferrie r — C
nce n t . rue l ty of the in q u is ition .

— T hey a re ba nis h ed f om S p in — T
r ibl
a . e rr e d is tres s g of th e re fu e es .

— T h ey a re re ce ived into, a nd s oon a fte r e xpe ll ed from P o tug l r a .

A D . TH E s ufferi n gs of th e J e ws in
.

S p a in w e re e q ually s ev ere w ith th os e of th eir bre


,

th ren in E n gl a n d a nd F ra nce At th e comme n ce .

men t of th e th irte e nth ce ntury th e b is h op of Tole d o ,

er ce iv in g th e m to increa se in n u mb e r a n d w eal th
p
e x cite d th e p op u l a ce a ga in s t th e m a nd p ut tin g , ,

h imself a t th e ir h ea d e n te re d a nd p l un d e re d th eir
,

h ou se s a n d sy na g og ue s H e e n d ea v oure d to v in .

d ica te h is con d uct b y a ccu s in g th e H e b re w s of ha v in g


\ be tra y e d th e city w h en it was b es ie ge d b y the M oors ;
,

b ut th e s il e n ce of imp a rtia l h is toria n s e x cul pa te d


th e m from th e ch a rge
A D . . Th e C rusa d e rs w h o soon a fter ,

as s e m bl e d n ea r Tole d o comp l e te d th e w ork of de ,

s tr uction w h ich th e b igote d p re l a te h a d b e g u n T h ey .

re s crib ed n o li mits to th e ir cruel ty b ut m a d e s uch


p ,

Basnage , p 6 5 9 . .
HISTO RY or THE JEWS . 2 51

ha v ock and ca rn a ge ‘
a mong th is mise ra bl e e o
p p ,e l
tha t Aba rba n el , l b ra te d J e w is h w rite r ca n
a ce e ,

s id e red th is a s on e of th e mos t s e v e re a n d bl ood


.
y
e rsecu tion s w h ich h is n a tion e v er s uffere d a n d th a t
p ,

it ca use d a g rea te r n u mbe r to a b a n don S p a in th a n


M oses co n d ucte d out of E gy p t T h e S p a nish n obl es .

e n d ea v oure d to in te r os e th e ir a uth orit a n d to


p y ,

su th cr u l ties B ut F erd inan d w h o th e n


pp ress e se e .
,

o ss es se d th e s ov e re ign p ow er a n d w is h ed to in
p ,

ra tia te h im s elf w ith th e p op ul a ce by th e e x tirpa tion


g
of th e Alb ige n s e s a n d oth e r s ec ts e n coura g e d a n d ,

p ro m o te d th e p e rse c u t io n
I
.
’E

A D . . D urin g th e re ign of J a mes 1 .

k in g of A rra gon w h o wa s d is tin gu ish ed for h is z ea l


,

for C h ris tia n ity g rea t e fforts w ere ma d e to con v e rt


.
,

th e J e w s Ra y mon d d e P e nn eforte l gen eral of


.
,
-'

th e D omin i ca ns con fe s sor to th e k in g a n d min iste r


,

to th e p 0p e u sed e n e rge ti c mea s u re s to e ffe ct this


,

p pu r ose H e h a d a l rea d
.
y b y h is re uta tion a n d
p ,

a dd re ss su re sse d th e viol e n ce of th e o u l a ce
,pp p p
a ga in s t th is u n h a p py e o le ; a nd ers ua d ed th e
p p p
k ing th a t mild n es s a n d in s truc tion w e re th e most
e fi ectua l mea n s to in d u ce th e m to e mb ra ce C h ris

m

tia n ity .Ag reea bly to h is b e n e v ol e n t p l a n se v e ra l ,

of th e D omin ica n fr i a rs w e re ch ose n to l ea rn th e

H eb re w a nd A ra bi c la n gua g es a n d d irec te d to a p p ly ,

th e ms el ve s a s sid uousl y to th e s tud y of th e sc riptu res ,

th a t th e y migh t b e e na b l e d to d is p u te w ith th e J e w is h
ra b b ie in ord er to c on v in ce th e m of th e ir e rrors
s .

M p g m a de to c on ve rt th e J e w s w e re

. Q
h

ow
fl -I - u
, u .

e ve r in ge n e ra l g l f cc ful th ongh th ey h ig h l y
,
gi i fi i m w
,

Bas na ge , p 6 7 0 . .

1 R a y mond was ca no ni
'
zed by pa pe Cl
e ment VIII .
252 n rsr onv or T HE J E S W .

es ee t me d Ra y mon d for h is si ng ula r h uma n ity and

modera tion .
"E

A D . . Al p honso X k in g of Cas tile a n d .


,

a cel e b ra ted a s tron omer e n cou ra g e d a nd romote d


p ,

l earne d men of a l l rel igiou s d en omina ti on s By h is .

ord er J uda h de T ol e d o tran s la te d a n d im rove d th e


p
as tron omica l w ork s of Av icen n a a l e a rne d A ra bic ,

w rite r I saa c th e so n of C id a n d othe r ra bbies


.
, , ,

a ss is te d h im i n com il in g c e rta i n a s tron omica l ta bl es


p ,

w h ich b ea r th e na me of th e ki ng a nd do h onour to ,

h is me mory xf
Al p h ons o re wa rd e d th e m w i th roy a l mu n ifi ce nee ,

a n d b e ca me so ge n e rous a a tron to th e na tion th a t


p ,

th e j ea l ousy of th e Z eal ots w a s e x cited an d th e y ,

forme d ne w p l ots a n d a ccusa ti ons a ga in st th e m T h ree .

v ill a ins of th e ci ty of O rsa na in A n d al us ia th re w th e , ,

d ea d body of a ma n in to th e h ous e of a J e w a n d ,

a ccuse d h im of th e mu rde r T h i s i mp roba b le a s


.
.

se rtio n ga i n e d cre d it a n d a w a k e n e d th e p op u l a r ,

fury a n d h a tre d a ga ins t th e m A grea t n umb e r of .

J e w s w e re i n h uma n ly p ut to dea th a nd oth e rs fl ed ,

for re fuge to th e h ous es of th e ir C h ris tia n a cq ua in t


a n ce T h e in h a b ita n ts of P a l ma a l so rose a n d
.
,

d es troy e d ma n y of th is u n ha p p y p e op l e U p on th is .

Ra y mond Ma rtin , a noth e r Domin ica n, w rote a trea tise a


gains t
the J ews , ca ll ed Pngio F idei ,
” "
oi the Po nia rd of F a it h .

T h is
work is conside re d a s a l earned arid po we rfu ldf e ence of the Ch ris tia n

l igi
re on aga i ns t th e ar g ume nts of th e Jw
e s. Anoth er monk , na med
P l
au , of me o rder h el d a confe re nce in th e pa la ce of th e k in g
th e sa ,

w ith M oses Na ch ma n ides a fa mo us ca bba l is tica l J ew, Bo th s ides .

c l a ime d the v icto ry Pa u l obta ined a n ed ict from k ing Fe rdina nd


. ,

e nj oin ing the J e ws to O e n the ir h ouses and sy na gogues to h im


p ,

and to fu rn is h h im w ith a l l th e ir H eb rew book s w hene ve r h e ca me to

disp ute w ith th e m— Ba s na ge p 6 60 .


, . .

t M od ern Universa l History , vol . xiii .


p 3 04 .
.
2 54 H ISTO RY or ra n JEWS .

na g og ues in S p a in H e re te n ded t h t b hi
s
y p a
.
y s ,

k n ow l edge of t h e p rop h ecies h e h a d d iscov ered th e


e x a ct time of th e a ea r a c e o f th e M e s s ia h w h i ch
pp n ,

he p red icte d to b e j ust a t h a n d T h is imp os tor ev e n :

fore told the v ery d a y on w h ich th is migh ty d el iv e re r


wa s to a p p ea r w h o sh ould ga th e r toge th e r h is e l ect
m
,

e op l e s ubd ue th e i r en e i a n d re l ace th e m in
p , es p ,

th eir a nc ient inh erita n ce


'
De ceiv e d by th is p ro .

p h e c
y a n d e x e cta ti on of th e M e ss ia h
p t h e J ew s ,

re a re d th e ms e lv es for th e e v e n t b fa s tin g a nd
'

p p y
ra e r a n d a t th e ti me a p p oin te d re p a ire d to the
'

p y
- ~

s na gog ue s cl ot h e d in w h ite B ut d is cov e ring the


"

y .

imp os ture th ey b eca me ash a me d of th e ir bl in d cre


,

d ul ity a nd W ere e x p ose d to th e i nsul ts a nd d e ri s i on


*
'
,

of th e i r ene mie s
9
.

A D. . But th e mos t te rribl e cal a mi ty


w h ich th e y s uffere d d uri n g th is p e riod wa s by th e
bod y o f sh e p h e rd s w h o h a d committe d s uch fa ta l
ra va g e s in F ra nce Ha v in g b ecome n ume rous a nd

. x

o w erful th ey e n t ere d S p a i n a n d ca rrie d fi re a n d


p ,

s word i n t o se v e ra l
p r o vi n c e s T h e J e w s in
p a rt i .
,

c ul a r w e re th e v ictim s of th e ir ra a c it a n d crue l t
, p y y .

Ma ny p re s erve d th e i r l iv es by surre n d erin g th e ir


rop e rty a nd re n ou n cin g th i rel ig ion T h
p e r os e .

w h on conl d n ot b e in d uce d to ma k e th e s e s a crifi ces


were ins ta n tl y a n d inh u manl y p u t to d e a th xf
T h e p e s til e n ce w h ich a ros e in th e a rmy of
s h e h e rd s d x te n d e d th roug h th e n e i h b ou
p a n e , g
cou n tries wa s p rod uctiv e of n e w e v il s to th is n u
,

h a p p y p e op l e T h e d esol a tion occa s ion ed by th is


.

des tructiv e s courge wa s a ttrib ute d to th eir ma l ice ,


'

'
1 I i

Ba snage , p 6 6 4 . . M odern l
Unive rsa History , v ol . xiii .

Bas nage, p 6 6 4 .
m m
o or r m: JE S W . 255

a
ga i
n st Ch ris tia ns T h ey w ere accuse d of
th e ,

h a v ing b ribe d th e p easa n ts of M es u ra th e


rive rs a n d of h a v in g fu rn is h e d th e m w for
,

th at p u rp os e
*
T h is a bs urd a ll ega tion ga in ed cre
.

h ei m
C‘

mbfl
s

di t, a n d ca u e d
s ““ grea t n u
—* . fi r
fi fl f1 63% t p ri

l on g con fi n e men t h ow
l

ES EEi a n d tr ie d
'

.
x
Afte r a ,

th e ms e lv e s of the crime s la id to
th e ir cha rg e But th e k in g w ho w a s unw ill ing to
. ,

confe ss a n d con d e mn th e in u s tice of h is con d uct


j '

re te nd e d th a t b e d e ta in e d th em in p rison in order
p

to effect the ir con v ers ion ; a n d ca us e d fifteen th ou


sa n d w h o refuse d to rece iv e ba p tis m to be p ut to a

crue l d ea th

A D . . Al p h onso X I ki n g of Cas til e .


,

wa s th e fr i e n d a n d p rotector of th e J e w s b e in g ,

rin c ip a ll d irecte d in h is a f fa irs b J ose h o e of


p y y p n ,

th e n a tion w h o m h e h a d a p p oin te d in te n da n t of h is
,

fi na nces T h is mona rch wa s h ow e v er p re va il ed


. , ,

up on by h is nin tin ou s a n d d is conte n te d su bj ects to

a ss d ecr ee a ga i n s t th e m on a ccou n t of a
p a
p re
.

te n d e d in d ig n ity ofi e red to the sa cra men t by a


J e w is h boy T h e c l a mour of th e p op ul a ce was so
.

v iol e n t th a t a coun c il was con v e n ed to d e l ibe ra te


,

w h e th e r th ey sh oul d be p ut to d ea th or ba n is h ed .

T he l a tte r meas u re be in g p refe rre d th ey w ere com ,

me n de d to a ba n d on th e k ingd om in th ree mon th s .

H a p p il y for the m, the p ri nce roy a l ob ta ined a


re v isa l of th e p roces s by w h ich it a p p ea red th a t a


, ,

ou n g C h ris tia n ha d ina dv e rte n tly co mmitte d th e


y
su ose d c rime 0 11 th is d e p os ition th e k ing
pp .
,

:
The in v entors of th is pal pa b l e ca u mny w e re th ose wh o owed
l
mone y to th e J
ews , a n d w h o wis h ed to be de i vered fro m the ir em l
ba rrass men t w ith o u t pa y in g it .
p 28
. .
256 HISTO RY on TH E JE W S .

reca ll ed di ct T h e a cq ui tta l of th e J e ws h i ghly


his e .

mortifie d a n d e xas p era te d th e ir; en e mies wh o m y ,

s e rte d tha t th e C h ris tia n ha d b ee n b rib ed to g iv e a n


,

e v id e nce in th e ir fa vour In a n oth e r c ity ma ny of the


.

i
n a t on w re p e u t to d e a th for
'
th e p r e te n d e d o ffen e c "
.
E

A D. . S oon a fter a fre s h insurrection ,

a ga in s t th e J e ws b rok e o ut in T ole d o a nd th e ir
te rror a n d d e sp e ra tion on th is occa s ion ba m
,

e s a ll

d escription O n e of th e m p e rce iv ing th e Z ea lots


.
,

b reak ing i nto th e h ouse in orde r to massacre a ll they ‘

foun d in a p h re nzy of rage a nd d es p a ir k ille d h is


,

rel a t i ons w h o h a d ta k e n refuge w ith h im a n d the n


,

d e stroy e d h i ms elf in ord er to a v oid fa lli n g in to the


h a n d s of h is ene mies ?
A D
. . In th e re ig n of He nry I of .

Ca s tile Ma rtin a rch d ea con of Astigi by ve h e


,
.
, ,

me n tl y p re a ch in g a ga inst the J e ws th rough th e


s tree ts of Se vill e a n d C ord ov a e k a s era tefl th e
p ,

p op ul a ce to such a d egree that th ey m a s sa cre d


,

th e m in b oth p l aces The p e rsecution spre ad t o


.

V a l e ncia a nd Ba rcel ona w h ere some w


,
” a

m
, ere ,

urdered fwh il e th e mos t artful
i
n

uc
i

p r o f e s
se d C h r is t ia nit
y i n o r de rt o es c a pm
e s h a c ts o f i

vi ol ence Th e p op ul ous sy nagogues of S e v il l é a rid


'


.

Cordova be ca me a l most dese rted T h ese wretche d


fug itives wh o h a d fled to Anda l


,

vi nces w ere p u t to d ea th by th e in h a b ita n ts


,
.

J oh n th e son a n d s ucces sor of H e n ry trea t


J ews w i t h e qua l crue l ty D uring h is re ign m
, ,

.
a ny ,

i h d b b i d iv d f t h s sa rie s of l ife
p e r s e
y e n g p e r e o e n e c e ,

a n d th os e w h o s u rviv ed w e re com e ll e d to w ea r a
p
d is g ra ceful ma rk of d is tinc tion i
Basnage , p 6 6 5 . . i M a nge , p
.
2 58 HISTO RY on TH E JEWS .

wa s ch ose n d efe n d th e J ew is h rel igi on Th e


to .

J e ws a t th i s t ime e x p ress ed u nusua l res p ect for the


o
p p e w h o e n te rta ine d th e m w i th ol ite n e ss a nd
,
p ,

d f y d
e ra e th e ir e xp e n ce s fi "
But th ey trea te d J e rome
w i th g rea t a sp e rity th e i r min ds b e in g e x ceed in l y
_ , g
e mb itte re d a ga in s t h im b oth for d es e rtia th e s na
g y
»

g og ue a nd in v olv in g th e m in a d is p ute from w h ich


th ey a p p re h e nd ed fa ta l cons eq ue n ce s ]
T h e te nour a n d res ul t of th is fa mous con feren ce
is v a ri ous ly re l a te d by C h ri s ti a n a n d J e w ish h is tO o

ria n s . T h e l a tte r h owe v er, confe s s t h a t th ey ,

b ribe d se v e ra l bi s h op s to p e rsua d e B en edict to br mk


off the d is p ute from a n a p p re h e ns i on t h a t it would
,

e xa s p e ra te th e i r e n e mi es a ga in s t th e m But the .

e p e in s is te d up on J e rome s p erformin g h is e n g

a ge
p
»

ment ; and four or fi ve th ousa nd J e w s were con


v erte d upon rea d ing h is rela t ion of th e confere nce ,

w h i ch h e p resen te d to th i s p on tifl T h e h igh .

ce l eb rit of th is
y p e rform a n ce i n d uce d J ose p h Al ba :

a S pa n is h ra bb i to comp il e h is a rticl es of fa i th in
.

, ,

ord er to con fi rm th e wa v e ri n g mind s of h is b re thren .

H e p reten d ed th a t a be li e f of th e future comi n g of


,

the Me ss ia h wa s n ot n ece ssa ry to sa lv ation ; a nd


cen s ure d M a i mon id e s w ith out n a min g h i m for , ,

ha v ing ma de th is a n ess e n tia l p a rt of h is cree d H e .

T hey , it is sa id , e ven car rie d the ir impio u s fl a tte ry so fa r as to

mercy , O Lord , a nd g ra nt us th y l
sa v a tion — Ba sn age
.
, p 6 80
. .

1 Basnage , p 6 80
'
. . M ode rn Un iv e r H is t . . v ol . xiii .

T
t h is ra bbi, nd in fi g th e ar u g ments wh ich we re a dd u ced
to p rove

th a t th e Mess iah was so me mad e a g re a t im p ress ion up o n the ews , J


ma intairied th a t a l
be ie f of h is co ming wa s not a n esse ntia l rti la c e

m
,

of fa ith , and w ish ed to h a v e it exp u nged fromthe o f M in e a .

nid e m—Ba sn agc , p 34 4 .


n rsr oa v or THE JEWS . 2 59

re d uce d th e funda men ta l d og ma s of th e J ew i s h


faith to th ree v iz the e xi ste n ce of G od th e l a w of
,
,

Mos es a nd future re wa rd s a n d p un is h ments


.
,

.

E

A D . . T h e fol l ow in g y ea r B e n e d ict X III .

u bl i h d h is con s titution a ga ins t th e T a l mud a nd


p s e ,

the us u ry of th e J e w s But as h e w a s d ep os ed .
,

soon a fte r a ll h is ord in a n ces w e re re v ok e d ; a n d it


,

d oe s n ot a p p ea r th a t h is p la n s w e re foll ow ed by
Ma rtin of F lore n ce h is s ucces sor .

A D . . V in ce n t F errie r wh o h as bee n ,

ca n on iz ed for h is mira cl es a n d z ea l for con v e rtin g

th e J e w s a p p ea re d a t th is time
, T h e C h ris tia n s .

aba nd on th e ir rel igion a moun te d to tw en ty fi ve th ou ‘ I


M . 4 . , __

sa n d cco r in o th e J e w is h a ccounts s till more


A

.
d g “*
.o -a nb
t i t “ ‘ - P ‘ " u ' HT 4

But w h a te v er was th e i r
H

dese rted th e sy nagog ue s .

severe l tre a tme n t T h ey s ecre tl y c ircu m


a n d“crue .

cised th e ir ch ild re n ob se rve d th e


p a ss ov e r a nd , ,

ne glecte d n on e of th e J e w is h rites a n d c e re mon ies f


-

T h e d iss imul a ti on of th e p re te n de d con v e rts d id


n ot l on g
p a ss u nn otice d b
y th e c l e rgy w h o ac ,

ua in te d F erd ina n d th e S a n is h mon a rch a n d th e


q p , ,

e S ix t us IV w ith th e ir c on d u ct
'

O
p p E x a s p e ra ted
. .

Addis on s

P résent S ta te
~
of th e J
e ws , p 17. .

t E ss un ga , p 6 89
. . M ode rn Uni vers a l H is tory , v ol . xiii .
p 34 7 . .

—A s ma ll n u mbe r of Je ws we re h owev e r estee med s incere , , con v e rts ;

a mo ng w h om Sol o mo n the so n o f L ev i was inc l u ded Ha v ing rea d


, , .

a wo rk of T ho mas Aq u inas be emb ra ced Cl u is tia ni ty and took the , ,

na me of P l au of B urgos . S o on a fte r h is bap tism h e was raised to


the bis hop ric of th a t city , w h ich was h is na tiv e pl ac e , a nd afi e rwards
to the pa tria rcha te o f A u il e ia q
He e ft a son w h o su cceede d h i . l min
th e bish op ric , a nd w rote a h istory of Spa — Ba s nage , p 6 90. m .

8 2
2 60 HISTO RY or Th e J EWS .

th é

at a il ron t of
fere d to th e C h ris tia n re l ig ion the
,

tri bu n a l of th e in q uis ition "


w as d irec te d to p a y c lose
a tte n tion to th e b eh a v iour of th e s e d e l in ue n ts q a nd

al l C h ristia n p ri nces w e re e xh orted to as s is t in


b rin gin g th em to con d ig n p u n is h me nt. T hi s de
c re e w h ic h was p ub l is h e d in mos t p a rts of S a i n
,
p ,

fill ed th e J ew s w ith s uch con s terna tion tha t s ev e n ,

te e n th ou sa n d immed ia te l y re turn e d to th e ch urch ,

a n d s ub mitte d th e m s e lv es to w h a te v e r ce n s ure or

p e na n ce s h ou ld be i nfl ic ted T w o th ousa n d of th is .

mis era b l e p eop l e p a rt of w h om confes sed th a t J esu s


,

C h ris t w a s th e tru e M es ia h w ere p ut to de a th s


, .

M a ny w e re se n te nce d to a l on g imp ris onme n t a n d , ,

a fte r re ga in in g th e ir l ibe rt w ere ord ere d to w e a r


y ,

tw o re d cross e s on th e ir u p p e r ga rme n ts in a c ,

kn ow l e dgme n t th a t th ey h a d d e se rve d th e fl a mes :

N or w ere th e sa cre d re p os itor ie s of th e d ea d s p a re d ,

h uma n b od ie s w e re d is in te rre d a n d b urn ed ; th e ir


'

ro e rt w a s con fi s ca te d a n d th e ir c h ild re n we re
p p y
.

decla red i nca p a bl e of s ucceed in g to th e p os s essions


of th e ir p a re n ts N otw ith s ta n din g th e wa tch ful nes s
.

of th e in q uis ition ma ny fou nd mea n s to emig ra te;


,

oth e rs w ere more ca reful to conc ea l th e ir d is s imil

Th e cou rt o f the inq u is itio n w as i ntrod u ced i nto S pa in in th e


fi fi een th ce ntu ry by F
e rdina n d a nd sa be a ; an d w as I
p rinc ipa y ll ll
i nte nd ed to p re v e nt the re a pse of th e ew s a nd l
oo rs , w h o h ad J M
be e n, or p re te nd ed to be , conv e rted to th e fa ith of th e chu rch of
R ome Torq ue mad c, 21 Do mi nica n , confesso r to ueen sa be l a , p re
. q I l '

tend ed tha t th e diss imu l a tio n o f th e J ew s w ou ld g re a tly i j n u re th e

ca u se of re l igi on . Th e q uee n li ts e ne d w ith re s e c tful


p de fe rence to
h er s
confes or , and a t l
e ngt h ga ine d ov e r th e k in g to co nse n t to th e

es ta b li hm
s ent of t h is ba rba ro u s tribuna l . I ts j u risd ictio n e xte nded
'

ove r al l wh o in th e ir p ra ctice or o
p i n io ns d if
f e re d fro m th e es ta b li hs ed

p.134 , ms .
2 62 n i st onr '
or THE JEWS .

w as di sp l ea si ng to th e S p a n is h na ti on , th a t h e
so

w as obl ige d to iss ue a s econ d b ull to confi rm i t ; a nd


M a ri a na is a l mos t th e on ly S pa n is h w riter w h o h as
giv e n it a p l a ce i n h is h is tory
A D I493 ] S oon a fter F e rd ina n d a nd I sa bell a
. .

ha d compl e ted th eir red uction of th e M oors the y .

i ssued a n e d ict comma nd ing th e J e w s e ith er to


,


emb ra ce C h ri s t ia n ity or q uit th e k in d om in four
g , .

mon th s T h e p e op l e w ere a t th e sa me time p ro


.

h ib ite d u nd er th e se v e res t p e n a l ties from a fford in g


, ,

rov is ion s or a n oth er a s s is ta n ce to th ose w h o s h ould


p y
b e fou n d in S p a in a fte r t h is p eriod T h e ir a tta ch .

men t to th e l a w of Mos es w as s up eri or to e v e ry othe r


cons id e ra tion ; a n d th e fi n is h h istori a ns a f fi rm
pa “ C 4 5 vv u w u n b l ‘ w ‘ ‘ r 'T ,

th a t e ig h t h u nd re d “ th“ ousa n d p e rson s a b ando n e d


“ m u mm tx'
i u vc n ew. A m «m
- - n w ‘
f

the k m m
g r

« M W
fa mil ies w h ich reck on ing onl y fi ve to ea ch fa mily , ,

must h a v e a mounte d to a mil l ion of soul s


T h e re p uta tion w h i ch th e cel e b ra t e d ra bb i I saa c
Aba rb a n el e nj oy ed a t court could n ot p re v e n t h is ,

b e in g in cl ud ed a mon g th e e x iles : He was born a t


Lisb on 143 7 of a n a nc ie n t fa mily w h o boa s ted
, , ,

a l ineal d es ce n t fromk in g Da v id § H is p a re n ts took .

M a ria na s

History of S p a in Basna ge , p 6 9 1
. . . f I bid .

Ra bbi I s aa c K a ro was an oth er ea rne d e xi e l


He l . re tired fi rst to
P ortuga l , and th e n ce to J l
pe rfec t rec use in this
e rusa e m . H e ived l a l
city ,
an d d e v o ted h imse o s tudy He comp ose d a ommentary o n
lf t . C
th e P en ta te uch , p a rt
y ca bba istica l
and p a rt
y i te ra l — fl ow nl l l l
Univer s a l H is tory .

He founded h is p re ten sions on th e tes timony of saac A ien G ea th , I l


wh o sa y s in o ne of h is comm e nta ries on the sc rip tu res, th a t a t th e

ti me of th e dest ruct ion of th e first templ e, two fa mi ies of the race l


of D id w t i t
av en n o Spain ; one o f wh om se tt ed l at L uce na , th e othe r
a t S ill ; a d th
ev e n at from the l a tter Abar bauel was desce nded . After
ms roa r '
or r u n JEWS . 2 63

g rea t ca re of h is e d uca tion a nd a s h e p os sess e d , ,

d is tinguis h e d a b il ities h e ma de a ra p id p rogress in ,

th e scie n ces es pe cially sa cred l ite ra ture


, But his .

am bi tion to fi gure a t court i n d uce d h im to tu rn h is


ch i ef a tte n t ion to p ol itics fi na n ce a nd comm erce , , .

D urin g th e re ig n of Al p h on so V k in g of Port uga l .


,

h e was ch ose n on e of h is pr ivy coun cil a n d fille d ,

h is s ta tion w ith d ig n i ty a nd s p le n dou r t ill th e dea t h


of this mona rc h But be in g d isca rd ed in th e re ign
.

of h is s ucces sor w h o h a te d th e J e w s , h e fl ed to ,

Cas tile H e wa s g ra ci ousl y rece iv e d b y F erdi na n d


.

a n d I sa bell a a n d a dva n ce d to r efe rm en t w h i h


, p s c ,

h e e nj oy e d u n til h is coun try men w e re e x p e ll ed from


S p a in H e e xe rte d h imsel f to th e utmos t to sa v e
.

h im se lf a n d h is na t ion from th is fa ta l s trok e But .

fi ndi n g al l h is efforts usel ess h e e mb a rk e d for Na p l e s , ,

an d a rriv e d th e re w ith h is fa m ily in 1493 B e in g .

e d uca te d a courti er he i n gra ti a te d h i m se lf wi th Fe r


,

d ina n d k in g of N a pl e s ; a n d both th a t s o v e re ig n
,

a n d Al h on s o h is s ucce s sor p rote cte d a n d e mp l o e d


p y
h im H e d ied a t V e nice 15 08 in th e se v e n ty fi rs t
. , ,
-

ea r of h is a e a n d wa s i n te rre d a t P a d ua S v l
y g , e e ra .

of th e V e n e tia n n obl es a n d a l l th e J e w s a tte n d e d his


, ,

fun era l H e p bl he du
. is ma ny l e a rn e d w ork s p a r
t
,
a

ticul a rl y a comm e n ta r
y on E xod us D e u te ro n om
y , ,

K in gs I sa iah J ere mia h a nd oth er b ook s of th e


, , ,

Old T es ta ment }
th e mp l e of h is
e xa fa the r he ass u med th e tit l e of Don, th e us ua l
cu s to m a mong th e nob es l of S p a in — Bozs si D is s e rta tion s Critiq ues

.

’ ‘

p ou r se rv ir a l hi s l oi r e de s J e ffs .

Ba sna ge .
p 6 92 . De Ro ss ie s eb rew
. io ra p h y ’
H B g .

1 He'
ap l ied h imse lf to stu dy w ith inde fa ti a b e a rd o u r,
p g l and was
l
he d in s u ch hi h g es ti ma tion a mong th e J e ws , th a t so me did not h e;
s itate to p ronou nce h ims upe rior to M ai monides . T hey agree , th a t
2 64 ms ron r'
or THE JEWS .

T he s uffe rin gs of th e J e w i sh e mig ra nts who e m«


b a rk e d for oth er countrie s w e re in exp re ss ibl e a n d
al m os t incon ce iv a bl e S ome of th e v es se l s took fi re ,

a n d th e mis era b l e obj ec ts of o res s ion c eris h e d in


pp p
th e fl a mes O th ers w e re s o h ea v il y l a d e n th a t th ey
'

. .

s un k a n d ma n w e re d row n e d G rea t u m b rs
, y n e .

w e re s h ip w reck e d on fore ig n c oa s ts a nd
p e ris h e d ,

w ith cold a n d h un ge r O n e of th e S pa n is h p il ots


.

forme d th e res ol ution of murd e ring a l l th e J e w s in


h is v es s el in ord e r as h e p re te n de d to re ve nge th e
'

, , ,

d ea th of C h ris t w h om th e ir an ce s tors ha d crucifi e d


, .

T h ey re p re se n ted to h im th a t C h rist w h o d ied ,

for th e re d e mp tion of ma n k in d d id n ot de s ire the , h

d ea th b u t the s a l va tion b f th e s in ne r T h e s a il or .

in con s e q ue nce of th is p a th etic remonstra n ce ga v e


'

u th e d es ig n of murd erin g th e m b ut ca u se d th e m
p
to b e s trip p e d na k e d a n d s e t d ow n on th e n ext
, ,

s h ore w h e re p a rt of th e m p e r is h ed w ith h u n ge r ;
,

oth e rs w e re d es troy e d by l ions w h o ca me ou t of -

a n e ig h b ou ring ca v e rn T h e re ma in d e r w e re sa v ed
.

b y th e h u ma n ity of a ma ste r of a v e ss e l w h o took


th e m in U p on s ee in g th e ir mi s era bl e con d ition *
,

T h e p e s til e n ce a l so d es troy e d ma ny of th e s e u n
fortu na te e xil e s ; a n d to comp l ete th e ir ca l a mities ;
,

th ose w h o re a ch e d th e c i ty of Fe z in Africa w e re ,

refus e d a d mitta n ce by th e mer cil e ss in h a b ita n ts a n d ,

d ie d for w a n t of th e n e cessa ries of l ife W h e n those .

w h o sa il e d for I ta l y a rriv e d a t G e n oa th ey foun d th e ,

c it a ffl icte d b a fa min e w h i ch h a d grea tly ra is e d


y y ,

to a mind l
c e a r an d pe ne tra tin h e adde d a iv e y a nd fe rtil e ima ina
g l l g
tion , w h ich wa s e xh ibited in hi s eas y a nd c op iomM
.
fi on — M s .

s a n c tions Cr itiq ues , &c .

Ba sna ge , p 6 93 . .
2 66 u rs ronr
'
or r u n JEW S .

M a ny of th e J e ws sough t a n ea re r a sy l umin P or
*
n

tugal .J oh n I I th e so ve re ign of th a t ki ngdom


.
,

ha d formerl y s en t some of th is na tion l to ma k e d is -

c ov arie s on th e coas ts of th e Re d S ea ; a n d th e
y
b rough t h im e x act a n d faith ful a ccou nts T h ey h ad .

a ss i s te d the P ortuguese a dv e n turers in th e d is cov e r


y
of the E a s t I n d ie s N ot wi th s ta ndi n g these impor .

tan t s erv ices the k ing conse nte d to rece iv e th e m


,

on l y on con d ition th a t ea ch one s h ould p a y h im

e i h t gol d e n d uca ts a n d q ui t h is d om i i s at a
g n o n ,

li mite d time or forfeit h is l iberty O n h is p a rt he


, .

en ga ged w h e n the ti me fix ed for th e ir d ep a rture


,

a rriv ed to furn ish v e s se l s to tra ns p ort th e m toa ny


,

p l a c e w h ere the
y ch ose to re t i re T h e k
.
in g was .

d esi rous of ful fi lli ng h is enga ge men t ; b ut h is ord ers


we re d isre ga rd ed a nd th e fugi tiv es w h o we re a bout
, ,

to lea v e Port uga l w e re tre a te d in s uch a ba rba rous,

ma n ner by th e s ea men th a t ma ny ch ose torema in ,

in th e ki n gdom a n d b e sold a s sla v es ra th er th a n ,

e x ose th e m lv to th e il d h a r d s h ip s of
p s e e s
p e r s a n

a n ew vo a e :
y g j
E ma n uel h is s ucce ss or a p pea red a t fi rs t to com
m
, ,

ise ra te th e ir s uffe rings a nd res tored to th e m th e ir ,

l ibe rty T h e ir pe ace h ow e v er w as of sh ort du


.
, ,
n

ra tion a n d th e k in g re lu cta n tl y sa crifi ce d th e m to

a n a ll ia nc e w h i ch h e con tra cte d w ith th e da u ghter

of F e rdi na n d a n d I sa b e lla T h e que e n h a vi n g d e .


.

cl ared th a t sh e w ould not a ck n ow l e dge a s on in


c

l a w w h o p e rmi tted th e e n emi e s of G od to re ma i n In

l a th e reign of J o n h I . th e J e ws h ad th eir sy na gogues a nd ra bb ies


in P ortuga l .

t M u rp h
y

s Tra ol v si n P o tu gal p 2 2 3
r , . .

i Basnage , p 894 . . M urph y Tr el i Portuga l ’


s av s n , ‘ p 224
. .
'
u rs r oa r or T h e J EWS . 2 67

W
h is d omin ion s h e iss ued a n ed ict w h ich ex p el l ed
,

th e m from P ortuga l a n d fix ed a da y on w h ich th os e


,

w h o re ma in ed sh ou ld be d ep riv e d of th e ir l ib erty

h e n th e a p p ointe d time a rri v e d th e k in g w as ,

a fl ec te d w ith th e id ea of e x p ell ing s uch mul


ge y
r a t l

titude s of p e op l e ; a n d resolv e d a t l ea s t to eflect th e


con v e rs ion of th e ir c h ild re n H e ha d e n ga ged th a t
.

s h i s s h ould be rov id e d for th e ir e migra ti on a t


p p
th re e p r in c ip al p orts b ut h e i ss ue d a p rocl a ma tion
forb iddi n g th e mto e mba rk a ny w h e re b ut a t Lis bon .

3 c it h e o r d d a l l th e
y e re,

e a rs of a e to b e f ibl ‘
g o r c y
ta ke from th e i r p a re n ts ia o rder to be e duca te d l n
, _

th e h ris tia n fa ith Th e e xecu ti on of


.

rons comma n d w as a t te nd e d w ith th e most a fle ct“



ing ” a n ,

eun ums tan ces . Ma n y of th e w re tch ed p a rents in ,

a
p h r e nz y o f ra g e a n d d e s
p a ir fi rs t k il l e
,
d : th e i r

ch ild re n a nd th e n d es tro e d th e ms elv es T h e k in g


,
y .

h a d in v e nte d s o ma ny de la y s to reta rd th e d ep a rtu re


of th ese u n fortun a te e xil e s tha t ma n y re ma in e d in
,

th e k in gd om a n d w ere s old a s s la v es
,
O ve rw h el med .

w ith th es e com l ica te d a ffl ic tion s a t l e n g th th ey


p ,

con se n te d to a ss u me th e mas k of C h ris tia n it a d


y n ,

re cov ered th e ir l ib e rt
y a nd ch ild re n T h e s in cer it.
y
of these re te n de d con v e rts w a s h o w e v er g rea tl
p , y ,

s us e cte d a n d the l ea st d iscov er of thei r di l t i


p ,
y p re e c o n

for th e M osa ic re ligion e x p os ed the m to th e cr ue l ties


of th e m ercil ess i n qui s i t ion * .

M rph y T l i P rtug l p 6 99
u

s ra v e s n o a , . .
2 68 u rs ronr
'
or r u n '
JEWS .

o J

CHAPTE R X IX . .

The J ews 1n G erma ny ar e accused of v a rious c ri mes .


-
Th oy end ea vO u r

to h inde r t he co nv e rs ion o f a y oung ma n o f th e ir Fra nk


'

_ i
na t on a t

fort 7—Pa r t of th e city is b u rned , a nd a n u mbe r of ews des troy ed


. J .

Accu sa tion a a inst th os e of g


a ue na u h ey a re ma s sa cred a t
'

Hg .
-
T '

Ba v a ria a rid e rn4 O f sev e ra l ea fned ra bb ie s — Th e e ws o u ris h


B .
-
l . J fl
a tzLith ua nia in th e thi rtee n th cen tu ry — . D ec re es
'
en ac ted gainst
a

the m in th e coun ci l of Vi e n na —a re g l u a tio n ma d e a t Au g b rg s u

re s ec tin
p g th e o a th s to be ad mi nis te re d to th e m - . Di p s u te s be tw ee n
the Ra bbin is ts a nd Ca ra ites — R uind . Fl ei sch e xc ite s th e p eop l e in
v a riou s a rts ! of Ge rma ny y a re p ro
to ma ssa cre th e J e ws .— Th
"

e
p
d b h b i h o f S i h e y a re mu rde red b T Fl
tec t t e p o p re s
y th e a el
-
c s
y
g
.

la n ts — ers ecu tion a a ins t th e m on p re te n ce of th e ir


P g po isonin g
m
.

th e riv ers — rue tie C l


s p ra ctise d a a inst th ose of oh e m ia g B
.
ar .

a rea c cus ed a a in of o is on in
p g the riv e rs , a nd ba nis h ed th e e mpire
g , .

— Th ey a re p e rs ecu te d in v a rious p a rts d u ring the th irteen th centur


y ,

A D TH E J e ws ha ve b een mere fre


accused of e n ormous crime s in G erm
. .
.

q ue ntly an
y .

th a n in h e a rt of E u o e W h e n th e Per

an
y ot r p r
p ;
i u
s n s and Tartars
'

mde ih
a cii rs ion s in to th is cou ntry ;
th ey w e re ge d
fa v ouring a n d a ss is tin g th e se
ch a r w ith
e n te rp riz e s in h 0p e s of b e in g de l ive re d from th e
,

p e rs e c ution s w h ich th e
y s u f
f e re d fro m th e C h r is tians .

T he y w ere p roba bly more j us tly a ccus e d th e sa me


, ,

m
/

ea r of o i th i f u g an of

y pp os n
g e C O n ve rs o n o a
y o n .

th e ir na tion a t F ra nk fort w h o wa s d e s irou s of re


.
,

Th e p eop l e in ce nse d

w e re at

v
.

th is o
pp os ition , a n d a r ms w e re se i e z d on b oth s id es .

S e v e ral Ch ristia n s l ost th e ir l iv es ; a n d a bout l one


h u nd re d a nd e igh ty J e ws p erish e d by th e s word or ,

th e fi re th ey h a d k in d l e d O ne h a lf of th e city w a s .

con s um e d ; a n d th e mos t p rud e n t a mong th e m w ere

Basnage , p 6 82 . .
2 70

a ga i n st th os e of urtzb ur W
u rsr onr

w ere ma ss acre d in the sa me ma n ner


g
or

a n d Be rn
ru n

Notw ith sta n d in g th ese p e rs ecution s, th e J e w s in


h
JEWS

e re t h ey
.
.

G e rma ny b oa st of the l ea rne d ra bb ie s w h o a p p ea re d


in the th irtee n th ce n tury p a rtic,ul a rl y B a rn c a nd
E l iez er de G e rme cimah both of w h om w e re fa mous
,

ca bba l is ts a n d th e l a tter w rote a cel e bra te d tr ea tis e


,

ca ll ed
, Th e M a n tl e of th e Lord M e ir de Re t .

te mb urgh was a ls o d is t ing u i s h e d for h is l earn in g ,

a n d b eca me th e j udge a nd ch ie f d oc tor of h is


Ge rma n b re th ren }

Th e J e ws fl ouri sh e d in L ith ua n ia d urin g the th i r


tee n th cen tury K i ng Bol esl a us g ran te d the m
.

l ibe rty of conscie nce a nd oth er p rivil ege s w h ich ,

th ey p re se rv e d u nd er h is s ucce ss ors T he i r p ros .

it e x ci ted th e nv o f th l w h
e r y e
y e
p e p n a ce o

W
p ,

e n d ea vo ure d to di s t urb th e i r p ea c e a n d bh a t th eir ,


.

re p uta t i on » It w as obse rv ed in th e c ou nc il of
Vie nna ,
'

h ich was con ve n ed in 12 67 tha t th ey ,

w ere become so n umerous a n d p ow e rfi al th a t th e


'

income of th e cl e rgy w a s con s id e ra bl y d imin is h ed .

It w a s the refore ord a in ed th at th ey sho uld re im


, ,

b urs e th e m in p rop ortion to w h a t th e y migh t h a ve


,

con sid e re d th ems e lv e s e n titl ed ha d th e ir familie s


,

b ee n C h ristia n The cou n cil al s o e na cted th a t th ey


.
,

s h ould b e com e ll e d to d em ol ish th e n e w a n d s up e rb


p
s n a g o ues w h ic h th e h d er ec te d a n d b e con
y g y a ,

te n te d w ith th e ir forme r p l a ces of w ors h ip T h ese .

d e crees h owe v er p rove d a b ortir e ; fer th e Ger ma n


, ,

in c es an d nobl es p rotecte d th ose w h o re fu se d to


p r

o be a n d e v en obl ige d th e ir
y
to th e unh a p p y v ictims w h o 1m

Bas na ge , p 6 84
. .
Th e c er W H IS TO RY OF THE JEW S

l gy e re th ere fore n ecessita ted to p urs ue


,

more v iole n t me a su res a nd e x commun ica ted a l l wh o ,


;
. 2 71

fa voure d a n d d efe n d e d the Je w s ” 6


.

. A n e w reg ul a tion w a s ma d e a t A u gs b urg Up on


obse rv ing th a t th e d id n ot con s id er it a cr i me to
y
v iola te th e ir oa th s P re v iously to th is time th ey
.

h a d b e en comp ell e d to s wear by th e sa ints by th e ,



ble ss ed M a ry or e ven by th e S on of G od But
, .
,

a s th e m a de n o sc ru p l e to vi ol a te th es e oath s th

y e
y ,

w e re obl ige d to s wear by th e na me of G od an d th e ,

l a w of M o se s Y e t th ey su p p os ed e v en th e se
.

sol e mn e n ga ge men ts w e re a n n ull e d on th e grea t da y

of e x p ia tion ; a n d cou ld th ere fore be of force fo r , ,

onl y on e ea r It is a l so sa id th a t a n umben of
y . ,

th e ir ca su ists a u th oriz e d ece p ti on e q uiv oca tion ,


'
,

men ta l res triction an d h y pocris y . 1 , A cc o r d in g to a

con cess ion of th e Ta l m ud it is l a wful to di s sembl e ,

for th e sa k e of p ea ce i
- A D. . Ab out th is time th e d is p utes b e
t wee n th e Ra bbin is ts § a nd C a rai tes w ere con d ucte d
with grea t v iol e n ce Aa ron Coh en a ra bb i of great
.
,

l ea rn in g w ho wa s th e h ea d of th e l a tter s ect w rote


, ,

a trea tis e to e x os e th e a b s urd ities of th e T a l m ud


p .

He e x p l a i ne d th e ir a rtic l e s of fa ith a n d s ty l e d h is ,

w ork ,T h e T ree of Li fe b eca use be s upp ose d ,


a b e l ief of th e ir d og m as n eces sa ry in ord er to a tta in

e te rna l s a lv a tion T h ough h e a ck n owl e dge d a re


.

s u rrec tion be con fi ne d it on l y to th e true be l ie v e rs


,

of th e h ou se of I s ra e l But n otw ith s ta n d in g h is


.

a tte mp t to l es s e n th e a tta ch me n t w h ich th e C a ra ites

Basna g p 6 84 M ode rn Unive r His t xii i pol


e

, . . . . v . . .
(

1 Gre goire , p Bl . .
{ Mod ern Un ive r . Hist v ol xiii p 3 3 8:
. . . .

Th e Ra bbi nists are mode rn P h arisees .


2 72 H I STO RY or THE JEWS .

b e ga n to di scov er to trad ition, b i N iss i a nothe r ra b

fa m
,
'

d oc tor of this sect w as obl iged a t th e


'

ou s ,
;

e a rn e s t re q ue s t of h is p u il s
p to e x p la in th e M is n a , .

E ve n Aa ron w as a t l e n g th in d uce d to g iv e a n a ll e
orica l e x p l ica tion of se v e ra l p a s sa ges o f s c ri ture
g p .

But th oug h th is re la xa t ion in th e te n e ts of th e ir


O p p on e n gra ifi e d th e Ra bb n is ts
ts t i t
th e h a tre d ,
a

b e tw e e n th e tw o s e cts con tin ue d w i th una ba te d


v iol e n ce 1
'
.

A D 12 6 4
. . D ur in g th e con te s t be twe en Ad ol
.

h us of N assa u a n d Al be i t s of A us tr ia ea h o f
p c ,

w h om ha d be e n e l ec te d e mp eror a fa na tica l p ea sa nt , ,

n a me d Ra in d F l e isch ta k in g a dv a n ta g e of th e w a rs
,

w h ich ra g e d in G erma ny c omme n ce d an itin e ra nt ,

re a ch e r in th e U p p er P a l a tina te F ra n con ia a nd

p , ,

oth er p rov ince s H e p re te n d e d tha t G od h a d s e n t


.
.

h im to e xte rmina te th e J e ws a n d in ord e r to exas ,

e ra te th e p e op l e a a in s t th e m a s s e rte d th a t th ey
p g ,

h a d s tol e n a con s ec ra te d h os t T h e c re d ul ous mul


'

titude w ith out furth e r e n q uiry


,
imme di a tel y s e iz e d ,

u on th os e in N ure mb e rg Rotte mbe rg a n d s e ve ra l


p , ,

o th e r to w n s in F ra n conia a nd B av a ria a n d p ut ,
.

th e m to d ea th O th e rs ch ose ra th e r to d es troy th e m
.

s e l ve s w ith th e ir w iv es ch ildre n a nd e ffe cts th a n


m

, , , ,

to b e th row n in to th e fl a e s by the ir e n e mie s .

Al b e rt w ould gla dl y ha v e s up p re ss ed th is b arba rous


ma s sa cre b ut h e wa s a fra id tha t Ra in d F l eisch w h o ,

w a s re g a rd ed a s a m mse n ge r from G od w ould ,


Basnage , p 6 85

W
. .

t The ha tred be twee n these se c ts is ca rri w so fa r, th a t th e Ra b


binis ts new , th a t if a C a tni
p an d a: Ch ristia n h a p pen to be l n d a n e r g
of drownin g to geth er,
:
the y ough t to mak e a b rid ge of th e b od y of

th e C a ra ito, in o rd e r to sa ve the Ch ris tian P 85


2 74 msr onv '
or THE JEWS .

F ra nkfort , th ey a mmoda tion A


gree d to an a cco .

J e w n a me d C icog n e w h os e fa mil y w a s n ume rous in


,

tha t city b ein g d issa tis fi e d w ith th e comp romis e


, ,

th re w fi re in to th e town h ou s e w h ich co ns u med the ,

b uild ing a n d a l l th e records p res erv ed in it The


, .

fl a me s s p rea d to th e ca th e d ra l w h ich wa s red uced ,

to a s h e s . T his cri me waS s everel y p un is h ed ; for ‘

n ot on l y th e in cen d ia ry b ut a l l h is b re thr e n in ,

F ra nkfort a few excep te d w h o re tire d in to Boh e


,

mia were
, p ut to d e a th f "

I n th e cours e me y ea r th e J e ws w e re
of th e sa

a ccuse d of oison in g th e riv ers w ells a n d res er


p , ,

v oirs of w a ter T h ey we re su sp ec te d of th is crime


.

up on n o oth e r foun da tion th a n th a t the y h a d ,

es ca p e d th e common mortal it w h ich took l a ce in


y p
mos t p a rts of E urop e A s usp ic ion b e ing s uffi cie n t
.

to con d e mn th e m a n e w mas sa cre e n s ue d in s e v e ra l


,

rov in ces of G e rma n y in w h i ch s om e w e re b u rn e d


p , ,

a n d oth e rs cruell sl a ugh te red T h os e of M e tz


y .
,

h owe v er re solve d to d efen d th ems elv es a n d h a v in g


,

se iz ed a bout tw o h u n d re d u n a r me d C h ri s tia n s ut
p ,

th e m to d ea th in a b a rb a rous ma n ner T h e in .
.

ce n s e d op ul a ce coll e c te d f urious l a tta ck e d and


p y , ,

k ill e d tw elv e th ou sa n d J e w s T h ey n e xt se t fi re to .

th e ir h ou s e s w h ich s p rea d a n d ra g ed s o v e h e me n tl y
, ,

th a t th e g rea t b e l l a n d gl a s s in th e ca th e d ral ch u rch


w e re me l te d d ow n T h e p erse cution of th is mis e r
.

a bl e p e op l e e x ten d e d ov e r a l l G e rma n I n th e
y .

imp eri a l c itie s a l l th e ir h ous e s w e re d e mol is h ed , a n d


ca s tl es a n d tow e rs b u il t w i th th e ma te ria l s
f
Rob e rt th e re i g n i n g coun t Pal a tin e a n d h is
, ,

mi nisters e n d ea v oure d in v a in to s up p ress th e


,

4*Basnage p 6 86 ,
. Ib id
. .
HISTORY OF rn n uaw s
'
. 2 75

tumul t a nd l
a f ord u m to a n inj ure d ra ce
f as
y an ,

wh ose in n oce n ce w a s a ck n ow l ed g e d by h on es t me n .

But th e y w e re op p osed by some of th e n obil ity ;


a n d th e p op ul a ce a ccus e d th e m of a ccep tin g b r ibe s

to d e fe n d th e e ne mie s of C h ris t All th e J e w is h .

inh a b ita n ts of Ul m tog eth er w ith th e ir p ro p e rty ,

a n d e ffe cts w ere b urn e d ; th e ir w re tch ed b re th ren


,

w h o s urv iv e d i n th os e p a rts w ere w ith ou t frie n d s or


a l a ce of re fu g e th e p rin ce s n ot d a rin g a t so
p , ,

c ritica l a tim e to in te rp ose in th e ir b e h a lf


,
.

At Li th ua n ia h ow e v e r th ey me t w ith more
, ,

e q u ita bl e trea tment C a s imire th e G rea t b e in g


. ,

e na mou re d w ith a b ea utiful J e w e ss n a me d E s th e r , ,

g ra n te d th em s e ve ra l cons i

W
had a t h e r re q ues t
*
, ,

d e ra bl e p riv il eg es .

A D . . T h os e J e ws w h o h a d fl e d for
re fug e to B oh e mia w ere n ot b e tte r tre a te d th a n
,

th ei r b re th re n in G e r ma n y in ce sl a us fi l th e .

emp e ror a n d k in g of Boh e mia eq u a ll y d is ch a rg e d ,

th e cities a n d nob il ity from th e de b ts th e y ow e d to -

th e s e mis e ra bl e obj e c ts of p ersecu tion Th e pe op l e .


,

th ere fore con s id e rin g


,
th e m a b a n d on e d b y th a t
rin ce a tta ck e d th e m a t G oth a a n d a terribl e ca r
p , ,

na g e e n s u e d T h e J e ws of S p ires w ith out dis tinc


.
,

tion of a ge or se x w e re a ll p u t to d ea th e xce t
,
p ,

a fe w ch ild re n w h o w ere h u rr ie d to th e fon t to be


,

b a p tiz e d As a p re ten ce for th is crue l ty th e w e re


.

y ,

a cc us ed of in sq l tin a rie s t a s h e w a s ca rr in th
g p y g e

sa c ra m e n t to a s i ck T h i iz f P
p e rs on e c t e ns o .
g
ra ue ,

i L
Bas nage , p 6 86 . .

t T
h i s p rince , h a v in g re nde red h imse f l od iou s to h is pe op l e by h is
inte mpe ra n ce a nd o th er v ices , s ou gh t to re g i
a n th e ir fa v ou r by h is
s e ve rit
y to th e Jew s .
2 76 HISTO RY or THE JEWS .

irrita te d at s ee in g th e m l
ce e b ra te th e ir p v
a ss o e r,

ch ose tha t time to b urn th e ir s na gogue a nd th ose


y ,

w h o th ere en ga ged in d e v otiona l e xe rc ise s . T h is


in h u ma n d ee d wa s e xe c uted w ith ou t an
y op
p os ition ,

a n d n ot on e o f th e m e s ca p e d
S oon a fte r th ey w e re a ga in a ccus e d of p oison ing
,

th e riv e rs a n d s p ri n gs a nd p u n is h e d for th is r e
,
p
te n d e d crime T h e p ers ecution w a s n ot con fi n e d to
.

G erma ny bu t e xte n de d to I ta ly P rove nce an d


, , ,

oth e r p a rts T h e J e w is h h is toria n s a s s e rt th a t the


.
,

e mp e ror w a s con v in ce d of th e ir in n oc e n ce a nd ,

re p re sen te d to h is cou nc il th a t it w a s imp oss ibl e for ,

th e m to b e g u il ty of th is offe n ce a s th e r iv ers a nd ,

s ring s w h ich h a v e a fre e a n d u n res tra ine d course


p , ,

ca n n ot be con ta min a te d b o ison B u t th e l


y p e o
p p e .

w e re s o h ig h ly e xa s p e ra te d a ga in s t th is mis e ra bl e
race ,
th a t i n ord e r to p rese rv e th e m from more
,

d rea dful ca l a mities th e e mp e ror wa s u n d e r th e n e


,

ce s s it of is s uin g a n e d ict e nj oin in g th e m to d e p a rt


y ,

th e cou n try or re c e iv e b a p tis m


, [ A D . . .

T h e J e w s a ss ert th a t fe w a t th is time w e re in d uced


,
,

to a p os ta tiz e or a s th e y e x p re s se d it
,
“ to fors a k e ,

th e gl ory of th e ir G od 1 .

G rea t n u mbe rs of th e J e w s h a d s e ttl e d in T h u


rin
gia a nd M is n ia . But ,
at th e co mme n ce me n t of

th e fifte e n th cen tu r
y , .
th e la n dg ra v e s e xa c ted va s t
ms for a ffor d in g th e m an a s l um U o th e ir
su y p n .

f
re usa l to p a y a n e n ormous ta x th e y w e re a rrested ,

a n d im

p ris on e d a n d obl ig ed to
, give u p a l a rge p a rt

of th e ir w e a l th in ord er to re ga in th e ir l ibe rty I .

Ba snage , p 6 87 . .

1'
M
ode rn Uni ve rsa History l , v ol . xiii .
p 3 48 . .

t Basnage , p 6 87 . .
2 78 HISTO RY OF THE J e ws .

th e us urious a
c tices to w h ic h t h ey w ere ad
* p r

d icte d .

T h e ir ex
p ul s i on b bly a cce l e ra te d by th e
w a s
p ro a

a p p e a ra n ce of a n i m os tor n a m d D v id Le iml e in
p e a , .

T h ough h e ha d n ot th e te merity to d e cla re h imse lf


th e M ess ia h h e con fi de n tl y affi rme d th a t th e


, ,

mig h ty con q ueror w ould a p p ea r in 15 00 H e sty led .

h imself ch ie f of th e a rmy of I sra e l a n d w e n t to ,

L is b on a n d p ers ua d e d a y ou n g con v ert to retu rn to


!
J uda is m a n d act in concert w ith h im H e ga v e
, .

h im th e n a me of S ol omon M a l c h o a n d exh orte d


'

h im to d il ig e n tly rea d the ra bbi nica l writi ng s H is .

up il ma d e s uc h a ra p id p rog res s in h is s tud ies


p ,

th a t th e I ta l ia n J e w s a ffi rmed h is se rmons w ere


d icta te d by some a n gel N ot con te n te d w ith p rea ch
.

ing h e comp il e d s e v era l c u rious trea tis es w h ich


, ,

i n crea se d h is re p uta tion Me a n time D a v id d istin


.

u is h e d h imself b h is l on g fa s tin g b e in g s ome


g y ,

times s ix d a y s w ith ou t ta k in g a ny food a n d th us ,

a ttra cte d u bl ic n otice a n d a d mira tion T h e c re d u


p .

l ous J e w s w e re h e n ce in d uce d to d e mol is h th e ir


ov e ns e x p ec tin g th e foll ow in g y ea r to ea t a ul ea
,

v ene d b rea d in J e rusa l e m W h ile th ey w e re


re a ring for th e v oy a g e D a v id e rce ivi ng th at h e
p p p , ,

h a d se t too s h ort a time for th eir p rete n d e d d e l i



~

ve ra nce d ecl a red th a t the s in s of th e na tion


, ,

h a d re ta rd e d th e comin g of th e M e s s ia h T h is
m
.

c a u s e d th e i n fa tua te d p e op l e to a p p oin t a s ol e n

fa s t in ord e r to a p p ea s e th e a n g er of G od a n d
, ,

h as te n th e a p p ea ra n ce of th e ir l on g e xp e cte d de
l ive re r r .

At l eng th , Mal ch o , wh o d ecl a red h imself th e

Basnage , p 7 2 9
. . t Ibid .
HI STO RY OF TH E J E W
Ss

p rec ursor of M essiah w a s s o imp rud en t as to


the ,

d e s ire a n a ud ien ce of Ch a rl es V th en a t Ma n tua . .

H e w as a d mitte d ; b ut th a t monarch ca use d h im to


be arres te d a nd p ut to a crue l d ea th * .

Le iml e in was s e nt pris one r


to S pa in , and died th e re a few da s
y
a fter h is confi ne ment. I l
Yet such was th e infa tua tion of the ta ian
Jews , th a t a l ong time el aps ed before the y wou l d bel ieve bu t tha t h e
was ll l i
s ti a ve in this k ingdom—M oder n Univ ersa l H is tory v ol xiii
, . .

p 3 98
. .
2 80 H I ST O RY or THE JEWS .

C H A P T E R XX .

J e R o ma n p o ntifl s d urin g th
'

Th e ews a re b y th rotected th irtee nth


p e

a n d fou rte e nth cen tu ries h ey a re n u me rou s i n .


-
T N pl
a e s .— Th ey

are ma ssa c re d ~
in T — h e bu i d a
ra ni . y T l ma g nifi ce nt s
y na g g o ue in
B ol g o na in th e fi ftee nth cen tu ry —
Th e . J e ws a re
p e rs e cu te d by p ope
J oh n ,
III — M
. a ss a q re o f
. th os e in T re n t. -
l
A e xand er VI f . d
a vo u rs a n

ro te c s t th J e ews — T h ose refu gees wh o s ee k a n a s


y l m i N pl
u n a es,
p ,

a re p e rs e cu te d by th e inq u is itors .
— Pa ul III . is p a r ti l t th J wi h
a o e e s

na tion.

W HI L E th e oth e r E urop ea n n a tion s o


pp re s s e d
and e rs ecu te d fu g itive s of I s ra e l
th e w re tch e d th e
p ,

Ro ma n p on tiffs w ith a s mal l e xcep tion trea te d


, ,

th e m w ith l e n ity d efe n d e d the m a ga in s t th e ir p e r


,

s e cutors a n d ofte n ch e ck e d th e mis ta k e n z ea l of


,

th os e w h o s oug h t to con v ert th e m by f rce o "


In .
6

s ta n ce s of th e ir k in d n e s s a n d h u m a n it tow a rd s th e
y
J e w is h n a tion occur in v a rious p a rts of th e fore
g oin g h is tory As ea rly a s th e s ev e n th ce ntury
.

th ey w e re p rote cte d by p op e G re gory th e G rea t .

I n th e e l e v e n th Al e xa n d e r 11 con de mn e d th e p e r
, .

se cu tin S irit of k in g F e rd in a n d a n d e n d e a v oure d


g p ,

to d e fe n d th e m a ga in s t th e ra g e of th e C rus a d e rs .

At a l a te r p e riod G re g ory I X a z ea l ous p romote r, .

of th e h ol w ar ob s e rv in g th a t th e C rusa d e rs in
y ,

ma ny p l a ce s b e g a n th e ir e xp e d ition w ith ma ssa cre s


of th e J e w s n ot on l y ,l oudly re p re h e n d e d th e m ,

b u t took a l l p rop e r me th od s for p re ve n tin g s uc h


,

b a rb a rity H e a l s o in te rp os e d in th e ir fa vo ur w h e n
.

th e i n h a b ita n ts of H a g u e na u a ccus e d th e m of mu r
d erin g C h ris tia n ch il d re n H e w rote a l e tter to .

L e w is 1X to s top th e p ers ecu tion wh ich w a s ra ise d


.

B tl H Bibl i p 88 u

er s ora caa, . .
2 82 H I STO RY OF T HE J a ws .

form a d va n ta geous con n ex ion s s oon rel a p s ed i nto ,

J ud a is m A mon k of T ra n i resolv ed to p unis h


'

.
,

th e m for th e i r d iss imul a tion ; a nd to effe ct th is ,

u rp ose con cea l e d a c ros s in a h ea o f e arth an d


p , p ,

ch a rg e d a J e w o f th e c ity w ith th e fa ct i
.

ra te d a t th is s u pp ose d crim e th e eop l e


p ,

ma ssa cre immed ia tel y foll owe d T h e tumul t ex .

te nd e d to N a p l e s w h e re th e J e w s wou ld h a v e b e en
,

t to d e a th h a d n ot th e n ob ili t i n te r os ed d
p u
y p a n ,

concea l e d th e mos t w ea l th y a n d cons e q u en tl


, y th e

mos t ob noxious in th e ir h ouses Pop e Al e xa n d e r


, .

th e F ourth a l s o s en t to N a p l e s to e x e rt h is a uth ori ty


in th e ir fa v our l
.
ae

Cl e me n t V w h o a t th e comme nceme nt of th e
.

fourtee n th ce ntury h a d re mo v ed th e p a p a l sea t to


Av ig n on e x erte d h imself to s a v e th e J e w s from
,

th e p e rsecution of th e s he p h e rd s H e excommun i .

ca te d th e m; b u t th e a n a th e m a s of th e ch urch m ade

l ittl e imp ress ion on th a t furious p eop l e T h is .

o n tiff n ot on l rotecte d th e J e w s b u t a fford e d


p y p ,

th e m th e mea n s of ins tru c tion a n d ord ere d th a t ,

e v er u n iv ers it s h ou ld h a ve p rofe s s ors to tea c h


y y
H eb re w a n d me n w h ose e d uca tion re n de re d th e m
,

ca a bl e of d is utin g w ith a n d c on v in cin g t he J e w s


p p
of th e ir e rrors
l
-

J oh n XX II h is s uccessor wa s fo r p urs u i ng a
.
,

d iffe re n t me th od ; a nd s upp os ed th e mos t p rob a bl e


w a y of effe cting th e ir con v e rs i on w a s to b urn a l l th e -

c op ie s of th e Ta l mud S ev era l of th e b is h op s
.

h a v in g a sse rte d th a t th ey h a d s e e n s ome of th is


,

na ti on rid icul in g th e Ca th oli cs a s rie d the

c ros s in p roce ss i on, th e p op e wa s u


p on to

Basnage , p 6 6 9 . .
m om or THE JEWS . 2 83

is s ue an e d ic t w h ich e xpe ll ed th e m from a l l th e te rri


tor ies of the ch urch . In d
or er to a v oid th e im
d in g ev il th ey a p p l ied to R obe rt k ing of

p e n , ,

Na p le s a nd S ic il y w h o be ing a frie nd a n d fa v ourite


, ,

of th e
p o n tif
f p e rs ua d e,
d h im u p on th e ir p re s e n tin g ,

h im w ith a l a rge s um of mon ey to re v ok e h is e d ict ,


.

Cl e me n t V I trea ted th e J e w s w ith s in g ul a r k in d


.

n es s a n d h u m a n it W h e n th e w e re ut t o de a th
y y .
p
i n v a rious p a rts of th e k in gd om u p on p re ten ce of
o is on in g th e r iv e rs b e e xe rte d h ims elf to t he
p ,

u tmos t to s up p re s s th e o ul a r fu r
p p y H e a l s o .

re s erve d th e m from th e c rue l t of th e i n q u is ition


p y ,

w h ich rag e d w ith u n re l e n tin g fu ry a ga in s t th e Alb i


U n d e r h is p rote c tion th e eve n m a i n ta ine d
g en s e s .
y
a fr ie nd l c orres o n d e n ce w ith s ome of th e me mb e rs
y p
o f th is bl ood y trib u na l T h ey p re se n te d E me ric .
,

w ho comp il e d th e d irec tory of th e in q uisi tion a ,

B ible th a t th ey p rete n d e d w as w ritte n by E z ra ,

w h ic h th e D omi n ica n s h a v e p res e rv e d w ith g rea t


v e n era tion W h il e th ey w ere mas sa cre d w ith out
.

mercy in ev e ry p a rt of E urop e A v ig n on b eca me ,

th e ir a sy l u m a n d Cl e me n t V I th e ir frie n d a n d .

rote ctor omitte d n oth in g th a t could te n d to s ofte n


p ,

th e l ot of th e p e rs ec ute d a nd d isa rm th e fury of ,

th e ir p ers e cu tors .

A D . . Th e J e ws w ere n u merous a n d
o w erfu l a t Bol og na d ur i n g th e fou rte e n th ce n tu r
p y .

T h ey h a d th ere b uil t th e mos t ma g n ifi ce n t sy na


og ue i n I ta l y a nd es ta bl is h e d a n a ca d e m B ni
g ,
y o .

fa ce I X d id n ot op p os e th e ir e re ctin g th is sy na
.

ogue wh ich b its s iz e a d b t x ite d th


g , y ,n ea u
y e c e ,

a tte n tion a n d a d mira tion of tra v e ll e rs .

Bas nage , p 6 7 0 . . Gre goire , p 8 . .


2 84

co
A D.

fa vou re d
mme n ce me n t
.

a nd
H I ST O RY

p rot
T h oug h
e

of
c te d
th e
or THE JEWS

th e Jews
by th e p op es , y e t,
fifte e n th ce ntury , J oh n
.

w e re g en

at
W ty
th e

th e T w e nty th ird iss u ed s ev e ra l e d icts a ga ins t th e m



-
.

He n ot on l y ra is ed a p e rse cu tion in h is ow n do mi
n ion s b u t e n coura g e d a n d s timul a te d th e S p a n is h
,

gov ern me n t to ma ss a c re th is u n h a p p y p e op l e S oon .

a fter ,
h ow e v e r N icol as ,
b e in g ra ise d to the
o n tifi ca te t re a te d th e m w ith g rea t in d ulge nce
p , .

H e p re s e rve d th os e in h is ow n d omin ions from th e


in q uis i tion ; a n d s e n t l ette rs in to S p a in to p re ve n t

th e ir b e in g obl ig e d to a bj ure th e ir ow n re l ig ion i
A D
. . T h ey h a d n ot l ong e nj oy e d th e
a tro n a g e of th is o n tiff b e fore a w e e cu tion
p p n e
p rs

w a s ra is ed a a in s t th e m S e x tus I V h a d be e n
g . .

re v a il e d u p on to ca n o n iz e on e S imon w h o as w a s
p , ,

re te n d e d h a d be e n murd e re d tw o h u n d re d
p , y e a rs

b e fore by th e J e w s in T re n t T h e p u bl ic h a tred .

b e in g th us re v ive d th e p op ul a ce in th e b ish op ric


, ,

o f T re n t a n d in th e c it of V e n ice l u n d e re d a n d
y p ,

massa cre d th e c irc umcis e d Th e d og e a n d s e na te .

w e re obl ige d to in te r os e th e ir a u th or it to s up p res s


p y .

th e sl a ug h ter ; bu t th e ma g is tra te s of T re n t be in g ,

l ess e q uita bl e e xp ell e d th e J ew s fro m th e city


, .

A D
. . Afte r th e C a th ol ics in S pa in a n d
P ortuga l h a d ba n ish e d th e J e w s th e I ta l ia n s re ,

ce ive d th e m w ith o e n a rm s P o e A l e xa n d e r V I
p p . .

n ot on ly re l ie v e d th e w a n ts of th e u n h a p p y fug itives ,

bu t e nj oin e d th e ir b re th re n a t R ome w h o h a d ,

trea te d th e m w ith g rea t n e gl e c t to a fford th e m


'

e ve r a ss is ta nce in th e ir p ow e r for e s ta bl is hin g


y
th e ms el ves in h is d omin ion s H e a ll ow ed th e m th e

Ba snage , p 72 1 . .
2 86 HISTO RY or THE JEWS .

ty ra nny of t hese mercile ss me n He a ll eg ed tha t . ,

a s th e a n ci e nt inha b ita n ts w e re s oun d in th e fa ith ,

th e re wa s n ot a n y far th er n ee d of th is bl ood y tri


b un a l .C h a rl es V s oon a fte r [A D . au . .

th orize d h is v ice roy s con d uc t b y re fus in g to tol era te


th e m e ith e r in N a p l es or S icil y T h is s e ve rity .


,

h owe v er d id n ot d et er one R icci a con v erted J e w


, , ,

from d e d ica tin g to th a t mona rch a cel e b ra ted trea


tise on w h a t h e sty l e d Ce l estia l Ag ricul ture He .

wa s a p h y s icia n in G e rma ny an d a p rofoun d ca b b a


l ist w h o a t te mp te d to p rov e th e my ste ries of C h ri s
*
,

tia n ity from th a t s ci e nce .

A D. . P a ul III wa s s o in d ulge n t to th e
.

J e ws a n d th ey b eca me s o n u merous a n d p ow erful


,

d uring h is p on ti fi ca te th a t ca rd ina l S a dol e t ih


,

v e i h ed a ga in s t h im o n a ccoun t of h is ial
g p a rt
fon d n e ss for a n un b el iev in g ra ce H e as serte d .
,

th a t th is p on tiff w a s k ind er to th e m th a n to th e
C h ris tia n s a n d th a t n on e could b e ra ise d to civ il or
eccl e s ia s tica l d ign i tie s b ut th rough th e ir fa v our a n d

in te rest ; w h il e a t th e s a me time h e p erse cute d th e


P rotes ta nts T h ough th e ca rdi na l s re mon stra nce
.

d id n ot p rod uce a l l th e e ffect th a t w a s d e s ired y et ,

it ca us ed a red re ss of th e mos t fla g ra n t a b use s .

T h ey w e re h ow e v er some times p e rsecute d in


, ,

Rome ; y e t it must b e a d mitte d th a t th e re is n o


, ,

cou n tr in th e w orl d in w h ich l e ss J e w is h bl ood h a s


y
b ee n S p ill ed a n d in w h ich th e rites of h uma n ity
,

h a v e b ee n more re sp e cte d w ith re ga rd to th e ir


n a ti on tha n in th e e ccl es ia s tical s ta te d
,

A l ea rne d w rite r h a s th us accoun ted fo r the k in d


Bas na ge , p 72 3 . .

t Bas n age , p 7 2 2 . . L e tte rs o f ce rta in J


ews to V lto a ire ,
p .
ms ronr '
or THE JEWS . 2 87

n es s of Roma n p on tiffs to th e J e ws
th e Th e .

court of R ome e x ce ll e d al l oth er courts in p ol ic


y ,

cra ft a n d w orldl w is d om I t s a w th e foll of


, y y .

e x e ll in g a n d d is tress in g th e J e w s ; it k ne w th e us e
p
th a t w a s to b e ma d e of a n ind us triou s p e op l e sk ilful ,

i n comme rce a nd in th e ma n a g e men t of th e re v e


,

n ue s w h o h a d n o p a rticul a r d is l ik e to p a p al a uth o
rity ,
a n d n o d is p os ition to a ss ist h ere tics s ch is m a tics , ,

or re for me rs a n d h a d n ot c re d it s uffi cie n t to m


,
a ke

ro s e l te s to th e ir ow n
p y
T h e p e rsecution of th e J e w s d urin g th e middl e
a ge s w h ich h a s b e e n re l a te d in th e fi ve re ce d in g
,
p
c h a te rs
p e xh
,
ib its i n s u ch a s trik in g ma nn e r th e
e x a ct a cco m l is h me n t of th e fa mous h f
p p p
r o e c
y o

M oses ; D e nt xxv iii th a t th is ch a p te r a p p ea rs to be


.

a corre ct min ia tu re i c tu r e of th e l e a d in g fea tures


p
in th e ir h istory d ra w n by th e p e ncil of insp ira tion
,
.

Th e refl e ctin g a nd d e v out mus t fe e l a n a ug me n ted


v en e ra tion for th e sa cre d scrip tures wh ile th ey turn ,

th e ir atte ntion to th e c omp l e te a g re e ment of th e


e n ts w h ich fulfil th e m ; a nd
p pro h ec ies a n d th
, e e v
s ce tic is m a n d in fid el it be con fou n d e d b s ee in g th e
p y y
h is tory of s uccee d in g a g es s o a ccu ra te l y d el in ea te d ,

a n d con te m l a tin g
'

in th e fa te of th is s n fi er in
p ,
g
e o le s trik in g h n ome n on in com re h e n s ibl e
p p a , p e p ,

to h u ma n rea s on .

A mon g f l d enu n cia tions a ga in s t th e


oth e r aw u

J ew is h na tion w h ich w e h a v e s ee n fully a ccom


,

p l is h e d in th e cou rs e of th is h is tor M ose s d ecl a re s


y , ,

T h ou s h a l t on l y be op p re s s e d a n d S p oile d e v e r
more . N u me rous ins ta n ces occ ur of th e crue l op

'

ill a ge s th is d e v ote d ra ce h a v e s ufi e re d
p r es s io n s a nd
p
J ti Rem k or

n s E l i ti l H i t y l i
ar s on cc e s a s ca s or , vo . i.
2 88 H ISTO RY THE JEWS
.

or .

in E ngl an d F ra n ce G e rma ny a n d S p a in
, , I n th e , .

ea s t a s w ell a s in E urop e
, th e y h a v e be e n con tin u
,

a ll s ubj e cte d to h ea v fi ne s a n d im os ition s H o w


y y p .

f
o te n in d iffe re n t cou n trie s h a v e th ey bee n forced to
re d e e m th e ir l ives by v a st s ums e xtorte d from th e m
D id s ov e re ig ns w a n t p ecun ia ry a ss is ta n ce to ca rry
on th e ir w a rs th e J e w s w e fe comp ell e d to g iv e up
,

th e ir r ich e s A ma ssa cre w a s g e n e ra ll y th e p rel ude


.

to a p l u n d e r a s w e h a v e se e n in v a riou
, s
p a rts of

E urop e . W h en b a n ish e d from E ngl a n d in th e


re ig n of E d wa rd I th e ir e s ta te s w h ich w e re c on fi s
.
,

cated ,
b rough t imme n s e s u ms to th e crown Wh e n .
-

P h il ip A ug us tus e x p ell e d th em from F ra nce he ,

con fi s ca te d th e ir e s ta te s ; y e t h e s oon a fte r re ca ll ed

th is O p p res s e d p e op l e in ord e r to fl e e ce th e m a gain .

T h ey h a v e e v ery w h e re p aid for l ib e rty to e xis t ,

a n d h a v e s ca rce l y ob ta in e d th a t of b re a th in g a n

i mp u re a ir .

Th e g rea t l a wgiv er H eb re w n a tion al so


of th e
d ecl a res ,
Th y s ons a n d th y d a ugh te rs s h al l be
ta k e n from th e e a n d g iv e n to a n oth e r o le

, e
p p ,

H o w exa ctl y h a s th is p rop h e cy b ee n fulfill ed i n


sev e ra l coun tries e s e cia ll
p i n S a in a n d P ortu ga l
p
, y .

In the forme r of th es e k ingd oms th e c ou n c il of


Tol ed o d ecreed th a t th e ch il d re n of th e J e ws sh ould
,

b e ta k e n from th e m, a n d e d uca te d in th e C h r is tia n


fa ith in th e l a tte r w h e n th is misera bl e p e op l e w ere
,

e x p el l e d a ll u n d e r fourtee n a rs of a e w e re for
'
, y e g
cibl
y d e ta i n e d in ord er to b e b a tiz e d
, p In th e .

fre n zy a nd d es p a i r of th e wretch e d p a re n ts at

a rt in g w ith th e ir c h ild re n w e conte mp l a te th e


p ,

a ccom l is h m e n t of a n oth e r p rop h e tic d e n u n c ia tion


p
T h ou s h al t b e ma d for th e s ig h t of th in e ey es ,
2 90 '
r usr onr o n THE JEWS .

E urop e ,
subj ecte d to th e sa me to il w ith th os e
a n ima l s w h ich by th e ir l ig ious inc i l th ey
*
re r e s
p p
a bh or . Pa ga n s ,C h ristia ns a nd Ma h ometa rts ,
.

have a g ree d in a b us in g v il ify in g a nd p e rs e cuting


, ,

th e Je w s .

T he s a cre d w riter p ro cee s in


d el in ea tin g the d
h orrid ou tl ine of th e ir miseries , a n d
d ecl a res Th e ,

L ord w ill ma k e th y p la g ues w on d e rful e ve n grea t ,

l a g u e s a n d of l on g con tin ua n ce T h e ca l a mities


p , .

th e y h a v e e n d ure d w e re in de e d th e grea tes t wh ich


th e w orld e v e r w itn e sse d E ve r s in ce th e d e struc
.

tio n of J e r usa l e m th e y h a v e b een outca sts from


s oc ie t s u b s is ting a mid s t c on te m p t a n d p e rse c ution
y ,
.

For n ea r e ig h te e n ce n turie s th e n a tion s of th e ,

e a rth h a v e b ee n trea d in g u n d e r foot th e re ma ins of

I s rael W h a t n a tion e v e r s uffere d s o much a n d


.
,

y e t con tinu e d s o l on g ? T h e ch ie f d iv ers it


y in

th e ir con d ition h a s a ris en from th e v a rious k in d s of


mis erie s to w h ich the y h a ve be e n s ubj ected : In
'

C h ris te n d om the y h a v e b ee n d es p is ed ca l umn ia ted , ,

op p re s s e d ba n is h e d e xecute d a n d bu rn e d T h e
, , , .

ty ra nh y e x e rcise d a ga in s t th e m h a s b ee n a s ca p ri
c ion s a s it w a s crue l I n F ra nc e th ey h a v e be e n a t
.

on e time comp e ll e d to a s s ume th e ma sk of C h ris ti

a n it to sa v e th e mse lve s from a crue l d ea th ; at


y .

a n othe r e p oc h th e es ta te s of th ose w h o re n ou nced

J ud a is m w e re con fi sca ted At on e p e riod they


. .
,

h a v e b e e n b a n is h e d th rough s up ers tition ; a t a n o


th e r reca ll e d th ro ug h a v a ric e
,
An a n ima te d w rite r .

of th e ir ow n n a tion h a s ob s e rv e d It s e ems as if ,

th ey w e re a ll ow e d to s urv iv e the d es truction of th e ir


cou n tr onl y to s ee th e m os t od ious a n d ca l umn ious
y ,

G goi th e M ommtion f the J w p 5 2


re re on o e s, . .
HISTO RY O F TH E JE S W . 291

imp uta tions la id to the ir ch a r ge ,


to s ta n d as th e
j
c on s ta n t ob e c t of th e g ros ses t a n d mos t s lrock in g
i nj us tic e , as a ma rk for th e ins ul tin g fi n g er of scorn ,

as a s p ort to th e mos t in v e te ra te h a tred . It s e e ms


as if th e ir d oom w a s in ces sa n tl y to s u it a l l da rk
th e
an d b l ood y ur os e s, w h ic h ca n be s ugge s te d b
p p y
h u ma n
fa n a ticis m “
mal ig n ity ,
?
i
su
pp orte d by ig nora n ce a nd

M Mi h l H
. c ae

e rr s Appea l to th e J ustice of Ki g n s a nd N a tions ,

l
p ub ish ed at S trasb ur g , 1801 .
,
2 92 msr on r or THE JEWS .

C H AP T E R XX I .

S ta te of the J ews i n th e e as t — T h ey s uf
fer from th e inva s ion of th e
Tarta rs .
-
Th o e
s in th e G re cian e mp ire j
e n oy a n inte rv a l of tra n
q uill ity .
—Of th e ir sta te M di
in e a and Pe rsia — Agreeme nt mad e
be twee n Sh ah Abbas I . an d th J w e e s in th e l a tte r o f th ose k in doms g .

—A genera l massa c e of th em ta k es p l
r a ce d urin g th g
e re i n o S
f h ah
Abbas 11— O f th os e in Sch iraz
. a nd o th e r p a rts of P e rs ia — O f th e
l ea rned men in the a cad e my of S a p h eta — . Di ss i mul a tion of a p re
te nd ed conve rt to Ch ristia n ity — S ta te of th e n a tion in th e O tt o ma n
e mp ire .

TH E n umb er a n d p ower of th e ea ste rn J ew s


w ere g rea tl y d imin ish e d in th e th irte e n th ce n tu ry .

Na s ser Le d inil l a h ca l ip h of B agda t b ein g a z eal


, ,
.

ou s M a h ome ta n a n d e x tre mel v a ricious b e ca m e


y a , ,

j ea l ous of a p e op l e wh o e xerted th e ir a b il ities w ith


s ucce s s in th e a cqu is ition of w ea l th a n d w h o re ,

ce ive d e v ery p re te n d e d M e s s ia h w ith a l a crity a n d

j y
o H.e th e re fore s oon ra is e d a
p ers e cution a ga in s t

th e m a n d comp e ll e d th e m all to a d op t th e M a h o
,

meta n rel ig ion or l ea v e th e Ba by l on ia n territorie s


, .

S ome de p a rte d in to differen t p a rts w h il e oth ers d is ,

s em bl e d in orde r o a v oid e xil e


t " E
.

P a l es tin e w a s g rea tly d ep op ul a te d by th e wa rs


w h ich ra g e d b e tw e e n th e C h ris tia n s a n d S a ra ce ns ,

a n d th e g ov ern m e n t of th e c ities w a s fre q ue n tl


y
ch a n ge d Th e J ews
. h owe ver h a d s till sy na , ,

ogues a n d l earn ed ra bb ie s in th e ir n a tiv e coun try


g .

M oses Na ch ma n ides on e of th e g rea tes t ca bba l is ,

ti ca l w riters w h ich th e a ge p rod uce d l e ft G iron n a , ,

th e p l a ce of h is bi rth re tire d to J u d ea a n d e re cte d , ,

a s n a gog ue
y O n a ccoun t of h is
.
p rofo u n d k n o w
Basnage , p 6 5 5 . .
2 9—
1 ms ronv '
or ra n JEWS .

h
p y s icia n , w h o h a d e xa s p era ted th e M a h ometa ns by
h is p a rtia l ity to h is n a tion w as , ch a rg e d w ith h a ving

ois on e d h is be n efa ctor a n d on th e a cc usa tion con ~


p ,

d e mn e d to -
s uf e r f d ea th . T h e p 0p ul a ce . so on fte r a

ma ssa cre d va s t n umb ers of h is coun tr


y me n , in ord er
to re ve n ge th e rea l or p re te n d ed inj uries th ey h a d
s uffe re d from th e m d ur n g h e l f of Argun
i i l iE
t e .

It is p roba bl e th a t th e J e w s in th e G rec ia n
,

e m ire w e re ge n era ll a ll ow e d th e e x e rcise of th e ir


p y
rel ig ion d u ri n g th e fourte e n th a n d fiftee n th ce n
.

turies for th e G ree k w rite rs of th ose p e riods


s e v erel re r oa ch the L a tin s for comp el l in g th e m to
y p
b e b a p tiz ed a nd ass ume th e mas k of C hris tia n ity ]
A D
. . D urin g th e w a rs a n d rap id con;
ques ts of T a me rl an e th e J ew s l n M ed ia a n d Pers ia
,

w ere n ot on l y a tte n ua te d a n d imp ov eris h ed bu t ,

th e ir a ca d e mie s l ea rn ing a n d l ear n ed me n h a d


, ,

tota ll y d is a p p ea re d T h ey h a d sca rce ly recove re d


.

from th ese d isa sters w h en th ey w ere in v olv e d in n e w


ca l a miti e s T h ey w e re n ume rous in Me d ia w h e n
.

I s h ma el S op h i ch ief of th e fa mily of th e P e rs ia n
,

k in gs commen ced h is con q ues ts ; a n d as ton ish ed


, ,

a t h is ra p id a n d w on d e rful s u cce ss th ey b e ga n to ,

co n s id e r h im a s th e tru e M e s s ia h I n th is op in ion .

th e y w ere con fi rme d by h is de cl a rin g h ims elf a


ro h e t sen t b G o d t o re form th e M a h ome ta n
p p y
r el ig ion .But I s h ma e l e xh ib ite d a p e cul ia r a v e rs ion
to th e J e w s d esp ise d th e ir fl a ttery
, rej ected th e ir ,

h oma ge a n d trea te d th e m w ith g rea ter se ve rity


,

th a n a ny o f h is s ubj ects :
At th e c omme nce men t of th e re ig n of S hah

Basn age , p 6 59 . . Mod rn U i


e n versa l Hi to y
s r . VO I- X iii.
t Ba s nage , p 6 5 8 . I bid i
H rs ron r
'
or r a n n ew s. 2 95

th e k in gd om
'
i

Abb as of P ers ia
'

wa s rea tl
d
, g y e
p o

p ul a te d .
1 T h is mo na rch wa s h e n ce ind uce d to
f
con er imp orta n t p riv il e g e s on a l l s tra n g e rs w h o

w o ul d s e ttl e in th e k in g d o m
M ul titud es of pe op l e .

rpe a ir e d fro m th e n e igh b o u rin g


p a r ts in p a r tic ul ar ,

v a st n u mb e rs of J e ws T h e ir fd exte rity in p een .

n ie r n e oc ia tion s a n d s ucces s in e n g ros s in g th e


y g ,

c omme rce of th e cou ntr h a v in g e x cite d th e e nv


y y ,

a n d j ea l ous
y o f th e oth er in h a b ita n ts the y c o m ,

p l a in ed to th e k in
g
,
T h is m o n a rc h w a
'
s a
pp re .

h e n s ive th a t s e v e rity to th em w oul d d e ter oth ers


,

from se ttl ing in a nd in d uce foreig ne rs to re tise from


.

h is d omin ions
: But h a vi ng foun d a fortuna te
.

n ce for p e rsecut in g th e m by th e a u th ori t of


p r e te .

y .

th e K oran h e res olv e d to comp el th e m to e mb ra c e


.

, .

M ah ome ta n is m or s uffe r d ea th T he M ufti h u


,
.

ma nely in terp osed a n d p rev e n te d th e e xecution of ,

h is crue l d es ig n It w as re s olv ed h ow e v e r to . -
, ,

s ummon th e r mm a l J e w i sh d octors be fore th e


p p
S op h i s tribuna l f

"

S ha h Abb a s s trictl y e xa mined th e m res p ectin g th e


a bol ition of th e ir sa crifi ce s
, a n d oth e r cere m o n ie s a t
th e a pp ea ra n ce of J e s us C h ris t w h om M a h ome t ,

Th e ra bb ie s as ton is h e d a t th ose

h a d s ucce e d e d .
,

inte rroga tories d ecl a red th a t th e y e xp ecte d a M es

W
~
,

s ia h a n d could n ot re ce iv e h im w h om th e ir a nc es tors
,

h a d crucifi ed A b ba s w a s exa s p e ra te d a t th is
.
.

a n s w e r s ince th e K ora n me n tio n s C h ris t w ith ve n e


,

ra tion . h y w ill y ou n ot b el ie v e in C h ris t ,

s ince I bel ie v e in h im P
~

sa y s h e H e a fte rw a rd s

,

as k ed th e m W h a t th ey th ough t of Ma h ome t ?
,

T h is d e ma nd intimid a te d a nd con fou n d ed th e m an d ,


2 96 n rs ronr
'
or THE J a ws .

s ens ibl e of th ed iscov eri n g th e ir op in i on


d a n ger of

of th e imp os tor th ey a n s w e red ,


th a t M oses was ,

th e grea t p rop h e t a nd th e onl y on e w h omth ey oug h t


,

to foll ow ; b ut tha t th ey d id n ot a bs ol ute l y rej ect


Ma h omet b eca use h e w a s th e s on of Ab ra ha m by
,

I s h ma el T h ey th en h a d re cours e to p ra y ers and


.

e n trea tie s for mercy ; a nd to p rotes ta tions , th a t


th e ir ob ect j l g in P
in s ett in e rs ia w as to se rv e th e

k ing w i th fid e l ity a n d z ea l * .

Abb a s se v erel y rep rove d th e m for a dd uc in g th e ir


e x ecta tion of a M e s s ia h a s a n e x cu se for th e ir
p ,

ob s tin a te in cre d ul ity But sai d h e . to re move , ,

th is v a in p re te nce fix a time for h is a p p ea ra n ce I


, ,

w ill tol era te y ou t ill th e a ccomp li sh men t of th is


e ri od Y e t if th e M es s ia h w h o h as d el a y e d h is
p .
, ,

comin g for s o ma n y a g es dece iv e y ou on ce more , ,

it is j u s t y ou sh ould e mb ra ce th e Ma h ome ta n fa ith ,

or b e d ep riv e d of y our p rop erty y our ch ild re n a n d , ,

l iv e s
.

H e a ll owe d th em s ome time to p re p are a n
a n sw e r After ma ture d elib era tion th ey informed
.

th e k in g th a t th e ir g rea t d e l iv erer w ould a p p ea r in


,

s ev e n t ea rs from th e da on w h ich th e h d be en
y y y y a

s u mmon ed b efore h is tr ib un a l T h e ir obj ect w as to .

e l ud e th e th rea te n e d u n ish m e nt e x ec tin g th a t


p p ,

n e ith e r th e mon a rch n or th e m s elv e s could s urv iv e till

th is p e riod wa s termina te d Ab ba s w h o w a s ex . r
,

tre mel y a va riciou s e x torte d v as t s u ms for g ra nting


,

a n O p p ress e d p e op l e th is in t erva l of tra n q uill it


y .

H e en ga ged it is sa id on h is p a rt th a t if th e
, , ,

M ess ia h a pp ea red w ithi n se v e nty y ea rs a l l P ers i a ,

w a s to p rofe s s J u da is m If n ot th e J e w s w e re to ‘

.
,

em b ra ce th e M a h ome ta n rel igion or conse n t to '

B g p 6 97 M od U i
as na e, l Histo y
. . e rn n vers a r .
2 98 a ns w e r or THE JE S W .

ma ssacred w i t h out intermiss ion or p i ty A fe w .


,

h ow e v e r foun d me a n s to e s ca p e in to th e T u rk is h
,

domin ion s oth ers in to I nd ia a nd ma ny p re se rv ed


*
, ,

th e ir l iv e s by a bj urin g th e ir re l ig ion It wa s .
,

h owe ver a t l e n gth obs erv ed that the p re te nd e d


,
o

con ve rts se cre tl


yp ra ctis e d th e J e w is h rite s a n d th e ,

k ing fi n d ing th a t comp ul so ry mea s ures coul d n ot


,

e ffe ct a c h a n g e in th e ir mind s e rmi tted th e m to


p ,

re ta in th e ir former re l igious p rincip l e s T h ey w e re '

obl ig e d a n n ua ll y to p a y a l a rge s u m o f mon ey to th e .

s ov e re ig n and to w ea r a d isg ra ce fu l ba dge of d is


'

tin ction r l
Th e J e w s w e re n u me rous a t S ch ira z w h e re the ,

P e rs ia ns h a d a more fa mous a ca d e my tha n a t Is


'


‘ ‘

p a han T h e
y p re t
.e n d e d to b e des cen d e d f ro m th e

trib e of L e v i A s till l a rge r n u mb e r re s id e d a t Lar


.
,

th e me trop ol is of on e of th e P ers ia n p rov inces a n d ,

h a d a q ua rter a ss ign e d the m b etw e e n th e c ity a n d


ca s tl e T h ey e xte n d ed th e mse lv e s on th e coa st of
.

O r mus in ord e r to p rocure s ome a rt of th e I nd ia n


,
p
tra d e w h ich w a s on ce c on d ucte d b th e irb re th re n
,
y ,

w h o w e re for me rl y n u me rous i n th ose a rts


'

p :
A D . B a gd a t once th e re s id e n ce of th e
.
,

m
'

p r i nce s of th e ca tiv it
p y w a s uc h re d uc e d a fte r i t ,

M odern Un ive rs a l Hi t s or
y , v ol . xiii p 36 9
. . .

1 Bas nag
'
e, p goire
G re , p 16 . .

$Afte r th e k in g of Portug l a e xpe l


l ed th e Jw e s fromh is k ingdom,

he suffe red th e m to li ve a t Goa a nd oth e r l a ces, an d exe rcise thei r


p
re l igion . But in 16 39 they were de l uded
p re te nded ess ia h ,
by a M
wh ose fa me e xte nded to P ortu a gl
Some of the ewish c onverts in
. J
tha t k in dom, g l
e a ted w ith th e p ros pect of a de ive re r, bet ray ed th ei r l
secret a ttachmen t to th e rel i ion g of th eir Upon wh ich
a nces tors . i

th e inq uis ition com e l ed a l l i n the


p l ea s te rn p a rts , w h o we re s ub e c t to j
th e k in g of P o rtu gl
a , e ith e r to s uf l
fe r e xi e or p rofe ss h ristian ity C .

M oder n Un iv er H ist . . vol . xiii .


p 3? 5
.
msr o nr or m e JEWS . 2 99

was ta k e n by A ma ra t I V . A l a rge p ro
p ortion of

th e inh a b itan ts w ere J e w s , w h o p os s e ss e a s


y na d
ed th e u n re s tra ine e xe rc ise ofd '

T h ey w e re , h ow e v er, h a te d an d
Pe rs ia n s fi "

T he J e w is h h istoria ns inform us , th a t th ose of


th e ir na tion in A rme niav g w e re ch a r ge d w ith h a in
k ill e d a C h ris tia n ; a n d th e murder be ing con fes s ed .

b y th é za cc us ed 1na n y of th is mis e ra bl e p eop l e w e re


,
.
o -

cruc ifi ed a nd oth e rs b u rn e d T h re e d ay s a fter


, .
.
,

th e C h ris tia n a p p e are d ; th e a cc usa tion w as d is co


v e re d to h a v e be e n i nv e n te d th roug h ma l ice
u
a nd ,

th e 7con fessio n e xtorted b y tortu re ; -r


C omp l a int
be ing ma de to S ol o m
'
on II th e A rmen ia n ma g is tra te s .
-
.

w e re fo rbid de n to ta k e cog n iza n ce of s imila r c ri


'

mina l ca ses in future a nd th e y w e re orde re d to


'
,

b rin g th e m b efore th e trib un a l of th e s ul ta n nf .

:T h e J e w s; s in ce th e ir d isp ers 1ou ha ve me ver ,

be en n u me rous in P al e s tin e b ut h a ve s ee n /th e ir .


,

an c ie n t a n d be l ov ed c ou ntr s ucce ss iv el os s es s e d
y y p
by P a ga n s C h ris tia n s , a n d T urk s
,
It h a s in dee d . .

b ee n fre q ue n tl y v is ite d b y J e w is h as w e ll a s ,

Chr istia n d e votees But fe w h a v e fix ed th e ir a b od es


.

in w h ere th ey fou n d it d iflicul t zto


a c q u ire w ea l th a n d e v e n p rocu re a tol era bl e s ub


~
.
,

s iste n ce “

S a p li eta in Galile
e w as th e mos t p l
op u ous and

ce e l b ra te d : c it
y w h ich : th e J ew s p osse s se d in Pa:
l es tin e . Thos e zw h oi xin h a b ite d it w e re tre a te d w ith
more k ind n ess th a n in a ny oth e r p a rt of th e O ttom an

e m ire “
, ,

T h e h a v e h a d ma n l r ed ra b b ies a n d
p y .
y ea n

f w ho ha e v d
re s i e d in th e ac d em in
p ro es s ors,
p a y .

Ba snage , p 6 99 . . i G re goire , p . 18
. Basna ge , p 7 03 . .
300 ms ronr '
or THE JEWS .

th is c ty i , to w h i ch th ey
t th e ir ch ild re n to be in sen

s tructe d in th e H eb re w la n g ua ge ; for it w a s the ir


op in ion th a t it could n o w h e re e l se be ta ug h t with
,

e q ua l u rit T h is a ca d e m s uccee de d th at of
p y .
y
T ib eria s a n d a cq uired a s imil a r re p uta tion f
,
"

T h e mos t cel eb ra te d cabb a l ist w h o h a s a p peare d


s in ce S ime on J och a id es ta ug h t in th is sea t of ,

l ea rnin g He wa s b orn at C ord ov a in S pa in h e nce


.
,

b e ac qu ire d th e n a me of M oses C ordova He l eft .


"

a ca bb a l is tica l w ork e nti tl e d Th e Ga rd e n of


,
.

P ome g ra na tes f .
'

Domin i c of J erusa l e m ta ugh t for a cons idera bl e


ti me in th e sa me a ca de my After h e h a d comp le ted .

h is s tud ies a n d l ec tures on th e Ta l mud h e a p p l ie d ,

h imse lf to th e th e ory a n d p ra c tice of med icin e ; a nd


a c q u ire d s u ch ce l e b rit th a t th e s ul ta n in v ite d h im
y ,

to C ons ta n tinop l e to b e h is p h y s icia n At le ngth , .

be e mb race d th e C h ristian re l ig ion a nd a fterw a rd s ,

tra nsl a te d th e N e w T es ta me nt i n to H e b re w a n d a t ,

th e sa me time a n sw ere d s ome obj ection s of the ra b


b ie s a ga ins t S tep h en s ma rty rd om :

Bu t th ose w h o h a v e b ee n mos t cel e b ra te d in th e


a ca d e m w ere th e l ea rne d M oses T ra n i a n d J os ep h
y ,

Ka ro w h o p res id e d in it a b out th e middle of the


,

s ixtee n th ce n tur
y T h e f o rm e
.r was a na tiv e of

Tra n i a nd ta ugh t w ith s uch success th a t h e was


, ,


s t le d b
y y h i s b re t h re n th e l ig h t o f I s ra e l
,
th e ,

S ina i te of M oun t S i na i a n d th e rooter up of , y

M ounta i ns b eca use he solv e d th e difi e ul tie s in th e


,

It pp a th t th is
ea rs d my w
a t m a caet d an ft e th tw l fth
a s no e e a er e e

ce n tu y
r i , B j mi d T d l do
s nce en a n t m ti
e it i h i
n e a es no en on n s

tra ve ls .
1
r
t Basnage , p 183 . . M odern Univ er Hist . . v ol . xiii p 39 5 . . .

m
t Bsa ag p J os m .
302 n i sr onr or me JEWS .

h im s uccess iv el y to d al l
th e cl ergy th e a nd or ers of ,

at l en gth e xa l ted h im to th e d ign it o f a triarch o f


y p
J erusa l e m Be in g a ma n of b oundl ess a mb ition
.
,

h e rep a i re d to C on s ta n tin op l e to ob ta in th a t see ,

w h ich wa s v a ca n t H e w a s th e re se iz e d w ith a da n
.
1

g erons d iste mp e r a nd p e rce ivi n g d ea th a pp roa ching


'

, ,

h e ca ll e d ma ny G re cia n b ish ops a nd a l a rg e n u mbe r


to w h om h e s ol e mn l y
'

of h is H eb re w b re th re n ,
.

d ecla re d th a t , h e h a d a l wa y s b el ie v ed th e J e w is h
rel ig ion a n d re n ou n c ed th e b ish o ric Of J eru sa l e m
, p
to d ie in h is ol d
p rofess ion T h os e w h o h ea rd


.

h im l a y a s ide th e ma sk of C h ris tia nity w ere fi ll e d


'

s
«

w ith as ton ish me nt a nd con stern a tion fi 1

T h e J e ws h a v e l on g b ee n n u me rous i n oth er
a rts of th e O ttom a n e m ire ar tic u l a rl a t Co
p p p y n ,

sta n tin op l e ; th e
y i nh a b ite d a s ub u r b i n G al a ta ,

w h ich wa s ca ll e d th e J e w r i n th e time of th e Cru


y
sa d ers .T h oug h h a te d a n d d es p ised by th e T u rk s}
th ey re n d e red th e ms elv es s 6 u se ful b th e ir sk ill in
y
i tra n sach on s , th a t th e y ca rried th e

p e cu n a r
y on
'
.

g rea tes t p a rt of the commerce of th e coun try an d ,

C h ris tians a s w el l as T u rk s e mp l oy ed a J e wish


b rok er in a l l th e ir n egocia tion s A mon g oth er p ri .

'

v il e ge s th ey ob ta in ed th a t of s ell in g w in e ; a n d it
'

wa s su os ed th a t w h ich th e re a re d wa s of th e
pp y p p
p u res t k ind b e ca use th ey a re
, p roh i b ite d by th eir
la w from ma k ing a ny mixture r l ’

M ich se z; a J e w wa s a ccus e d of h a v in g per ,

s ua de d S el im I I to atte m t th e con q u e s t of C rus


p .
yp .

In c on s e
q ue nce of w h ic h , a fte r th e re d uction of th e
isla n d , h is n a tion o b ta in e d g rea te r p riv il e ge s th a n

B
e s en ge , p 7 01
. . Mod ern Unive rsa l Hi t s . vol . xiii p 3 7 3
. . .

f Ba s nage , p 7 18 . . G re goire , p . 184 . 11


v
s.
HISTO RY or THE JEWS . 803

th e C h ris tia n s a nd b eca me n umerous a nd affl ue n t


, . .

T h e s ul tan i ma d e ch oice ofi a J e w n a med S ol omon



'

Rop h e to,
n eg otia te a
p e a ce w ith t h e r e
p u bl ic of.
«

Ve n ice ; a n d s oon a fter g ra n te d the m the p rivile ge of


e s ta b l is h ing a p rin tin g offi ce at C on s ta ntin O p l e a n d J
- -

S a l on ich i. By th is mea n s 00p ie s iof 5th e l a w , w hich


'

h a d b e come s ca rce in the ea st w ere u n iv e rsa lly dis


'

of th eir b ein g m ore


-
-
.

a ss id uous ly st u d ied ,
se v e ra l e min ent ra bb ies a n d

h ea d s of sy n agogue s deft the p l a ce of th e ir b ir th to
se tt el in th ese 7c itie s .
*
I n p articul a r , S ol omon ,
th e s on of Japhe , ca me
from G erma ny to res ide in Con s ta n tin op l e w h e re h e

exp l a in e d th e J er us a l e m T a l mud a nd i d
'

p r n te
~

21 ,

com me n t ou th e P e n ta te uch a n d se v e ra l oth er


- -
.
,
'

w ork e Ra b bi G ed a l ia h a n oth e r l ea rn e d d octor,


r ,
.

wh o boa s ted th a t h e was desce nd ed fromk ing Da v id,


'

l eft Lis bon to s ettl e in th a t me trop ol is a s a p hy ‘


s

a n d tea ch th e l a w s a n d ce re mon ie s of h is

s 101a n ,

n a tion H e w a s a pp oin ted h ea d of th e sy na gog ue


.
,

a n d a s s id uousl l a b ou re d to rec on c il e th e C a ra i te s a n d
y
Ta l mud ists But both p a rtie s p ro v e d s o obs tina te
.
,

th a t h is l a b ours w e re i n e ffec tua l H e h ow e ve r d e .


, ,

r ive d th e a d v a n ta ge of p ub l is h in g s e ve ra l oth e r
'

w ork s a s w e l l a s h is o w n trea tise of S e ven E es


, y ,

al l ud in g to th e v is ion of Z ech a ria h x


f
M a n y of th e J e w s se ttl e d a t Le p a n to C orin th , ,

a n d oth e r c itie s in G re ece But i n con s e q ue n ce of . ,

th e d e s ol a te s ta te of th e cou n try a n d th e h e a v
y ,

ta xe s w h ich th ey w e re c omp e ll e d to p a y to th e P orte


.
,

th e y h a v e b e e n g e n e ra ll y in i n dig e n t circ ums ta n ce s .

T h e ir con d ition w a s more el ig ibl e a t T h es s a l on ica


B ag p 7 19
a sn e, . t I bid
. .
304 '
n Is ron v on THE JEWS .

(n ow S al onich i) w h ere th ey h a v e b een s e ttl e d e v er

s ince th e ti me of S t Pa ul . . T h ey for a ge s h a ve
.

os s e s s e d a cons id e ra bl e a ca d e m a n d in l a te r times
p y ,

a p rin ting offi ce h as b e e n e s ta bl is h e d


-
In th is ci ty
.

M os e s Abel da p ubl is h e d s ev era l of h is w ork s th e ,

mos t cel e b ra te d of w h ich w ere h is my s tica l e x p o,

s ition of th e P e n ta teu ch a n d a mora l trea tise on


,

th e mis e ri es of h u ma n l ife call e d th e ,


V a l e of
T e a rs Th e d es ign of th i s p erforman ce w as to

.

comfort h is n a tion u n d er the ir ca l a mitous d is e rs ion


p .


J ose p h th e s on of S en a l so p ubl ish e d a trea tis e
,

on th e use of the G ema ra


,

in th i s city The .

fa mous imp ostor Z ab a th a i T zevi ch os e S al on ich i a s


th e th ea tre w h ere on to a ct his p a rt , ima g in in g, th a t,
if h e cou ld i mp ose
d octors in th is a ca d e my
on th e ,

it w ould b e ea sy to d e l ud e h is more ig nora n t


,

b re thre n An \ a ccount of h is s ucces s a mon g h is


.

in fa tua te d na ti on w ill be giv e n in th e foll ow in g


ch a ter
p .
306 H I S T O RY or THE JEWS .

th e M ess ia h a nd d el iv e re r of I sra e l to w h om h e ,

ro mis e d a gl i k ing d om of ros e rit a nd


p o r o u s
p p y
p ea ce .T h is fa m ou s or ra th er in fa mou s im os tor
,
p ,

w a s b orn a t Al e p p o of me a n a n d obscu re a re n ts
,
p .

But a s h e ea rl y d isc ov ere d a ta s te for lea rn in h


,
g e ,

ma d e grea t p rofi c ie n cy in th a t ki n d of l ite ra ture


w h ic h wa s ta ug h t b y h is na tion As s oon a s h e .

ca me from s ch ool h e b e ga n to rea ch i n th e stre e ts


p
and t .i el d s e v e n b e fore th e T urk s ; a n d th oug h rid i
,

e ul a d b
y th e m h e h a d th e a
, d dre s s to g a in a n u m b e r

of d isc ip l e s by w h om h e w a s g re a tl a d mire d H e
y .

s tud ie d th e ro h e cie s s o a s s id u ous l i


p p y n o r
g ie n to ,

a
pp yl th e m to h im s e lf th a t it w a s s u
, pp o s e d h is in; .

tel le ct w a s d e ra n g e d H e ima g ined or p re te n d ed


.
,

to fa n cy th a t h e could a sce n d a b ov e th e cl oud s a s


, ,

I sa ia h h a d fore told ; a n d u p b ra id e d h is d isc ip l es


with th e ir bl in d n es s b e ca u s e th e y w oul d n ot ac
,

k n ow l e dg e th ey h a d se en h im in th e a ir He a l s o .

re te d e d to rform oth e r mira cl e s b th e o w e r f


p n p e y p o

th e na me J e h ov a h U p on wh ich a ccoun t so e10f


.

th e most in tell ig e n t J e w s s ummon e d h im to a p p ea r


m
b e fore th e sy na g og ue s a n d con d e mn e d h im to d ea th .

But; a s th ey coul d n ot p re v a il u p on a ny to execute ,

th e se n te n c e th e y con tente d th e ms elv e s w ith ba n is h


,

in g the imp os tor .


1

He p as se d
. ov e r to S al onich i, a n d, as th e J ew s
w e re nu me rous in th is c it
y , be su
pp ose d
it a p rop e r
th ea tre on w h ich to act h is p a rt . But b e in g e x
el l e d from th e n ce a s w e ll a s f om A th en s
r a nd
p , ,

se v e ra l oth e r G re e k tow n s h e re tire d to Al e x a n d ria


, ,

w h e re h e a c q u ire d g1e a t ce l e b rity Afte r tra v ell in g .

in to the More a a nd T rip ol i h e l a rrive d a t G a z a a n d ,

th e re p rea ch e d re p e n ta nce a n d fa ith in h ims e lf so ,


msr o nr or THE v s . 307

t'
fe ctual
ef ly ,
'
J ew s ga ve u p
th a t th e 1 b us in e ss t
a nd

p l ied th e ms el v e s w h oll to d e v otion


y a nd a l ms But
ap .

in ord e r to re n d er h is ch a ra c ter more a g re e a b l e to


ne cessa r
th e p re d ictions p f the
o ro
ph e ts , it wa s -

y that

h e s h oul d be us h e re d in by a pre curs or :


'

For th is
'

'

urp os e h e m a d e c h oice of a J e w of g rea t re u


p .

p
ta tion at Ga za , na med N a th a n Le v i , w h omb e eas i ly
p e rs u a d e d to a ct th is p a rt . T he time w a s fa v ou r
a b e, l for ,
a ccord in g to th e ca bb a l is tica l in te rp re ta tion
of D a n iel ,
th e M es s ia h w a s to a p p ea r in or a bout
th e y ea r 16 7 5 +
t Ts e v i a n d h is p recu rsor tra v ell ed to
Z a b a th a i
J eru sa l e m Le vi a fte r h is a rriv a l a ss e mbl e d th e
'

. , ,

Je ws a n d a bol ish e d th e fa s t w h ich w a s to b e ce l e


,

b rate d in th e mon th o f J u ne foll ow in g be caus e



,

mourn in g w a s imp rop er a t th e joy ful p eriod of th e ‘

M es s ia h s a p p e a ra n ce

H e th en d e cl a re d T ze v i .

w a s th e ir l on g e xp ect e d d el ive rer a n d s pe Cifi e d th e ,

ti me for th e con q a e s t a n d ru in of th e G ra n d
‘ ‘
. .

P a rt of th e na ti on bel iev e d in the i m


S e igno r .

os to r' b u t th e mos t s e n s ib l e me n a m th em
on
g

p ;
c l ea rl e rce iv e d th a t the in te n d e d in s urre ct ion
y p ,

w oul d ca us e th e ir de s tr uc tio n in th e O ttoma n e mp ire .

T h ey the refore a na th e ma tiz ed a n d con d e mn e d


, ;

h im to d ea th a l l eging th a t b e n e ith e r p oss es s e d th e


,

ch a ra cte t istics of th e M es si a h n or L e v i th os e of
'


'

l
,

so
h is p recu r r}

Be ing obh ged tO J e rusa l e m, h e c ame to


'

q u it
‘ "
-

S my rna a nd from th e nce ,


to C ons ta ntin op le w h ere ,

Th w p h ib it d f om
e se e re ro e r c ond u cting bu s ines s , un de r th e
p
e

na l ty f x mm i ti
o Th y
e co u n ca on . e exp e cted th a t a fte r th e ir Mess ia h
h ad s ub d ue d th e na tions th e y sh ou ld g a in
p osse ss ion of a l l th e wea thl
o f u nb e li e ve rs —Tu rk i s h H is tory , v 01. ii p 17 6
. . .

t Bas nage , p 7 02
.
"
. T urki sh H isto y r ,

x2
308 1113 mm or THE JEWS .

he e x p ected to ga in nu me rous d iscip l es . But the


J ew s in th is c it h a d re v io l r ece iv e d l e tte rs from
y p us
y
twe n ty fi v e ra b b ie s, wh o h a d e x commun ica te d h im,

-

in w h ich th e y p ron ou n ce d h im imp i



ous w re tc h fi

an

a nd d ecl a re d , th a t th e p e rs on w h o k ill e d h im
w ould re n d e r a n a cce p ta bl e s e rv ice to G od a n d sa v e ,

ma n y soul s T h is in d uced T zevi to return to


.

S my rna w h ere h e re ce ived four a mb a s sa d ors s e n t


,

by h is p re curs or to a ck n owl e dg e h im a s th e M e ss ia h .

A s L ev i w a s a ma n of e min e nce a mon g h is b re th re n ,

th is e mb a s sy g re a tl y in crea s e d th e foll ow e rs of th e
imp os tor a n d e v e n imp os e d u p on p a rt of th e
,
-

l ea rn e d rab b ie s T h e mul titud e d a zzl e d by h is


.
,

a ffe cte d h u mil ity fre q ue n t wa s h ing s d il ig e nt a nd


, ,

ea rl y a tte n d a n ce a t th e s n a g og ue s a n d more es e
y p ,

c ia l l b h is a th e tic s e r mon s a ck n o w l e d g e d h im
y y p ,

for th e ir M es s ia h a n d k in g a n d b roug h t h im ma g n i
*
,

fi ce n t p rese n ts to pp d ig n it
y su ort h is .

In th e mea n time Le v i was e mp l oy ed in p er


s ua d in
g h is na tion in d if f e re n t
p a rts th a t T zev i was ,

th e ir l on g e xp e c te d d el iv e rer w h o w as a b out to s ub ;
-
,

v e rt th e O ttom a n e m ire H e a s s e rte d th a t ft


p a . er _
,

be in gcon cea l ed n in e mon th s th is migh ty con qu eror ,

w ould a p p ea r in gl ory mounte d Up on a cel es tia l,


-

l ion a nd th a t a s up e rb te mp l e w ould d esce nd from


h ea v e n in w h ich s a crifi ces w e re con tinua ll y to be
,

of fe re d .W h il e L ev i w a s a t Da ma scus he w rote to ,

T zev i a n d th us b e ga n h is l ette r
, T o th e k in g , ,

our ki ng l ord of l ord s w h o re d ee ms our ca p tiv ity


, , ,

th e ma n e l e v a te d to th e h e ig h t of al l s ubl imity th e ,

M es s i a s of th e G od of J acob th e cel es tia l l ion


~

, ,

Z a ba th a i T ze vi .

Ba snage, p 703 . . Tu k ish H i to y


r s r , vol . 11.
310 H I ST O RY or r u n J e ws .

T he n ext s e
p t ta k e n by th e imp os tor wa s to cause

a t h rone to be e rec te d for h ims el f


. a nd h is q uee n ,

fronr w h ich he ad d ress ed h is j


s ub e cts . He c orrrJ

p ose d a zne w s u mma ry of b e l ief, w h ic h p e o p le


w e re o bl ige d to re ce i e v w ith : th , !
as

co min g from th e eh a n d

. .
of . th e ir S e ine ,

w h o h a d th e te me rity to op p os e it, w e re c omp e ll e d

w e a e th e ms e es by f i h t
v . an
y lv
w h o ha d b e e n lg . M -

in cre d ul ous n ow .
p rofess e d -
. to b el ie v e '
in h im) to
w h om th ey .
a m
p ppp l ied
h e c ie s of th e O l d T es Q
th e
ta me nt

W h e n he h a d a tta in ed th i s he ig h t of
. .
.

'
e ord e re d th e J e ws

a uth orit h w h o w ere in t th e


y ,
.
‘ ,

h a b it of p ra y in g for th e gra n d s eign or in th eir s y nni


o u e s , to e ra s e h is n a me fro m th e ir l itu m 1
“ gy 3
g g r .
,

s ub s titu te h is ow n H e s ty l e d h imself . K in g of ,

th e k in g s of I s ra el a nd J os ep h h is b rother ,

,

K in g of th e k in gs of J uda h a l sa e l ec ted

r inces to g ov ern h is b re th re n in th e ir m a rch to th e


p
h ol y l a n d a n d to a d min iste r j us tice to th e m a fte r
,

th ey ob ta in e d th e p os s e s s ion of th e ir b e l ove d
cou ntry At l en g th h e d e cl a red h e w as ca ll e d of
.
,

G od to v is it C on s ta n tin op l e w h e re h e h a d a g rea t ,

wo rk to p e rform ; a nd a ccord in gl y e mba rk e d in a


.

s ma ll v es s e l for th is c it w h il e ma n f h is d is c i l es

m
o
y y p ,

foll ow e d h im b y l a n d T h e s ul ta n be in g in for e d .
,

of h is a rriva l
t d e s p a tch e d ord e rs to h is v izi er to a p :
,
.

e n d a n d con fi n e h m
re h i i n i
p
Th is e v e nt i ns tea d of d is cou ra g in g stre n gth!
, ,

en e d th e fa ith of th e J e w s ; for the y re col l e cte d


th a t L ev i h a d p re d ic te d th a t th e M e s s iah w a s to b e
' ’
,

c once a l ed n ine mon th s


'
i T he ma in ta in ed th a t th e ‘

y

.

ow e r to p ut h im to de a th
l
s ul ta n h a d n ot
p T h e .

l
Bas nage, ‘p 702 . .
marrow or TH E J E ‘
W S. 3 11

cri mina l ; xa mina tion a ss ert e d th a t h is


up on h is e


h a d comp el led h imto a ss u me th e t itl e of
,

na tion

king Th is a n s w er in d uced th e viz ie r to trea t him


w ith g rea t mild ne ss a n d p ermit th e J e w s to v isit ,

h im in p ris on T ho se of C on sta n tin op l e w ere as


.

infa tua ted a s th e ir bre th ren in S my rn a T h ey '

.
.

forba d e comme rce an d refuse d 'to p a y th e ir d e bts


'

,
: .

S o me E n gl is h me rc h a n ts n ot k now in g h ow to re
cov e r w ha t w a s ow in g to th e m , from th e J ews
'

took th is ioc ca s ion to v is it Tzevi a n d ma k e th e ir ,

comp l a in ts to h im a a inst h is s ubj e c ts u on w h ich


g p
he w rote to th e m a s foll ows : 1 1

T o y ou of th e na tion of th e J e w s w h o e xp ec t ,

th e a p pea ra n ce of th e M es s ia h a n d th e sa lv a tion of ,
:

Is ra el p ea ce w ith out e n d
,
W h e reas w e a re in :

forme d th a t y ou a re i nd eb te d to s e v e ra l of th e
E nglis h na tion it s ee me th arig h t u nt o us to ord er
'
'

.
. .
,

y o u to m a k e satisfa ction for


y ou r j u s t d eb ts w h ic h
'
, .

if y ou re fus e to do b e it k n ow n th a t y ou a re n ot , ,

to en te r wi th u s in to ou r j oy s a n d
T zevi re ma in ed a p rison e r in Con s ta n tin op l e tw o
'

mon th s T h e gra n d v iz ier w h o w a s p re pa rin g to


.
,

o to Ca n dia d i d n ot th in k it sa fe to l e a v e h im 1n
'

g ,

th e c ity d u rin g h is a b s enc e h e th e re fore re mov e d ,

h im to t e Da rda n e ll e s
'

h T h is th e J e w s s u
pp ose d .

a n e w mira cl e ; a n d a sse rte d


.
th a t th e s ul ta n h a d
.

n ot p o w e r to p at h im to de a th . H a vin g b ri b e d th e
gov e rn or , g rea t nu mb e rs re
p a ire d to th e ca s tle

w h ere h e w as confi ne d , ly th ose w h o w e re


'
n ot o n

ne a r, bu t fro m P ol a nd Germa ny L egh orn Ve n ice , , _ , ,

and oth e r p l ace s 1 Th ey b r oug h t T ze v i r ich


'
.
p re

11
'
E

ve n the P ortugu ese Jews at
Amste rda m com osed
p a form of
p ra y e r to be made use of by th ose wh o wen t to Ad riano p e to l v is it

the p re te nd ed M e ss ia h . —
Mod¢ rn Uni ver H is t v ol xiii p 3 7 6 . . . . . .
3l2 n arr ow or
'
ru E
'

JE S W .

s e n ts , a n d re ce i e v d bl ess i ngs and p ro


in re turn h is
mis e s of a d va nce me n t T h e T urk s ra is e d th e p rice
.

of r ov is ions u p on th ose w h o v is ite d th e ir pre te n de d


p
M ess iah a n d th e p rofi t ind uced th e m to conn ive a t
,

th e a tte n tion w h ich w a s p a id h im .

The imp os tor, fi n e ment; com


d uri ng h is con

ma n d ed th e J e w s to cel eb ra te
h is b irth da y w ith
feas ting ill u mina tion s a n d mus ic ; a n d a bol ish e d
, ,

th e s ol e mn fa s t w h ich h a d b e e n ob se rve d on tha t


d a y on a ccou nt of th e d e s tr uction of th e ir te mp le :
H e d es p a tch e d a mba ssa d ors to v a riou s p a rts to p ro .

cl a im h im th e M e s s ia h a nd ubl is h th e mira cl es
p ,

w h ich h e p rete n d e d to h a v e p e rforme d He en .

j oin ed h is n a ti on to a ck n ow l edge th e l ov e of G od in
g iv ing th e m con sol a tion b y th e bi rth of th e ir k ing
a n d M e s s ia h

N eh e m
.

'

I n th e h e igh t of Tze w s s uccess . ia h ,

C oh e n a P ol is h J ew ca me to v isit h im in h is con
, ,

fi ne me n t H e w a s a ma n of g rea t lea r n in g in th e
.

ca b b a l a a n d ea s te r n l a n g ua ge s It is sa id th a t h e .
, ,

in h is con fe re n ce w ith th e imp os tor ma in ta in e d , ,

th a t a ccord in g to th e s cri ture s th ere oug h t to be a


p
t w ofol d M e s s ia h ; on e th e s on of E p h ra im a p oor ,

and d es p is e d tea ch e r of th e l a w , th e oth e r th e s on

of Da v id ,
a nd a mig h ty q ue ror N e h e mia h
con .

was co n te n te d to be th e forme r a nd l ea v e th e d ig
,

n it a nd gl ory
l tt r to T ze v i
of th e B t h
y a e u e .

a cc us e d h im of too g rea t forwa rd n es s a n d re s um


p p
tion in a s s u min g th e ch ara cte r of th e s on of Da v id
re v iousl to th e a pp ea ra n ce of th e s on of E p h ra im
p y ,
.

T ze v i e x as p era ted a t th is re p roof e x cl ud ed C o h e n


, ,

from a ny s h a re in th e tra nsa ction U p on w h i ch the .

la tte r w en t to Ad ria n op l e a nd informe d th e mi ,

l
i T u k i sh Hi
1
01
v . 1
r s tory ,
:
. 11.
p 17 7
. .
H I ST O RY or run JEWS .

of th e won d e rful w ork s p erforme d by Tzev i th e ir


M es sia h T h ey re p orte d , tha t w h e n th e gra nd
.
~

W
se i
g n or se nt me ss e n g ers to a
pp re hen d h im ,
be
ca us e d th e m all to be s truck d ea d ; but up on be in g
re q ues te d , reca ll ed th e m to l ife T h e y a d de d th a t
. ,

th ough . th e p ris on in w h ic h Z a ba th a i wa s con

fi ned wa s fa s te n e d w ith s tro n g iron lock s ,


he was
se e n to w a lk th e s tre ets w ith nu me rous ’
a tte n d a n ts ,

a n d th a t h is c h a ins w e re con erte v d in to gold wh ich ,

he g v
a e ll ow e rs Th e
to h is fo .
'

J e ws of Ita l y s en t
l e ga tes to S my r na to in q uire in to th e trut h of th ese
rcp orts y w h o; upon th e ir a rriva l w e re mortifi e d a n d ,

as ton is h e d a t th e in tell ig e nc e, t h a t th e ir xp re te n de d
'

Me ss ia h h ad e mb ra ce d the M a h ometa n fa ith But '


.
)

th e b roth e r of T ze v i a tte mp te d to p e rs ua d e th e m
th a t it w a s on ly h is a p p a r it ion w h ic h a p p ea re d in a

T urk ish h a b it ; th a t h e ha d be e n tra n sl a te d to h eav e n


a n d tha t G od w ould a ga in se n d h im
,

d o w n to ea rth a t
ro e r s e a s o H e a dd e d th a t N a th a n h is re
a
p p n s p
t
,

c u rs or w h o h a d w roug h t ma n
, y m ira cl es w ou l d s oon ,

a rrive a t S my rna re v ea l h idd e n th in g s


, a n d co n fi rm ,

th e ir fa ith But th is p re te n d ed E l ia s w a s n ot s u f
.

fe re d to v is it th e c ity a n d th oug h th e l ega te s sa w


'

*
,

h im n a n o h e r p l a ce th e y rece iv ed n o sa tisfa ction


i t , .

T ze v i p a s s ed th e re ma in de r of h is da y s a t th e
Tu rk is h cou rt H e b eca me a l e a rned a n d z ea l ous
.

M a home ta n u n d er th e ins truction s of V a n n i E ffe nd i ,

p rea ch er to th e s e ra gl io to w h o m h e w a s a m o
,s t d o

cil e up il S til l h o w e v er h on tin u ed to rofes s


p
'

e c
p .
, ,

h imse lf a d e l iv e re r of th e J ew s bu t b e in g e x tre me l y
ca u tious to a v oid g iv in g offen ce to th e T urk s he
'
'
,

d ecl a red th a t u nl ess s bre th re n w oul d 1mi ta te


.
hi m ‘ t t

Bag ge p 104 T k i h H i t y
ua , . . ur s s or .
1115 mm or
'
rn s J EW S . 3 15

h is xa mpl e ; in re n ou ncin g th e i mp e rfe ct el e men ts


'

od th e M osa ica l l a w h e n e v er s h ould b e a bl e to


' '
, ,
.

se va il w ith G od to re s tore th e m to the h ol y l a nd



p
~
, , .

T h is ind uce d ma ny J e w s to rep a irl to Con sta nti nop l e


from B a gd a t J e rusa l e m a n d oth ér re mote pa rts ;
, .
,

a n d in th e re s e n ce of th e g ra n d s e i n or th
p
é
g ey ,

vol un ta ril y profe ssed th e ms elv es p ros el y tes to th e


Ma h ome ta n rel ig ion By th is mea ns th e i mp ious .

imp os tor ingra tia te d h ims elf w ith th e T u rk s a nd '

re ta in e d h is i n fi uen ce ov e r l a rg e n u mb e rs of h is
i .

in fa tua ted na tion T ze v i wa s h owe v e r fi na lly b e


.
, ,

he d d b d f h ul a n M a h O me
I iE
a e
y or e r o t e s t t .

Afte r th e d ea th of Tze vi D a n iel I sra el a d mit", , ,

w h o h a d d w e l t a t S my rna s ix or se v en y ea rs u nd e r
;
,

too k to p ers ua d e th e H e b re w n a tion t h a t Z a ba tha i


n .
,


w a s y e t a l ive a n d conc ea l e d a n d th a t h e w o uld
,
~

re a
pp e a r a fte r th e s a e of fort fi ve
p c y y e a rs l S om e -
-
,

rod ig ie s w h ic h h e p re te nd ed to e rform a ston ish ed


p p
ma ny of th e J e ws a nd in duced th e m to cre d it h is

a s s e rtion s His s upp ose d mira cl es e xcite d th e a d mi


.

ra tion of th e cre d ul ous o l a n d h e w a s n ot on l


e
p p e y
foll ow e d by th e p op ul a ce b ut h e e v e n imp os ed

W
,

u p on s e ve ra l e min e n t rab bie s In p a rticul a r A bra .

ha m M ic h a e l a n d Ra p h a e l C ordos o a p h y s icia n
"
~

, ,

w h o a s fa mous a mong th e J e w s in Ca n d ia op en l y ,

d ecl a re d for h im H ow e ve r p a rt of th e l earne d


'

me n op pose d Da n iel I sra el, a nd d ecl a red h im to


.
,
'

b e a n impostor In con se q uen ce of the ir re mon


.

stran c e s th e ,
ca d i e xp sll d e h im f ro m th e c ity a n d ,

i m se d a fi ne u on h is a d he ren ts
o C erd oso, w ho

p n s l
'
p
‘ ‘
ml r ni i
.

i
g
I

Ba sn a ge , p 7 02 . .

Dan ie l Is ra e a tte l m pted to s upport th is as sertion, by


'

8 fol ” ”1 '

te rp re ta tion of th e ro hec of Danie xii


p p y l .
1 1 1
3l 6 HISTO RY or r 1113 JEWS .

ma inta i ned th e imp ostor, w a s k ill e d by h is s on - in v


'

law ; d ea th bl a s te d a l l th e h op e s of the
d h is

an

J e w s a n d un v e il e d th e dece p tion ) T he mu rd e rer


,

fl ed in to a T urk ish mos q ue an d w a s c onve rte d to ,

Ma h ome ta n is m; b ut w e a re not told wh a t be ca me


of Da nie l I s ra el .

T h e d en omina tion of Z a ba th a ites is g iv e n to the


fol l owe rs of Z a ba th a i Tze vi T h e s ect forme d by .

th is imp os tor s u rviv ed h im; a n d h e a ctual ly h a s y e t


a t S a l on ich i p a rtiza n s w h o ou tw a rdly p rofe ssin g ,

M a h ome ta n is m ob se rv e in s ecre t th e J ud a ic rite s


, ,

ma rry a mong th e ms elv es a n d l iv e in th e sa me


'

q ua rter of th e city w ith out com


,

mun ica ting w ith th e


M ussel ma ns excep t for th e p urp ose of commerce ,

a n d in th e mos q ues
'
T h ey n e ve r en ter th e sy na.

n or ma k e k n ow n th e i r s ch is m H e n ce it

o u es
g g ,
.

th at th e T urk s a rd on a s ec re t observ
a
pp ea rs , p ‘

a n ce of a n oth e r re h m n i n fa v ou r of a ubl ic o
g p p r

fes s ion of th e ir ow n .

Z a ba th a i T ze v i h a d ma n y a d h ere n ts a mon g th e
J ew s of E ngl a n d H olla n d G erma ny a n d Pol a nd r
, , ,

who h a ve contin ue d in s ma ll n u mbe rs to our da y s f


O ne of th e J ew s ,
na me d J ona th a n ,
born at C ra
cow in 16 90 ,
a nd g ra n d
w h o in 17 5 0 w a s l
e ec te d

ra b b in of th e th re e tow n s of H a mb urg Al tona , ,

a n d W a n sb e ck w a s a cc us e d o f b e in g a fol l oweb
, .

of Z a b a th a i T ze vi w h ich occa s ione d a v e r a ni


y
-r
,

ma te d d is p u te a n d p rod uced ma ny p a mp h l e ts
, .

M y f th i f t t d J w t l y b l i d th t Z b th i
an o e n a ua e e s no on e e ve a a a a

was l i i g d w ld
v n , an
pp ,b tou l b t d th d y f hi
re a ea r u e v en ce e ra e e a o s

bi th with g
r t j iig rea yi g L g li
re o c n s ,l ta Tz i cr n , on ve su n ev .

Ba sn age, p 7 5 6 . .

g
G re oire s H istoire d es S ectes Bel igicn ses

. Tome 11.
p . 5 09 .

P ubl ish ed at P aris , 1810 .



lo 9
3l8 H I S RY TO or ‘
THE JEWS .

S a me n w h e re th ey ma in ta in e d th e ir in d e p e nd e n ce
, .

T h e ir ca p ita l is s till ca ll e d th e J e w s rock I n 16 00 ’


.

W
th ey w e re re d u ce d to th e b rin k of ru in ; a n d
Gid eon a nd J ud ith th e ir k in g ere b oth
,

sl a i n 1n ba ttl e » S in ce th a t .
p a id
ta x e s to th e S tate b ut a re a ll ow e d , th e ir
own g ov e rn me n t he n Mr B ruce} w as there
. .
,

a b ou t l 77 l th e y w e re e s tima te d to a moun t to a n
,
1

h u n d red th ousa n d e ffe ctiv e me n



T h e ir k ing an d .

q ueen w e re th en call ed G ideon a nd J ud ith ; and


th ese na mes se em to b e pre ferre d for th e roy a l
i

'
'

fa mil y
'
A ccord in g to th e a ccou n ts of th e F a l a sh a
.
‘ '

th eir sovere1 n s a re of th e trib e of J ud a h i


g .

T he i r O l d T e stame nt is in th e G ee z l a n g uage,
written by Ab y ssi n ia n Ch ri stia ns and s old to them .

N o d is pute h a s e v er e xi ste d a b ou t th e tex t of s crip


tu re T h ey h a v e no tabl e of Va rious re a d ing s ; n o
.

Ta l mud T a rg u m or Ca bba l a ; n o fring es or


, , :

r ga rm
'

ribb a nd s u on
p th e i e n ts n or a ny s cr ib e ,

ve l ost th e i r He b re w a nd onl y S p ea k th e ,

th e ir an ce stors l e a rn e d in th e cou n try


"

w her e th e
y S e ttl e d T h e
y a ck n owl ed ge ca n d idl .
y ,

th a t th e y h a v e n o H eb l e w n or S a ma rita n cop ie s ,

th a t th ey tru s t w h oll y to th e tra n sl a tion Th ey .

th e p rop h e cy of E noch is th e fi rs t b ook of


ture th ey e v e r re ce iv e d a fter w h ich th e l a ce
p y p ,

1 hey mainta in e d th a t th e s ce p tre


'
th e b ook of J ob .

,}
h as n e v e r d e p a rte d fromJ ud a h an d a p p l y the 1 p m ,

B T l
ruce s l h p i p 114
ra v e s , vo . 11. c a . v . . .

1 ’
Mr . B b
ruce o se rv e s , th a t h e d id n ot s
pare th e ut most p a ms in
q
in uiri n g into th e h i ty s or of this cu rio us p eop e , l a nd th a t h e li
v ed 1n

h a b its ,
of in timacy a nd fr ien ds h ip w ith se v e ral of th e mos t le a rn ed b

a mon g th e m

Br uce, v ol i i p 4 06
.
-
. . . .

i B ru ce s

T l
ra v e s , v ol . ii .
HISTO RY or THE JEWS . 3 19

h ec
y of th e l ga th e rin g of tth e G e ntil e s to th e future
p

a p p ea ra n ce of Mes s ia h
th e .

5 Th e . F a l as h a h a v e no k now l edge of th e N e w
{

T es ta me n t b ut from con v e rsa tion it


v e ry a b s urd to s up p os e th e M es s ia h is a l r ea dy come ,

w h o th ey a p p ea r to th in k is to b e a te mp oral ri
p nce ,

r
p p o h e t p r i
,
es t a n d c o,
n
q u e ro r s"
T h e J e w ish l a w
E

is i n ful l force a m on g th is p e o l e
p a n d a l l th e L e ,

v itical Ob s e rv a n ce s u rifi ca tion s a tone me nts b sti


p , a , ,

na nce s a n d s a c rifi ce s
, .

9
T h e J e ws for ma n y a g es h a v e fou n d a n a sy l um in
E gy p t ; th ey w ere , h ow e v e r in "
n ea r th e ,

i i f e s tr u ction ; Achsn e t,gov ernor of E


p rec p c e o d gy p t ,

h a v in g rev ol te d aga in st S ol omon II At th e com


me nce me n t of th e reb e ll ion the s old iers p l un d ere d ,


th e ir h ouse s a n d A ch m at imp ose d a ta x u pon th e m


'

of two h un d re d ta l e n ts T h ey h ow e v er p l ea d e d
. .
, ,

ins olv e ncy , a n d p a id onl y l fi fteen ta l e n ts i n to th e


'
'

treas ury T h e g ov e rn or e xa s p e ra te d a t th is re ,

fusa l ; comma nd ed a l l th e I srael ites in th e k in gd om


.

to b e a rres ted a nd i mpr is on ed } T h is ord er wa s


a n n ull e d b on S p ira cy a a ins t Ach me t i n cous e
'

a (z
y g i
,

q u e nce of w h ich h e w a s
p u t to d e a th a n d th e J ew s
'

ce l e b ra te d a fe a s t in m e mor of th e ir d el ive ra n ce s l

y
T h e l ib e rty w h ich th is p eop l e h a v e s ince e nj oy e d

in E gy p t h a s rén d e re d th e m n u me rous a nd p ow er t ~
,

ful p a r ti cul a rl y at Ca iro wh e re th ey p os se s s ed th i rty


, ,

s n a o ue s
y g g I T h e
y h a v e l o n g fa r m e d a l l xth e c u s

toms ih t h a t c ity ; and h a v e a e u ire d 'in fl uén b e a nd


q
re p uta tion b th is em l o me n t T h e b a s h a w 16f
y p y .

Ca iro e v e ry two y ea rs l e ts ou t th e custom h ouse for “


.
-

B T el ol p 13
'

B

r uce s ra v s. v 11. 4 a s na e,
. .
g p .

1

P k
ococD ’
ip t
si f
esc rt h E t
on o 17 7
e as

5‘
, .
320 msr onr or THE J E S W .

th e b ene fi t of th e g ra n d se ign or H e a dj udges it .

to th e b es t b idd e r a n d it common ly fa ll s to the lp t


,

of th e J e w s b eca use th e y h a v e th e a rt of ga in in g
,

h is fa vour e ith e r b y p res e n ts or intrigue s T he .

g rea te r p a rt of th e J e w s in Ca iro a re P ha ris e es or


T a l mud ists T h e re a re h ow e v e r a n u mb e r of
.
, ,
.

C a ra ites w h o h a v e a sy na gogu e of th e ir ow n
, O ne .

roof of th e c ons e q ue n ce w h ic h th e H e b re w n a tion


p
enj o u n d e r th e a r is toc ra c of Ca iro is th a t th e
y y , ,

offi ce s of th e c us toms a re s h ut u on th e ir s a bb a th
p ,

a n d n o g ood s ca n p a ss u p on th a t da y a l th ough b e
-

lon g ing to Ma h o me ta n s a nd C h ris tia ns ‘ .

T h e J e w s a re a l s o n ume rous in oth e r p a rts of


Africa a n d a re th e p rin cip a l tra d e rs in t he in l a n d
,
.

p rov inc e s S o m e. o f th e m w e re s o a ffl uen t th at


M ul ey A rch ey k ing of Ta p h il et by s e iz in g the


, .
,

ro e rt f rich J e w w a s th e re b bl d ta
'

o a
p p y y e n a e , ;

a ch ie v e th e con q ue s t of th e p rovin ce of Q uiria n a ,

a n d to d is p os s e ss h is b roth e r of th e k in gd om of
,

M orocco a n d Fe z T o rec omp e nce th e p eop le for


.

th is a ct of O p p re s s ion to a n in d iv id ua l h e a ll ow e d ,

th e m to e nj oy th e ir forme r p riv il e g e s a n d a p p oin te d


'
,

J os h ua Be n H a mos h e th p rin ce of th a t n a tion H is .

b roth e r I s h mae l w h o s ucce ed ed h im w a s a s til l


, ,

g rea te r b e n e fa c tor to th e J e w is h p e op l e As a n .

a ck n ow l e dg me n t for th e s erv ice s h e h a d rece iv e d

from J os e p h d e T ol e do h e not only ma d e h im one

W
,

of th e p r in c ip a l offi ce rs of h is h ous e h old b ut c on a ,


-

stitu te d h im h is e n v oy to the d iffe re n t c our ts of .

E u rop e ; a n d in 16 84 h e conc l ude d th e p ea ce i th


th e U n ited P rov inces f
-

Ni b h T l
e u

rs l i p 102 P bl i h d 17 92
ra v e s , vo . . . . u s e

B n g p 7 17
as a e, M d U iv r Hi t ol xiii p 383
. . o ern n e . s . v . . . .
32 2 msronr '
or THE JE S W .

rous in al l t
M orocco ; a fter th ey w ere
r of
p a s

e x p ell e d from S pain a n d P ortuga l mul titud es s ough t

a n a sy l um in th is e mp i re
“ T h ey a re n ot con fi ned.
,

to tow ns b ut h a v e s p rea d ov e r th e fa ce of th e
'

w h ol e c ou n t ry .

T h ey a re n ot onl y t ributa ry in th ese p a rts but



,

up on e v ery s ma ll d isgu s t in d a n g er of b e in g e x ,

el l e d ; and ca n n ev e r ro mis e th e m se lv es
p p an
y
e rma n e n t se ttl e me n t or s e cur ity T h ough th is
p .

u n h a p py p eop l e in a l mos t e v ery p l a ce w h ere th ey


,

h a v e res id ed h a v e b e en trea ted w i th cruel ty a n d


,

con te mp t ; y e t in n o p a rt of th e w orld h a v e the y


s uffe re d more se v ere a n d u n d eserv e d O
pp ress ions

th an in B a rb a ry w h ere th e w h ol e count ry d ep e nd s
, ,

th e ir in d ustry a nd in ge nuity a nd could


u p on ,

s ca rc el i
s ub s is t w ith out h e r a ss i s ta n ce
t l ae
y .

T h e l ow e s t cl a s s es a mon g th e M oors ima g ine


th ey h a v e a r igh t to O p p re s s a nd in sul t th e J e ws ,

wh o s uffe r th e g rea t es t ill trea tme n t w ith a p a t ie n ce


th e y h a v e a cq u ired b y b e in g d a ily a b use d T h ey .

h a v e n ot coura ge to de fe nd th e ms elv es b eca us e th e ,

K ora n a n d j udg e a re a l wa y s in fa v ou r of th e Ma h o
meta n s T h e ir s up erior k n owl e dge a n d a d d ress
.

g iv e th e m h owev e r ma n y a dva n ta ge s ov e r th e
, ,

M oors ; a n d their sk ill in p ecu n ia ry n egocia tion s


e n ab l es th e m to a ct a s a g e n ts a n d b rok e rs M ore .

i n d us tri ous a s w ell a s b ette r in forme d th a n th e Ma


h ometa ns th ey a re e mp l oy e d by th e e mp eror in
,

fa rmi n g th e customs coin ing th e money , a n d in ,

cal a mities , d th e ro
p p h e ts romise a n
y
— D s s cr l a ti on s p our
z
” ‘

o
nor p .

s erv i r a l his tozrc dos J nifs G isborn e on th e Ch r istia n r eligi on


’ '
. .

l t Add i P rese nt of th e J Lemp riere s



S ta te

Lance o s on s ews .

T ou r to Mo oc r co.
con uctin d g fore ig n merch a n ts
h is intercou rse w ith
*
,

a n d h is n egoc ia tion s w th fo i re ig p ow r
n e s

T h u s .

em l
p y o ed th e
y h a v e g rea t O
, pp ortu n itie s fo r b e n e fi t

ting a n d inj uri n g th e s ta te ; a n d th e y h a v e s uffi cie n t


art to e n rich th e ms elv es b e ver re s ou rce in th e ir
y y
ow e r ; a n d fi n d mea n s to con s ol e th e ms e lv es for
p
th e in d ig n itie s th ey a re obl ig e d to s uffe r .

T h e J e w s in mos t p a rts of th e e mp ire l iv e


, [
,

s e a ra te from th e M oors a nd th oug h op p re ss e d in


p , ,

oth e r re s p e cts a re a ll ow e d th e e x ercis e of th e ir re l i


,

g ion M a ny of th e m h ow e v er in ord e r to a v oid


.
, ,

th e a rb itra ry trea tme n t to w h ich th e y a re con tin ua ll y


e xp ose d h a v e p rofes se d th e M a h ometa n re l ig ion
, .

U p on th e ir re n ou n cing J uda is m th ey a re a d mitte d


to a l l th e p riv il e g es of th e M oors .

T h ere a re grea t n u mb ers of J e w s in th e moun


mine of M orocco + w h o a re e nga ged in l a b orious ,

e mp l oy me n ts to w h ich th e oth er in h a b ita n ts a re


,

a v e rs e T h is h ow e ve r d oes n ot d e te r oth e rs from


. , ,

a tte m tin g to ra is e th e mse lv es to e min e n t s ta tion s a t


p
court O n e of th e ir n a tion n a me d P a ch eco w a s
.
, ,

se n t a mb a ssa d or to th e U n ite d P rov in ces H e died .

a t th e H a g ue 1604 a n d w a s i n te rre d w ith g rea t


, ,

om S ome time a fte r i n th e s a me ce n tur tw o


p p .
y , ,

J e w s w ere resid ents in H oll a n d from th e cou rts of ,

Portuga l a n d S a in :
p
A D . . T h e J e w is h sy n a g ogues h a v in g
b een d e mol ish ed in th e k in gd om of Fe z M ul ey ,

M a h ome t w h en h e a scen de d th e th rone n ot on l y


, ,

Ch en ier s

P rese nt Sta te of M oroc co, v ol . i p 15 7 . . .

t It ha s bee n co mp uted th a t th e re a re nea r l


y four h u nd red t h on
~

sa nd Jews in M orocco , Fez, a nd Al ie rsg .


—Dis ser l a tion s Criti ques .

3; Ba snage , p 7 17 . . G re goire , p .

v 2
3 24 H ISTO RY OF THE JEWS .

ca us e d th e m to be ma d e one of thy
re b uil t , but
n a ti o n his h igh treas ure r a n d rime min is te r T h is
p .

eo le h ow e v e r h a v e fre q ue n tl y s uffe re d from the


p p , ,

ty ra n n
y a n d zca
p rice of : th e a rb it rar
y sove re igns of

Morocco S id i Ma h ome t the emp e ror ha v ing


.
, ,

i mp ose d a h ea vy ta x on h is son M ul ey Al i, com


ma n de d h im to ra ise th e s u m re q uire d on the -
,
(

J ew ish c ommun ity w h o not bei n g a s h e sa id


, , ,
'

in th e roa d to sa lv a tion me r ite d n o ind ulge nce ? , »

Th e p ri nce offe re d h is fa the r the re v e nu es of h is


gov e rn me n t b ut ea rn es tl y e n tre ate d hi m not to
,

O p p ress th e J e ws a nd a dd to w re tch ed ne ss w h ich


, ,

w a s a l rea dy too g rea t l ae


.

A D . . M ul ey I sh ma el ing e nious in ,

fi nd ing p rete n ce s for p l un d erin g h is s ubj e cts a s ,

s e mbl e d th e J e ws a nd th u s ad d res s ed th e m
,

D ogs a s y ou a re I h a v e s en t for y ou to obl ige


,

o u to t urn M a h ome ta ns I h a v e l on g b ee n a m use d


y .

w ith a n i dl e ta l e res p ectin g th e comin g of th e Mes


s ia h . For my p a rt I b el iev e h e IS co me d ready ;
,

th e re fore if y ou d o n ot fi x th e p recis e tim


, e in
w h ic h h e 13 to a p p ea r I w ill l e a ve y ou n eith er rpm
,

rt n or l ife ; I w ill b e trifl e d w ith n o lon ge r


p e y .

T h e J ew s te rrifie d a n d as ton is h ed a t th is a d dfi ess


, ,

re p re se n te d th e p u n c tua l ity w ith wh ich th e h a d


y p aid
th e e n ormous ta x e s i mp os ed up on th e m After .

th ey h a d a t th e ir re q ues t
, ob ta in e d a w ee k to ,

re a re a n a n s w er th e c oll ecte d a l a r e s um hf
p p y , g
money to p res en t to th e e mp e ror a nd i n forme d him ,

th a t th e ir d octors h a d c on cl ud e d th a t th e M e ss ia h ,

w ou ld a p p ea r in th irty y ears Yes re l ie d Is h




p .
,

mael ta k ing th e mon ey


,
I un de rs ta nd y ou do
, g s ,

Ch i r P t S t te of M o occo

en e l rese n p 15 9
a -
r , . .
32 6 ms roa r
'
or THE JEWS .

th e J e ws , th ough n ot con cern e d in th e re bell iéng

w e re ge d w ith trea s on a n d cruelly ra ck e d a nd


ch a r , .

torture d S e v era l h u n d red s l ost th e ir l iv es from


.

b e ing s usp e nd e d by l ong rop es a n d book ed na il s , ,

on th e ou ts id e of th e tow e r w a l l s O th ers w ere .

u n is h e d by b urn in g ; s ome b s t ri es ; a n d th e
p y p
g rea te r p a rt by con fi sca tion of th e ir p rop erty were
, ,

re d uce d to a s ta te of p overty T h is e xtre me cru .

el t i n d uce d g rea t n u mbe rs to l ea v e Alg iers a n d


y
e s ta b l is h th e ms e l ve s in oth e r a rts of B a rba r
p y p ar ,

ticul a rl y a t T u n is Ma ny of th e more re l igious


.

a mon g the m c on s id erin g th e p ers ecution a s a


,

w a rn in g from h ea v e n to l ea v e d ista n t cou n tries ,

r es or ted to P a l e s tin e a nd to th e n eigh bou r h ood o


f
J er u s a l em a s if th e time of th e ir r es tor a tion w a s
,

a t h and T h ere a re s till h ow e ve r a b ou t n ine


.
, ,

th o usa n d J e w s a t Alg iers w h o h a v e e ig h t p u bl ic ,

s n a g og ues ; b u t m an
y of th e p riv il e ge s w h ic h th e
y y
e n o e d h e fore th e y ea r 18
j y 0 4 th e y n o l on ge r p os ,

s e ss . T h e J e w s of Alg ie rs a re a ll ow e d th re e w iv es
a t a tim e w h om th e y ma y re p ud ia te a t p l ea s ure
, .

T h e y a re to a con s id era bl e e xte n t s u bj e ct to a


, ,

e rs o n of th e ir o w n na tion , w h os e d e cis io ns
p a re

d es p otic , a nd w h o is l
e e c te d b y th e D e y h imse lf ,

T h e p re se n t ch ie f of th e J e w s in th a t c it
y is
M r J a cob C rav Ba crifl
.

Eve n i n th e h ea rt

of Africa th is w retch e d e o
p
me et th eir p re d ic e d a te t f . At a n san i n ,
S d g
h und re mi es eas tw a rd rom th e
d l f A tla nti c a , recen t

tra ve ll e r d iscove re d some o f th e de scen da n ts of


I s ra el .T h e se J e w s h e ob se rv es in d ress
, ,

a nd a p p ea r a n ce ver
y muc h re s e mbl e th e A ra b s .

Jewish Expo it F b u y 1817 s


—7 8
or, e r ar , , .
HI STO RY OF TH E JEWS .

But th ough th ey so f m to th e rel igi on of


fa r con or

Mah omet a s to re cite p ubl ic p ray ers from th e


,

Koran th ey a re but l ittl e res p ecte d by th e n eg roes


,

ve n th e M oors th e mselv es a ll ow e d th a t th ough ,

a C h ris tia n I wa s a better ma n th a n a J e w


, .

The full imp ort of th e se w ord s will be b est un d er


stodd b y th os e w h o h a ve l e a rned from M r P a rk s

.

re v iou s accou nts th e e x tre me d e g re e of con te m


p , p
tuon s ma l ig n ity to w h ich th e M oors in th a t p art of
Africa p ush th e ir h a tre d of th e C h risti a ns l
.
ae

P k T v l i to the I te ior of Afri 1790 p 2 04 2 05


ar

s ra e s n n r ca , , .
, .
32 8 H IS TO RY THE JE WS
'

or .

C H AP T E R XX I V .

0f the J
ews in Ge rmany — The bishop of Col ogne e xpe ls them from

h is d iocese s -
Vi tor
c a Carbe , a b u re. j th e Jewish s ur ge s,
writes aga ins t h is na ti on — Ano the r d ese rter of th e sy na gogue ,

a tte mp ts t o pe rs uad e th e e mpe ror to orde r th e J wi h


e s boo
be b u rn l
t — H is p an d efea te d by Reu ch in — Of th e e ffects the l
m
.

r efor a tion u pon t h e s ta te of th e ew s — Of th eir sitti dtibn ih J .

Mersb nrg; ohe m B


i a, and un a ry — A fa l se Messia h a ppea u tin
H g
G ermany h i th e se ve nteen th cen tu ry .

IN th e th ree la st c ha
p te rs a n ac cou n t h as ,
b ee n
g ive n of th e J ews in A s ia an d Africa d urin g th re e
ce n turie s . It is n ow time to turn to th ose of

E urop e , w h ere th e ir gs in fe rin


s uf th e middl e a ges
h a v e b e e n a l rea d y b riefl y rel a ted .

A t th e co mme n ce me nt of th e s ixtee n th ce n ur t y ,

th e b is h op of J e w s from h is
C ol og n e e xp e ll ed th e
d iocese Victor a Ca rbe w h o h a d re noun ce d J u
.
,

d e is m to obta in p re fermen t in th e cl erica l l ine w rote ,

a v e h e me n t in v ective a ga in st h is b re th re n a n d ,

h igh l y a p p l a ud e d th e p re l a te for h a v ing a s h e s ty l e d ,

it l uck e d th e ta re s from th e Lor d s fi el d



H

e
, p .

a d v is e d th e C h ris tia n s n ot to d is p u te w ith h is


b re th re n b ut to comp e l th e m to a bj u re th e ir re l i
,

g ion by coerc iv e mea s ures .

A fe w y ea rs a fter an oth er con v e rt n a med , ,

Pfe p fe rcorn a tte mp te d to p ers ua d e th e e mp e ror


,

M a x imil ia n tha t a l l th e J e w is h b ook s ough t to be


b urn ed ,
b e ca us e th ey w ere rep l e te w ith fa b les ,

fa l se a ccoun ts a n d bl a s p h e mies a ga in st C h rist


, .

S ome time be fore h e h a d w ritte n up on th e J e w s


c el e b ra tin g th e p a s sov e r a n d ch arge d th e m wi th
,

b eing a p os ta te s from th e O l d as w ell a s en e mi es to ,


330 msronr or THE J aw s .

He e env th rea tene d th e p op e w ith rej e ct i n g h is


a uth ority a n d se a ra tin g from th e ch urch , u nl ess
, p

Re uchl in a n d th e J e ws h e d efe nded w e re c on
, ,

d e mn e d But a l l h is e fforts w e re va in a n d h e w a s
.
,

obl ig e d to return mortifi e d a n d d isgra ce d The .

vi ctory w h ich h is op p one n t h a d ga in e d e x p ose d


h im to th e e n mity of th e monk ish p a rty But h e

i n formed th e m th a t h e w a s p ersua d e d tha t


,

Ma rtin Lu th er w h o th e n b e ga n to ma k e a fig ure
,

in G e rma n y w ould fi nd th e m s o much e mp l oy me n t


, ,

th a t th ey w ould p ermit h im to e nd h is da y s in

T h e p rog ress f ma tion in Ge rma ny


of th e re or

o v ed a o w erful s tim ul us to m e n ta l e x e rtion


p r p .

Th e p rote s ta n t d ivi n es m ore con v e rsa n t w ith th e


,

l ea rned l a n g ua ge s th a n th e monk s a n d cl ergy in


a s t a ge s s tud ie d th e w ritin gs of th e ra bb ie s in
p ,

ord er to con fute th e m up on th e ir ow n p rincip l e s .

T h e R oma n Ca th ol ic cl ergy p a id more a tte n tion to


th e l a n g ua ge s th a n forme rl y and
p u rs u ed th e s a me
,

me th od H en ce th e J e w is h p ubl ica tions w e re n ot


'
.

on l y s p a red b ut p erus e d more th a n e ve r


, The .

i mp ul se w a s g iv e n to th e E urop ea n rep u bl ic of
l e tte rs ; a n d e v e n th e J e w s a w ak e ne d by th e ge ,

n e ra l a ctiv ity p u bl is h ed
,
s e v e ra l g ra m m a rs a nd

l exicon s in th e H eb re w la ng ua g e a n d e xerte d ,

th e mselv es in d efe n d in g th eir rel ig ion a ga ins t th e ir


l ea rne d op p on e n ts .

A D
. . Th e reforma ti on in a g rea t mea ,

s ure , freed th e J e w s from th e p ers ecution s to w h ich


th ey w ere con t i n ua ll e x osed in th e mid dl e a g es
y p + ,

1*D id L i obse v ; “
B a sna
g p 7 3
e,3 V ill
. rs t.h R f m
e ti
ono p 1e07 e or a n, . .

av ev T h k b t God d th fo m tio
r es an s e o an e re r a n
HISTO RY OF TH E J E
'

W S.
'

founde d
'

h a rges of crucify ing Ch ris tia n


u p on th e c

Ch il d re n a n d p rofa n ing con s e cra te d wa fe rs


,
T h ey , .

h ow e ve r e n terta ine d a n e x tre me a v ers ion to L uthe r

W
, ,

be ca u s e b e d e te rre d s ome C h ris tia n p rin ces from re


ce iv in th e m in to th e ir d om in ion s
g .

It w a s d ete rmin e d b y th e th e olog ica l a n d L n


th era n fa c ul ties of irte mberg a n d R os tock tha t ,

a C h ris tia n w h e n s ick ca n n ot ca l l in th e a ss is ta n ce of

a J e w is h h s icia n b eca u s e th ey e mp l oy ma g ica l


p y ,

r e me d ie s ; a n d s in ce th e cu rs e of h ea v e n h a s b e e n

ron oun ce d a ga in s t th is p e op l e th e y oug h t n ot to


p ,

cu r e th e C h ris tia n s w h o a re th e ch il d re n of,G o d « .


6

T h e d isp u te s b e twee n th e C h ris tia ns a nd J e w s


ga v e ris e to a n e w s ect a mong th e l a tter w h o w e re ,

s t l e d in con te m t D em i J e ws S e id e l ius on e of
y p
-
.
, ,

th e s e d octors a p p ea re d in T ra n s y lv a n ia a n d ma in
, ,

ta in e d th a t th e M ess ia h re ga rd ed on ly th e J e wish
n a tion to w h om h e h a d b ee n p ecul ia rly p romise d
,

in th e sa me ma n n e r a s th e l a n d of Ca na a n He as .

s e rte d th a t th e P a ga n w orld h a d n o more s h a re in


,

th e forme r th a n in th e l a tte r ; a n d th a t th e w h ol e
,

of re l ig ion is con ta in e d in th e d e ca l og ue a nd ,

w ritte n in th e h ea rts of me n S e idel ius n ot b ein g .


,

a bl e to ga in con v e rts i n n a tiv e cou n tr


y ,

re m ov e d to P ol a n d a nd th e re a cq uire d a n umb er of,

foll ow e rs + .

T h e J e w s at Me rsb urg w h o p re te nd ed to h a v e ,

b e e n th ere s e ttled e ve r s in ce th e d e struc tion of J e ru


s a l e m w e re b a n is h e d fromth e cit a n d d ioce s e b th e
, y y
we w
no j y en ol p i il g d imm iti
sev e ra i th r v l tt e es an un es n e se v e ra s a es

i wh i h w
n c ttl d w h i h
e are t
se w et , g t i c ou r a nces ors ere s ran e rs o s nce
” ’
th e ir dispe rsion .
-
L ev i s L e tters to Pr ies tl ey , p 19
. .

G re goi re on th e Reforma tion of th e J ews , p 4 6


. .

l '
Ba sna ge , p 7 33 . . t I
111 mm or ra n JEWS .

bish op Ad ol p h us ea rl i ix t t

W
h h I II!

y n t e s e en t c e n u r
y .

15 5 9; th e mpe ror e F erd ina nd I n ot on ly p rotec te d .

t h is op press ed p ee p l e 1b ut a l l owe d th em th e p ri v i ,.
~

l ege of h a v ing p rin ces of th e ca p tiv ity in G erma ny ,

a n d ord e re d th a t a ra bb i of orms s houl d be re


p
ferred be fore a ny of h is na tion ; A mong th e ch iefs
'

*
,

th e ra b bi J ak oc k a na tive of W orms w a s e mi

W
" ‘ ‘
.

, ,

ue ntl y d is tin g uish e d for h is l e a r nin He l e ft fou r g .

s on s w h o a l l d is cha rg ed imp orta n t oflice s an d w ere


, , .

h ig h l y cel e bra te d by th e ir coun try m en + .


~
.

T h e J e ws i n B oh e mia e ve r s ince the te nth ce n


.
,

tu ry , h a v e b een g e n era ll y tre a te d w ith more


. -
. e

ge nce th an in mos t oth er co un trie s on a ccount of ,

s om e im orta nt s erv ice s w h ich th e r e n d ere d th e


p y
'

C h ristia ns a ga in s t th e b a nd itti T h ey h a d b uilt a .

s u e rb
p s na g og ue
y a nd e re c te d a n a c a d e m
,y at

P ra g ue ov er w h ich the cel e bra ted ra bb i F a lk p re


, .
s

s id ed y
j B t i 1 5 80 c fl ti on h a v in g d e
'

u o
n a n a
g ra ,

s o me m
'

k g
'

s tro ed t f th i d th w e re
y p a r o e n o e y .
,

a c cu se d o f b ein g a cces sa ries to it a nd w e re con :


'
'

de mn e d T ho se w h o e sca p e d a cruel de a th we re

W
. .

The J e ws in G e rma ny b oa s te d , th a t the ir e e nte re d t h e


a nc s to rs

coun try be fo re th e d estruction of t h e ir second temp l e T h ose of .

ms d to h a v e g iv en g ood p roof to th e em
p re te nd e
'

or pe ro r a nd th e
sta tes of the e mpire , th at the ir ’a m eestors ha d no co nce rn in o ur
'

Sa v iou r s

c ru ci fi xi on, a nd th a t from time imme moria th e y h ad b e e n l
s et t edl in th is c it
y , w h ich 15 t h e re a s o n th ey h a v e o b ta ined p rivi lg
e es

w h ich o th e rs W ith “
of a re d e rive d
p . th is vi ew the y h ave inse rte d 1n

the Tol do s Je sch u th e extra ct o f a l e t te r, w h ic h the y p rete nd th e


sa nh ed r i m of W or ms ww te to th e k in g of J ude a

from put tin e s us h ris t to d e


gJa th C . Mr Ba sna ge.

a n th er of th e o d e s J e sch u w ho T l a me mb er d th e sy na g m e of

W ma Ba m ge , D is s ersn tznns fi r itiq ucs ; 80



'
o . . on

l
''
I bid .
p . 7 84

t

i Th is ra bb i int rod umd the Ch r stia n i me th od of disp utin g , bub b e


soon fou nd it dis g uste d h is br th ren e .
3 4
3
msr onr or ra n JEWS .

d omi n i ons . Th os e M ora vi a s uffe re d a sev ere


of

p e rse cu t io n i n 1 5 7 4 , a n d m a n
y w e re
p u t to a c ru e l
d ea th b efore th e ir fri e n ds w ere a bl e to afford the m
a ss is ta n ce .T h ose of F ra n con ia w ere a ccu sed of
se ttin g fi re to s e v e ra l h ouses i n th e tow n of Ba m

b erg a n d w ere p l u nde re d of th e ir effec ts N ot


, .

w ith s ta ndi ng th ese mis fortun e s th ey ob ta in e d l iberty


to se ttl e i n th e d uk e of B ru n s w i ck s terri tories at th e

en d o f th e s ix tee n t h ce n tury f "

S e v e ra l l ea rne d ra bb ies a p p eare d in Ge rma ny


d uring th e se v en te enth ce n tury ; a mon g oth ers a
fa mous ca bbm ist na med Na th a n de S p ira fromS p ire
, , ,


th e p l a ce of h is b irth H e p ubl is h ed a work s ty le d
.

th e Good of th e La n d in ord er to cel eb ra te ,

th e coun try of P a l e stine ; a n d a l so a ca bba l is tical


comm e n ta ry on s ome v e rs es of D e ute ron omy in ,

w h ich h re te n d e d to fi n d a n d res olv e th e d ee p e s t


ep
my s te ries f -

O n e of th e mos t fa mous d octors w h ich G erma ny


r o d u ce d in th is cent ury w a s Isa a c Lor ia a uth or of
p ,

a me ta p h y s ica l in trod uction to th e ca b ba la I n th is .

w ork h e exa min e s th e rea so ns w h ich i nd uce d G od to


c rea te th e w orld H e a l s o p ubl is h e d s e v e ra l oth e r
.

l ea rned trea tis es T owa rds th e concl us ion of h is


.

l ife h e re tired to Pa l e stin e a nd wa s b urie d a t S e


,

h e ta i n U e r G a l il e e
p pp .

A D. . At th is p eriod ra b b i M ord eca i ,

a G e rm a n J ew w h o h a d a cqu ire d g rea t cel eb ri ty

W
,

am on g h is b re th re n for h is l ea rn in g a n d a u s te re

man ne r of l ife p rete nd ed to be th e M essia h


, .

Ma n y of th e G erma n a n d I ta l ia n J e ws ere s e
d uced by th e im p os t or a n d a ck n owl e dge d h is d ivi n e
,

Bas na ge , p 7 3 6. . t Ibid p 7 87
. . .
H IS TO RY ‘
O F TH E JE S W .

miss ion . It wa s n ot l ong , h ow e v er,


b efore th ey
w e re se n s ib e of
l th e folly of th e ir bl in d cre d ul ity ;
a nd th e fa
f
own sa e ty
l se Mes s ia h
by fl igh tfi “
w a s obl ig ed to p rov id e for h is

J ortin s Re mark s , v ol . 11.



p 3 06
. .
336 HISTORY or ,
ra n a s .

C H A PT E R XX V .

a
St t
a e of th e J e ws P l
in o a nd — h ey p ri vi eges from
T obta in e xtens ive l
C as imire the G rea t — h ey a re a T
so h i h y fa v ou red by o h n Sob i l g l J
c sk i.
— O f th e ite rar y e w sl in o a n d — J
rospe ro us con d ition of Pl P
th e n a tion a t a mbu r
g
—H O f th ose i n u n a r — A a r e c ou nc i of
y H g . l g l
J e ws a re s a id to h a v e conve ned on th e p a ins of Aged a in th is l
country — . P
rospe rou s s ta te of th e e ws a t ienna - O f th e ir c on J V .

d ition in oth e r cities in Ge rmany — An a ccou nt of se ve ra ea rned ll


J w wh i
e s, o, n th e se ve ntee nth ce ntu ry , we re conv e rte d to th e
C h i ti
r s l igi
an re on .

A D TH E fl ouri sh in g s ta te of th e J e w s
u n d e r C a s im
. .

i n P ol an d ,
ire th e G rea t h a s b e e n me n ,

tion e d in a p rec e d in g ch a p ter ; in con se q ue n ce of


th e e x te n siv e p riv il e ge s w h ich th is mon a rch s a ffe c

tion for E s th e r a b ea u tifu l J e w e ss in d uce d h im to


, ,

g ra n t th e m th ey in a ma n n e r en g rossed a l l th e
, , ,

comme rce in th e cou n try a n d th us a c q u ire d


p ow er ,

a n d a ffl ue n ce Th e p ros p e rous s ta te of th e ir a ffa irs


.

in th is k in gd om w a s n ot h ow e v e r w h oll y ow in g to , ,

th e k ing s e d icts in th e ir fa v o u r b ut ma y in p a rt b e

a ttrib ute d to th e ir ow n in d us try th e in d ol e n ce of ,

th e h igh er cl a sse s of s oc ie ty a n d th e o p re ss e d
p ,

s ta te of th e ale
e a sa n ts
p .

The l ig iou s z ea l w h ich ca us ed th e reforma tion


re

to b e b a n is h e d from P ol a n d w a s s o ca p ric iou s a s to ,

a ll ow th e J e w s a n e n tire l ib ert of con sc ie n ce


y .

T h ey n ot on l y p oss esse d s up e rb sy n a gog ues a n d


a ca d e mies b ut w e re ow ne rs of l a n d a n d h a d a t
, ,

C ra cow a court of j ud ica ture w h ich w a s p ermitted ,

to j ud g e of c rimin a l a s w e ll a s c iv il con ce rn s But, .


,

B sn g p 7 3 5
a a C x T l t P l d l 1 p 148
e, . . o e s

ra ve s o o an , vo . . . .
338 marrow or T HE JE S W .

b a p ti s m w rot e thirty s ev en d e mon stra ti ons in orde r


,
-

to p rov e th a t th e M e s s ia h w a s come a nd w a s a ,

d iv ine p erson d istinct from G od th e F a th er



.
,

H a mb urg ha s be e n s ty l e d the l es s er J erusa l e m ,

on a ccou n t of th e mul titudes of J e ws w h o h a v e

l on g in h a b ite d the city a rid ca rrie d on commerce .

S ome of th is p eop l e a cqu ire d w ea l th a n d oth ers ,

d istin g uish ed th e mselv es by th eir k n owl edge in


'

v a rious s cien ces p a rticula rl y tha t of p h y s ic In


, .

th is c ity a l ea rn e d ra bb i n a med E sd ra s E d ga rd us
, ,

h a vi ng e mb race d t h e C h ris tia n rel ig ion in 16 90 a s ,

s iduou sl l a b oure d to con v ert h is b re th re n a n d h is


y ,

effort s w e re in v a rious in s ta nce s crow n e d w ith

re ma rk a bl e s ucce s s
* .

T h e e mp eror F erd ina n d III g ra n te d th e Je w s .

g rea t p riv il eges a t P ra gue on a ccoun t of th e i r e mi


n en t s erv ice s in d e fe n d in g th e city w h e n it w a s b e ,

s ieg e d b t h e S w e d es in 16 4 1 R a bb i J e h ud a h Leo
y .

comp il e d a h i s tory of th e tra nsa ction in wh ich h e ,

h igh ly e x toll e d th e fi d el ity a n d b ra v ery of h is


b re th ren on th is occa s ion b ut more e s p ecia ll y th e ir
n a s s embl in g in th e ir s y n a g og u e s to ofi er
'

p y i et i
r a ers for th eir s ucce s s ; a n d a p p e a re d to a s crib e
p y
th e p res erv a t i on of th e c ity to th e ir p e tition s a n d
merit
I n H un ga ry th e J e ws e nj oy e d th e p rivil eg e of
fa rmi ng th e rev en ue s till F er d in a n d I I d ep rive d .

th e m of it b y a n e d ict in 16 30 T h ey n otwith .

s ta n d in g f o u n d m e a n s t o e l u d e t h is d ec ree s in ce ,

B i h p K idd wh
s o e r, o corres
p o d d w ithnh im e y th t h h , sa s, a e as

b e
e n an i
ns rt u men to f t i g
co nv e r m n J w i
ore l d i g
e ms, y b binc u n an ra ns ,

t h na h
a ve p e h
r a s e ve r
p b t d
ee n conve r e by ny o n p s ai th w l de e r on n e or

i
s nce th
e a e o
g f m i l
rac es.

Modem U i rsal Histo y ol xiii p 42 6


n ve r , v . . . .
msron r or TH E JEWS . 839

F erd ina n d I I I wa s obl iged to is s ue a n ew e d ict


.
,

w h ic h c on d e mn ed th os e to th e l os s of th e ir p l a ce s ,

w ho a d mitte d th is p eop l e to a ny of th e m S till .


,

h owe v e r th e y re ta in e d th e ir e mp l oy men t till th e


, .

e mp e ror re p ea te dl y se n t c ommis s ioners . to a rm ]


th e m th e l a s t of w h ich a rriv e d in 16 5 5 l ae
, .

N otw ith s ta n d in g th es e O p p res s ion s th is k in gd om , ,

if a ccoun ts a re to be cre d ited s oon b eca me th e ,

s ce n e of a me mora bl e e v e n t I t is rel a ted th a t in .


, ,

th e y ea r 16 5 0 th e J e w s w ea ried a nd p e rp l ex e d by
, ,

th e mis e r ie s of a ca p tiv ity p rotra cte d th rough s ix


tee n ce n tu ries re s olv e d to b old a na tion a l cou ncil
, .

for th e comp l e te in v e s tiga tion of th e g rea t q ues tion ,

w h e th e r th e M es s ia h w a s a l r ea dy come The , .

l a in of Ag e d a a b ou t th irt l ea g ue s from B ud a
p y , ,

wa s s el ec te d for th e a ss e mbl y T h is p l a ce w a s .

ch os e n on a ccoun t of th e w a r b e tw ee n th e T u rk s

a n d k in g of H un g a r b oth ar tie s h a v in g g ive n


y p ,

th e n a tion p e r mis s ion to con v e n e in th is p a rt


of th e c ou n tr T h re e h un d re d of th e mos t e mi
y .

n e n t ra b b ie s a n d a v a s t mul titud e of oth er J e w s


, ,

a ssis te d a t th e cou n cil ; a n d Z e ch a ria h of th e trib e ,

o f L e v i w a s ch os e n th e ir res id e n t a n d s e a k e r +
, p p .

M ode rn Univers al Hi ts or
y , v ol . xiii .
p 42 7
. .

A na rra tive of th e g re a t cou n ci l of J ews o n th e p l a ins of A ged a

in H u ngary l
w as p ub ish ed in th e t nix, ll
or a co e cti on of sca rce

an d l
v a ua b e l ‘
p a pers , in An acco un t of th is as se mbl y is l
a so

i nse rte d in th e t h irte e nth vo u l me of th e M od e rn Un ive rsa l Hi t s ory 3

th e a u th ors o f th is work re fe r to B re t s narra tiv e



in th e Ph aanix, b ut
mention n o oth er a u th orit T l H

y . h is pa rt of th e Unive rsa is tory is


wr itte n b y Psa l man a za r, a nd , as h e w as a
'

s up p ose d to h a v e bee n
g
pers on of re a t ea rnin l g , a n d v e ry c on v e rsa n t i n eb re w l i te ra ture , H
and
p roba b y ived much with th e ews , h is me nti onin o f it is a
l l J g
c ire m
u s ta nc e in fav ou r of its cred ibi ity It i s a so cons ider ed as a n l . l
th e ntic by Dr O wen, in h is Essa y on m y Mr I g W

. a e orsh ip 3 a nd b . .
.

z2
W
340 HISTO RY or THE J a ws .

Afte r th e a sse mbl y h a d e xcl ud ed a ll w h o could not ,

p r o v e th e m se l v es of J e w is h o rig in th e p re s id e nt ,

th us ro os e d th e foll ow in g q ues tion : h v


p p e a e

c on v e ne d in th is p l ac e to e xa min e w h e th e r th e M es

s ia h is re a ll co me or w h eth e r w e mus t s till e x ec t


y p
~
,

h is a p p ea ra nce ? S ome p rofess ed th e ms el ve s in


cl in e d to b e l ie ve th a t h e h a d a l rea dy come s in ce th e ,

ca l a mitie s w h ich t h e ir n a tion h a d s u ffe re d d ur in g a

s e r ies of a g e s c ould n ot b e ow in g to th e ir id ol a tr
y ,

a crime w h ich th e y h a d ca re fully a v oid e d s inc e th e ir

re tu rn from th e B a by l on ia n ca p tiv ity But th e .

maj ority of th e council a gre ed th a t th e M ess ia h ,

h a d n ot a p p ea re d a n d th a t h is d el ay was ow in g to
,

th e ir s in s a n d imp e n ite nc e .
at
e

T h ey n ext ma n n er th e ir l on g
d eb a te d in w h a t
e x e c te d d eli v e re r w oul d ma n ife s t h ims e lf ; a n d rea
p
d ily a g ree d th a t h e w oul d a p pe a r a s a mig h ty con
,

u ero r a n d d e l iv e r th e m from a l l fore ig n d omin ion


q , .

Afte r t h e s es s ion h a d c on tin u ed s ix da y s a l ear ne d ,

ra b b i na m e d Ab ra h a m s tren uous l u rge d u o n th e


,
y p ,

coun c il th e n ece s s ity a nd p rop r ie ty of s trictl


y
e xa min in in to th e rete n s ion s of t h e C h ris tia n

g p
M es s ia h J es us of N a z a re th T h e P h a ris ees w h o

W
.
, ,

ov e rrul e d th e as se mb l y a n s w e re d th a t h e could , ,

n ot b e th a t d is tin g u is h e d p ers on a g e b e ca use h e ,

Ri h d f Oxf d
c ar s o d l t l y by M h it k
or , i hi
an Di
a e tat i r. a er n s sse r on

on P ph y It i m ti d i D J ti R m k E l i
ro ec

. s en o ne n r. or n s

e ar s on cc es as

ti l H i t y
ca d
s or l m ,
d d d iti
secon vo ua d i th
e, an secon e on , n n o er

l
ea rn ed wo k o th thr h d the
s. u ti e i p o
o er d an , na rr a ve s r n o u nce

f b l
a by M
u ou s B I l d h i th ity h th g t
e na ss es en sra e , an s au or as e rea e r

w ig h t be
e ,
t th t im
ca use , a f th p bl i ti i q
e v ery ti h e o e u ca on n ues on , e

w as n go i ti g w ith C
e c a mw ll f th n t f hi b g
ro h e Th or e re urn o s re

l efl e

E gl i h J w l t t th
n s e s a so t f th i rea il f b ul ; a d
e accou n o s co u nc as a o us n

Ba sn age does no t me ntion it in h is h istory —Butl er s H ar e ’


Bibl icc .

M od ern Uni versal His t . v ol . xiii .


p.4 2 9 , 4 3 0 .
3 42 -
msr onv or T HE JEWS .

c on ve rs e w i th me p rotes ta n t d iv in es But tlre


so .
'

re s e nce of s o m m nk s d e terre d th e m a nd
p an
y o ,

ma d e th e m a p p re he nd s ome tra g ica l concl us ion to


th e a ss e mbl y ” .
6

A D
. . A b out th is pe riod th e J e ws ha d
a cq u ire d s uch a n a sce n d en c a t V ie nn a t h t b bi
y a ra ,

Z ech a ria h ob ta in ed p e rmis s ion to e rect a sup erb


s na gog ue a n d a ca d e m i ord e r to re v iv e re l ig ion
y y n ,

a n d l e a rnin g a mon g h is b re th re n H e e n d ow e d th e .

l a tter w ith a s uffici e nt p en s ion to s up p ort tw e n ty


fou r ra bb ie s w h o w e re to rea d l e ctures on th e
,

Ta l mud d a y a n d n igh t It wa s a l way s to b e op e n


.
,

a n d th e d octors a l te rn a t ely to re l ie v e ea ch oth e r .

T h e a ca d e my h ow e v e r w a s s carcel y comp l eted


, ,

b e fore th e e mp eror e xp ell ed th e m from th e ca p ita l .

a n d con ve rte d th e ir sy n a g og ue in to a c h urch A fter .

th e d ea th of th e e mp re ss in 16 7 3 w h o h a d s ii p er
, ,

s titiou sl a ttr ibu te d a mis fortu n e w h ich s h e s uf fe re d


y
to th e tol e ra tion of th e J e w s th ey w ere re ca ll e d , ,

a nd a d mitted to s e v e ra l h ig h offi ces a n d titl e s of

h on ou r . But th e p op ul a ce w h o en v ie d th e op u ,
-

l e n ce th ey a cq uired u n d er th e gov e rn me n t u s e d ,

th e mos t u nj us tifi a bl e mea s u re s to d e p riv e th e m of


th e ir w e a l th xf
T h e e mp e ror foun d a n e w s ubj e ct of compl a in t
a ga in s t th e J e w s b eca us e w h il e h e w a s e n ga ge d
,
.

i n a w a r w ith th e T urk s th ey a s s is te d th e Ma h o ,

meta n s in ma in ta in in g th e s ie ge of B ud a a n d d is tin ,

u is h e d th e ms e lv es b y th e ir v a l our B ut thou gh
g .

th e ir con d uct w a s h ig h l y re s en te d in G e rma ny and


I ta l y y et a s th e y w e re subj ects of th e O ttoma n
, ,

M d o e rn Unive r . Hi t s . v ol .xiii. p . 2 2 2 .

1 M ode
'
rn Unive r His t. . vol . xiii. p . 4 3 1.
m ro s
'
nv cr e me s a ws . 343

e mp i re ,
h ey
t cou ld n ot j us tl y b e c on d e mn ed for

the ir fide lity to th e ir sove re ign fi
Duri n g th e s even tee nth ce n tury th e J ew s w ere .

num e rous a n d fl ouris h ing in th e p rov ince s of S e rv ia ,

C roa tia M olda v ia V a l en cia &c a s w ell a s in most


, , , .

of th e l a rge c ities in th e e mp ire T h ey w e re .


,

h ow e v e r e xp ell e d from N u re mb urg b ut se ttl e d in


'

, ,

most tow ns in th e v icin ity a n d p os sesse d a sy na


'

gog u e a t Pfurt T h ey w ere onl y p ermitted to e n te r


.

th e city w ith a g uid e w h o w a s obl ige d to re ma in


'

with th e m till th e time of th e ir d e pa r ture For .

me rl y th ey h a d a sy n a gogu e a n d a ca d e my a t Augs
.

b urg a n d th e ir ra bb ie s a n d p u p il s w e re s upp orte d


,

h y th e rich me rch a n ts of th e p l a ce
. But th ey h a v e .

s ince b e e n e xp e ll e d a n d ob l ig e d to urch a se th e
p
,

l iberty of e n te rin g th e c ity a t th e p rice of a fl orin


for e v e ry h our t h ey re ma in e d in itc f
T h e J e w s of W orms were ch arg ed b y on e of
th e ir b re th re n w h o h a d re n ou n ce d th e re l ig ion of
,

h is a nce stors w i th h a v in g th e n a me of J eh ov a h ia
,

s crib e d ou th e to o f th e ir s n a g og ue from a
p y .
,

s u p e rs titiou s n otion th a t it w ou ld b e a n ef fectual


mea n of p res erv in g th e ed ifi ce But th e Fren ch .

conv in ce d th e m of th e v a n it o f t h is id ea w h en
y ,

th e y took th e c it a n d d e mol ish e d th e b uil din g


y I .

T h e J e w s w ere s o n u merou s in F ra nkfort ,

d urin g th e s ev e n te e n th a n d eigh tee n th ce n turies


, ,

th a t th ey w e re com ute d to h a v e a mou n te d to th irtv


p
th ousa n d B ut th e y w e re ofte n p l un d ere d e xp os e d
.
,

to a l l ma nn er of r id icul e a n d e m l o e d in th e mos t
p y ,

se rvil e offi ces A l a te tra v ell e r a s se rts th a t th ey


.
,

w e re c on fi n e d to l iv e in on e s tre et wh ich was l ong , ,

B g ,p 7 3 6
asna e . 1 Ib id . 3 I bid p 73 1; .
,
. .
344 msr oa r or THE JEWS .

s
p a c ious, a nd irreg ul a r , whi e l th e ir h ous es we re
se
p a ra te d ba ck a nd fron t from th e oth e r citiz e ns b y
h ig h w a ll E very e ve n in g a b out te n or e l e ve n ‘

an .
, ,

b oth d of th e s tree t w e re s h ut u a nd n o J ew

en s
p , ,

w ith ou t s p ec ia l p er mis s ion q u it h is p r is on ,


s uf
fe re d to
d ur in g th e time of d ivin e s e rvice a mongth e C h ris tia n s .

T h e i n tol e ra b l e h a rd s h ip s w h ic h th is p e rsecuted
l e e n d ure d in forme r time s w ould h a v e b e e n

e
p p o

a b ol is h e d b ut th e r ich J e w s fi n d in g th e a ss is ta n ce ,

of th e ir p oor b re th re n h ig h l y b e n e fi c ia l to th e m in

ca rr i n g on comme rce ma de p res s in g re mon s tra n ces


y ,

a ga in s t a n c h a n g e ; e v e n th ou gh it w oul d b e a dva n
y
ta ge ous to th e ms e l ve s * .
3

T h e J e w s in P ra g ue we re s o nu me rous in th e
s e v e n te e n th c e n tu r a s to fill a th ird a rt of th e
y p
c it B ut th oug h a ll ow e d a tol e ra tion th e w ere
y .
, y ,

h a te d a n d d e s p is e d b y th e C h ris ti a n s a n d re ma in ed

o o r a n d mise ra bl e ofte n e xp os e d to in s ul ts a nd
p , ,

ob l ig e d to s u b mit to th e mos t d e g ra d in g e mp l oy i

me n ts xl T h e ir cond ition wa s more fa v oura b l e


i n th e foll ow in g ce n tu ry for a l a te tra ve ll e r a s s erts ,

th a t in 17 80 th e re w e re n in e or te n th ousa n d of th e
I s ra el ite s in the c ity T h ey w e re re ma rk a bl y in d us
.

trions a n d in a l mos t e v e ry in n th e re is a J e w w h o
,

erforms th e b us in e s s of a se rv a n t T h ey a re
p
.

a ll ow e d e n tire l ib e rty of c on s cie n ce a n d h a v e a rtis ts ,

th e p a rt of th e tow n a m
pp p ria te d to th e m, w

ca lle d th e J e w s city : ’

S e v e ra l l ea rn ed J e ws in P ol a n d a n d G e rma ny .

bee n c on v e r te d to C h r is ti
'

h a v e a t d ifle re nt p e riod s
, ,

S t lb g T
o er

s l
ra v e s , v ol . : 1. p 36 6 . . t Basna ge , p 7 36 . .

t Ries beck

s T ra vels , v ol i p 42 1
. . . .
W
34 6 HISTO RY or wa s JEWS .

E rnes tus M a ximil ia n B org wa s l


a s o con vi nce d
of th e truth of C h ris tia n ity b y rea d ing th e fi fty third
-

ch a p te r of I s a ia h a n d b a tiz e d a t
, p ra tis l a w In .

th e y ea r 172 2 h e p u bl ish e d a n e xtra ord in a ry w ork


,

w ith th is titl e ,
T h e C h ris tia n D octrin e bu ilt up on
M os es a n d th e Prop h e ts fl A n oth er l ea rned «Ger
,

ma n J e w n a me d C h ris tian M e ir w a s b a p tiz ed a t


, ,

B re me . A mon g v a ri ous oth er p rod ucti


172 2 h e p ubl ish ed a tra ct in ord e r to e vi nce


, , ,

v a rious p rop h e cies of th e O ld T es ta ment tha t J es us ,

C h ri st is the true M ess ia h fi


C h pm E u bius p 5 45
a

an s se , . .
HISTO RY OF TH E JEWS .

C H AP T E R XXV I .

S ta te of th e J e ws I l
in ta y d u rin g th e s ixteen th ce ntury .
-
J nl ius I II .

co mma nds al l th e G e maras to be b u rn t — Of J ose ph Tza rph an ti a nd

l
E ias Lev ita —P u l I V pe rsec ut
. a . es th e J ews , b ut is p re ve nted from
b an i hi g th e m o
s n f l se cu n a a ac sa tion .— P iu s V
iss ues an e d ict
.

a g a inst th e m .
—Sixtus V . trea ts th e m w ith mo re i nd u lg en ce , bu t
Cl e me nt V III . con r fi ms th e ed ic t of P ius — Th Jew
. e s a re to l era ted

at V e nice , and Hb w e re b ook s p rinted in th at city — ea rned . L


Ra bb ies ap pear i V i n en ce an d o th e r p a r ts of ta y — O f th e I l
e ws i n . J
Pad ua —A n u mb f J er o e ws from G erman ta b ish a p rintin l g
.
y es

ofi ce in So ncini — Of th ose i n . Tu rin . —'I‘bey a re fa v ou red and

p ro tec ted by pope nn oce nt I XI . wh o a tte mp ts to conv e rt th e m to


h
t e C
h ris tian re i ion — '‘
I bey " l g . are nu merous in th e l ecc e s ias tical

s ta te in th e ei gh teenth ce ntur
y
— C ha rl es , k in
. g f N pl o a es , iss ues


an edict in the ir fa vou r .

A D . I N a foregoing ch a p ter we h a v e
.

s een th e J ew s in ge n e ra l fa v oure d a n d ro te cte d by


p
th e R oman p on tiffs b ut in I ta l y a s w e ll a s in oth er
cou n tries th e h a v e e x erie n ce d v a riou s v ic is s itud es
y p
, .

J ul ins III b ein g of O p in ion th a t th e in terp re ta tion s


.

of th e G e ma ra h a d a d a n g erous te n de n c com
y ,

ma n d e d a ll th e cop ies of th e w ork th roug h out I ta l y


to be b urn t 1 .
'

U n d er th is p ontifi ca te J ose p h T za rp h a n ti a cel e ,

b ra te d ra b b i e mb ra ced th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion


,
He .

w a s born in Fra n ce b ut up on fi n d in g J e w is h
l ear nin g in a more fl ourish in g sta t e a t R ome h e :
.
‘ , ,

re mov e d to th is cit a n d e x ou n d e d th e T a l mud


y p .

After h is con v ersi on h e wrote a frie n dl y l e tte r to th e


J ew s in w h ich h e p rov e d th a t th e Me ss ia h h a d
, ,

a pp ea re d S oon a fter h e w as a p p oin ted to .

h is u nconv erted b re th ren a n d to th e n e w ,

S C h p XX ee 1B g p 735a . .
‘’
asna e, . .
348 HISTO RY or THE JEWS .

p l
ros e
y te s B ut h is d e s ertin g th e s na g og ue ba d
.
y
re n d e re d h im s o od ious to th e forme r th a t u p on , ,

th e ir re mon s tran ce to ca rdin a l S irl e t th e e mp l oy ,

me n t w a s ta k e n from h im H e w rote a fte rw a rd s a .

tre a tis e s ty l e d T h e Con fus ion of th e J e w s in



, , ,

ord e r to rov e th a t a l l th e m s terie s o f C h ristia n it


p , y y
a re foun d in th e O l d T es ta me n t
l ae
.

A mong th e l ea rn ed J e ws w h o a p p ea re d in th e
s ixte e n th c e n tur
y 1 E li a s L ,e v ita cl a im s th e
p re e m i -

n e n ce a n d w a s on e of th e mos t ce l eb ra te d w rite rs
,

w h ich h is na tion e v e r p rod uce d H e w a s b orn in .

G ermany b ut s p e n t th e grea tes t p a rt of h is l ife in


,

I ta ly . A n a rd e n t d e s ire to a c q uire k n ow l e d g e in
'

d uce d h im to s tud y w ith in te n se a p p l ica tion a n d h e


w a s s o h a p p y a s to l iv e a t a time w h e n th e l e a rn e d

b eg a n to recu r to th e orig in a l foun ta in of th e scrip


tu re s a n d re v ive d th e s tud of th e H e bre w l a n g ua g e
,
y .

E l ia s h a v in g l os t a l l h e p os ses se d in P a d ua w h e n
, .

th a t c it w a s ta k e n a n d l un d e re d orte d h im
y p su
pp ,

s elf a n d fa mil b te a ch in g H eb re w T h is re n d ere d


y y .

h im ob n oxious to h is na tion w h o ce ns ure d h im w ith ,

g rea t a s p e rity for e xp os in g th e d ivine ora cl es to th e


C h ris tia n s by tea ch ing th e m th e sa cre d l a n g ua ge .

H e , h ow e v e r h a d th e res ol ution to p e rs e v ere in h is


,

in s truction s S ome h a v e s up p os ed th a t be e mb raced


.

C h ris tia n ity on a ccoun t of h is l iv ing in h a b its of


,

g rea t frien d s h ip a n d in tima cy w ith th os e of th a t


rel ig ion .But th ough h is mind wa s free fromth a t
,

Bul unge , p . 72 3 .

t In th e s ixte enth centu ry , a l


ce e bra ted Je wish p ae te ss . n a med
D ebo ra h , flo u ris h ed a t Rome , a nd ac
q red
u i l
ce e b rity by h er p oe tic
and oth e r work s a bo u t th e y ea r 15 6 0 ; she li ve d ti ll g
th e be innin of g
th e se ve nteenth centur
y
—fi l a m
en t Uni ver H is t
. .
35 0 msr onr or THE JEWS .

t ra n sl a ted i nto La ti n from th e H e b re w a l l th e book s

from th e S y ria c v e rs ion ?


,


of th e O l d T e s ta me n t a s w e ll a s th os e of th e N ew

A D
. . Pa ul I V wa s th e a v owe d e ne my
.

of th e J e w s a n d is s ue d se v e ra l s e v e re e d icts a ga in s t
,

th e m . By h is d e cree s th ey w e re c omp e ll e d to s ell


a l l th e ir l a n d s to s urren d e r ma n of th e ir bo ok s to
y
th e fl a me s ; to w ea r a d is tin g uis h in g d res s ; to n ea rl
y
fore go a l l in te rcourse w ith C h ris tia n s a n d to h a ve
th a t p a rt of th e c ity w h ere th ey re s id ed s h u t e v e ry
n ig h t . H e a l s o l imite d th e n u mb e r of th e ir sy n a
a n d a ll ow e d th e m onl on e in ea ch c it
g g o ue s , y y o n ,

w h ich b e i mp os e d a trib ute to b e e mp l oy e d fer th e


in s truction of J e w is h ca te ch u me n s wh o w ere ,

w ill in g to e mb ra ce C h ris tia n ity 1 .

D urin g th is p on tifi ca te th ey w ere e xp ose d to a


s till more s e ve re e rs ecu tion E igh ty fe ma l e con
p

v e rts from J uda is m p rete n d e d to h e p oss essed a n d , ,

u on b e in g e x orcise d a ccu s e d th e ir u n b e l ie v in g
p ,

b re th re n with b e w itch ing th e m in ord er to re v e n g e


th e ir a p os ta cy Th e cred ul ous p on tiff w h o e n ter
.
,

ta in e d a n e xtre me a v ers ion a ga in s t th e J e w s re ,

s olv e d to e x el th e m B ut a J e s uit d iss ua d e d h im


p .

from h is d es ig n by p a inting in s tron g col ours th e


a b s u rd it of th e a c cu s a tion a n d s tre n u ous l e n for
y ,y
c in g th e d uty an d n eces s ity of ma k in g a s tri c ter

in q u iry re s p ec ting th e a ll eg e d c rime T h e p re


te n d e d d e mon ia cs b e in g a ccord in gl y e x a min e d by
,

s courg in g c on fes s e d th a t th e h a d b ee n p e rs ua d e d
, y
to a c t th is p a rt b y s ome c ourt iers w h o h op e d to ,

h a v e e n r ich e d th e ms e l v e s w ith th e p l un d e r of th is
d e v ote d ra ce w h e th er th ey we re b a n is h e d or ma s
,
s

C h pm E bi p 5 37
a an s

use us , . l B .
ge p 7 2 3
''
asna , . .
H I ST O RY or T HE JEWS . 35 1

sa cre d . Up on th is d is cov ery th e cour t iers w ere


c on d e mn e d to d ea th ; a n d th e p on tiff e xcl aime d ,

I migh t h a ve suffe re d e terna l p un ish me n t for fun


s tl d e s tro in g th e J e w s h a d n ot m d J i
j u y y y g oo es u t ,

re v e n te d it I w ill ra to G od to c onvert the m a s


p p y .

lon g a s I l iv e ; b ut I n ev e r w ill h a te a nd p erse cute


th e m a s I h a v e formerl y
A D
. . P ius V iss ued a n e d ict a g a in s t th e .

J ew s in w h ich b e a ccuse d th e m of fa l se h ood of


, ,

trea ch e ry a n d of r uin in g th e e ccl e s ia s tica l s ta te by


,

th e ir e xorb ita n t u su ry a n d oth e r c rimes By th is .

d ecree h e e xp ell e d th e m from e v ery p a rt of h is


d omin ions excep t th e citi es of Rome a n d A ncona .

T h e rea s on s b e a ssig ne d for p e rmittin g th e m to


re ma in in h is ca p ita l w ere th a t th e p e op l e migh t
, ,

be re min d e d of C h ris t s s ufle rin gs th a t a w a tch ful



e e mig h t b e k e t ov e r th e m a n d tha t th e sa n ctity


y p ,

of th e p l ace a n d e xa mp l e of th e C h ris tia n s migh t

encou ra ge th e ir con v e rs ion But it h a s b ee n s up .

o s ed t h a t h is rea l motiv e w a s th e ro m otion of


p , p
c omme rce in th e e a s te rn arts a n d th a t h e mig h t by
p ,

th is mea n p rocure s ub st a n tia l a dv a n ta g e to th e H ol y


S ee .

A D . . H is s ucces s or S ix t us V fra n kl y .

d ecl a re d th a t th e p rofi t b e d eriv e d from th e J e w is h


,

merch a n ts w a s h is p rin cip a l mot iv e for tol e ra ti ng


th ose of th is n a tion A ce rta in ra b b i na me d M e ir
. ,

of F re nch e x tra ction ca me to Rome a t th is time , ,

a n d b e in g a ma n of l ea rn in g a n d a dd re ss d e d ica te d

a b ook to th is p on tiff a n d res e n te d to h im a fl a t


p ,

ng e ul ogy i n v erse w h ich w a s tra nsl a te d i nto ,

ia n After h e h a d th us con cil ia te d th e p rotecti on


.

B e
g p 7
a s na2 3 M od U ,
i l.H i t. l xiii p 32 7
e rn n ve rs a s . vo . . . .
3 52 HISTO RY or ra n JEWS .

of th e p op e, h e p e titione d for th e x cl usiv e p ri vil eg


e

o f es ta bl is h in g a s ilk ma n u fa c tu re a t R ome S e xtus .

n ot on ly g ra n te d h is re q ue s t ,
but re v ok e d a l l th e
b ull s a n d ed icts of h is p red eces sors to the con tra ry ,

th oug h th ey h a d b ee n c on fi rme d w ith an oa th


s tre n g th e n e d w ith a me n a ce of e xcomm un ica tion .

A D . . Cl e me n t VIII chu fi rtn ed 1n s ub .

s ta nce th e h ul l of P ius V w h ich e x p e ll e d th e J e w s .

from th e e ccl e s ia s tica l s ta te H e h ow e v e r rel a x e d .


, ,

s o fa r a s to a dd Av ig n on to th e c itie s of re fug e ,

w h ere th ey h a v e b e e n s e ttl e d e v e r s in ce w ith e n tire


l iberty to e xercise th e ir rel ig ion Th e r ea son b e .

a ss ig n e d for th is in d ulg e n ce w a s h is a rd e nt d es ire to ,

e ffe c t th e ir con v e rs ion ]

T h e J e w s w e re tol era te d in a l l th e V e ne ti a n te rri


torie s a n d h a d me rite d th is in d ulg e nce b y e mine n t
,

s e rv ice s w h ic h th e
y p e rfo r me d i n t h e w a rs a ga in s t

th e T u rk s p a rticul a rl
y a t th e s ie ge of C a n d ia
,
.

T h e y w ere n u me rous a n d fl ourish in g in th e ca p ita l .

I n 15 11 Da v id B omb erg ca me from A ntwe rp to


,

V e n ice a n d b e ga n for th e fi rs t ti me to p rint


,

H eb rew B ibl es }; In orde r to ren d er th em more


B g p 72 4
as na e, 1 I bid . .
'
.

3 B mb g p i t d
.
o er l H b w B ibl i f l i d q t t
r n e se ve ra e re es n o o an ua r o a

V i m t f wh i h w
e n ce , os t m d b th by th J w
o c d C h i ti n
e re e s e e e o e e s an r s a s.

Th e d iv is ion of t h e Sc rip tu res in to ch a te rs was i nv en ted by ca rd ina l


p
Hu go in IS 4O . Th e s u bd i v is io n o f th e c h a pte rs i nto v e rses h ad its
or ig i n fro m a fa mo us J e w is h ra bb i, na med M d or e ca i N a th a n , a bout

14 4 5 . Th i s ra b bi, in imita tion of ca rd ina l H g u o , co mp osed a con

cord a n ce to th e H e b re w B ibl e, for th e u se of h is bre th re n . Bu t


g
th ou h h e fo ll o we d H g u o in th e div is ion of th e book s in to ch a p te rs ,

be re fi ne d u p on h is inv e ntion, a nd s ubd iv ided the ch ap te rs into v e rse s .

And th us , as th e J ew s b o rro w ed th e d i v is io n of th e bo ok s of th e

H ly S
o c rip t u re s into ch a
p te rs from th e Ch r is tia ns , th e Ch ris tia ns

b orro wed tha t from th e e ws — Buck


J ’
of t h e ch a p te rs into v erses s

The ol ogica l D ictiona ry , v ol . i .


p 7
. 9 .
35 4 msr onv or T HE JEWS .

S cri p tures w i th so much en ergy a nd s t rength of


a rg ume nt t h a t Luza ti e x cl a imed
, I b esee ch y ou ,

to p e rmit us to be sil e n t a nd s h ut u our b ook s ;


p ,

for if w e p rocee d to e xa min e th e p rop h ecies a ny


furth er w e sh all al l b ecome Ch ristia n s It ca nn ot .

b e d e nied th a t in the p rop h ecy of Da niel , th e


, ,

comi n g of th e M essia h is s o cl ea rl m a n ife s te d t h a t


y ,

th e ti me of h is a p p eara n ce must be a ll ow ed to be
a l rea d s t ; b ut w h e th e r J e sus of N a za reth be
y p a

th e p erson I cann ot d e te rmin e T h i s Sp eech .

cl osed th e d e ba te; a n d ma d e s uch a d e e p i mp res


s i on u on ra bb i S a mue l a n d h is b roth e r J os ep h
p ,

th a t th ey b oth for med th e d es ig n of re nouncin g

W
J uda i s m A fe w month s a fte r u p on recon s id e rin g
.
,

th e s ubj ect se ri ousl y a nd ca l ml y th ey e mb ra ce d th e ,

C h rist ia n rel ig ion In 16 83 Sa mue l p ub l is hed a



.
,

i

w ork in I ta l ia n en titl e d Th e of F a ith n
,
a
y , ,

order to r ov to h i b th th a t th e w e re no
p e s re re n y ,

l on ger b ound to ob se rv e th e ceremonial l a w b ut to ,

emb race th e d octrin es of th e

A nothe r ce l eb ra te d ra bbi n a med M ord eca i ,

Kork os w h o w a s a na tiv e of V e n ice a nd ta ught in


, ,

th is ci ty in 16 87 re n de red h ims elf odious to h is


,

n a t i on b w r i t in g a trea t ise a ga in s t th e Ca bba l a


y .

T he J ew s so h ig h l y v en e ra te th is sc ie nce th a t th ey ,

re ga rd e ve r a tte m t to l e s s on its im p o r ta nce l e v e ll ed


y p
a ga in s t th e fun da m e n ta l s of rel igi on ; a n d th eir

d octors p roh ib ite d th e p ubl ica ti on of th is work cl ’

W
Th e sy nag og ues of Modena as we l l as th os e of ,

V e n i ce p rod uce d s ev era l l ea rned men a mong


, ,

2.

Ch pmaan s Eusebius

p 5 49 In a p reface to
, . . this $bl i
u

ra bbi Nach mias gi ves th e a ccou nt of h is convers ion l


e re ated .

v Ba snage, p 7 9 5 . .
ms ronr
y -O
'
on THE JEWS .

w h om ra bb i S a mue l , w h o wa s its ch ie f d isting uish e d


,

h imse lf . In 15 99 h e p ubl ish ed a


,
w ork in th is c ity ,

st
y l ed , T h e J udg men ts of S a muel , w h ich is a c ol

l ection of Ta l mud ic a n d Ra bb in ic d ecis ions Le o .

d e M ode na w as al s o a ma n of l ea rn ing b ut a p ro ,

fess ed e ne my to the C h ris tia ns H e acq uired g rea t .

cel e b rit
y by h is w ritin gs ; h is T rea tis e on th e

C e re mon ies of th e J ew s in p a rt icul a r h as b e e n



, ,

h ig h ly cel eb ra te d by th e l ea rn e d of a ll n a tion s He .

i n te nde d to h a v e tra n sl a te d th e O l d Testa men t into


I ta l ia n but th e in qu isitors p roh ib ited h is p rocee d in g
,

in th is w ork H e d ie d a t V e n ice in th e y ea r 16 5 4
.
,

he in g a l most e igh ty y ea rs ol d f "

P esa ro f w a s th e na tive p la ce of rabb i J ech iel


-

wh o w e n t from th e n ce to F l oren ce w h ere h a v in g ,

h ea rd for some time th e s ermon s of a n inqu is itor


.

h e re p a ire d to R ome in ord e r to re n oun ce J nda is m .

P op e G re gory X III a ss i s te d a t th e n umerous .

a ss e mbl w h ere h e m a d e h is re ca n t ti S
y a on oon .

a fte r,
h e was ba p tiz ed by th is p on tiff a n d beca me ,

a p ubl ic tea ch er S ome of th e I ta l ia n s e rmons


.

w h ich h e p rea ch ed a ga ins t th e J e w s a t F lore nce


,

w h e re th ey w e re v ery n u me rous w e re rin ted in


p ,

1585 .

J a cob T za p h a l on wa s born at R ome 1630 ,


a nd
h a d th e d e gree of d octor of p hy s ic con ferre d up on
h im by th e uni ve rs it in th is cit H t g h t t
y y e a u a .

F e rra ra a n d is ra nk ed a mon g th e mos t emin en t


,

ra bb ies in th e 17 th ce n tur
y A m o n g oth er l ea rned .

w o rk s h e cb mp os ed a b ook of ra e rs a n d m d
'

p y e i
ta tions in w h ich th e re is a e titi f h i i
, p o
t n or
p y s c a ns

M od ern Universa History l , vo l xi ii p 404


. . . .

1 A ‘
smal l ancien t city in ta yI l .

A A 2
35 6 HISTO RY or TH E JEWS .

vi s it th e ir p a tien ts Th e a uth ors of the



w he n th e
y .

U n iv ersa l H is tory observ e th a t it a p p ea rs t h is ,

good J e w th oug ht it n eces sary to imp l ore the


b l e s s in g of h ea v en be fore he we nt to p re s crib e to
th e s ic k ; a n d d id not l ik e th e e nera l ity e f th ose
g ,

of h is p rofes sion d e p en d wholly u p on th e na tura l


,

e ffi ca cy of th e
The J e w s of P a d ua rece ive d th e titl e of d octors
of h s i c d w th o iz d to t i e t h
p y a n , e re a u r e
p rac
, s e

h ea l in g a rt in al l p arts of th e re p ubli c of V e n ice .

Towa rd s th e cl os e of the l 6 th cen tury th e re W e re


.

e ig h t h und re d of th is n a tion a t Pa d ua w h o p os ,

se sse d th ree sy na g og ue s T h ey h a d a ve ry ha nd .

s ome G h etto or q ua rter a s sig n e d th e m w ith th re e


, ,

ga tes wh ich wer e s h ut e v e ry n igh t T h e i r ia


, .


s cri tion o v er on e of th e ga te s b e ins wi th th ese
p g
w ord s , th a t th e p eop l e h eirs to th e ki n gd om of
, ,
.

h ea v e n ma y h a v e n o communi on w ith thos e w h o


,

a re d is in h erite d j T h e re w a s al s o a n a ca d e my in
.

th is c ity of w h ic h th e c el e b ra ted ra b bi Me ir wa s
,
.

resi de n t M e n a k im Ra bba flo u ris h e d in this se mi


p
~
.

n a ry a n d comp os ed s ermons on th e fou r s ea s on s of


,

th e y ea r w h ich ha v e s in ce be e n p ub l is he d by h is
,

s on ; h e d ied in th e y ea r 16 05 Ra bb i J u das .

Aza el w as l ik e w is e a d is tin g uish ed J ew ish p re a ch e r ; '

a nd ren dere d h ims elf s o p op ul ar by th e d iscourse s

w h ich h e d e l ivere d a t F e rra ra th a t e v e n th e C h ris ,

t ia n s a tte n ded h is l ecture s He wa s th e a uth or ofs a . . .

ca abb l is t i ca l w o rk , en titl e d , T h e T h r on e s o f th e .

H ouse of D a v id H e d ied l in t h is city 16 77 1


” - 5
. .

Ab out th e sa me p eriod t ha t B omb erg set up a


.

M ode rn Univ e rsa H istory ,l . v ol . xi ii. .p a 402 a

t Beza nge , p 7 95
. . M od e rn Uh iverl al History , vol . xi ii p 4 06
. . .
35 8 H I TO S RY or THE JEW S .

M ess i a h He w a s d
l g
or e re d p i l ly
a rt cu a r to en a r e
on th e m
.

i se ries th e n a ti on h a d s uffe red se v en tee n


h un d re d y ea rs O ne th ird of th e I sra el ite s in
.

Rome w ere obl ig ed to be p re s e nt in th e ir tu rn a n d


'

th e ch il dre n w h o h a d a tta ine d th e a e of tw e l v e


g
e a rs w e re reg is te red a m o g th d it B t
y n e a u o rs u .

l ittl e be n e fi t w a s d e riv ed from th e ins titution for ,

th e J e w s e ith e r a b s e n te d th e mselv e s or a tte n d ed in ,

ord e r to rid ic ul e th e d is cou rse s P op e I n noce nt .

e n d ea v ou re d to re me d th is a b u se H roh ib ite d
*
e
y p .

th e s er mon s from b e ing prea ch e d in a con s ec ra te d


c h urch l es t t s h ould be p rofa n e d by th e ir in d ece n t
i,
'

b eha v iour a n d a p p ointed in sp ectors to impose


,

s il e n ce u on th e m B ut n otw ith sta n d in g a l l h is


p .
,

e xe rtion s th e J e w s gene ra lly p ers is ted in th e ir


,

u n b el ie f and ca rd in a l Ba rbe rin i w h o took a n ,

a ctiv e p a rt in th e ir ins truction a ck n o w l e dge d th a t ,

mos t of th e p re ten d ed con v e rsions were h y p ocri tica l


and in teres te d xf
The J ews ha ve l on g bee n nu merous in th e cod e .

s ia s tica l s ta te, w h ere, as l a te as th e middl e of th e

ei g htee n th ce ntury , th ey a re sa id to h a v e p os sessed


n ea rl a n h un d red s na gog ue s n in e of w h ich w ere
y y ,

Th i s
pontifi
'
ob l ig d
th e p reach er to mak e a p ra y e r to G od , but
e

o rde re d it to be ronounced soft y l est th e na m l


es of es us and ary J M
p
s h ou ld l a ar m th e J e ws . — B a mage,
p 72 7
. .

t It is sa id , th a t, in ord er to e ncou ra ge new converts , so me car


d ina l , or pe rsona e , was the ir odfath e r, a n d ma de
g re a t g g the m some
h a ndsome p rese nt a fte r ba ptism h ey we re d ress ed in w h ite sa tin ,
. T
an d ca rried a bo ut the c ity in a fi ne c oa ch , d uring a fo rtni h t, to be g
g l
seen an d con ra tu a ted b y the spec tators ; afte r w h ich the y ap pea red

mmon
i

in a co d ress , an d ,to p rev en t th e ir a posta tizing. all w h o w e re


fo und gu il ty of it were conde ned to the fla es —M odern Un iv e rsal
m m
H is tory , v ol . xiii p 407
. . .
msr onr TH E JEWS

or .

in R m T
o e) h ey h a d l
a s o a n a ca d e my in t h i s c it
y,
a nd a
pp ea re d to a ss u me
k in d of s up e riority ov e r
a

th ose in oth e r p a rts of I ta ly w h o consul te d th e m ,

in d oub tful ca ses a n d p a id g rea t d efe re n ce to th e i r


,

d ec is ion s s l
A D At th is p e riod C h a rl es k ing of

. .
, ,

N a p l es p ubl is h ed a n e d ict in fa v our of th e J e w s


, ,

p er m itti n
g t h e m to r e tu r n a n d re s id e in th e ,

k ingd om fifty y ea rs T h ey w e re a ll owed to e nj oy.


.

th e full e xe rc is e of th e ir rel ig ion a n d s e ttl e in w h a t ,

a rts th e l d d th w h o h a d s tud ie d th e
p y p e as e ; a n o s e

h ea l in g a rt w e re p romoted to th e d eg ree of d octors


,

in th a t s cie n ce T h ese concess ion s e x cite d g rea t


.

u ne a s in ess a mon g th e z ea l ou s C a th ol ics ; e t th e


y
k ing p u rs ued h is meas ures a n d ma n y of th e n a tion , ,

fromv a rious p a rts of I ta l y re p a ire d to th is k in gd om , .

S oon h ow e v e r th e l ice n tious ne s s of th e J e w s


, ,

s o h on oura bl e to th os e w h o fra me d
"

ca us e d l a w s ,

th e m a n d s o consol in g to th e H e b re w p eop l e to b e
, ,

re v ok e d
:
Gi b s o rne onth C h i ti R l ig i
e rs an e on.

1 M d
'
o ern U i H i t l xiii p 4 08
n v e r. s . vo . . . .

1 G g i
re o re s E

y o th e R f
ss ao m t
ni f th J w e p 16r9 a on o e e s, . .
360 msr onr or THE JEWS .

w arr e n xxvn : .

TheJ ews a pp y to th e l mpe ror C harl es V


e . for the ibe rty l of ret u rnin g
to S pa in C
- ard ina l X imenes pe rsuades h im to j
re ect t be i r re q u es t.

—Oi th
.

e consp i racy of th e Po rtu gu ese J w g i t th h


e s a f a ns e ous e o

Braga u aq — Vast n umbe rs of concea l d J w m i i Sp i d


e e s re a n n a n an

l
P ortuga — Account of robio, a ce
. O l b t d S p i h J w —Of th
e ra e an s e e

ty
se v eri of th e Sp a nish government — Th e Spa ni h s and P ortuguese
Je ws c ai l m th e ir desce nt from th e tribe of J uda h , a nd refuse to

connec t th e mse l ves by marriage with th ose of oth e r na tions.


— A l a w is ena cted in Portuga l wh ich p rohibits th e inh a bitants to

T HO UG H th e J e w s h a d s uffere d s eve re p ers e


c ution i n S p a in a nd tow ard s th e concl us ion of th e
,

fiftee n th ce n tury w ere c ruelly e x p ell e d from th is


k ingd om y e t up on th e a ccess ion of C h a rl es V th e .

fug itiv es p etitione d for l ibe rty to return Th ey



.

re re se n t e d to th is mo na rch th at th h d
p e
y a c on ,

d ucte d w ith h on our th e w h ol e comme rce of th e


n a tion a n d w e re th e mos t u s e ful a nd e rh a s
, p p ,

fa ith ful s ubj ects in th e k in gd om ; th a t th erefore , ,

th e con fid e n ce th ey re p ose d in h is j us tice a nd good


n e s s i n duce d th e m to h 0p e h e w ould a ll ow th e mth e

free e x erc is e of th e ir re l ig ion O n th is con d ition .

th e y e n ga g ed to p rese nt h im e ig h t h u nd re d th ou
sa n d crow n s of ol d x l
g
C ha rl es w a s at fi rs t d is p ose d to re tu rn a fa v ou ra bl e
a n s w er to th e ir p etition , b ut ca rd ina l X ime n e s e x
e rted a l l h is in fl ue n ce to d is s ua d e th e k in g from p e r

mitting th e ir re turn . He re min d e d hi m, th a t Fe r


d ina n d h a d re us e f d s ix h u n d red th ous a n d c row n s
'

w hich th e J e w s offe re d h im ,
for th e l ibe r ty of con

S C h pte x iii
ee a r v . t Basna ge .
362 ms r oa v
'
or r u n JEWS .

Th e j
re ect on i of th is of
fer fill ed th e m w i th te

s ent me n t a nd con s e rna ti n, t o as th e ir a


pp ea rin g
in this p e tition, h a d e x p ose d th e m to th e torture s of

th e merc il ess in q u is ition "E


.

Th e a rch b is h op o f Bra ga p romise d th e m, in th e


,

na me k in g
of th e of S a in , th a t, if th e
p y w ould

be instrume nta l to h is res tora tion th ey sh ould be ,

a ll owe d l ib e rty of co nscie n ce a n d be rmitt e d to


p e ,

rofe ss th e ir religi on op e n l y w ith ou t in currin g a ny


p
e na l t T h e p a rt a s s ign e d th e m wa s to set fi re to
p y .

th e p a l a ce a n d se v e ra l h ous e s in th e ci t a nd
, y
s ub u rb s in ord er th a t w h ile th e p eop l e w ere
,

e n ga ge d in ex tin guis h in g th e fl a mes th e cons p i ,

re tors m ig h t fly to th e p a l a ce a n d a ssa ss in a te th e
k in g T h e g ra n d in qu is itor w a s a l so e n ga ged
.

in th is p l ot a ga in s t th e g ov e rn me n t a n d th is wa s , ,

e rh a p s th e fi rs t time th a t th e in q uis ition a n d s na


p ,
y
gog ue a c te d in concert T h e med ita ted rev ol ution .
,

h ow e v er w a s n ot e ffected
, Ba eze a rich J e w is h .
,

merch a n t b e ing p ut to th e ra ck con fes se d th e


, ,

trea ch e rou s d e s ig n forme d a ga i nst th e h ouse of


B ra ga n za a n d th e in ten d ed p erp etra tors of the
,

cri me w e re s e v e rel y p u n is h e d s f

V tot Re l ti
er

s f P t g l p 82
vo u ons o or u a , . .

t T h gh th J w hou b e d f t eas o
e s and om othe
a ve ee n acc use o r n, s e r

i st
n ances s imil t th t f th aro pi o
y g iat th h ou
o f B e c ns rac a a ns e se o ra

g z h
an a b av e
p d th g ee n t p rt f th ese
rov e c , ti w e re a e r a o ac usa on s e re ,

sa y s a l t th th h ild of impo t ; d th
a e au or, e c the ren s u re an e re a re o r

a ne c d te o f s o t y t I 17 4 9 M l t w
a con ra r ved by
na u re. J w n , a a as sa a e

f m f mid bl
ro a or pi y a Th T k i h l
e cons h d mbi ed to
rac . e ur s s a ves a co n

d t y th wh l
es ro e d f k igh t i th i l d ;
o e or er o d y l h d
n s n e s an an ev er s ave a

t k
a en a l m th t p t h i m t t d th Th i tre h o
so e n oa o u s a s er o ea . s a c e r us

d es i g
n w as d isco v e red by a J ew wh o k e p t the
'

cofl ee- ho use . — He under o .

stood th e T urk is h l g g
an u a e , a nd h a v in g ove rhea rd d isco urses wh ich
h e th o u h t g s uspicious , went immed ia te y l a nd infor med th e gra nd
HISTO RY OF TH E JEWS .

The J e ws fi n d ing th emselv es b a ffled in al l th e i r


,

le gal a nd ill ega l a tte mp ts to ob ta in a tol era tion


'

in S pa in an d P ortuga l con tin ue d u n d er th e s p e ,

cious v e il of C h ris tia n it to p e rform th e M osa ic


y
ri tes in s ecret "
T h eir a v e rs ion to a rel igion w hich
E
.
,

th ey w e re comp ell e d to p rofe ss e x te rna lly be ca me ,

more impl a ca bl e T he l a w of M os es w a s s til l


.

riva te l tra s mitte d from fa th e r to son ; a n d th e


p y n

v igil a n ce of th e in quis ition a nd murd e r of so ma ny ,

of th e ir b reth re n w h ich h a s ca us e d th e m to be
.

more circu ms pect must a t th e sa me ti me h a ve , , ,

re n d e re d th e m m ore b igoted Ma ny wh o could n o .


,

lon g er s ub mi t to wea r th e mas k of C h ri sti a n ity ,

q uitted th eir country T h e grea tes t p a rt of th e


'
.

fugitiv es h a ve s e ttle d i n E ngla nd a n d Holla nd a nd , ,

am on g th e J ews w h o res id e in t h e se coun tr ies


.

th ose of P ort uga l h a v e th e re p uta ti on of ma in


ta in ing the mos t res p ecta bl e ch a ra cte rs + .

La rge n umbe rs of th e I sra el ite s h a v e h ow e v er , ,

re m a in e d in th e d omi nion s of S pa i n a n d P ortu ga l ,

w h o h a v e a va il ed th e mselv es of th e l ib erty of d issi


mul ation p ermitted by th e Ta l mud O ut wa rdly .

d C th l i b t i w dl J w s ; th e h a ve

g oo a o c s u n a r e y
y ,

a b oun d e d in v a ri ous
r a n k s a nd
p ro fe ss i ons a nd ,

W
h a ve n ot h es ita t e d to fill th e most sacred d e p a rtmen ts

master . The s us e cte d


p pe rsons w e re insta nt y p ut to the torture, l
co nfes sed the wh o l l e p ot, a n d w e re e xec u te d e a so read of a J ew , . l
w h o , d uri n g th e sie e of g unis b y Th a r es sa ved th e C
ives of l V . l
sev e ra l th o u s a nd Ch l
ris tian s a v es , w h om Ba rba rossa in te nde d to h a ve
p ut to d ea th — G r egoi r e on th e R ef or ma ti on f the J ew s , p 4 1
o . .

B ry done s Tou r , p 16 3

. .

Ve rtot s Re vo

l u tio ns in Po r tu a gl .

t S o u th e y s

Le tte rs from S pa in a nd P o tuga l
r , v ol . i p 112
. . . Mur
b
p y
'

s T ra l ve s in Po rl uga l .
36 4 msr on r or THE s s .

of R omi sh p ries thood By p reten d in g to a n


th e .
,

u nc ommon z ea l fo r a rel igi on w h ic h th e d e t t


y e s ,

the y ha v e g e ne rall y p a ss e d u nob se rved if n ot u n ,

sus e cte d H e n ce it h as b ee n sa id

p . that w he n
.
,
-

a hou s e is fou nd :to be re m.


a rk a bl y de ck e d ;w i th
ima ges re l ics a nd l amps a n d th e own er ce leb rated
, , ,

for b e in g th e mos t en th us ia stic d e v otee in the p a rish ;


th ere is r eas on to b eli eve th e fa mil y a re I sra e l ites a t
hea rt * .

T h ese fac ts res t on th e u nques ti onabl e a uth ority


’ '

Of J e w s w ho th ems elv e s h a v e p ra ctisw di ss imul a tion


E ,

d on th e te stimon y ef
'

a n d a re a rti cul a rl o o d
p y re r e ~
.
r

Ba l m
.

a sa r O r ob io, !a c e le b ra te d S a n ish J e w w h o
p
w a s ca refull y e d uca te d i n th e re l igion of h is a n
c es tors b h i n ts w h ss um d th m s k of
y s
p a re o a e e a ,

Chr is tia n ity an d outwa rdly con for med to th e R oma n


,

Ca thol ic w orsh ip a n d a b s ta ine d from fli e p ra ctice , .


o f J ud a is m in ever t h in g e xce t th e obs e rv a tion of


y p
th e fas t of e x p ia tion O ur a u th or w a s d is tin .

ui s h e d for h is ta l e n ts a nd l e a rnin g ; a n d h a v in g
g ,

s tu die d th e s ch ol as tic
p h il os o h
p y a s it m s ta ug h t in
' ‘

S pa in acquired s uch ce l eb rity l th at h e w as ma d e


,

rofe s sor of M h s ics in th e u n i ve rsity of S al a


p p y
ma nca : But a fter wa rds a pp l y in g h ims elf to th e
'

stu d of h s ic h e ra ctis e d th e hml i n g a rt a t


y p y p ,

S e v ille w ith re p uta tio n a n d succes s xl '

In p roc ess of ti me O robio bei n g s us p ecte d


.

J uda is m w a s s u dd e nl y s e ize d a n d
'

, s

th e inqu is itio n w h e re h e s utfe red s uch e xq u is ite


,

S w in h u m s

Tr a ve sl to Sp a in , v ol . i .
p . Th ose J ews w ho,
in Sp ia n and P o rtu a gl , h a ve bee n co mpe lled to p rofess C hri ti
s ani ty ,

ar e ty l d
s e new C h i tir s ans .

t Bio gr a
ph ica l Di tio c na ry , v ol . 11. p 34 3
. .
366 H I S TO R Y or T HE JEWS .

l ea rn ed divi n e w a s not a bl e to con q uer th e p re


ud ices of Orob io w h o d eciared
j a t th e e n d ,of th e ,
.

confere n ce th a t h e was of op inion


, th a t e v ery ,

ma n g ion in w h ich h e
w as e d uca ted s ince it is , to a tta ck th e
O p in ion s of oth ers t ha n (1 our ow n ,He .
"

contin ue d in H oll a n d till th e ti me of h is d ea th ,

w h ich took p l a ce 16 87
'

The g rea t n umb er of th e di sse mbl ers a n d th e ir ,

e xi s te nce e v en a mon g th e g ra n d e es a n d cl ergy in

S p a in 0 rob io a tte s ts in t h e s tron ge st t erms a nd


, ,

rel a te s th a t ma ny of th ose w h o a ss umed th e mas k


,

of C h rist ia n ity e v en Fra nciSca n monks


,
Domi x
,

n ica n s a n d J e s ui ts ca m
,
e a n nua ll
y to th e sy n a g og ue
,

a t Am s te rd a m to con fess a nd e x p ia te th e i r d issimu

l a tion xl ‘

A l a te a ut or h in forms
t Ca th ol ic cl ergy us, th a a
ma n wh o h a d recently qu itted S pa in after a res i
, ,

de nce th e re of t welve y ea rs s p on ta neousl y rel a te d ,

to h im th e foll ow in g circumsta nces : T h a t the


S p an i a rd s u n iv e rsa lly b el ie v e th ere a re a mon g th em ,

v ery great n umb ers of concea l e d J ews ch iefl y ,

in th e tra d i ng cl a ss es a n d s ome a mong th e cl e rgy ,

a nd th a t th e ca ta in of a a cq ue t w ith w h om h e
p p ,

was w in db ou n d a t C orun na in forme d h im h e h a d , ,

me t w i th many p e rs on s in F ra nce S outh A me ri ca


, ,

a n d e l se w h ere w h o h a d free l y c on fe s s e d to h im they


,

w e re J e w s th oug h th ey h a d liv e d l on g in S p a in
,

Ca th ol ics a n d th at one of th es e persons h ad been


Bio D ie t
. ii p 84 5
. v ol . . . .

J
t Th e e ws a re s a id to h a ve bee n nu merous in th e Span is h and
P ort u u ese monas te ries and n n n ne ries ; and th a t many o f th e p riests ,
g '

inq u is itors , and e ven bish op s, a re of Hebrew ori gim



v J M odcm Un i
-

v er s al H is tory , v ol . xiii. p 85 7 . . 1
n rs ronr
'
or r a n JEWS . 3 67

outwa r dly a Ca thol ic clergy ma n , a n d rea ll y in or ers d


uch .
” E
as s

E ve n as l a te
l of th e e igh tee nth
as th e c os e .

ce ntu ry on be l ie v e d to b e a J e w w h e th er
an
y p ers
, ,

h e h a d p rev iousl y a p p ea re d a s a Ca th ol ic or n ot ,

w ould s till b e s e iz e d ia S p a in if d iscovere d by th e


'

.
,

in q u is ition s l T h e foll ow in g is a n extract f rom


a d ecree of th e S p a n ish g ov ern m e n t p romulga te d ,

H is maj es ty
'

a ga in st th e J e w s J ul y 2 2 1800 , , .

ord ere d his min is te rs to d el iv e r n o p a ss p orts to J e w s

in ten d ing to e n ter S pa in w h ate v e r migh t be th e



'

motive of th e ir j ourn ey a nd w h e th er th ey be d es i
r ous or n ot of m a k in g a n
y s ta
y i n th e k in gd om .

H e e nj oin ed th e gov ern ors of th e fron ti ers to p re


v e n t their e ntra nce into th e S p a n ish terri tories ,

a n d to e x p el a ll w h o m a
y b e d iscov ere d in it For .

a l on g t im e th e l a w s of th is monarch
y h a v e for

h idden al l th e J e w s to a tte mp t a tra n sit, or a n es ta


bl is h me n t in th e d o min ion s of h is maj es ty ; a l a te
'

tra n sg re s s ion ca lls for a rigorous re in forceme n t of

T he S p a n ish a n d P ortuguese J e ws }: cl a im th e ir
de sce n t from th e tribe of J uda h ; a n d found tbe se '

re te n s ions on a s up p os ition w h ich p re v a il s a mo n g


p
th e m th a t ma n y of th e ir a n ces tors re mov ed
, or ,

Gi b th C h i ti
s o rne on R l igi p 110
e r s an e on, . .

I It i id that i
s sa bo t 17 5 5 wh t ib l
n a th q uaku i
' ’
, , en a err e ea r e n

L i bon destroy ed
s th irty th ousa nd of th e inh a bitants , th e P ortu guese
be ie ved th at th e mercy of God mi h t be obtained by
l g b urni g some n

Je ws , and oth er h eretic s, in wh a t th ey call the Auto d a Fe , o r act of

faith — Vol ta ir c s Age qf L ew is X I V



.

1 It a
ppears th a t th e Jw e s h a ve n o a ccura te ded uction of their
d escent or gd iea l ogy th ey s u ppose tha t th ey are in gene ra of th e

l
tribe of uda h and Ben a min , wi th som
J e am j
ong th e m of th ej ribe of

L er t —Butl c s H ora: Bibh cc , p 85


f

. .
W
368 H I ST O RY OF THE J e ws .

were i nt o S p a in a t th e time of the Ba b y l oni a n


s en t ,

ca p t iv ity I n con s e q ue n ce of th is s up p os e d S
.

riority th ey
,
till v e ry l a tel y w ould n ot by ma rria ge
, ,

or other wi s e incorp ora te with th e ir y h re th re n of


,

oth er n a tions T h ey h ad ‘ ‘
. es

a n d if a Port ug ue s e J e w e v en in or ,
.

H oiland , mar ried a G erman J e wess h e w a s imme ,

d ia tel y exp ell ed from the sy n agog ue d ep riv ed ) of ,

c ivil a n d e ccl esia stica l ri te , a n d e e e te d from


e ver
j

y
'

th e b od y of th e n atio n A l ate insta n ce h as .

occurre d of a J e w 1n B e rl in w h o ha vih g mas nie d ‘


,

th e d augh ter of a P ortuguese p h y sic ianfi thh ipa r en ts


of th e g irl we nt in m ourn in g a s fo r th e t dw th l of

a rel a tion .

Th e m a n n e rs ofi the i Porttrguese J e ws d ih a r from


'
I

th e res t of th e n a tio n ; a nd are more p ol hs h erl


'
: .

T he y ha ve n oth in g p ecul ia r in th e i r d res s Th e


' L .

op ul e n t; a m on g th e m v ie w ith the oth er natih ns ‘


"

of E urope in refi ne men t ,


el e
ga n e, é

a n d s h ow and

d iffer from th e m in wors hip onl y + .


.

In P ortuga l th e n a me of a J e w is a te rm of s uch
'

h igh re p roa ch tha t th e goy ern men t foun d it ri ch es


,
j '

sa r
y to e na ct a l a w w h ic h forb a d e a n y p e rs on tb ,

ca ll a no th e r b
-
y th at a
pp e ll a tion If a m a n wh o is .

'
s t l e d a J e w to h is fa ce sta bs th e oii e n der th e l a w
y ,

W W
d oes n ot con d e mn h im; a nd tr ifling as th is regu -

' m
t i
l a on a
y a pp ea r it h ”
a s
p ro d uc ed b e n efi ci a l

W W
W
,
'
e ife cts fi
'

1' U tin.

goire mentions md mt‘tha t it

W
G re , whoJ th is fact; infor ’

mu nica ted to h im by a l ea rne d German Je


’ '
fl fi ss a j
‘on ith 11
w
mafi bni ‘thc
M i , p 83 1
3

qf
'
.

' '
1 Letters of certain J ewr to V lt ire
o a
p. 2 3
mm
.
,

1 southe rn Lette rs , vol . i r us


. . t th e .
»

of the J e ws ,
p 52.
C H A P T E R X X V I II .

Acco u n t o f th e J n ine H ll

sd — Od f th G m J w d l d !
o an e o e er an e s e u e

his bre th w
re ni th t h p m i f
e M i
ro h — T h y ct c d m
se o i a es s a e e re a a e cs

an d ys g g
na o t Am t d mmf A
u es a t fM
s er a B I l -
h a cc o u n o e na sses en s rae ,

d l th Er l d bb i wh fl i h d i H ll d d i g

an se v e ra o e a rne ra es , o our s e n o an , ur n

th t
e se ve n ee n th t y — O f th i
ce n u r t t t l t p id e r s a e a a a er er o .

l on g a ii ord e d th e J e ws a fa
'

H O L LA N D h a s
v ourite a s l u m ; a n d th e l e n it of th e g ov e rn men t
y y ,

by g iv ing free S cop e to th e ir c omme rcial ge n ius h a s ,

e na b l e d th e m to a ccu mul a te w e al th .

Ba s na ge w h o c l oses h is h is tory of th is p eop l e


,

w ith th e s ev e n tee n th c e n tury h as a s s erte d th a t , ,

th ey e nj oy e d more l ib e rty in th is cou ntry a n d h a ve ,

b e e n more r ich a n d fl ou ris h in g th ere th a n in a ny ,

o th e r a rt of th e w orld ‘ P a rt of th e J e w s e mi
p .

g ra te d from G e rma ny th e oth e rs from S p a in a n d ,

P ortuga l ; a n d on a ccoun t of s ome d iffe re n ce in


,

th e ir rel ig iou s cere mon ies a vi ol e n t a n imos ity h a s ,

s ub s is te d b etw e e n th e mxl
'

Z e ighl e r a d is tin g u is h e d p e rs on a g e a mon g th e


,

G e rma n J e w s ca me to A msterd a m in b rd e r to
, ,

d el ud e h is b reth re n w h o w ere rece n tl y s e ttl e d in


,

th e c ity w ith th e h op es of a M e ss ia h w h om h e
, ,

re te n d e d to h a v e s e e n a t S tra s b u rg w h e n h e w a s
p
on l y fourtee n y e a rs ol d H e a ffi rme d h im to b e .

l in eall y d e sce n d e d from k in g D a v id a n d th a t h is ,

a n ce s tors h a d res id e d a th ousa n d e a rs in th e k in g


y
d om of T un is w h ence th ey p a s s ed in to G re n a d a in
,

S p a in b ut u p on b ein g ex p e ll e d by k ing F e rd ina n d


, ,

Bas n age , p 7 3 8 . .

t Ba sna ge , p 73 9 . . M ode rn Unive rsa l Hi t s or


y .
H ISTO RY or T HE JEWS . 37 l

th e C ath ol ic , th ey l d
s e tt e G e rma ny
in Z e igh l e r .

a ss er te d th a t , he res e rv e d a d ia d e m a n d s w ord to

pres e n t to th e M ess ia h ,
w h e n h e s h oul d b e of a ge
to a sse rt h is d ig n it a n d a e a r in a r m s H e was
y pp .

th e n to e x h ibit h ims elf a s a migh ty con q u eror to ,

d e stroy A n tich ris t a n d th e O tto ma n e mp ire a nd .

e xte n d h is d omin ion ov e r th e w h ol e w orld Th e .

M e ss ia h w as a l s o to a s se mbl e a cou nc il a t Consta n ce


w h ich wa s to l a s t tw elv e y ea rs a n d d ec ide al l re l i

?
g iou s c on trov e rs ies T h o s e w h .o ga ve c re d it to th e

a ss erti on s of th is im os tor reg rette d too l a te th e ir


p ,

b l in d c re d ul ity a n d infa tua tion


-
.

T h e fi rs t a ss e mbl y of J e ws in A ms terd a m e x ci te d ,

g rea t j ea l ousy a mon g th e c itiz e ns w h o s up p os e d ,

th e m to be R oma n C a th ol ics in d isg uis e Bu t in .

s ea rch in g th e ir h ouse s e sp ec iall y th ose in w h ic h ,

th ey p e rforme d d iv in e w ors h ip th e y foun d n oth in a ,


b ut H e b re w b ook s a n d a cop y of th e M os a ic l a w
, .

After th is d is cov e ry th ey w e re onl y e nj oine d to


, ,

for th e p re s erv a tion of th e c ity w h ich th e


p yra
y ,

rea d il y p romis e d fi
"

S oon a fte r th ey ob ta ined p ermis s ion to b u ild


,

th e ir fi rs t s y n a gogu e in th is c ity w h ich th ey ca ll e d .

T h e H ou s e of J a cob b eca us e a rich J e w of th a t


,

n a me w a s its foun d e r N ot l on g a fte r th ey e rected


.
,
.

a n oth er s n a gogu e w h ich th s t le d N


e
y y y ev e
l
, ,

S halam ,th e d w e ll in g of p ea ce ; a n d c ommi tte d it


to th e ca re of a cel e b ra te d ra b b i n a me d J os e p h
V e ga w h o comp ose d a h istory of hi s n a tion d ow n
,
'


to th e d estruct i on of J e ru sa l e m H e w a s s ucce e d e d .

‘b y ra bbi U z iel w h o in cu rred th e re s en tme n t of h is


,

b reth re n by h is s ev ere a n ima dv ers ions on th e ir


,

Basnage , p 7 89 . .

B B 2
3 72 n rs r onv or THE JEWS .

c on d uct T h is ind uced th e m to b uild a n ew sy na


.

g og ue call e d Be n I s rael to w h ich th e d iss e n te rs ,


r e ti re d T h is s ch is m l a s te d a b out tw en ty y e ars
. . ,

a nd th e d is p u te s b e tw e e n th e tw o p artie s w e re con
d uc te d w ith re a t an imos ity ; But, in 1639, the s e
g
d iv is ion s w e re ter mina ted ,
a nd th e th ree s
y na gogu es
u n ite d in on e f '
E

T he J ews of A ms te rd a m fou nd e d
d e mies a s a ca

w ell a S s y na gogu e s a n d on e of th e m ca ll e d; T he
'
'

, ,

C row n of th e L a w w h ich w a s b u il t in 1643 w as , ,

g ove rn ed by so me of th e mos t l ea rn e d me n of th e
n a tion T h e ir fl ouris h in g s ta te in H oll a n d d urin g
.

th e s e ven te e n th cen tu ry w a s e xh ib ite d b y a s up e rb


,

s n a gog ue b eg un | 6 7 1 a n d c on s ecra te d in the


y , ,

y ea r 16 73 +
M a n y cel eb ra te d ra bb ie s h a ve fl ouris h ed in H ol
l a nd a mon g w h om M e na ss es Ben I sra el wa s e mi
,

*
u e n tl d is tin g uis h e d T h is grea t ma n w a s b orn in
y .

P ortuga l 160 b ut h is fa th er J os ep h b e in g p e rse ,

c ute d on a ccou n t of h is r e l ig ion re tired w ith h is ,

fa mily to H olla n d M e n a s s es w a s in s tructe d in th e


.

H eb re w l a n g ua ge b y ra b bi Uz iel a n d ma d e s uch ,

r a id r o g re s s i n th is a n d oth e r b ra n ch es of k n ow
p p
l edge th a t a fter h is tutor s d ea th h e w a s ch ose n to
,

s ucce e d b im in th e ra bbin ica l ch a ir a t A ms te rda m


.
,

w h e n h e wa s on l e igh tee n ea rs ol d A t th
y y e a
g e .

of fifte e n h e b e a n to re a ch d h i d i s at
g p a n s s c ou rse ,

th a t e a rl y p e riod w ere h ig h l l ude d b h is


y a
pp a y
b reth re n H e p u rs ued h is s tud ie s so ass id uous ly
.

th a t , w h e n onl y tw e n ty h e p u bl is h e d th e fi rs t
,

p a r t o f h is C o n cil ia to r
i o n t h e P e n ta t e u c h in ,
,

l
Ba s n a ge , p 7 89 . . f Ibid .

t Th i s w o r k wh e n co mpl e ted w a s d iv id ed i n to fo ur pa rts , and

co mp re h e nded th e re ma ind e r of the O ld T es ta me nt .



H E N RY 01
5

THE J EWS .

a ffa bl e , a nd p o ite, l h e concil ia te d th e a ffec ti on a n d


e s te e m of '
th e C h ris tia n s a nd s ome of th e g reatest: -

me n of th e ga e , as othe rs;

in tima te frie nds fi ‘



w e re h is g rea t obj ect ap
e
H is -t

e a rs to h a v e b e e n to p rom ote ? th e w e lfa re of h is


p
n a tion b oth b y his l ife a nd w ritin gs O n e of h is .

ub l ica tion s is e n ti tl e d V in dicm J u d e orum or


p
.
,

a l e tte r in a n s w er to c e rtai n q ues tion s re s p e c tin g


.

th e J e w s in w h ich h e e xp l ode d a l l th e ca l u mn ies


,

rais ed a ga i n s t h is p e rse cute d na t ion In a n oth e r of .

T h e H op e of I s ra el he

h is p rod ucti on s s ty l ed , , ,

a tte m e , th a t th e A me ri ca n na tiv e s a
te d to ro v r e 1
p p

th e d es ce n d a n ts of th e te n trib es H is works were .

ubl ish e d in H eb re w L a tin S a n i sh P o tu u e se


p p r
, g , , ,

a n d E n gl is h ; a n d p a rt of t h e m in D utc h a n d

G e rma n .

Ra b b i Z a cutus a n e min en t J e w i s h p h y s ici a n


, ,

a n d frie n d a nd p a n e gy ris t of M e n a s s e s w as b orn a t ,

L isb on in th e y ea r 15 7 5 H is p a re n ts w h o a s s umed .
,

th e ma s k of C h r is tia n ity s en t h im to s tud h i l ‘

.
y p o,

s op h y a nd me d ic in e a t S a l a ma nca a nd C oimb ra .

After h a v in g tak e n h is d eg ree of d octor a t M or


v e d ro a fa mous un iv e rs i ty in Sp a i n , h e p ra ctised
,

p yh s io a t L is b on till H e a c q u ired gr e a t ce l e

b rity by h is k now l e dge of th e h eal in g a rt a n d wa s ,

Bi h p H t l
s o d R manC th l i d i i
ue , a e a rn e b o D a o c v ne , o se rve s , a

i g my t y i H ll d l w
r n s a i d e
n d t o i it M
an Bas I ael
n uc o v s e na ss e s en sr ,

a ve r
y l d J w k
ea rne w t m by h i e ,
p t t
noi nd h io w iti ge s re u a on a n s r n s,

for th e p u rp ose o f be co min be tte r a c ua in ted w ith h im, a nd ma k in


g q - g
q
i n u i rie s of h im re s pec tin se ve ra circu ms ta nces co n nected with th e
g l
J e w is h rite s , a nd th e h ris tia n re i io n C
H is a ns we rs a ea re d to lg
e .
pp
m
a cu te , y et ca n d id , a nd to s h ow th at h e was no t fa r d ista n t from
k no w l dg e of th e tru th , we reh e tre a ted with reas on d mode ra tion
m l y d i pl y
a e an ,

a nd n ot w ith th a t me ly a nd h a rsh ness com


c ont u on s a ed toh is
na tion. M emoirs qf th e L ife of H uet , vo l 1 . .
p 2 08 . .
H tST O RY o r m JE WS . 37 5

dis tinguis he d for h is b e n evol e nt a tte nt i on to th e


s .

o After ha v in d isse mble d a bou t th irt


p o r; g y y ea rs

h e re tired to Ams terd a m a n d die d in th e p rofess ion


, ,

of th e r el igion of h is a n ce s t or s 164 2 H e w a s the , .

a utho r of a h is tory of th e p r inc ip a l qrh y s 1e 1a ns a n d

va riou s med ica l w ork s


* .

'

J ose p h Athia s a Sp a n i a rd b y b irth wa s fi rst


-
, ,

a tea ch e r of the Ta l mu d a t x Ha mh urg b ut re .


,
»

move d from th ence to A ms terdam a n d p urch as ed ,

a rin tin g offi ce I n 16 6 1 h e ubl is h e d a n e l e ga n t


p p
-
.
,

e d ition of t he H eb re w Bi bl e
i
w h ic h w as r e p rin te d
'

n :
,

six y ea rs a fte r w ith a dditio ns a n d is re m a rk ab l e for ,

b e in g th e fi rs t ed ition in H e b re w in wh ich th e v e rse s


a re n u mb er e d Th e s ta tes of H ol la n d re w a rd ed
.
. .

Ath ia s w ith a p r es en t of a golde n cha in a n d me da l


U riel Ac ost a w a s bor n in P ortuga l , tow a rd s !th e
cl ose of th e H
s ixte en th c e n tur
i a re n ts w e re o f
y s
p .
.

th e n ob il ity , bu t o rigina ll y d e sc e n d e d from t hose .

J e ws wh o h a d be e n comp ell e d to pr ofe ss th e Ro a n m


Ca th olic rel igion H is fa th e r h ow e ve r w as reall y
. , ,

a C hris tian a n d care full i n s til l e d th e i i l f


'

, y p r n c p es n i

rel igion i n to th e min d of h is s on It a pp ea rs by .


,

Acos ta s a ccoun t of h is l ife tha t h e r ece iv e d


a l i be ra l e d u ca tion a nd h a v in g b ee n ins truc ted in ‘


, ,

va r ious s cie nce s ap pl ied h imse l f to th e s tudy of the


,
i

l a w a nd a fterwa rd ha d a n eccl e s ia s tica l b e n efi ee


, .

T h e a cti v ity a nd ze a l h e e xh ib ite d in th e s e rv ice of t

th e ch u rch h is a ss id u ity in e xp l a in in g th e e v a n ge
,

l is ts a nd Oth e r pa rts o f th e sa cre d s crip tur es h is re ,

gula r a n d e xe mp l a ry c on d uct p roc ured h im a t the


i

, ,
)

f tw nt fi th e dig n it o f trea s urer in a col


g o
a e e
y v e y
-
,

Md Ui
o e rn l H i t y l xii i p 487 1 i bid
n v e rsa s or , vo . . . .
' ’
.
HISTO RY O F THE JEWS .

l egia te h urch But th e a n xie ty of mi nd wh i ch he


c .
~

t h e n b ega n to feel res p ect ing rel igion d is turbed a ll


.
'

h is h a p p ine ss Be in g te rrifi ed w ith th e id ea of


: .
1

s ufferin g eterna l d ea th h e s ough t r el ie f by con ,

formin g to a l l th e p rec ep ts of th e ch urch b y a ss id u


.
'
,

ousl y s tudy in g th e S crip ture s a nd con s ul tin g th e ,

c re e d of th e con fe ss ors
. Bu t s till h is d is tress i n . .
i

c re a se d a n d a t l en g th b e ing red uce d to a s ta te of ,

d es p a i r h e e x p eri en ce d the most t erribl e me n ta l


,

n ie s f
"
a
go

After A costa h a d d ecide d th a t h e could n ot b e


sav e d b t h e re l igi on h e ha d imb ibe d in h is in fa n cy
y ,

h e b ega n to in quire in to th e g rou nd s a n d reas on s of


h is fa ith T h es e i n quiri es re n d ered h im more a n d
.

more l wa ve rin g a nd un d ecid e d ; a n d h is d issatis


fa ction w ith th e R oman Ca th ol ic ch urch in d uce d
h im to s tud y J e w is h a uth ors u ntil a t l en g th h e , ,

b eca me a c onv ert to th e rel ig ion of h is a n ce s tors .

But a s h e could n ot p rofess J ud a is m in P ortuga l h e ,

a v e u h on oura bl e a n d ofi ta bl e e m l o me n t
g p a n p r p y ,

l eft a n e l e ga n t h ouse w h i ch h is fa th er h a d b u il t .

i n th e mos t d el igh tful p a rt of L is b on a n d e mb a rk e d ,

for Amste rda m w ith h is mothe r a n d b roth e rs w h om


,
.
,

h e h ad v en tu re d to ins t ruct in th e p rin cip l es of th e .

J e w i s h rel ig ion e ven «w h en ia P ortuga l S oon


, , .

a fter th e i r a rriv a l in th is city th ey b eca me me mb ers

of th e s y n a gogue w e re circumcise d a ccord ing to


,

c ust om a n d h e ch a n g e d h is name of G a b rie l for tha t


,

of U ri el 1 .

I t w a s n ot l on g h ow e ve r b e fore h e dis cov e red


, , ,

to use h is ow n words tha t th e mod ern J ew is h ,

Biog ra ph ica l Diet . v ol . 1 p . 6 3. Acosta



s Account of h is L ife .


1 De Rossie 8 Hebre w ’
Bi
ogra p h y . 1
37 8 a rs roa r
'
or THE JEWS .

b ut b a il e d bou t te n da y s a fte r Ho weve r


out in a .
,

a l l th e co ies of h is w ork s w ere se iz e d a n d h e h im


p ,
:

se lf fi ne d th ree h u nd re d florin s Y e t h e w as not .

de te rre d from pr ocee d in g still fa rther in h is se ep s

tic is m a n d a t l e n gth h e n ot on l y d e nie d the a nth o


, , ,
.

r it of th e M osa ic la w b ut th e truth of all re v ea l e d


y ,

rel i ion "E


g .

Afte r h e beca me a de is t as h is p a ti ence wa s ex ,

h a n s ted by th e ins ul ts an d indign itie s to w h ich th e


a v ow al of h is se n t imen ts h a d e x ose d h im he
p ,

th o ug h t it bes t to d iss e mbl e for th e sa k e of p ea ce ,

a n d re turn ed to th e J e w is h ch u rch a fter h e h a d

b ee n e x commun ica te d fiftee n y ea rs H e ma de a re .

ca n ta tion of w h a t h e h ad w r i tten a n d su bscribe d ,

ever th in g as th d irec te d It w h ow e v er
y e
y as . , ,

s oo n d iscov e re d tha t h e did n ot li v e a fter the


H eb re w ma n n er a n d th a t be ha d dis sua d e d tw o
,

C h ris tia n s w h o ca me from Lon d on to A ms te rda m


from p rofe ss in g J ud a is m H e wa s s u mmone d be .

fore th e g ra n d counc il of th e sy na gogu e a nd u p on , ,

h is re fus in g to ma k e a p ubl ic confe ss i on w as s e n ,

te nc ed to a s econ d e xcommu n ica tion xl After re


ma in ing se v e n y ea rs in a most w retch ed con dition ,

be in g e xp o sed to a s erie s of p ers ecu tion s be d e ,

cl a re d h imse lf w ill in g to s u b mit to th e s e n te n ce of


the sy na gog ue T h is conces sion wa s ma de in con


.
-a

Acosta

s Account of h is L ife.
f
1'
Th e re a re tw o de grees of exco mmunica tion a mong the Jews ;
th e l esse r w h i c h on y l l
e xc u des a
pe rso n from s ome
p a rt ic ul a r soc ie ty .

o r con g rega tion, ti ll he re p e a ts , which h e is a llow d e to do in th irty


d ay s ; and if he does no t, th en the grea te r is pronounced, wh ic h co n

fi sca te s h is p ro pe rty to sa cred u ses ; and d e p ri ves h im of a ny d e a l in s g


with o r s uppo rt from h is nea rest re a tions , as w e as s u b e cts h im tol ll j
ma ny o th e r gri e v ous
pena l tie sP A M Jenda

s J ewish Pol ity .
I
l u s ron
'
r on THE a s. 3 79

q ue nce of v in g in tima t ions th a t th e


h is re ce i

*
se

ud e s b e in g s a tis fi e d w i th h is s ub mis s ion w ou ld


j g , ,

s ofte n th e s e v e rity of th e d is cip l in e Acos ta h ow .


,

e v e r fou n d w ith a s ton i s h me n t a n d in d ig n a tion


,
tha t ,

th e s e n te nce p ron oun ce d a ga in st h im w a s e x e c ute d


w ith th e u tmos t rig ou r H e w as comp e ll ed to e n ter
.

a s n a g og ue full of e o le a s se mbl e d to s e e h is
y p p ,

h u mil ia tion b e in g d re ss e d in mourn in g w ith a bl a ck


,

torch in h is h a n d Afte r rea d in g a recan ta tion of


.

h is e rrors a n d confess ing th a t h e d es erv e d a th ou


,
-
b

s a n d d e a th s h e w a s s ubj ect ed to a s ev ere a n d d is


,
.

g ra ceful c orp ora l p un ish ment .

A cos ta w a s s o h ig hl y e x a sp era te d a t th e p ubl ic


in fa my w hic h h e s uffe re d th a t h e forme d th e h orrid ,

resol uti on of u ttin g a e ri od to h is ow n l ife ; b u t


p p
d ete rmin e d p re v iously to be rev en ge d on a rel a tion ,

to wh om h e a ttrib ut ed th e cruel trea tmen t h e h a d


ex p erie nc e d But fi n di n g h imse lf ba ffl e d in h is a t

te mp t to k ill h is p rin cip a l e n e my a n d th a t h is d e s ign ,

wa s d iscov e red h e imme d ia tel d e s tro e d h 1ms elf


,y y ,

1 6 4 7 ) l e a v in g a m i h g v
( p f hi
'

a n u s cr t w c a e a n s e
-

cou n t of h is l ife a n d se n time n ts .

B e n ed ict S p in oz a a noth e r e x t ra ord inary J e w , ,

w a s b orn in A ms terd a m 16 32 b ut h is fa th e r w a s
,

It p p as p i i g th t A t d id
ea rs ur r s n t i mp l th p t ti
a cos a no ore e ro e c on

o f th m g i t t
e af Am t d m t g
s ra es o d h im f m th
s er a i l ,
f o ua r ro e v o e n ce o

hi s nati B th w
on.
pp hu i e th t th
as aC h i ti rew l d
ens ve tb a e r s a ns ou no e

m ore f bl t h im th
a v ou ra th J w
e o d l i d p th p mi
an e e s, an re e u on e ro se

ministra to rs of th e sy na gog ue made to h im


~

w h ich th e Pa rna ss imo r ad ,

h imse l f upon th e ir mercy — Bois n s D is se r ta ti on s p ou r s er



a nd th rew .
c

l his toir e d es J

v ir a

mentioned pa rticul a r s
a re
t Th e
tak en
ab o ve

from h is p iece e ntitl ed “,


l gt
E x mpl
re a tin

e
o

ar
l
t h e ife of Acosta
H uma nm V ita e,

w h ich co nta ins a se v e re inv ective a g i t th J w


a ns e e s, interspe rsed with
j g
ob ections a a inst a ll re vea e d re l l igio n. It was p ub ish ed l a nd refuted

by Limborch .
380

ori
H I STO R Y
n a ti e of
on T HE JE W S .

gi na lly a P ortugal a n d by p rofess ion


v ,

a me rch a n t h a v in g l ea rnt La tin of a s ee p


After

. s -
J

t i ca l p h y s icia n S p in oz a a p p l ie d h ims e lf for ma ny


,

y e a rs to th e stu d
y o f th e o l o g y b u t b e g a n v e r
y ,e a rl y
'

to b e d is sa tis fi e d w ith th e J e w is h rel ig ion a nd as ,

h is te mp er w a s n a tu ra lly op e n h e did n ot a tte mp t


.
,

to con cea l h is d oub ts frém th e sy n a gog u e r


Th e .
'

J e ws it is s a id offe re d to tol era te h is in fid el ity a n d


, , ,

e v e n p romi se d h im a p e n s ion of on e th ousan d d oll a rs

r a n n u m if h e w oul d con tin ue e xte rn a ll t o ra ctise


p e , y p
th e ir ce re mon ie s If th is p rO p osa l w a s rea ll y ma d e
.
'

. ,
,

a n d h e rej e cte d it h is re fusa l w a s ow in g to b is d is


l ik e of hy p ocrisy or ra th er from a fea r of th e '

re s tra in t it w ould im os e u on h im H e a l s o re fu s e d
p p .

a ver c on s id era bl e for tun e to th e p rej ud ice of th e


y
n a tu ra l h e irs a n d l ea rn t th e a rt of p ol ish in g gl a ss
,

for s p ecta cl es th a t h e migh t s ub s is t in d e p en d e n tl y fi "


,
.

S pi n oz a w ould p rob a bly h a v e contin ue d in th e


s n a g og ue s ome ti me l on g er, h a d h e n ot b ee n tre a
y .

ch e rous l a tta ck e d a n d w ou n d e d b a J e w a s h e wa s
y y ,

comin g from th e th ea tre T h e w ou n d w a s s l ig h tl ;


.

b ut h e b el ie v e d th e a s sa ss in d es ig ne d to murd er h im .

F romth a t time h e s e p a ra ted fromh is b re th ren wh ich ,

w a s th e rea s on of h is e xcommu n ica tion Afte r l ea v in g .

th e sy na g og ue h e p rofe ss e d to b e a C h ris tia n a n d ~

on l e n t h ims e lf to h e C h u rch es of h
'
n ot w t t e
y
Lu th e ra ns a n d Ca lv in is ts b ut freq ue ntl y e xh orted ,

oth ers to a tte n d a n d h ig h l y recomme n d e d s ome p


, ar

tic ul a r p rea ch e rs But tha t h e w a s on l y outwa rd l y


.

a C h ris tia n a ea rs n ot on l f rom h is w r iti n s


‘ b ut
,pp y g ,

from ma ny a n ecd otes w h ich a re p res e rved of h is


l ife T h e J e w s fi n d ing a ll th e ir a ttemp ts a ga ins t
. ,

B g p
a sna 7 4 1e, E n y .l ped i o.l x ii p
c c o 6 9 3 a, v . v . . .
382 ms ronv '
or THE JEWS .

In l a ter ti me s ma n y l ea rne d me n h a v e a pp eared


a mon g th e J e w s in H oll a n d a n d b a d e cre e a ss e d
y p ,

in 17 6 9 th e na tion in this cou n try a cq uire d ce rta in


,

o l it ica l ri te s T h e P ortu gues e J e w s a re more


p .

n u me rou s a n d a ffl ue n t th a n the G e rma n th eir ma n ,

more p ol ish ed t h e ir mora l s g e ne ra ll y more


'

n ers ,

correct a n d th ey a re con s id e re d a s th e mos t e n


,

l igh ten ed p a rt of th e commun ity T h ey ex cite d th e .

i n d us try of th e oth er in h a b ita n ts ; a n d A mste rda m


'

is much i n d e b ted to th e m for its fl ouris h in g c on


di tion T h e re a re a l a rge n u mb e r of J e w s in
m
R otterda m an y of wh om a re a s much d ist in g uis h e d
,

for th e i r i nte gr ity a s for th e i r i nd ustry a nd op u


l en ce 1 .

i t ll t f G d ; th t th
n e ec o o m l i th i g b t t h id f
a e sa e sou s no n u e ea o an

h m b dy
u an oth t th i id
; af th b dy s d th b d y it l f
ea o e o an e o se a re o ne

an d th ~

em th i g th t G d
sa e n l d t xi t
; a b o i dco u no e s , or e co nce v e ,

w e re th i ibl
e v s i ih il t d d th
e un v e rs e a nn f th t th i ibl
a e an e re o re a e v s e

i
u n v e rs e i ith s e th m b t
er e sa tl t e su ti l tt ib te
s a nce . o r a ea s a n e s se n a a r u

an d mod ifi ca tio n o f th a t s ubs ta nce — Bay e s D ictiona ry .

M o nt l M
hy a
g zi
a ne , 1809 . C ’
a rr s Tou r to H oll a nd , 1806 .
H I STO RY or THE J EWS . 383

CH AP TE R XX I X .

Stil e Je ws m i xil ed f om E gl d th ee h
re a n e r n an r un d red a nd fifty y ea rs .

— C mw ll ro l t tt mp t th i t
e re s o ves o a e e r re u rn . -
M e na s ses Be n I s ra e l
re p i t E gl d i
a rs o d t l i it h imi
n an n or e r o so c n be h lf
a of h is b re th re n .

The protector s u mmon s a co nv en tion of d ivines to de ibe ra te


-
l
re spe ctin th e g J
e ws , b u t is a fra id o f o en y fa v ou rin th e ma l g
p
h

A nu mber of this p e op l
e, h o we ve r, re tu rn to E gl n a nd a nd a re

to l e ra te d . —C h a rie s II . conniv es a t th ei r ad miss ion —J . a mes II . wa s


l
inc ined to fa vo u r th em — A l a w e na cte d in th e re ig n of q ueen
.

l
Anne , to ob ige the m to p rovid e for the ir ch il d re n if th e y s h ou d l
e mbra ce C
h ris tia nit — O f ose s a rcus , a conv e rted J e w
y . M A bi M .
-
ll
i s p a ss ed in th e re i n of Ge or e g g II
for th e i r na tu ra i a tio n ; b u t. lz
q
So on repe a e d , in con se u e n ce of th e p op u a r c a mou r — S ta te of
l l l .

the J ews in E n g la nd since tha t period .

A D . . TH E J ew s h a d con tin ued e x il e d


from E ngl a n d a b out th ree h un d red a n d fifty y ea rs .

But a fte r th e E ngl ish go v ern me n t wa s ch a n ge d to


a re u bl ic H oll a n d b eca me a res ecta b l e obje ct of
p , p
em u la tion Th e a dva n ta g es th a t country h a d d e
.

r iv e d from tol e ra tin g a p e o l e s o s k il ful in i


p p ec u n a r
y ’

ne g oti a tion s w ere too obvi ous to e sca p e ob s erv a tion

a nd th e p ol icy of Ol iv er C romw e ll in d uce d h im to

atte m p t t o re s tore th e i r i n d ust r n d w l th to G rea t


y a e a

B rita in ? ' 6

T h e fi rst in tercou rse b etwee n th e p rotector a nd


th e J e w s w a s mana g e d b on e H enr Ma rtin u on
y y p ,

w h os e in tim a tion a d e u ta tion of th is l e w a ite d


p e
p p o

on the E n gl is h a m ba s sa d or res id ing i n th a t city a n d ,

e n te r ta in e d h im w i th con ce rts of mus ic in th e s n a


y
gog ue By h is intercess i on th ey ob ta i ned p er
.

Life of C romw ll e .
3 84: H ISTORY or THE JEWS .

miss ion from th e in stru me n t p a r ia me n o se n l *


t t d
a
p bli u c en o
y t v
o E n lan w th r
p pO osa l s for
g d i h e ir t
a d mis s i on in to th e n do ki g m
T h e ce e ra te M e . l b d
na s s e s Be n I sra el ,
wh o wa s d ese rv e dly h eld in h igh
e s ti ma tion by h is b re t h re n , w as ch os e n to c on d uct
th e n e gotia t ion

T h is v e n era b l e ra bb i a fte r h is a rriv a l l n E ngl a n d


, ,

re s e n te d a n a dd ress to Cro mw ell recog n iz in g h is


p ,

a u th orit a nd s ol icitin g h is t ti For ou r


y , p ro e c on .

sa id h e re sa g e th a t th e mon a rch ica l



e op l e
p , p ,

g ov e rn men t b e ing n ow ch an ge d into th a t of a com


monw eal th th e a n cien t h a tre d towa rds th e m w ould
,

a l s o b e con v e rte d i n to g ood w ill ; a n d th a t th e r igo

r ous l a w s if a ny were y e t exta n t ma d e a ga in


, st s o ,

in n oce n t a p e op l e w ould h a p p il y b e re p ea l e d
, .

H e a l so p rin te d a n d d isp ers e d a d ecl a ra ti on to th e


c ommon tve a l th a nd a trea tis e con ta in in g s e v e ra l
, ,

a rg u me n ts for tol era tion a dd res s e d to th e j us tice of ,

th e p rincip l e d th e p rud e nce of th e refl ecting a n d


, ,

th e prej ud ice s of th e mul t itu d e + .

C romw ell w a s incl ined to recal th e J ew s ; b ut


'

b e in g a p p ris ed of th e u np op ul a rity of th e mea s u re ,

a n d d e s irou s of con cili a tin g th e fa v oura bl e op in ion of

th e cl e rgy b e s ummon e d a con v ention of div in es


,

a n d oth er i n fl ue n tial men to d e b a t e w h e th er i t w ould

b e a dv isa bl e to rea d mi t th e mto se ttl e in th e k ingdom .

H e d ecl a re d to th e a sse mbl y th a t s ince t h e re wa s ,

a p romise of th e con v e rs ion of th i s p e op l e a nd th e .


,

gosp el in its p rimitiv e p urity wa s p rea ch ed in E ng


'

me gi li m C mwell a ccord in g
'

A na v en to a
p ar a e nt conv e ned by ro ,

to form w h ich h e h ad p rescribe d in a e r sty ed , l th e instrument


a a
p p
of g ove r n me nt .

t M onth ly Mag . and B ritish Reg . 17 96 . L ife of C romwell , p 34 6


. .
386 '
n rsr onv or r u n JEWS .

re s id ence i gl e a ct of th e B ri tis h l egi sl a ture


, n ot a s n

w a s p a s s e d to s e ttl e th e m i n th e cou nt r N o t v
y e e n .

s o much a s a s in gl e ro cl m ti w m d e in th e ir
p a a on a s a

fa v our th ough th ey w ere rea dy to a dva n ce imme n se


,

s u ms for a n e s ta b l is h m ent It is e v e n sa id t h a t th e
y.
,

offe re d to p rove C romwe ll th e M es s ia h l b ut th a t ,


at

h e w a s as h a me d of th e p re p osa l a n d rej ecte d it ,

w ith c on te mp t .

Ab out th e sa me ti me th a t M ena sse s Be n I s ra el


ca me to E n gl a n d to s ol icit th e re a d mi ss ion of h is -

b reth re n a d e p uta tion of A s ia tic J e ws a rriv ed w ith


,

th e cel eb ra te d ra b b i J a cob Be n Aza be l a t th e ir h ea d .

I t is a sserte d th a t it w a s th e ir obj ect to ma k e p riv ate


,

in qu iries in ord er to a s certa in w h eth er C romwell


w a s n ot th e ir e x p ect e d M es s ia h ! T h es e d e p ut ies ,

p r e te n d in g o th e r b us ine ss w e re s e v era l tim es i a ,

d ul ge d by th e p rote ctor w ith a p riva te a u d ie n ce .

T h ey offe re d to p urch a se a l l th e H e b re w b ook s a nd


ma n uscrip ts b el ongi n g to th e un ivers ity of C a m
b ridge b ut h e rej e cte d th e p mp osal w i th conte mp t
, .

T h e y a fte rwa rd s it is sa id e mbra ce d a n opp ort un ity


, ,

to in q uire a mon g h is re l a tion s w h ere h e w a s bo rn ,

a n d w h e th e r a n of h is a n ces t ors in th e mal e l in e


y
could n ot b e p rov e d of J e w ish orig in T h es e ia .

q u ir ie s h o
, we v e r w e re n ot c o n d ucte d w i th a ll th e
,

W
s ec rec s uch a s ch e m e req u ire d a n d th e rea l motiv e
y ,

of th e ir com in g to E ngl a n d soon tra n sp ire d a t

W
l
th ird y , th a t th ey sh ou d l m a in ta in th e ir own
p oor — . i th erby

s Vin
dica ti on of the J ew s , p 4 . .

G re goire add u ca th e l if
e of C mwell
ro by G re go rio Leti as

a o of o f this fa ct e fi nd th e re , sa s he , a n a ccount of th e
p r .
y
d e p u ta tion of th e J e ws to th e p rotec tor , wh o , ins tea d of a ss uming th e
q u l ity
a of M ess ias , g
wa s ve ry a n r y a t th e ir re ues t

G regoi re s

q .

Bd or matson o
f the J ams , p 2 44

E s sa y on the . .
ms r onv '
or r u n JEWS .
1
387

Lond on ; a nd on a ccou n t of th e s can d al th ey ha d


,

occas ion e d th ey were e x p ell e d th e k in g d o m


,
.

S oon a fte r a n oth er d e p uta tion w ith M e na s s e s


, ,

I s ra el a ga in a t th e ir h ea d a rriv e d in E n gla n d , .

s till C romw ell d id n ot d a re to g iv e th e m a l i

c e n ce to se ttl e in th e k in gd om H e on l y con n iv e d .

a t th e ir a d mitta n ce a n d g ra n te d th e m a tol e ra tion ?



,

C h a rl e s II ga in e d by b rib e s a n d in d iffere n t to
. ,

a l l rel ig ious rofe s s ion s con n iv e d a t th e ir s e ttl e me n t ;


p ,

a nd , a s h e in trod uce d th e s a l e of p a te n ts of d e n i

za tion th e ir n u mb er inc rea s e d


,
Bu t th e p a rl ia me n t .

of E n gl a n d h a s n e v e r a b roga ted th e d e cree wh ic h

e x e ll e d th e m a n d th ey a re con s id ere d a s a l ie ns in
p ,

th e ey e of th e l a w xl T h ey w e re n ot p ermitte d to
'

u h h ra ctis e ro fe s s ion s w h ich


p rc a s e ou s e s n o r p , p
migh t e n n obl e th eir ge n ius a nd d ig nify th e ir na tion :
J a mes II w h ose d is p os ition to tol e ra te D is se n ters

e xa s e ra te d h is s ubj ects
p r e m it te d th e a l ie n d,
u ty
a ll g ood s e x orte d in fa v ou r of th e J e w s
p .

T h is w a s u n iv ersa ll y re s en te d by th e E n glish me r
ch a n ts ,
w h o w e re ap p reh en s iv e th a t th e s a me d utie s
w ould a l s o b e re mitte d u p on imp orted g ood s Pe .

tition s from v a rious me rca n til e c omp a nies w ere


of fe re d a ga in s t th is reg ul a tion w h ich to th e g rea t ,

j y
o o f th e C h r is tia n m e rc h a n ts w a s s u e rs e d e d
p ,

afte r the re v ol ution § .

D ur in g th e re ig n of q u een An n e a b ill w a s ‘

,
,

G en t e l
ma n s Ma ga zme’

, 1810 . l
'’
Bl a ck stone , vo l . iv .
p 37 2
. .

1 G e n e man s M a ga z ine
tl

, 1810 .

W h e n W ill ia m p rince , of O ra n g
w a s p rep a rin
e, to d e th rone g
J mes 11 h is fa the r in l a w
a .
- -
, S ch w a r tza u , a J e w of Ams te rd am, e nt l
h im a bo v e e ig h ty th ou san d p ound s s te r li g
n , ll g h im
te in , l fy ou a re

s ucces sfu l , pa y me ; if n ot, 1 sh a ll l os e my money with p leas u re .


G r egoi r e s E ssay , p 42

. .
388 msr onr
'
or T HE JE S W .

3 tes ta n t ch ild re n
p as s e d
ligi ng ob th e J e ws to p rovi d e for th ei r Pro
.

V
I t a p p ea rs , th a t in 172 3 th e , ch urch of E n gl a n d
w a s d ee p l y inte rested i h is xtra
e

ord in a r e o e l ; for w e fi ros el te


y p p p y
p a tron iz e d, a nd h is w ork , e x os i
p ities
of T a l mud sa n ctioned
th e im t f th by
*
a
p
, r a e o e

day . T h is con v e rt n a me d M oses M a rcus wa s , ,

d esce n d ed from a res p ecta bl e fa mil y in th e city of


H a mb u rg a nd b orn in L on d on 1701 H is p a re n ts
, .
,

w h o re s id e d in th is city a n d we re in a ffl ue nt cir ,

cu ms ta nce s e n d ea v oure d to p rocu re h im e v e ry a d


,

v a n ta ge in th eir p ow er ; a n d b e w a s ca refull y .

in structe d in H eb re w C ha ld a ic a n d Ra bb in ica l , ,

l ea rn ing B ei ng s en t to H a mb u rg to comp l e te h is
.

e d uca tion h e forme d a n a cq ua in ta nce w ith s e v era l


,

G erma n P rotesta n t cl ergy me n w ith w h om b e con ,

v ers ed u p on th e d ifl e re n ce b etw ee n th e J e w ish a n d


C h ris tia n fa ith H e th e n a p p l ie d h imself to s tu dy
.

in g th e N e w T e s ta men t a n d b eca me con v in ce d , ,

th a t J esus Ch rist is th e true M ess ia h In 172 1 h is .


,

fa th er wh o h a d b ee n on a v oy a ge to I n d ia returne d
, ,

w ith immen se rich es a n d s e n t for h is s on from ,

H a mb urg M a rcu s s oon informe d h im of th e


. ,

c h a n ge w h i ch h a d ta k en p la ce in h is re l ig ious
se n ti me n ts H is fa th e r th rea te n e d h im w i th b e in g
.

tota lly d is in h erited a n d e v en w ith th e l oss of l ife


, ,

if h e e mb ra ce d C h ri s tia n ity O n th e oth er h a n d . ,

h e ma d e h im th e mos t a ll uri n g a nd ma gn ifi ge n t

W
offe rs to in d uce h im n ot to d e s er t th e s y na gogu e .

But h is fa ith b e in g con fi rme d by furth er con ve r


,

Dr . i l k ins , Arch bish op of C anterbu ry , to wh om M arcus dads- A

c a ted h is work .
390 HIS T O RY on THE JEWS .

tin g th e m to a a rtic i a tion of th e g hts of


ivil ri
p p c

British s ub ects,
j th ey would con tra ct a w a rm a tta ch
me n t to th e E ngl ish const itution a n d coun try a n d ,

d imin is h th e p ubl ic burd ens tha t a grea t p ortion of


th e fun d s b el on g in g to fore ig n J e w s it w a s our ,

obv ious in tere s t to in d uce th e m to foll ow th e ir

r
p p o er ty a n
, d s
p e n d th e i r i n co m e in t h e k in gd o m
a n d th a t con n ecte d a s th e w e re w ith th g rea t
,
y e

b a n k ers a n d mon ie d in te res t in E urop e th e ir res i ,

d e nce in th e coun try w ould in ca se of future wa rs


, ,

g iv e the inh a b ita n ts a g rea t comman d of ca p ita l ,

a nd facil ita te th e ir l oa n s T h ey s up p osed tha t


.

as s in g th e a ct w ould e n cou ra g e th e mos t aff l e t of


p u n

th e na tion to e mig ra te from fore ig n p a rts to G rea t


B rita in in crease th e commerce a nd cred it of th e
,

k in gd om a n d set a l a uda bl e ex a mp le of ind us try


*
, ,

te mp era n ce a n d fruga l ity


, .

O n th e oth er h a n d th ose w h o op p os ed the


,

s s in g of th e b ill a rg ue d th a t th e p ecul ia r rites of


p a ,

th e J ew s w ere formid a b l e ob s ta cl e s to th e ir in corp o


ra t i on w ith oth er na tions ; a n d th a t if th e w e re
y
a d mitte d to th e ra n k of citiz e n s th ey w ould e n g ross
,

th e w h ol e comme rce of th e k ingd om ga in p os ,


l

s e s s ion of th e l a n d e d e s ta te s a n d d is p oss ess th e


,

C h ristia n own ers .T h ey a l s o a sse rted tha t it ,

w a s imp ious to ga th er a pe op l e w h ose d is p e rs ion


w a s fore told in th e s a cre d S crip tu res a n d w h o , ,

a ccord in g to th e p rop h e c ie s w e re to re m
, a i n w ith ou t

cou n try or h a b ita tion un til th e y s h ould b e con v e rte d


,

a n d coll e cte d t og eth e r in th e l a n d of th e ir a nces tors ;

a n d th a t a n a tte m t to incor ora te th e m p re v io us


p p ,

to th eir renounc in g th e ir re l ig ious te n ets d irect ly ,

London Mag 115 4


. , p . 5 3 8.
ms ronr
'
or me JEWS . 39 1

Op p osed th e w ill of h ea v en ; by e n d ea vourin g to

p rocure fo r th em a civ il con d ition w h il e J e w s ,

w h ich , it is pr ed icte d , th ey s h ould n ot e nj oy till


th ey b eca me C h ris tia n s ’
.

Th e l ord ma y or, a l d erme n, a nd co mmon s of th e


ci ty of Lon d on , p re s e n ted a p e tition to p a rl ia me n t ,

w h ich x p re ssed th e ir a p p reh e ns ion th a t th e b ill


e , ,

if pas sed into a l a w w ould ten d grea tly to d is ,

h onour th e C h ris tia n re l igion a n d e nd a n g e r th e ,

e x ce ll e n t con s titu tion A n oth er p e tition to th e


.

sa me p u r os e w a s re e n te d to th e h ous e s ub scrib e d
s
p p ,

by th e me rch a n ts a n d tra d ers in Lon d on But n ot .

w ith s ta n d in g th e g e ne ra l O p position th e b ill p a ss e d ,

th e ord eal of bo th h ouses a n d h is maj esty v ou ch ,

sa fe d to i v e it th e roy a l sa n c tion s l
'

g
T h i s a ct w h ich d uring th e l a s t sess ion h a d tri
,

u mp h e d ov er th e mos t ob stina te o p os ition s oon


p ,

be ca me a n obj ect of n a tiona l h orror a n d e x ecra tion .

E ve ry p a rt of th e k ingd om re s ou n d e d w ith t e
roa ch es of th e min is tr w h o h a d e n force d s uch a n
p y ,

od iou s mea s u re I t w a s v e h e me n tl y op p os e d from


.

th e p ul p its 1 b y th e corp ora tions a n d by th e p op u


, ,

l a ce I n con se qu e n ce of w h ich b y th e n ext s ession


.
,

of p a rl ia me n t in structions w e re se n t to a l mos t a ll th e
,

me mb ers to sol icit th e rep ea l of th i s ob nox ious b ill § .

S m l l t C ti f H m I bid

o e ti
s on n ua on o u e. .

2: Am g th l gy h w D T k t k d id d p t

on e c er , o e ve r, ean uc er oo a ec e ar

i fn f th
a vo u r o t l iz ti f th J w d w t bl y d fence
e na u ra a on o e e s, a n ro e a in e

o f thi m s Th
e as u re .
pp t f th b ill t
e o t d h im w ith g
o ne n s o t e , rea e rea .

ru d d i l
e nes s a n t hi
v ru e nce on i H w t ly
s occas on . ly e as n o on se v ere

a tt k d i p mph l t
ac e n w p p
a e s, d m g zi
ne s ; b t th p
a
pl
e rs , a n a a ne s u e eo e

o f B i t l b
r s o t hi fligy d
u rn d i
s e i l t g th
resse with h i n ca no n ca s, o e er s

l tt b h lf f l iz tiom— P b h Ch v ol i

e e rs on t
e a o na ura t a u c a ra c ers , . .

p 140
. .

L ondon Ma ga z ine
5 .
3 92 msr onr or THE JEWS .
.

Th e B ri tish min is te r d idmp t to resi s t th e


n ot a tte

torre n t ; b ut wa s a mongs t th e fore mos t w h o sp ok e


in fa v our of th e re p ea l H e w a s a n s w e re d w ith
.

much force of rea son in g b y T h oma s P otte r E sq ,


.

S ir G e org e Ly ttl e ton ma d e ‘a n e l e ga n t s p e e ch i n


fa v o ur of tol e ra tion in w h ich h e a sse rted th a t
“ ,

th e g re a te s t mis ch ie f w h ich ca n b e d on e to re li
,

g ion is to p e rv ert it to th e p urp os es of faction a n d


th a t h ea ve n a n d h ell a re n ot more d is ta n t th a n th e ,

b e ne vol e n t S p irit of th e G osp el a nd th e ma l ig n a nt


'
,

s irit of
p p a rt
y T h.e b ill w a s h o w e v er r e ea l e d
, p ,

b y a n a ct w h ich rece iv ed th e roy a l a s se nt th e s a me


,

s e ss ion . T h e b is h ops h a d ge n e ra ll y a p p ea re d
sa tis fi e d w ith th e in d ulge n ce g ra n ted to th e J e w s
*
,

a n d th e a cq u ies ce d a l s o in th e re ea l of th e b ill
y p .

Bu t th oug h th e n ob il ity in g e n e ra l con curred in th e


,

e xp e d ie n cy of th e l a tte r mea s ure a fe w a mon g ,

th e m v ie we d it a s too g rea t a sa crifi ce to th e b igotry


of th e p op ul a ce r l '

T h e p a rl ia me n tary l ea d e rs of th e p eop l e e n d ea ,

v oure d b u t th e ir a tte m ts w ere s ucce ssfull y


(
, p op

ose d b M P l h a m a n d M r P itt ) to rep ea l s o


p y r e . .
,

much of a n a ct for na tura l iz in g fore ig ne rs in A me


r ica , a s d id n ot e xcl ud e th e J e ws It h a s b e e n .

a s s e rte d th a t th e S p irit of in tol era n ce w a s e x cite d


,

by th os e w h o re s e n te d th e z ea l a n d l oy a l ty w ith
h i h h k h l a te re b e ll ion
w c t e
y w e re n o w n t o opp o s e t e .

A mong ma n y in sta n ces a re th e foll ow ing T wo .

J e w ish merch a n ts h a d s ome a rmed sh ip s in a river ,

l oa d e d w ith g ood s for fore ig n ma rk e ts But u p on .

b e ing a p p riz ed tha t th ey w e re w a n te d by th e go


S mol l ets C on tin ua tion of H me

u .

l Bel sh ams History


‘' ’
of Grea t B it i
r a n, v ol .
'

ii. p 386 ;
.
394

ma t i on a n d th at th ey could n ot a t a ny p eri od b oa s t
ms ronr '
or run JE S W .


,

of more l ea rn e d a nd e nl ig h te n e d ra bbi es th a n D r .
,

H irsch el a n d Dr A mon g th e l earn ed .

J e ws wh o h a v e a p p ea re d in E n gl a n d Da v id Le v i}: ,

a n d D Is ra el i§ a re e min e n tl y d is ti n gu is h e d

.

T he J e ws in Lon don , are d iv id ed in to th ose of

th e P ortug ues eG e rma n ea ch of and s na g ogue


y ,

7 w h ich h a s se p a ra te re g ul a tions for its own i n te rna l


gov e rn me nt T h e b rok ers a n d mos t respecta bl e
.
,

merch a n ts a mon g th e m a re ch ie fl y of the forme r , .

But th os e of th e G e rma n a re fa r th e most n u


me rous a nd w i th th e e x cep tion of a few w ea l th y
, ,

in div id ua l s wh o ca rry on tra d e w ith p rob ity a nd


,

h onour it is sa id th ey a re ge neral l y p oor a n d


, ,
.
,

fre que n tl y di s h ones t and tha t s ome of th e m con d uct ,

th e ir fra ud ul e n t d e s ig ns by ci rcul a tin g cou nte rfe i t ,

mon ey a n d by re ce iv in g a n d se ll in g s tole n goods


, , .

T h e re p roa ch a ris ing from th e ir in iq u itous p ra ctice s ,

h a s e n ga ge d th e a tte ntion of th e res p ecta bl e p a rt of


b oth sy na gog ues ; b ut a tte mp ts to reme dy th e ev il ,

h a v e gene ra lly p rov ed i neffect ua l " .

Dr Hirsch el , the p re sid in ra bbi of th e Germa n sy na


. g gog ue w s , a

L
born in ond on, 17 6 2 , a t th e h ouse of h is fa th er irsc h H Le i wh o
v n,

wa s th a t p eriod
at ch ie f ra bbi in th e c ity . Some time afte r, h e
re moved to er in , B l a nd his son was ca ll ed to ofi ciate in London ,

1802 .

1 Dr
'
. M e nd o a , l th e p re s iding ra bbi of th e P ortu guese s
y na gogue ,

is a na tiv e of Leghorn .

1 The l
ce e bra te d a u th or of th Disse rta tions on th e P roph ecies ,

Account of th e C e re monies of th e J e ws , Tr l
a ns a tion o f the P e nta

teuch , Lette rs to Dr Priw tl e y


.
, l
a nd oth e r ea rn ed w o rk s .

sM J gin l y l if d is
'
. D Is rae l i, w h o is sa id to be of e w is h o ri , in ea r e .

c o v e re d a l l
tas te fo r po ite ite ra tu re , and is th e a u th or of a n u ber of m
lg a nt m h m id th C i iti f it t e a urie n, a p hi m L V


e e oe es e u r o o e ra u r
p , s ,

l osop hica l nov e l


,
a nd othe r worn — S m I M ete rs ,

v ol p we

1.

Mum
. . .

I
'
s London P ol ice, p 2 0,
.
msr on r or THE JEWS . 395

Th e J e ws in y g a ll
o g ues th e ir
o n the i r s na


,

s a b ba th a n d s ol e m
da y s n fes tiv a ls e xh ib it th e ir
'

, ,

l oy al ty by us ing a form of p ra y e r for th e p ros


,

a ri t of th e ro a l fa mil y in G re a t B ri ta in A n d it
p y y .

must b e con s idered a s h igh l y cre d ita bl e to th is


e o l th t th h a d s of th e d iff e re nt s n a og u e s
y g
p p e , a e e

i n Lon d on a nd oth er d is tin g u ish e d men a mon g


,

th e m

, h a v e l a tely a dd res se d to th e i r b reth re n
a s tron g e x h orta ti on to ob ey th e l a ws ; n ot to ca rry
,

on a n tra d e on th e C h ris tia n s a b b a th n ot to k e e


y p
h ous es of il l fa me n or to commit oth e r irre gu ,

l a ritie s u n d er th e ir h igh ce n sure a nd forfe iture of


, ,

th e p rivil ege s a tta ch ed to th e m as b el on g ing to ,

th e ir co mmun ity .

The J e ws in E ngl a n d ,
t b
con ri ute towa rds th e

p oor s

qual ly w ith th e oth er inh a bi ta n ts
ra te s , e .

Th e J e w ish p op ul a tion in L ond on a n d of course ,

th e n u mb er of th e ir oor h a v in g m u ch in c re as ed
p ,

of l a te e a rs s ome mea n s for a me l iora tin g th e ir


y ,

con d ition w e re foun d e x e d ie n t ; a n d ce rta in p ro


p
p o s ition s w ith th a t V ie w w ere s u gg e s te d b
, y J V a n .

O ve n E s q a l ea rned a nd d istin g uis h e d me mb er of


, .

th e ir co mmu n i t i n two l e tters a dd re ss e d i n 18 0 1


y , , ,

to M r C ol q uh ou n a u th or of th e P ol ice of th e
.
,

M e trop ol is ; a n d th e con se que nce h a s bee n th e


e re c tion of a J e w s h os p ita l a t M il e E n d e n titl e d

, ,

N vy Ts ed el r or th e C h a rity W ork h ouse w h ich


, ,

w a s op e ne d in J u n e 1808 for th e rece p tion a n d


, ,

s up p ort of a ge d me n a n d w ome n a s w ell a s th e ,

e d uca tion a n d i n d us triou s e m l o me n t of ou th of


p y y

W
~

b oth se xes T h ey a re ch ie fly indeb ted for th e


.

a cc um ul a tion of a fun d w h ich l a id th e fo un d a ti on of

Ad m R l ig i o l d Di p l y d l i p

a s e ous r s a e , vo . . .
396 msroa v O F THE JEW S .

th i s esta bli sh men t to th e l ib era l a nd p h ila n th ropic


,

e x e rtion s of Be nj a min a n d Ab ra h a m G ol ds mid f

E s q rs tw o e min e n t J ew is h merch a n ts
. .

D itfere n t ca l cula tion s ha v e bee n ma d e res p ecting


th e n u mb er of th e J e w s in E n gl a n d A ccord ing to .

M r C ol q uh ou n th e y a moun t to t w en ty six th ou
.

s a n d xl O th ers h a v e s up p ose d th a t th e ir total ,

n u mb e r d oes n ot e x cee d s ix tee n th ousa n d Th ey .

h a v e n ow fi ve s y na gogues in L on d on viz on e , .

ca ll e d P ortug u es e J e w s th ree ca ll e d G e rma n J e w s


’ ’
, ,

a n d on e w h ich is a k in d of c h a el of eas e a t W e s t
p
min s ter or in th e S tra n d O f th ese th e ch ie f is
, .
,

th e grea t s y n a gog u e in D uk e s Pl a ce in a nd n ear


to w h ich s tre e t mos t of th e J e ws in Lon d on n ow


,

r es id e as forme rl y in th e O ld J e wry I
,
.

B oth th ese gentl emen h a ve rec tl y en pe rish ed by s uicide hey . T


were e minen tl y di ting ui h ed
s s th l ov s a e ers an d p a trons of ite ra tu re , l
for th e h onou r a nd p ro mp titu de of the ir co mmercial tran sa ctions ,

a nd th e ir active be ne vo e nce , l w h ich was n ot con ned fi with in th e


bou nd a ries of th e ir ow n l
pec u ia r pe op e Th e l . M arine S o cie ty , the

R oy a l H u mane S ocie ty , a nd oth e r ch a rita b e l ins titutions, h av e


u b li ly
c e xp re ssed th e ir gra titud e to th em Abra h a m Gol d smid , in
p
.

pa r ti l
cu a r, h as bee n d esc ribed by Va n ven , as a ma n wh o is a n O
h onou r to g l
h is species in enera , and to h is n a tion in p a rticu a r

l .

H e w as bo rn i n 17 5 7 , a nd e a r y in itia ted into th e l merca ntil e l if


e.

Th is man , w h o wa s reck one d th e rea tes t commercia g l c h a ra ct er of th e

a ge in w h ich h e ived , w as rema rk a b y s ucces sfu in th e


l l l ac q uisition of

wea l th , an d ce e bra ted for h is mun ifi ce n ce to ch a rita b


l l e ins ti tu tions .

a fte r a se ries of o spe rity he e xp e rie nced a se v e re re ve rse o f


But, p r ,

fortune , wh ich e xpo sed h im to bank rup tcy ; in conse q ue nce o f w h ich

h e became mel a nch ol y g a nd fi ll y

W
a nd dera n ed ; na
per iod to
p ut a

h is l if S
e, e pt. 2 3 , 1810, a ed g fifty th ree y ea rs .
— Commcr cia l N aga
a ia e,N ovembe r , 1810 .

t Lond on P o ice, p 2 l . 1
.

1 Ad

am ’
s Re igious l or ld Di p l s ay ed , v ol . i p 79
. . .
398 msr onv '
on THE JEWS .

v l i
a re e a t on from G od T h e s ucce ss th a t a tte nd ed
.

this b e ne v ol e n t a tte mp t d o es n ot a p p ea r h ow e v e r
, , ,

to h a v e b een con s id e ra bl e l
.
ae

J ose p h I I e mp e ro r of G erma ny by a me mora bl e


.
,

e d ict ( 1781) con ferre d ma n p ri il e g es u o t h


y v
p n e

J e w ish p eop l e H e g ra n te d th e m th e righ t of


.

e x e rc is in g a l l th e a rts a n d tra d es of foll ow in g a g ri

c ul ture a n d free l u rs uin g th e ir s t u d ie s a t th e


,
y p
sch ool s a n d T h is monarch a l so ca l l ed
th e m to mil ita ry se rvi ce s a n d h a d a l a rge n u mbe r of ,

J e w s e n roll e d a mon g h is troop s T h e re w a s a be .

n e d iction rin te d w h ich was giv e n b y a ra bb i in


p ,

P ra g ue to tw en ty fi ve Boh e mia n J ew s e n roll e d a s


-

common s old iers in w h ic h h e e x h orte d th e m to


,

con c il ia te a s much as os s ibl e th e p ra ctic e of th e ir


, p ,

rel ig ion w ith th e ir se rv ice H e g ra tifi e d ea ch of .

th e m w ith a cord of s ilk na me d Z iz im a n d a pa ir ,

of te p h il im or a k in d of l ea th e r ba n d
,
to w h ich is ,

a tta ch e d a arch me n t on w h ich th e d eca l og ue is


p ,

i n scrib e d In th e cours e of th e wa r wh ich w as


.

t ermina te d b y th e d iv is ion of u nh a p p y P ol a n d ,

on e a rm h a d a b ou t s ix J e w ish b a tta l ion s i


y
T h e e mp e ror L eop old th e s ucce ss or of J os ep h ,

th e S econd g ra n te d to th e I s ra el ite s d is p e rs e d
,

th roug h h is h e re d ita ry d omin ion s th e p riv il e g e of ,

b ein g a d mitted if p rop erl y qua l ifi e d a n d e d uca ted


,
,

to a ca d e m ica l d e g re e s in t h e l a
y f a c u l tie s a n d a l s o ,

th e l ib e rty of a c tin g a s a d v oca te s a n d p l ea d in g ,

a s s uch ,
ei th e r for th e ir b r e t h re n o r f o r C h ris ti a n s
,
.

J w i h R p it
e s e os o ry , v ol . i p l
. . .

I Cox H i to y H
‘'

e s s r of th e o use of Austria , v ol . iii .
p 5 7
. 7 .

3
; G re g oire s Hi toire d es Sectes Rel igie uses

s , to m
. ii p 3 8
. . .
ms ronr '
or THE JEWS . 399

In J e w w a s a d mitted to th e d egree of
a

d octor of civ il l a w in th e u n iv e rs ity of P ra gue) “


In th e s ta tes of th e k in g of P rus s ia , th e J e w s a t
t h w v x d b ta in r eg ul a tions
a rec e n e
p oc ere e e y cer .

Th e fa th e r of a J ew ish fa mily could ma rry b ut on e


of h is s on s , ra re ly cou ld he o b ta in p m i
ers s ion to

marry a secon d ,
a nd al l th e h
ot e rs w ere c on d e mn e d

to ce l ib a cy . E ach J e w wh o took a w ife w a s a l so ,

obl ig e d to p urcha se a ce rta in q ua n ti ty of p orce l a in ,

th e refuse of th e roy a l ma n u fa ct ory T h es e reg u .

l a tion s w ere a bol is h ed in 1809 a n d th e J ew s in th e


P russ ia n d omin ion s a re n ow a ssimil a ted in man y '

res p ects to th e C h ris tia n s l


-

It is b ut j us ti ce to th e J e ws to a ck now l edg e th a t ,

th e l ea rn in g a n d l ib e ra li ty of min d e x h ib i t ed b y
se v era l of th e i r n a tion u p on th e con tinen t ha v e ,

r ob a bl y p a v e d th e w a y for th e s te p s w h ich h a v e
p
be e n ta k e n in th eir fa v our A mon g th ose w h o .

ha v e p romote d th e l ite ra ry i mp rov e me n t a n d ra is e d ,

th e re p u ta tion of th e ir b re th re n M oses M en dol s oh n ,

is e min en tl y d is ting uish ed .

T h is ill ustriou s p h il osop h e r wa s b orn a t D essa u ,

a c it of A n h a l t i n U S a xon in 172 9 H
y pp e r
y e ,
.

rece iv e d th e ru d ime n ts of h is ed uca tion from h is

fa ther w h o wa s a J e w ish s ch ool ma ste r In th ese


,
-
.

s ch ool s , w h ich w e re for me d me re l y for th e ch ild re n .

of th e H e b re ws th e su mmit of th e ir ed uca tion


,

t ermina ted w ith a n introd uction to th e Ta l mud a n d ,

th e s tud en t w a ste d th e s ea son of y outh in s tud y in g ,

this v a s t coll e ction of fa b ul ous l e g en d s a n d s up er


s tition s t
j
C ox H i t y & p 5 7 7

e s s or , c. l G g i . Hi t i
. & ‘'
re o re s

s o re , c.

M th ly M g zi 179 8
on a a ne , .
4 00

M endol soh n ,
msr onv or THE JE

w h o p oss essed a v ig orous a nd ori


W S .

gina l ge n ius , u n ite d w ith a n a rd en t d es ire to a cq u ire

k n ow l edge s oon sel e cted from th e ma ss of ra bb i


,

n ica l w ritin gs th e s u erior w ork s of Ma imon id es


,p .

But s uch wa s h is in te n s e a p p l ica tion a n d th e irrita ,

b il ity of h is fra me th a t a t th e ea rl y a ge of te n
i

, ,

e a rs , h e w a s a tta ck e d w i th a n erv ous d is ord e r of


y
'

n a dd ition to th is mis
'

a v er c ul ia r n a ture I
y p e .

fortun e h e s uffe re d a l l th e e mba rra s s me n ts of


'

p o v e rt
y b e ,
in g obl ig e d to tra v e l on foot to B e rl in to

fi nd e mp l oy men t for s u bs is te nce H e l ive d in th e .

ci t s eve ra l e a rs i d ig e nt k w d fte
y y n , u n n o n a n o n , ,

d e stitute of th e n ece s sa ries of l ife T h is h ous el ess .

w a n d erer w a s a t l e ng th
,
in v ited by a ra bb i to
,

tra ns crib e h is ma n usc rip ts ; a n d th is ma n in itia te d


h im i nto th e my s te rie s of th e th eol ogy th e j uris ,

ru d e n c e and th e s ch ol a s tic p h il os op h y of th e
p ,

J ew s fi "
r

A P ol is h me d I s rae l M os es w h o wa s d is
J ew na ,

tingnis h ed for th e free d om of h is inq uirie s a n d h is


l ove of p h il os op hy ta ug h t h im E ucl id s E l e me nts
,

from th e H eb re w v e rs ion Afte r th e p re ma tu re .

d ea th of h is b el ov ed frie nd D r K is ch a J e w ish , .
,

p yh s icia n su
pp l i
,e d h im w ith b ook s a n d d e v ote d ,

so me p a rt of h is time to th e in s tr uction of a s tu d e n t,

w h ose s tre n gth of


'
intell ect h e h ad th e d isce rn me n t
to p e rce i e , a n th e a ffe ction to a id
v d . U nde r th e
l f d v l
in s truc tion of th is a ua b e rie n , h e w as s oon e na

ble d to rea d Lock e in a La tin v ersion .

In 1748 M e n d ol soh n for me d a n a cqua in ta nce


,

w ith D r S a mu e l G o mp ertz a n oth e r l e a r n ed J e w


. , ,

w h o to h is p rofe ss ion a l s tudi es a dd e d a k nowl edg e

Mo th l y M g zi 17 9 8 n a a ne, .
402 msr onr or r u n JEWS .

he ga ine d B erl in a ca d emy for h is


th e p riz e fromth e ,

es sa y on meta p h y s ica l s ci e n ce
th e evid e n ce of th e .

A fte r th ese p ubl ica tions a mid s t the da il y occup a ,

ti ons of c omme rce h e s till re tired to h is stu d ies , ,

a n d comp ose d e l e men ta r b o o k s for th e c h ild re n of


y
h is n e gl ecte d n a tion T o ra ise th e d eg rad e d ch a .

re e te r o f h is b re th ren w a s th e fa v ou ri te obj ect


'

wh ich h e a l wa y s h ad in v ie w O ne of h is p ub l i .

ca tion s s t l ed
y , T h e R itu a l of th e ,J e w s w a s ,

for me d u n d e r th e di rect ion of the ch ief rabb i H i rsc h


*
.

L ev in .

T h e tra n q uilli ty of M end e lsoh n s l ife was a t


le n gth di s turb ed by h is w ork en titl ed


,
.

, ,

J e rusal e m in w h ich ,

h e J e ws
h a v e a l a w an d n ot a , d og mas
ca n n e v e r b e re v ea l e d ; a n d th a t th e on l y d octri ne

o f h is n a tion is th e re l ig ion of na tu re H is a d .

va n cing th e se O p in i on s ga v e ri se to a c on tro v ers y ,

w h ich a gita te d h is feebl e a nd se ns i tive fra me to s uch


i

a d eg ree th a t i t is s up p os e d to h a v e occa s i on e d h is
,

de a th Zi mmerma n who was pe rs ona lly a cqua i n ted


.
,

w i th h im in forms us , th a t h is ne rv ous sy ste mwas ,

dera n ge d in a n a l mos t i nconce iva bl e ma n ne r 1


,
.
” '

His wh ol e c h ara cte r wa s a too s ub tl e comp os ition of

a» Mo nth l y M g z ine
a a , 17 96 . In P russ ia , the ra bb i w as m
eat- e ai l!

the ch an ce ll or of orph an s, a nd cou d c a im th is ri h t from th e ordi l l g


o

na ry c h annel of th e ov ernment g
He was the ad udica to r o f d isp uted . j
tes ti monial p rope rty , and responsib e for the j ust pe rformance of h is l
offi ce . Th e i mpord a nt ch a rge th us d evo vi ng upon the chid rabbi in l
P russ ia, o cca s io ned a de mand on F
th e pa rt of rede rick l l . for th e
tra ns l a tion of the cod e of l a ws on
'
th at subj ect, w h ich was efi ected by
Hi rsc h Lev i n, fath e r of th e p resent p resid in ra bbi of th e G et
-
u g m
s
y na g o gue i n Im doa , in con unction with Mend ol soh n.— E ur op e
j m
M ac a r ch , 1811 .

t Zimmerma n on l
So itude .
gen ius an d se n s ibil ity a nd h is w h ol e l ife a ma ,

l a dy H e d ie d of a n a p op l exy 1785 a ged fifty


.
, ,

th re e y ea rs It h a s b ee n sa id of M e nd ol soh n th a t
. ,

be in s tructe d h is fell ow citiz e n s a s a fa th e r a n d ,

h is riva l s h e ch eris h e d a s a b roth e r H is s oft ,

mod es t a n d obl ig in g d is p os ition p roc ure d h im th e


, ,

es te e m of th e s u p ers titiou s a n d in cre d ul ous a nd a t ,

h is d ea th h e rece iv e d from h is n a tion th e h on ours


,

w h ich a re u s ua ll y p a id to th e fi rs t ra bb ies .

Be s id e th e w ork s a b ov e me ntion ed h e p ublish ed ,

l e tte rs to La va ter a v ers ion of th e P e n ta te uch in


,

Ger ma n for h is coun try me n g en eral p rinc ip l es of ,

th e B ell es l e ttre s a n d fi n e a rts a n d se v e ra l oth e r ,

i n ge n ious p rod ucti on s .

T h e ren ow n of M e n dol soh n w a s th e el ect ri c


s a rk w h ich a w a k e n e d th e g e n i us of th e H eb re w s
p
a nd h e h a d for h is cotemp ora rie s a nd s uccessors
d istin g uish ed men .

M a rk E l ea z e r Bl och a J e w is h ,

h s icia n , w h o w a s b orn i n A n s p a ch a n d s e tt e l d in
p y
Berl in ,
was sa i d to b e th e
fi rs t na tura l ist of h is age .

H is s p l e n did w ork on fi sh es a n d a q ua ti c a n ima l s


, , ,

w a s e s te e me d s up erior to a n y p rece d ing p ubl ica tion


on th a t s ubj ec t He d ie d in th e y ea r l 800 —S o
. .

l omon M a imonfi a g rea t meta p hy s icia n w h om


" “
,

s o me h a v e c ons id ere d more p rofou n d a n d h il


p o ~

sop h ica l th a n M e n dol s oh n b ut n ot e q ua l i n el e a nce


,
g
of d iction Ma rk H ertz a p rofessor of n a tura l
.
-
,

p h il osop h y w h o h a d four h u n d re d a ud itors of th e


,

fi rs t ra nk a n d ge n ius in B erl in He s p en t h is l ife in .

th is c ity and
p
,
u b l is h ed w ork s on
p h il os o h
p y and

M a imon w a s a tta ch ed to th e p h i osop h y of l


a n t, to wh om h e K
d ed ica te d o ne of his w ork s H e p u b is h ed me moirs of h is ife i
. l l n
17 9 2 , a nd the fo ll ow in g ye ar a w ork on th e p ro g re s s of
ph ilo sop hy .

D D 2
4 01

med icin e — Leon G a mp a rte


H IST O RY on THE JE S W .

d is tingui sh ed h im , w ho
s e lf h a w ork on l ite ra r s ubj e cts a n d th e d ra ma
y y .

Be n D a v id p re s id en t of th e s oc iety of th e frien d s
,

o f h u ma n it a t B e rl in a n d a uth o r of s e v e ra l p ro
y ,

foun d w ork s w h o h a s e n d ea v oured to a p p l y a lge b ra


its e lf to th e th e ory of tas te in th e a rt s *
,

T he re h a s b ee n of l a te a l ite ra ry j ourna l in
B erl in comp ose d in H e b re w by s ev era l in tel l igen t
,

J e w s in w h ich th e re v e ries of th e Ta l mu d a re
,

a tta ck e d w ith a rgu me n t a n d ridi c ul e U nde r a ne w .

form w i th th e titl e of S oul a mith the j ournal is


, ,

re n e w e d a t D essa u a nd ubl is h e d in th e G e rma n


p ,

l a ng ua ge It is e di te d by Mr F ra n k el a n d Wolf
. .
,

men of a b il ity a n d l ea rn in g th e for mer Of w h om is


c ou n se ll or of th e I sra el itis h con s is tor a t Ca s s e l
y .

M a n y i n te ll ige n t J ew s do n ot a p p rove of h a v in g
s e a ra te sch ool s e x cl us iv e l r o ria te d to th e
p y a
pp p
,

7 ch il d re n of th e ir ow n n a tion

of th e C h ris tian s b
y r
But th e p rej udi ce s
ej ec tin g th e m or a t l ea s t
.

a tta c h in g a ki n d of s tig ma to J ud a is m in d uce d ,

th e m to es ta bl is h p art icul a r sch ool s in d ifi ere n t


7
c itie s in G e rma ny i n N ure mb e rg F urth '

as , ,

B resla u Kon in gsberg & c T h ey h a v e a l so s uch


, , .

s ch ool s a t B erl in F ra n kfort on th e M a in e Dessa u


, , ,

a n d S e e ze n p a r ticu l a rl,y fo r
p oo r c h ild re n T h ey .

h a v e b e e n a l mos t a l l e s ta bl is h e d a n d s up p orte d by
v ol unta ry con trib uti on s T h es e sch ool s w hich a re .
,

n ow in e x e rcis e h a v e th e ir reg ul a tion s p rin te d w ith


,

s e v e ra l el e men ta ry w ork s w ri tte n for th e ir b en e fi t l


-

I n 1796 a soc iety of J e w s ch iefl y y ou ng men


, , ,

found e d s ome p a rt i cula r s ch ool s a t D es sa u for th e


G re goi e O bse r a tions ou e ll e ur l J nif
r

s v n v s s es s.

G re goire H istoi e de Sectes Re l ig ieuses tom p 5 84



s r s ,
. 11. . .
406 ms ronv
'
or r u n J a ws .

th a n fi fty ; but th ey d a il y increa s i ng Th e


a re .

a rra ng e me n t of th e b u il d in g a n d th e a d min is
tra tion of th e e s ta bl ish me n t ma y s e rv e a s mod el s .

T h ere a s w ell a s a t D essa u th e child ren a re d istin


, ,

u is h ed by n e a tn e ss g ood ord er; a n d a n a ir of


g ,

h ea l th a nd co nte n t. T h e p oor a re a d mitte d g ra tis ,

a nd . th e oth e rs p a y a ccord in g to th e ir a bil itie s .

T h ey a re ta ug h t th e H eb re w La tin F rench a nd , , ,

G e rma n l a n g ua ges ; ge og ra p h y h istory ora tory


*
, , ,

n a tu ra l h is tor
y m ,
a th e m a ti cs t e ch n ol ogy ,& c , .

At S e e ze n th ey a dd to th e a b ov e th e G re ek
,

l a ng ua ge a n d mus i c It is a l so i n te nde d to es ta bl ish


.

a sch ool of in d us t ry Ea ch s t ud ent is to h a v e a s ma ll


.

l o t o f g r o u n d a ll otte d to h im w h i ch h e is to cu l ti
p ,
'

v a te w i th h is ow n h a n d s I t is one obj ect of th e


.

sch ool to d e ta ch th e J e w s from comm e rce th e s p iri t ,

of w h ich is s o d e e p l y roote d a mon g th e m .

In th ese s ch ool s th e p up il s a re ta ugh t th e el e


,

men ts of s uch k n ow l edg e a s is n ecessa ry in e v ery


s ta ti on in l ife th e a cq u i s i ti on of w h i ch p re p are s th e
,

w ay for th e d e v el op e me n t of th e g rea test ta l e n ts


w ith w h ich they a re e n d owed Th e p up il s w h e n
.
,

v ery y oung a re a bl e to con v ers e w ith fa cil ity in the


,

F rench a nd L a tin l a n gua g es a s w ell a s on v a rious ,

com l ica te d
.

s ubj e cts of i n s t ruction a n d s olv e v e r


, y p
a ri th m etica l a nd m a k e ma th e m a tica l d e

mons tra tions . d eta il s a ttes t th e ca p a city a n d


d iligen ce of th e p up il s w h o a re a l l J e w s a n d th e
, ,

w ell di rec te d e fforts of th e p recep tors s om e of ,

w h om a re J e ws a n d s ome C h risti a n s h o res ide ,

tog e th er in th e mos t p e rfe ct h armon y xl '

G regoire’
s Histoire des p . 3 86 .

t G regoire His toire, & c tom ii p 3 87



s . . . . .
H IST O RY or ra n JEWS . 4 07

B esid e th e a sce t i ca l b ook s w ith w h i ch the y a re

p ro v id ed ,
S ch ottl ae nde r h a s d for the s tu
co mp il e

den ts a c oll ection of p oe ms a nd mora l p recep ts ,

sel ecte d from v a ri ous a uth ors H e h as in serte d th e


.

'

th irt een fund a men ta l a rticl e s of th e J ew i sh fa ith by


M a imon id es a n a b ridg ed h istory of th e H eb rew
l a n g ua ge ; th e secon d ca n to of th e Moy sia de a n ,

e p ic oem b H tig Ve z e l ize a ra bb i w h o l a t el


p y a r , y
d ied a t H a mb urg ; a n d oth er i nstruct iv e a nd i nt er
e s ti n g w ork s * .

T h e J e ws of F ra nkfort up on th e M a ine ci t e w ith


a p l a us e W olf H e id e n h e im a l ea rn e d orie n ta li s t
p ,

from R odel h e im a b orough n ea r th e c ity L ip ma n


,

Busch e n ta l a y oung p oe t ; H e id el sh e im d ep uty


, ,

from h is co rel igi on ists to th e sa n h e d ri m a t Pa ris ;


-

a n d G e ise n h e im er w h o is g on e to s t ud y th e me th od
,

of P e sta l ozz i a t Y v erd un w ith on e of th e i n s tit utors

of th e ir P h il a nth rop i n or sch ool for th e p oor


, .

G eisenh eimer a ss ocia tin g mus ic w ith p oetry a n d


, ,

res t ori n g th e tw o a rts to th e ir true d es tina tion ,

h a s comp il ed for th e p up il s a coll ecti on of p oe try .

T h is esta bli sh me n t to w h ich th e p rince p ri ma te


,

g iv e s s ix h un d re d fl orin s a nn ua lly p rosp ers a n d , ,

ma k es s ensibl e p rog res s 1 .


~

T h e J ew s l ab oure d w i th out cea s i n g to ob ta in


th e ir p ol iti cal re stora ti on to a cit w h e re t h e h ave
y y ,

b e en for severa l centuri es op p ress ed A p rov e rb .

s a id formerl th t t F kf t th C th l i h d
y a a, ra n or e a o c s a

th e ch u rch es th e Ca lv in ist s th e rich es th e Lu


, ,

th e ra n s th e p l a ces W ha t th en h a d th e J ew s ?
.

O utra g es a n d p ersecution on the p a rt of th e


C h ristia ns . Op i n ion s t igma tiz ed th em in such
G regoire s Hil toirc, &c

. t I bid .
408 H ISTO RY on THE JEWS .

a ma nn e r , ha t
fi ne d in th e n a rrow p a th s of
t , con

the ramp ar ts th ey da re d n ot u n d e r e na l t of
,
p y ,

b e ing i ns ul ted e nte r i n to th e l a rg e a ll ey s w h ich


,

s erve d for w a lk s to the C h ris t ia ns Th e J ews . ,

sh ackl ed in th e ir comm e rce w e re v ictims to re ul a


g ,

t i on s w h ich ra ised a wall of s epa ra tion be tw ee n


th e m a n d th e C h ristia ns } IE

An in fa mous toll p l ac e d th e J ew s on th e l e v el of
cl ov e n foot e d a n ima l s
-
By th e e fforts of J a cobs on
.

a nd Bre inte inb a ch , b e tw ee n tw e n ty a n d th irty


G erma n p rin ce s h a v e re p a ired th is outra ge d on e to
th e h uma n ra ce by a bol ish ing thes e toll s
,
The .

p r i m a te o f G e r m a n
y se t th e e xa mp l e F r a n k fort ,

b ein g p a rt of h is te rr i tories Th e J e w s hop ed . ,

th a t u n d e r th is p rin ce a l l th e ir g rie v a n ces w ould be


re d re ss e d But a reg ul a t ion wa s force d from h im
.

i n 1807 w h ich l imited th e n u mb e r of J e w s to fi ve


,

h u n d re d fa mil ies Th e commun i ty g iv es twen ty


.

tw o th ousa n d d orins for th e l ibe rty of re s id in g in


th e c ity .T h e ir s treet is a k in d of G h etto out of
w h ich th ey ca n n ot es ta bl is h th e mse l ves An I s ra .

e l ite in rop ortion to h is me a n s a s m ore c on tri


p p y ,

b ution s th a n a C h ris tia n h e p a y s for th e rig h t of ,

r o te c tion for h ims elf a n d e a ch of h is son s T h e


p .

w ome n if u n ma rried a t th e a ge of t w e n ty fi ve a re

-
, ,

s ubj e ct to th e s a me i m os ition T h e J e w s ar e
p .

obl ige d to ma k e resen ts to v arious fun ction a rie s on


p
a r s da s fa irs a n d oth e r time s h i h

n ew e w c a re
y y , , ,

to con tin ue till th e d ea th of th ose w h o re ce iv e th e m .

I f th ey e s ta bl ish a ma n ufa cture or h ire a fa rm th ey , ,

n e m l o on l J ew i s h l a boure rs T h os e w ho a re
p y y .

me rch a n ts ca n onl y s ell in two s tre e ts e xce p t th e ir


G re goire s Histoire

, &c .
8
4 10 msronv or r u n J aw s .

In th er p a rts of E urop e a s w el l a s G erma ny a nd


o

P russ i a th e J ews a p p ea r to b e ma k ing i mp rov e


,

men ts in l itera ture ; a nd th e ir e x ertion s h a v e been


e n coura ged a n d th e ir con d ition , am eli ora te d in
nu mb l I l i t wh h
e rs sev era l i t d of th i w
sra e d es o a ve en s e e r o n acco r .

O th m h f mp p t i ti m aft h i g f i h d th i b
e rs arc ro ure a r o s , er av n u rn s e e r su

s titutes , a nd oth e rs se rv e al so as s ubsti tu tes .

WW
As P res id ent of th e I rae litish
s cons is tory , Il a bou r incessa nt y in l
cl earin g as fa r as l
poss ib e th e ch a os of ou r i nte rior constitu tion .

Some en lg i h tened ra bbies and secul ar me rhbe rs of the col ege , exert l
th e mse l me p ious work
ves in th ee a l rea d
sa
y see th e cou ntry .

towns ad opt more simp l e and be tter regul a ted courses e ma


y a l so .

h ope from tha t q ua rter for a more h a ppy and co ns ol ing futurity .

A new re g ul ation re l a tive to the y g ogu es p uts an end to dif

W
s na

ferea t a buses th a t a re found in our di vine service , and renders it


more worthy of its j
ob ect.

Be tter sch ool s , p a rticu ar l ly re l igi ous sch oo s , l h a ve been esta

bl ish ed in d iffe re nt pa rts of es tp h a ia As for my institute a t l .

Seeze n, pa rticul a r
y Iapp y my sel f to ed u calte i l
n i t ar tizans and

I h a v e caused to be ra ise d in th e inc l os ure , a te mpl e of a bea n


t ifu l l
s ty e , a nd re g ula r a rch itectu re . Ih av e ca used to be b ui t in it l
a n o r an ; g it is s ur mounted by a tower and be l l .

O n th e se ve ntee nth of J lyu , 1810, I cel e bra ted th e ded ica ti on of


the T empl e The ce re mony was au gu st and sol emn notwith tand ing
.
, s

e very th in g b rea th ed i it th e most ope ga ie ty T he e were p resent


n n . r

se ve ra l h und red of al l re li gious d enom


sina tions pa rticu la rl y C a th ol ic , ,

Luthe ran and Re formed cl ergy men besi d es th e I sraelites



.
, ,

The inscrip tions u pon th e new sy na g ogue wh ich is s ty l ed by th e ,

Jews The T empl e of Jacob a re a s fol l ows


, ,

3

O n the easte rn pa rt of th e ed ifi ce
Bl essed is h e wh o co meth in th c na me of th e Lord .

O n th e south s ide :

Ha ve we not all one fa th er ? Are we no t a l l chi ld re n of the

same C reator 3 ”

On th e western pa rt
Heark en al so to a stra nger, wh o is not of thy peop e Israe , b ut l l
ll
com e froma d is ta nt coun try for the ove of th y na m l

sha e .

The north portico i s d ecora ted wi th two h a nds oined togeth er, j
inscr ibed w ith th ese words ;
My ho use sha ll be ll l ”
ca ed an house of p ra y er for all peop e.

See D cdicm ( a temp l e 116 J a cob, a Screen .


m '
s r on r or THE JEWS . 4 11

s ev e ra l k i n gd o m s T .h e y w e r e f o rm e r l y e x c l u d ed

from Rus s ia b ut th ere a re n ow p rob a bl y two mil


,

l ion s o f J e w s in th a t e m p ire o f w ,
h ic h n u m b e r ,

ab o u t fo u r h u n d re d t h o us a n d i n h a b it t h e R us s ia n

ro v in ce s o f P o l a n d I n 1 8 0 5 Al e x a n d e r e m p e r o r
p .
, ,

of R u s s ia
p u
,
bl is h e d a n Uk a s e w h ic h ,
a m o n g,
o th e r

p
v
ri i el g e s g,
ra n te d th e m t h e l ib e r ty o f e d u c a t in g
th e i r ch ild re n in a ny of th e s ch ool s a n d u n iv ers itie s
i n th e e p m i t h w ll o w d t o t b l ish
*
e er e a e e s a
r e o r y
sch ool s a t th e ir ow n e x p e n s e I n 1817 a n oth e r
.
,

Ukase p ublis h ed by th e s a me e mp eror ofi e re d


’ '

,
,

o rtion s of l a n d w ith p ecul ia r p riv il e ges a nnexe d


p , ,

to s uch J e ws in h is d omi nions a s w ould e mb ra ce ,

th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion .

A col ony of C a ra ite J ew s resid e in a fortress


in th e C rimea a n d e nj oy th e fre e e xercise of th e ir
,
.

a n c ie n t c us t om s a n d p ecul ia r rites . Th ese Ca ra ites


.

d ee m it a n a ct of p i ety to cop y the B ibl e or ,

p io u s c o m m e n ta ries u on th e te x t
p o nc e in th e ir
,

l iv es All th e ir ma nuscrip t cop ies of th e Old Tes


.

ta me n t b eg in w i th J osh ua a n d e v e n th e
, most
a nc ien t d id n ot con ta i n th e P e n ta teuch T h a t p a rt
.

of th e B ibl e w a s k e p t a p a rt b ut on l y in a pri n te d
,

v ersion for th e use of sch ool s In th e sy nagog ues


, .
,

w ith th e e x cep tion of th e b ook s of M os es e v e ry ,

th in g w a s in ma n uscri p t T h e di ffere nce b e tw ee n


.

th e m a n d th e oth e r J e ws con s i s ts in a rej ection of


th e Ta l mud a d isrega rd to e v e r k in d of tra d itions
,
y ,

to a l l ra bb in ica l w ritings or O p in ion s a l l ma rg in al ,

in te rp ol a ti on s of th e text of s cri p ture a n d in ,

a m ea s ure of th e ir rul e of fa ith b th e e l e tte r of


y p u r

the l a w . T h ey p reten d to h a v e th e tex t of th e O ld


Repertory J une 2 8 1805
, , .
4 12 msr onv or r u n .
JEWS .

T esta men t in its mos t ge n ui ne s ta te The ch a ra cte r .

of th e C a ra ite J e w s is d irectl y op p os ite to th a t

Th e y
e a tiono d
'

f
'

g rea t d th i h il dre n
w h o a re t a ug h t p ubl icl y in th e s na g ogues *
a uc
p y e r ,

y .

T h e J e w s ha ve a l s o ob ta in ed p riv il e ges in S we d e n .

I n De n mark w h e re th ey h a v e e nj oy e d s ufi c ie nt
,

l ib erty w e fi nd ma n y di s t i n g uish e d ch a ra cters ev e n


, ,

s ome p a i n t ers T h e i r mod e of e d uca ti on is da ily


.

i mp rov in g a n d th e e x ertion s of J e wis h p a ren ts a re


,

s econ d e d b th e C h ri s tia n s ; a mon g oth ers b th e


y y ,

c e l e b ra te d M un ter I n 1803 a n e s ta bl ish me n t wa s .


,

forme d in C op e n h a ge n for th e in struction of J e wis h ,

y o u th I t i
. s a s eci es of free sch ool
p
-
a n d w e ll ,

e n d ow e d At th e e n d of th e y ea r 1805 th e n umb er
.
,

of p u p il s w as forty A p u bl ic e xa mi na tion w a s .

h eld in 1806 a n d it a p p eared th a t th ey h a d ma d e


,

g rea t p rog re ss in th e H e b re w F re nch a n d G e rma n , ,

l a n g ua ges in geogra p h y a n d in n a tural h istory ;


, , ,

a nd in sh ort th a t th is es ta bl is h me n t w a s in a v ery
, ,

fl ouri sh i ng condition i
D r. Cl a rk , a l a te ll
tra v e er, e nte r dd th i fortre
s ss , a nd c onv e rsed

with a ra bbi , w h o, h e s ay s , wa s h ig hl y este e med a nd e xceed in e


we ll informed , a nd h ad passed a pu bl i c e xa mina tion w ith d is tin

guish ed h onou r at P g
e tersb u r , a fte r h a v in g
b een se nt for expre ss y l
by th e
. e mp res s C a th er ine
”—
Cl a rk s Tr a vel s in R us s ia , Ta rta ry , a nd

.
-

Tur k ey , p 3 87 . .

T rans actions of th e P a risian Sa nh ed rim, p 12 4 . .


4 14 '
H rs ronr aor THE JEWS .

w h i ch ga v e th emlib erty to res id e a n d ca rry on t ra d e


in th e city a ccord ing to th e i r a nci e n t rivil ege s I n
, p .

16 32 L e w i s X I II by n e w l e tte rs p a te n t con fi rme d


, .
,

th ose of h is p re d eces s or ; a nd th oug h th is mona rch ,

h a d i n 16 15 e x p ell e d th e J e ws from F ra nce th ey


, , ,

s till w e re p e rmi t te d to res id e a n d tra d e in M e tz a n d

Bourdea uxf "


I n 1644 th e city of M e tz con ta in e d
,

s e v e n h un d re d a n d n ine t fi ve of H e b rew e x tra cti on


y ,

w h o se v e n tee n y ea rs a fte r ob ta i n e d n e w l etters pa


, ,

t en t w ith th e a dd iti ona l l ib erty of tra d in g in a l l


,

ki nd s of g ood s Th e merch a n ts op p os e d th e ex
.

tens i on of th eir p rivil e ges b ut th e i r a tte mp ts w ere .

rep ea tedly d efea te d a nd th e p a rli a ment of M e tz


,

i nflexibl y ma i nta i ne d th e righ ts of th e J e w i sh com


munity cl '

I n 1718 th e d ifi b rent b odi es of merch a nts in Me tz


,

u n ited to d e m a n d of th e ki n g th a t th e n u mb e r of ,

J e w s s h ould b e red uced a s th ey we re a p ubl ic ,

ch a rg e and th a t th e s h ould n ot b e a ll ow ed to h a v e
, y
othe r comm e rce b ut t h a t of l a wful i n tere s t I
an
y n .

con se q ue nce of th i s re q ues t h is m aj e s t ord a in e d


y , ,

th a t th e l e tte rs p a ten t of h is p red ecessors sh ould b e


e x e cute d a ccord in g to th e i r form a n d te n or a nd ,

th ere fore p e rmitte d onl y fou r h und re d a n d e ig h ty


fa mil ies to con tin ue i n the c ity E ve n thi s in d ul g .

e n ce wa s g ra n te d th e m u on con di tion th a t th ey
p
sh ould res id e i n th e q ua rte r a s s ig ne d th e m a n d b e ,

ob ta ined from th e k ing a bso l ute l iberty of conscie nce fo r h imand h is


fa mi y — Ba mage , p 6 7 6
l . . .

Th e ega e xis tence of th e J ews in ourdea ux is tra ced fro m th e


l l B
ea 16 5 0 T h obta ined t th t h d th d n omin a tion of
y r e.
y a a e poc , u n er e e

me rch a n ts in P ortu ga , ca ed new h ris tians , e tters p atent by


l ll ”
C l
w h ich th e we re e rmitted to a c uire re a e s ta te
y p q
s in F ran ce l .

t G re goire on the Reformation of the J ews, p 36 3


.
ms ronr or THE JEWS .
. 4 15

p ro h ibi ted , p d
un er e na fromh a vi ng
l ty of a h ea v y fi ne,
h ous e s in a ny oth er p a rt of th e city T h e d isp utes .

be twee n th e ma n d C h ri stia n s w ere to be refe rred to


th e j udg es a nd con s ul s of M etz ; a nd th ere w a s a n
a pp ea l to a rl ia me n t in ca s es s ubj e ct to it But th ey
p .

w e re p ermitte d to b ri n g be fo e th e ra bb ie s or ch iefs
r
of th e ir commu nit di s ute s w it h th e ir c c rel ig ionis ts
p
-
y ,

res p ect in g th e ir p ol ice rel ig ion c us tom s ce re mo , , ,

n ies a n d im os ition s T h a id th e k in g a n
*
ey p
, p .

a n n ua l tr ib ute of tw e n ty t h ousa n d 1 iv re s .

F rom time to time th e J e ws of b oth s ex es h a v e


bee n con verted a t M et z ; th ere w a s e v e n a h ous e
w i th s ome fun d s a t ta ch ed to it for th ose w h o h a d
b ee n b a p tiz ed .

Th e J e w s h a d in Lorra i n se v era l sy na gog ue s ,

of w h ich tw o w e re a t N a n ci T h a t of L un e vill e .

h a s bee n b u il t a b out twen ty fi ve y ea rs But Al s a ce -


.

was the p rovi n ce in w h i ch th ey w e re th e mos t n u


merc us ; th ey h a d th ere fifty tw o sy n a g og ues b ut -
,

n on e a t S tra s b urg w h ere th ey h a d n ot e v e n th e


,

ri gh t to s oj ourn S i n ce th e F rench rev ol uti on th e


.

n um b er of th e m in th a t ci ty is comp ute d from fi ve


to s ix th ousa n d ; oth er ci t i es in F ra n ce con ta in a
sm a ll n u m b er of th e m b ut they a re more n umerous ,

i n P a ris tha n in a ny p art of th e


F h E y l p d i T hi t ibute w p id by th J w f
renc nc c o e a. s r as a e e s o

M tz d f th M i
e , an o ty e d th d omi ti
e ss n coun r of d ty , un er e en na on u

of h abita tion, p r ote ct ion , and tol er a tion .


'
Afi er th ey obta ined th e

righ ts of citize ns , th ese d u ties we re s upp ressed a nd a bo li h


s ed , with out
an
y indemn ity to th e own e r of a n d contrac tor for th e sa id tribute
Tr a ns a cti on s qf th e S a nh edr i m, p 5 . .

1 The p a ra ra ph s w hich a re mark ed with inverted commas , a re


'
g
tra ns l a ted from a l e tte r w h ich th e mpil e r was favoured with (Sep
co

tembe r 1810) from MM. . G re goire , fo rme rl y b ish op of B l ois me mbe r ,

of th e cons e rv a tiv e s en a te , &c .


I

4 16 HISTO RY on THE JEWS .

A t B ourd ea ux B a y onn e a n d some n e igh bou r


, ,

ing c it ie s th ere w ere ma ny th ousa n d s of S pa n is h


,

a n d P ortug ue se J e w s th us n a me d fromth e co u n trie s


,

fromw h ich th e ir a n ces tors h a v e b e e n e xp ell e d T h ey .

ha d more e xte ns iv e p riv il e g e s th a n th e G e rma n J e w s ,

th a t is th os e of Al sa ce Lorra in & c
, , , .

Av ig non forme rl y s ubj ect to th e p op es a nd


, ,

N ice to th e k ing of S a rd in ia h a d a l so a nd still , ,

h a v e col on ies of I sra e l ites b ecome F re nch hy th e


, .

u n ion of th e coun t ries T h e cel e b ra te d Gr e goire


.

h a v in g b ee n a p p oin te d me mb e r of th e con v e n tion


to org a n iz e th e d e p a rtment of th e ma ritime Al p s ,

took ca re a t N ice to s ec ure to th e m th e e nj oy me n t


of th e rig h ts of c itiz e n s w h ich th e l a w a ll ow e d th e m .

In th e se v e n tee n th a n d e igh tee n th ce n turie s th e


,

h is tory of th e J ews in F ra nce offe rs a v e ry fe w


a n e cd ote s to coll e ct w h ich p roves
,
th a t th ey w e re ,

e n e ra ll y tra nq u il d urin g th e s e p eriod s a n d h a d n ot


g ,

to e xpe rie n ce th ose b l oody ca ta s tmp h e s w hich de


'

s ol a te d th e m in p re ce d in g ag es But th e p ubl ic .

con te mp t w a s ex h ib ite d by a v oid ing th e ir socie ty


a n d s ome times a n ig n ora n t p op ul a ce in s ul te d th e m .

In v a rious p l a ces th ey w ere obl ig e d to w ea r a d is


tinctive ma rk in th e ir d ress ; th ose of M etz h ad
a bl a ck ma n tl e a n d a w h ite b a n d T h is s in g ul a rity
.

of cos tu me ma d e th e m k n ow n a n d th e b a d e ffe c t
,

w h ich it p rod uce d was to d es ig n a te th e m i n a


.

sp ec ial ma n ner for i ns ul ts How e v e r th e p


.
,

of k n ow l e d e h a s in s ens ibl tt n u a ted th e p re u


g y a e j
d e a ga in st th e m
ic s ”.

In 176 7 s ix me rca nt il e s oci e ties i n P a ris p rinte d


,

a re m ons t ra nce a a ins t th e a d miss ion of th e J ew s


g
Letter from G regoi e r .
4 18 H ISTORY or T HE JEWS .

The d ecree , p a ss ed in 17 90 ,

a ck n ow l edg e d a s a c tiv e c itiz e ns th os e J e w s on l


y ,

w h o p re v iously to 1789 h a d ob ta ine d l e tte rs of


, ,

n a tura l iz a tion I n ord er to re move th os e l imita tion s


.
,

th e n a tion al a ss e mbl y in 179 1 ord a ine d th a t a l l of


, , ,

th e J e w ish p e rs ua s ion w h o w ould ta ke the c iv ic


oa th a n d u n ite th e oth er q ua l itie s re q uire d b th e
, y
con s titution to e n a bl e th e m to b e a ctiv e citiz e n s ,

s h ould be con s id e re d a s s uch All th e J e w s in .

F ra n ce h a s te ned to tak e th e oa th w h ich cons tituted ,

th e m c itiz e n s l
.
ae

A t th e time of th a t fa mous d e cre e wh i ch in 17 9 1 , ,

g a v e th e J ew s a coun try ma ny in con g ra t ul a tin g , ,

th e ir b re th re n on th e g rea tn e s s of th e b oon a d ,

d ressed to th e m in s truction s on th e full e x ten t of


th eir d utie s a n d p rov e d th e n ece ss ity of a l te rin g in
,

th e i r h a b its a n d ma n n e rs w h a te v e r mig h t te n d to
e tua te re oss ession s a n d p rej ud ice s a ga i nst
p per p p
th em .

A mora l rev ol u ti on mas t h ow e ver be th e resu l t , ,

of time a n d e x p erien ce And n otw ith sta n d in g th e . ,

imp rov e me n ts ma de b y a n u mbe r of i n te ll igen t


J ews ,
th e u s urious p ra ctice s of s o me in th e d e p a rt
me n ts in th e n orth of F ra n ce , l F re nc h ca u se d s e era v
w r ite rs to p rop os e a n n ull in g th e a ct w h ich g ra nte d ,

th e m th e p riv il e ge s of citize ns T h e comp l a in ts .

ma d e a ga in st th e J e w is h commun ity ga v e ris e to th e


d e cree of Ma y 30 1806 by w h ich it w a s e na cte d, , ,

th a t a n a s s e m b l y of t h e p ri n c i
p a l J e w s s h a ll
It w t h p t
as on f G g i
e re t h
or b i h
o p freB l i wh
o re , h d en s o o o s, o a

e l
mi t y d i ti
ne n g i h d h sim nl f b y
u s h i e x ti ise f f the s e er ons n a v ou r o

J w th t th ti l mbl y pa d th d
e s, a e na o na as se w h i h p t th ms se e e c re e, c u e

on l l w ith th
a e ve t f th itiz
e res
—T o lz e c qf th S e ns . r e nsa c ans e an

h cd n m, p 830

. .
m '
s roa v or "
ra n J EWS . 4 19

be v
con en e P a ris a n d th a t commiss i on ers sh a l l
d in ,

b e a p p oin te d to ma k e k n ow n to th e m th e rdy al
5 w h o sh a ll a t th e sa me time col l e ct th e ir
, , ,

a s to th e mea n s th ey d e e m th e fi ttes t to
re e sta bl ish a mon g th e ir b re th re n th e e xerc is e of

mech a n ica l a rts a n d useful p rofess ions i n ord e r ,

to rep l a ce by a n h one st in d us try th e s h a me ful


'

r es ou rces to w h ich ma n of th e m h a v e res orte d


y
from ge n era tion to g e ne ra tion th es e ma n y cen

It w a s l d th a t t ere s ha ll be a s us
a so e na cte ,
“h
e n sion for a a r from th e d a te of th e p re se n t
p y e

d ecre e of a ll e xe cutions of j udg ment a nd b on d ob l i


a tions e x ce t s o fa r a s to p re v en t l imita tion ob

g , p
ta ined a ga in s t h usb a n d men n ot t ra de rs of th e ,

d ep a rtme n ts of La S arre La Roer M on t Terribl e , , ,

U p p er a n d Lower R h in e R h ine a n d M osell e a n d , ,

V osges w h en e ve r th e b on d s e n tere d in to by th ese


,

h usba n d men a re in fa v ou r of J e w s .

R esp ectin g th e formation of a n a sse mbl y p ro


fe s s in g th e J e w ish rel igi on it wa s d ecreed tha t , ,

th ey sh ould b e con v e n e d in Pa ris on th e fiftee n th ,

of J ul n e x t ; th a t in a l l th e de a rtm e t of the
y p n s

e m ire w h ere th ere w e re fi ve h u n d re d of th e m


p ,

s h oul d b e na m

'
°

a d e ut ed a n d fi ve d e utie s for

p y p ,

a th ou sa n d T h ey w ere to b e n omina te d by th e
.
.

refec ts from a mon g th e ra bb ies h l d ld


p , t e a n h o ers ,
-
,

a n d oth er J ew s; th e mos t d istin g uis h e d for th e ir ia

tegrity a n d k n owl e d g 1

e
'
.

I n comp l ianc e w ith th e ma n da t e '


th e J e w i s h ,

d e p utie s a rriv ed i n Pa ris in th e J ul y foll ow in g ; on '

the twe n ty s ixth of th e mon th th ey a s se mbl ed a n d


-
,

T ransactions of th e Sa nh ed im r , p . 105 . t I bid .


p 106 .
.

E E 2
42 0 n 1s roa v or
'
TIIE JEWS .

w e re met by Buo na a rte s commi ss ion ers


p Ab ra

h am .

F urta d o a merch a n t from B ourd ea ux w h o h a d


, ,

a cq u ire d a d is ting u is h e d re uta ti on b oth fo r h is


p ,

ta l en ts a n d v irtues w a s ch ose n p re s id e n t At the


,
~
.

s e co n d s ittin g th e commis s ion ers a t tw elv e q ues


,
p
tions to th e m rel a tin g to th e i nte rna l e con omy of
, ,

th e J e w i s h n a tion a n d th e a ll eg ia n ce d ue b th e m
,
y
to t e F re n
h c h g v e rn me n t
o l
.
ae

A d ecla ra tion p rece d ed th e a ns w e rs of the J e wis h


d ep utie s w h ich d ecl a red in th e n a me of al l th e
, ,

F re nch me n p rofess ing th e re l ig ion of M ose s th a t , ,

th e ir rel ig ion ma k e s it th e ir d uty to con s id e r the


l a w of th e p rin ce a s th e s up re me l a w in civ il a nd
l itica l mat te rs ; th a t con se q ue n tl s h ould t h e i r
p o
y , ,.

re l ig ious c od e or its v a rious in te r re ta tion s on ta in


'

, p c ,

c iv il or p ol itica l comm a nd s a t v a ria n ce w ith th os e ,

th es e comma n ds w ould of

of th e F re n ch code ,

c ou rs e cea se to in fl u ence a n d gove rn th e m s in ce t


,

th ey must a bov e all a ck n owl ed ge an d obey th e


, ,

l aw of th e p rin ce h t in o con s e q uen ce of th is


; t a
rin ci l e th e J ew s h a v e, a t a l l time s con s id e re d it
p p
o

th e ir d uty to ob ey th e da w s of ( th e s ta te a n d th a t . ,

s in ce th e re v ol ution , th ey l ik e al l Fre nch me n ha v e ,


'

a ck no wl e dge d n o

T h e q ue s tion s p r0p ose d to th e asse mbl y of I s ra


'

, .

e l i tes w e re ge n e ra ll y a ns w ered ia a m a n n er a re ea bl e

g
to B uo na p a rte T h e e p itome o f th eir a ns we rs ; is

, .

a s foll ow s : th ey decl a re d in th e fi rs t p l a ce th a t in
'

a l l E urop ea n c ou n tries th ey con form ed to th e ge . ,

n e ra l p ra ctice of m a rr in g onl ne w i fe th a t
'

y y o . ,

a s s e v e ra l ind iv id ual s in s ome p rece d in g a g e s ia

d ul ged in th e p ra ctice of p oly ga my a s y n od was ,

T ransac tion f th e Sanh ed rim


s o . a do I d) u 1’
I bid .
p . 159 .
42 2 '
111sr onr or r un JE SW .

h ib ition in th e M osa i c l a w in g e ne ra l a ppl ies onl y ,

to n a t io n s in id ol a tr T h e Tal m u d d ecl a res th at


y .
, .

mod e rn na tion s a re n ot to be cons id ere d a s s uch ,

s in ce th ey w ors h ip l ik e u s th e G od of h ea v en a n d
, ,

e a rth . An d a ccord in gl y th e re h a v e b e e n a t se v e ra l ,

e riod s i n term a rria g e s b e twee n J e w s a n d C h ri s


p ,

tian s in F ra n ce in S p a in ,a n d in G e rma n y ; th ese


, ,

ma rri a ges w e re s ome times tol e ra ted a n d s ome times ,

forb idd e n b y th e l a w s of th os e s ov ere ig n s w h o h a d


r e ce iv e d J e ws into th e ir d omin ion s U nion s of .

t h is k in d a re still fou n d in F ra n ce ; b ut th e op in ion .

of th e ra bb ie s is a g a in s t th e se marria g es T h ey .

a s s e rte d th a t a l th oug h th e rel ig ion of M os e s h a s


,

n ot forbidd e n th e J e w s to i n t er m a rr
y w ith n a tion s

n ot of th e ir re l ig i on e t a s ma rria g e a ccord in g to
y , ,

th e Ta l mud re quire s r el ig iou s cere mon ies ca l l e d


,

K idu s ch im w ith th e b e n ed iction u s ed in s u ch ca ses


, ,

n o ma rria ge ca n b e r elig iousl y v a l id u n l ess tb es e .

cere mon ies h a v e b ee n p e rforme d Th e ra bb ies . .

b e i n g th erefore unw ill ing to bl ess ma rriag es b etw een


J e w s a n d C h ristians th ey we re d ecla re d va l id in
*
,

a civ il ,
i
b ut n ot in a rel g ious s ense .
9

I n th e a n s w ers of th e d ep u ti es to th e th ree q ues


ti on s con cern in g th e rel a tion s a n d c on d uct of th e
J e w s towa rd s F re n ch me n an d th e d utie s w h ich th ey , ,

o we d th e n a t i on s i n ce th ey w e re a d mitte d to th e ,

riv il eg e s of citiz e n s th e a s s e mbl y d ecl a red tha t


p , ,

th e d e s cen d a n ts of I s ra el con s id e red F re n ch men a s .

th e ir b re th re n a n d n ot a s s tra ng e rs
, th a t th e true ,

S p irit of th e l a w of M oses is con sona n t w ith th is


mod e of rega rd ing th em s ince w h e n th ey forme d , ,

a s ettl ed a n d in d e p e n d e n t na tion th e ir l awgiv e r , ,

T ransactions of th e San
h ed rim , p . I E2 , I5 S .
a l ar m “ THE JEWS
: or
. 42 3

co mmand ed th e m to l ov e th e s tra n ge rs ,
for, sa
y s he
to th e I sra el ites , y e w e re st an r ge rs la n d of
i n th e
d ecl a re , th a t th ey a re b ound to l ove

e
y
re th re n w h o ob s e rv e th e p rece p ts of th e
w h a te v er th e ir re l ig ious op in ion s ma y
o th e rw is e be th a t it is th e ir in cu mb e n t d uty to v is it
th ei r s ic k ,
b ury th e ir d ea d , a s s is t th e ir p oor, a nd

p f
er or m e v e r
y a ct of h uma n ity tow a rds th e m, a s
w e ll e s th e I s ra el ite s ; a n d in s h ort th a t al l th e
'

, ,

rinc ip l es of th e ir rel ig ion a s w e ll a s g ra titud e for


p ,

th e rece n t fa v ou rs th ey h a v e rece iv e d from th e


g ov e rn men t in d uce th e m to con s id er F ra n ce a s
,

th e ir cou n try a n d F re n ch me n a s th e ir b re th ren ;


,

th a t con s e q ue n tl th e d uty re sc rib e d tow a rd s


, y p ,

F ren ch me n n ot of th e ir rel ig ion is th e sa me a s th a t


b e twee n J e w s th e mselv es ; a nd th a t th ey do n ot
a d mit of a ny oth e r d ifferen ce b u t th a t of wors h ip p in g

th e S up re me B e in g e ve ry on e in h is ow n w a y At

.
,

th e p re s e n t time es p e c a ll y w h e n th e y a re in cor p o
i ,

ra te d w ith th e g rea t n a tion th e y de c l a re th a t it is


, ,

imp os s ibl e for a J e w to tre a t a F re n ch ma n n ot of h is


rel ig io n in a ny oth er ma n n e r th a n h e w ould tre a t
h is I s ra e li tis h b re th re n a n d th a t th ey c on s id e r th e ,

d uty of d efe n d in g th e ir coun try a s e q ua ll y s a cre d a n d


h onoura bl e As a p roof of th is d urin g th e l a s t
.
,

w a rs F re nch J e w s h a ve b e en s ee n fi g h ting d e sp e
ra tel a ga ins t th e ir b re th re n th bj ts of coun
y e s u ec ,

tries th e n a t w a r w ith Fra n ce xf

Th ese
p re ce p ts a re , to a b s ta in from id o a try , from b asph e my , l l
fro m ad u l l
te ry , a nd not to k i l or h u rt ou r n e i h bo urs , ne i th er to rob, g
stea l , nor d e ce iv e , to e a t on ly th e fl es h of a n i ma l s k il l ed , an d , in
s h o r t, to o bse rv e th e l
ru e s o f j us tice a nd ta k e ca re th a t i t be i mp a r.

tial l y ad min is te red to a ll .

t T ra nsactions of th e San hed rim, p 178 . —180— 15 2 .


'

42 4 H ISTO RY or TH E JEWS .

In a n s w er to th e q ues ti on s con cern n i g th e no mi


n a tion a n d j u risd icti on of th e ra bb ies it w as a s serted , ,

th a t s in ce th e re v ol ution th e maj ority of th e h ea ds


,

of fa mil ies n a me th e ra b bies w h e nev e r th e re is

a s uffi c ie n t n u m b er of J e w s to ma in ta in on e a fter ,

r e v iou s in q u iries in t o th e mora l ity a n d l ea rn in g of


p
th e ca n d id a te T h i s mod e of e l ection is n ot h ow
.
,

e v er , u n iform it v a ri es in d iffere n t p l a ces ; a n d to

is in a s ta te of u n ce rta in ty ! “
th is da y w h a te ve r con ce rns th e e l ection of ra bb ies
,

T he a sse mbl y d ecl a red bb ie s e x ercise


,
th a t th e ra

n o k in d of p ol ice j urisd iction a mon g th e J e w s th a t


th e q ua l ifi ca tion of ra bb i is n o w h e re to be fou n d in
th e l a w of M os e s n or d id e x is t in th e da y s of th e
,

fi rst te mp l e b ut is onl y me ntion e d tow a rd s th e en d


,

of th ose of th e s econ d e t th a t a fte r th e I s ra e l ites


y
w ere tota ll y d isp e rse d a n d h a d forme d s ma ll com
,

mun ities in d iffe ren t p l a ces a ra bb i a n d tw o oth er


,

d oc tors cons titute d a k in d of trib una l ca ll ed ,

a h ous e of j u stice ; th e ra bb i b e in g j ud g e a d d ,

th e oth er tw o h is a s sessors T h e a ttrib ute s h ow


.
,

e v er, a n d e v e n th e exis te n ce of th e s e tribu n a l s ,

h a v e to this da y a l w ay s d e p e n d ed on the w il l
, ,

of th e gov ern me n ts u n d e r w h ich th e J e w s h a v e

l ive d a n d on th e d eg ree of tol e ra tion they hav e


,

e nj o e d
y . S in ce th e re v ol ution th es e ra bbi nica l
,

trib u nal s are tota lly s upp re ssed in F ra n ce a nd I ta l y .

T h e J e w s ra is e d to th e ra n k of citiz e n s h a ve
, ,

con forme d in e v e ry th in g to th e l a w s of th e s ta te ;
'

an d accordin gly th e function s of ra bb ies w her e v e r ,

an a re esta blish ed a re l imite d to rea ch ing mora l ity


y , p
in th e t emp l es bl ess i n g ma rri a ge s a n d p ronounc i ng
, ,

Transactions of the Sanhedrim .


42 6 HIS TO RY on THE JE S W .

a
p i i p l e of ch a rity a nd n ot a s a commerci al
r nc ,

re gul a tion A ccord in g to th e Ta l mud it is to be


.

c on s id e re d a s ma d e to a ma n in w an t ; for in cas e

of a l oa n to a me rc h a n t e v e n a J e w rofi t a de
p , ,

q ua te to th e risk s h oul d be con s id e red a s law ful .

T h e Mos a ic l a w forb id s all ma n n er of in te res t on


l oa n n ot on ly b etw ee n J ews b ut b etw een a J ew
, ,

a n d h is cou n try me n w ith out d istin cti on of re l ig ion


, .

T h e l oa n mus t b e g ra tuitous w h en it is n ot in te nd e d
for commercia l s p ecul a tion s T h ese h uma ne l a w s .
,

h ow e v er w e re ma d e for a p eop l e w h o th e n formed


, ,

a s ta te a n d h e ld a ra nk a m on g n a tions
“I f th e re mna n ts of th is p eop l e n ow sca tte re d
.
,

a mon g a l l na tion s a re a tte n tive l


y con s id e re d it w ill
~

, ,

b e s ee n tha t s inc e th ey h a v e b een d riv e n from


,

P a l es tin e th ey n o l on ger h a v e ha d a common


,
-

c ou n tr t h e n o l on g e r h a v e h a d to m a in ta in a m o g
y y
, n

th e m th e p rimev a l e q ua l ity of p rop erty Al th ough .

fill ed w ith the S p irit of th e ir l e g isl a tion th ey ha v e ,

b e e n s e ns ibl e th a t th e l e tter of th e l a w coul d n o


'

l on ge r b e ob ey e d w h e n its p rin cip l e w a s d one a w a y


a n d th e y h a v e th e re fore w ith out a n s cru l e l e n t
, y ,
p ,

mon e y on in te re s t to tra d in g J e w s as w ell a s to


*
'
,

me n diffe re n t p
of ers ua s ion s .

It is a n incon trov e rtibl e p oin t a ccord in g to th e


Ta l mud , th a t in te rest, e v en a mon g I sra el ite s , is
l a w ful mmercia l tra nsa ction s w h ere th e l e n de r
in co , . ,

r u n n in g s ome of th e r isk of th e b orrow er, b e com


'

es

a s h a re r in h is p rofi ts Th is is th e op in on of a l l
i
th e J e w i sh d octors xf
The b irth da y of th e Fre n ch
-

e mp eror ,
w a s oh
se rve d by th e J e w is h d e p utie s on Augus t 15 th ,
T ra ns actions of th e Sa nhed rim, p 2 00, 2 01 . .
?
P t Ibid .
msr onv on .
THE JEWS . 42 7

1806, as a da y of th a n k sg ivin g . O n th i s occa s ion

th e gra n d y s na gog ue bl y ill


w asu min a te d a n d
s u p er

d Th e imp e rial ea gl e wa s p l a ce d a b ov e
.

v oca l a n d ins tru me n ta l mus ic w a s p e r


s ermon s a n d a n im a te d ora tion s d e l ive red

a nd a coll e ction ma d e for th e p oor of a l l rel igi ous

d e n omin a tions }
.

O n th e e igh tee n th of S ep te mb er th e d ep utie s


w ere a ga in con v ene d a nd a s sured b y a d iscou rs e
, ,

rea d to th e m b y on e of th e e mp e ror s commis s ioners


of th e s a tis fa ction th e ir a n s w e rs h a d g iv e n h is
i mp eria l maj es ty At th e time it wa s d ecl a re d
. to
b e th e mp e ror s in ten tion to to th e m th e

e s ecure

free e xercise of th e i r rel ig ious wors h ip a n d th e full ,

e nj o me n t of th e ir p ol itica l rig h ts But th a t i


y n .
,

re tu rn for h is g ra ciou s rote ction h is maj es t


p y re ,

q uire d a rel ig ious p l edge for th eir s trict a d h ere n ce to


th e p rin cip l e s cont a i ne d in th e re p l ie s to th e q uerie s
ro os e d to th e m a n d th a t th e a n s w e rs of th e
p p ,

J e w ish d ep utie s con v erte d into d ecision s by a noth er


,

a s s e mbl of a n a ture s till more d ig n ifi e d a n d re l i


y ,

g ions mig h t fi n d a p l a ce n e a r the T a l mud a n d


, ,

th us a cq u ire i n th e e y e s of th e J e w s of a l l coun
,

tries a n d a l l a g es th e g rea test p oss ibl e a uth ority


, , .

For th is p urp os e it w a s d ee med re q u is ite to con v en e


th e g ra n d s a n h e d rim w h ich a ccord in g to a n cie n t
, ,

cus tom w ill b e comp os e d of s ev e n ty me mb ers


'

e xcl us iv e o f th e res id en t T h e d utie s of th is


p .

v enera bl e a sse mbl y s h all b e to con v e rt into rel igiou s


d octrin es th e a ns w ers w h ich h a v e b een g iv e n b y th e
J ew ish d ep u ties a n d a l s o th ose w h ich ma y res ul t
from
,

th e contin ua n ce of th e ir s ittings 1
” ‘
.

T ra nsactions of th e Sanh edrim . t I bid .


&2 8 H rs r onv or TH E JEWS .

The mome ntous e v e n t of con v e n ing a g ra nd sa n


b e d rim w a s a n n oun ced to th e d is p erse d re mna nts of
th e d e sce n da n ts of Ab ra h a m in a nd
p a ,

th e tic a d d re s s to th e s y n a g og ue s s ig n e d

by th e p re s id e n t T h is
a dd res s w a s s oon a fte r a n s w e re d by on e of con c ur

r e n ce a n d con g ra tul a tion fromth e J e w s of F ra nkfort

u p on th e M a in e .
alE

T he g ra n d d ri m asse mbl e d in P a ris l 807


s a nh e , ,

a n d th e n u mb er a n d d is tin ction of th e s p ec ta tors

g rea tl y increa se d th e s ol e mn ity a n d gra n d eur of th e


s ce n e . N ume rous a dd ress es w ere rea d a n d a n i

ma te d ora tions d el iv e re d T h is v e ne ra bl e a s se mbl y


.

a s s ed a n d a gre e d to v a rious a rticl e s res p ectin g th e


p
M osa ic w orsh ip a n d sa n ction ed th e a n s w e rs p re
,

v iou sl y g ive n by th e J e w is h d e p utie s A d e cre e .

w a s e na cte d con s is tin g of s e v e n te e n a rticl e s e s ta


, .
,

b l is h in g a sy na gogue a nd a c on s is tory in e v e ry
d e p a rtme n t w h ich c on tain s two th ousa n d in d iv id ua l s
rofe ss in g th e re l ig ion of M os es
p .

T h e s e a ts of th e sy n a ogu es w e re to b e in th e
g

mos t p o pe l o us c iti e s ; a nd ea ch of th e m w a s to b e
su
p e rin te n d e d by a ra bb i a n d tw o e ld ers . N0 one

ca n be a me mb e r of th e c on s is tor
y w h o dd icte d
h as a

h ims e lf to u su rious
p ra ctice s . A mong oth er fun c
tio n s w h ic h a re to be e xe rc is e d by th e c on s is to r
y,
th e y a re to s ee th a t th e ra b b ies do in p ub l ic or
n ot,

p riva te , giv e y ins truc tion s or


an e x l a na tion s of th e
p
l a w in con tra d iction to th e a n s w ers of th e mbly
md by
, a ss e

c on fir e th e decisions of th e g ra n d sa n h ed rim .

T h ey a re l
a so d irec ted to do a l l in th e ir p ow e r to
e n cou ra ge th e I sra e l ites to foll ow a gricul ture a nd
Tr ansa ctions of th e Sa nh edrim.
4 30

wh o
HISTO RY

t ra nsl a te d from H eb rew in to Ita li a n


on T HE JE S W .

ve rse 9.

w ork of ra bb i G h e virol on th e w on d ers , of cre

N otw ith s ta n d in g th e g rea t imp rove me n t s w h ich


h a v e b ee n ma d e b y a n u mb e r of l ite ra ry J e w s th e ,

F re n ch e mp eror a p p ea rs to b e d is sa tis fi ed w ith th e


ma n n e r of l ife w h ich is s till p urs ue d b y s ome of th e
n a tion T h e l a st de cre e w h ich w as is s ue d con
.

ce rn ing th e m in Ma rch ,
forb id s th em ,

i n d iscrimina tel y to p urs ue th e ir s p ec ul a tion s a nd ,

e x c use th e ms elv e s from h on es t la bour In ord e r to .

a rtak e of th e fruits of th e ea rth in h is l a rg e d o


p
min ions th ey must till th e g roun d T h e rich a re
, .

e nj oine d to u r h l t a n d to a ban don


p c a se r ura r
p po e r
y ,

th e l ow p u rs u its of s ord id a va rice T h is de cree .

al s o a n n ul s a l l obl iga tion s for l oa n s ma d e b J e ws


y .

to min ors w ith ou t th e sa n ction of th e ir g ua rd ia ns ;


to ma rr ie d wome n w ith out th e conse n t of th e ir h u s
b a n d s ; or to mil ita ry me n with out the a uth ority of
th e ir s u p e rior ofii cers B ill s g ra n te d by F re nch
.

s ubj ec ts to J e w s mus t b e d e ma n d e d u n l es s th e i r ,

h old e rs p rov e th a t th e full v a l ue w a s g iv e n w ith ou t


fra ud All d eb ts a ccu mul a te d b y interes t a b ov e fi ve
.

e r ce n t a re to be red uce d b t h e cou rts of l a w


p .
y
if th e in te res t g row in g on th e ca p ita l e x ce ed t we n ty
th ree p e r cen t th e con tra ct is to be d ecl a red us urious
. .

N o J e w is to be a l l ow e d to tra de w ith out a p a te n t ,

w h ich p a te n t is to be g ra n te d to suc h in d iv id ua l s
.

on l rod uce a certifi ca te to th e p re fects th a t


y ,
as
p
th ey a re n o us ure rs T h es e reg ul a tions a re to b e
.

S imi l ar imp ro ve me nts w ith th ose in F ra nce a nd I t ly


a h a ve bee n
mad e by th e J ew s in G e rma ny a nd ll
Ho a nd . S ee th e preced ing a nd

foll owin g ch ap te rs .
msr onr on THE JEWS . 431

i
c on t n ue d d urin g te n y ea rs , in th e h op e, t a a er h t ft
!

th a t p e riod th e re w i be n o iffere nce b etween th e


ll d
mora l ch a ra cter of th e J e ws a nd t
th e o h e r citi en s z
of th e e mp i re ; if th e con tra ry sh ould a p p ea r th e ,

l a w w ill s till b e con t1n ue d in force ” 6


.

An E ngl is h I sra el ite in a l e tter a dd ress e d to th e


,

s a n h e d rim of P a ris h igh ly rep rima n d s th e con d uct


,

of th is a s s e m bl y a n d ch a rg es man y of th e me mb e rs
,

w ith h a v in g l ittl e e s tima tion n ot onl y for th e l a w of ,

M os es b ut for e v ery S p ecies of re v ea l ed rel ig ion


, .

Th e a uth or a sk s th e m w h a t s uffra ges th e y h a v e


,

re ce iv e d fromth e J ew is h s ocie ties w h o a re n ot s ub

j ects of F ra n ce ? H a v e sa y s h e ,
an
y of our ,

b reth re n of Con s ta ntin op l e of Al ep p o of B a gd a t , , ,

or C och i n or h a v e a n of our con g re g a tion s n ot


y ,

u n d er th e d om1n 1on of F ra n ce s e n t de uties to j oin


p , _

y ou ? or h a ve th e
y
. d e m ons tra ted a n
y a
pp ro v a l of
y ou r
p roc e e d in g s ? In E n gl a n d th e y w ould h old n o
c ommun ion w ith ou e ith e r on rel igi ou s or ol itica l
y p
s ubj ects es ec ia ll a s th e l oca l w e l fa re of th e cou n
,p y
try s o i mp e riousl forb id s it 1 ‘
y .

AS th e J e w s in H oll a n d u n ite d w ith th os e of F ra n ce


a n d s e n t d e p utie s to th e sa n h e d rim a n a ccou n t of ,

the ir s ta te in th a t coun try p rev ious to th is p eriod ,

a n d th e e v e n ts w h ic h g a v e ris e to th e ir u n ion w ith

F ra n ce w ill b e g iv en in th e foll ow in g ch a p te r
, .

N i h l o B iti h E y l pe di p bl i h ed 1809 v ol iii


c

o s n s r s nc c o a, u s , . .

t Letter to th e S a nh ed ri m , 1808, p 32 . .
342 HISTORY or r un JEWS .

W
C H A P T ER XXX I I . .

O f th e J w i H ll d — T h y
e s n
p h ib it d f m th
o an e a re ro e ro e e xe rcise of

th e t
ar s a nd p f i — C d t f th S di —Th
ro ess ons on uc o e n cs e ll g
inte i e nt
y .

J ews i Am t d m
n t pl d p
s er a t it t co nce r a an, an rese n o ot.
— T he y are opposed by th e S y ndics , a nd form a ne w co mmunity ,
_
O f th e ir a l te rca tions w ith th e Sy n dics — Re u . g l a tions o f th e ne w
co mmu nity .
— An a c coun t of th e l it e ra ry Jw
e s i n Ho ll a nd — T h ree
d e p u ties from the sc h is ma tica l co mmu n ity in H ll o and are sc a t to
th e g ra n d sa nh edr i m a t P aris , and a g ree to th e d ec isions of th a t
asse mbly .

*
S I X TY P ortug ues e a n d G erma n
th ousan d
J ew s inh ab it H olla n d A ms te rd a m con ta i ns n ea rl y .

tw o thirds of th is n u mbe r T h e tol era ti on w h ich


,
.

th e ir a n ces t ors fou n d in th is coun try w a s h a p p i n es s ,

c om a re d w ith th l ti th t w x c ise d
p e cru e e s a ere e e r

towa rds th e m in oth e r p a rts of th e w orl d xl


.
Y e t in
H olla n d as el se wh e re s ome l ucra tiv e a n d h on oura bl e
e mp l o me n ts w e re s h u t u on th e m a n d th e w e re
y p y ,

forb id d e n th e e x ercis e of th e a rts a n d p rofes sions .

T h e b urg omas te rs of A ms te rda m e na cted a n eccl e


s ia s tica l l a w by w h i ch th ey w e re p l a ced u n d e r th e
,

c on trol of th e S nd ics T h ese S n d ics o r Pa r


y y .

n a s s im con s titute d a b sol ute mas te rs of th e ir co


,

re l ig ion is ts h a d a u th ority to e x commu n ica te th e m


,
.

A fi n e of on e th ousa n d fi orins w a s th e p ena l ty


of h im wh o d a re d to c omp la in of th e p rocee d in gs of

th e S y n di cs A s en ten ce to be ig n omin ious ly


.

s cour e d w a s ron ou n ce d a ga in s t h im w h o p ur
g p
ch a se d mea t of a n y b utch e r b ut th a t of th e com mu
The wh o l e of th is ch a ter is a n ab rid ed g trans l a tion from G re
p
H
goire s isto ire dc Sec tes Re i iouses

lg .

t See ch a p te r xxv iii .


434 msr oa r or THE
'

a s;

T he

'

S y ndi cs in s tituted twe n ty t h ree s uits a


g a inst

t we n ty th ree me mb ers of th e n ew
-
commun it , in
y
ord e r to s ubj ect th e m to th e fi n e of on e h u n d re d

flor ins by v irtue of a n a rticl e in th e l a w b efore


,

c ite d
'

w h ich h a d b een re p ea l e d T h e d e fe n da n ts ;
confid e n t th a t th e is s ue of th e s u it m
, .

u s t b e i n th e ir

fa v ou r w a ite d th e d eci s ion w ith imp a tie nce ; a n d


,

e a rn es tl e n trea te d th a t it m ig h t b n ou n ce d b
y e r o y

p
th e trib u na l But th e S y n d ics ob ta in ed a con tin u
.

a tion of th e ca u s e a n d th e d e fe nd a n ts w e re s ub
,

ecte d to th e p a y me n t of cons id era bl e s u ms for


j

c os ts .

T he w commun i ty h a v e d is ca rd ed from th e ir

ne

l it urgy th ose p ra y ers w h ich con ta in imp reca tions


,

a ga ins t oth e r s ects .

In g e n era l a m on g th e J e w s,
th e ce re mony of ,

in terme n t is pe rforme d w ith g rea t p rec ip i ta tion ;


s ome time s i n tw e n t four a n d s ome time s e v e n i n
y
-

tw elv e h ou rs a fter th e d ecea se T h is a b us e w h ich .


,

e v e ry w ise p ol ice s h ould p re v e n t is n ot p ermit te d ,

in th e n e w commu n ity ; w h ich p roh ib its th e ia


te rme n t w ith in forty e ig h t h ours u nl e s s for u rg e nt
-

rea son s a ttes te d by th e


,
h
p y s ic ia n s a
pp oin te d to a ct
on s uch occa s ion s .

T h is c ommun i ty h as n e v er fou n d e ffectua l s up


ort from th e in te rmedi a l g ov ern ors of H olla n d ;
'

p
e x cep t th e g ra n d p ens ion er S c h immel p e n n ink

B u t,
i n g e n era l th e p ro fe s s ors of th
,
e p re d omina nt

re lig ion h a v e s ucce e d e d in k ee p ing th e J e ws a n d

Ca thol ics fro m p l a ces cf trus t .

Am sterd a m a n d th e H a g ue h a v e w itnesse d soci


e tie s th e e x p re s s d es ig n of w h os e fo rma t ion wa s
, ,

to re nd er J ewish ch ild re n more ea s ily a d miss ibl e to


'
th e a
ppt i ce sh ip of tra d e s Y e t sca rce a C h ris
re n .
,
.

tia n in A ms terd a m w ould a d mit th e m to h is s h op


.
.

A t the H a g ue n ot on e o f th e m w oul d b e rece iv e d


, .

Afte r th is it is n ot s urp ris in g tha t of th re e h un d re d


, ,

J e w ish fa mil ie s in th is c ity b ut four or fi ve 1n di ,

v id ua l s a re a rtiza n s A J e w of Ams terda m w h o


. . ,

s up p orte d by h is e xertions a s up e ra n n ua te d moth e r ,

c ould n ot till a fte r d iffi cul tie s a nd d el a y s ob ta in


, ,

e rmis s ion to u rs ue th e b u s in e s s of a l ock s mith


p p
A soc ie ty w h os e v ie w s e mb ra ce a l l H ol l a nd a nd ,

th a t ha s p ubl is h e d th e mos t in te re sti n g w ork s on


v a rious b ra nch es of p op ul a r in s truction a n d a d opte d ,

for its motto P r o bon o p u bl ico h a s in th e fi rs t


, , ,

a rticl e of its reg ul a tion s e xcl ud e d th e J e w s


, .

T h e sa me re ma rk a p p l ies to a noth er s ociety th e ,

F e l ix M e ritis T h ey too h a d res olv ed to a d mit


.

on l
y C h ris tia n s ; a n d th e re fore e x cl ud e d va m l a nn ,

a J ew a
p y
,h s ic ia n a n d m e ch a n ic a n d th e i n v e n t or ,

of ma n a s tron omica l i n s tru me n ts f w h ich


y o ne o ,

h a s be e n n a med T ell urium La n ie n e by M Va n .

S w in de n w h o h ims elf in th e s a me s ocie ty h a s rea d


,

th re e me moirs in p ra is e of th e d iscovery
T h is ex cl us ion fa ll s up on m
.

an oth ers ; for a n


y
a ca d e m mig h t b e form d f t h l it J w th t
y e o e e ra r
y e s a

n ow h on ou r H oll a n d w ith th e ir re s id e n ce
; a mong
w ho m a re B el in fa n te D esol l a C a p p a doce
, a nd , ,

A s s e r T h e ca ta l og ue w oul d b e incomp l e te w ith out


.

a dd in g th e n a me s of th e h s icia n s a t th e H a g ue ;
p y
H ey ma n P ol a k a n d S te in p rofessor of b ota n y
, , , ,

w ho h a s p ub l is h e d ‘ a d is s e rta tion de H d ro e
y p
P in to th e y ou nge r a u th or of a w ork on th e effi ca cy
,
'

of th e rin c i l e of oxig e n e in th e a n ima l


p p
_
H eilb ron , h
p y s icia n of A ms terda m ,
wh o ha s b e en
1

F2
4 36 HISTO RY or me s s .

s ix time s by th e a ca d e my
c row n e d of sc e nces i at

R otterd a m— S a l omon , p h y s ici a n of Ley d e n a uth or ,

of v arious w ork s , w h o c ou ld n e v er ob ta in e mp l oy

me n t in tha t c ity till h e j oin e d th e


s ec t of th e

R e mon r n s t a ts — D a vid a p h y s icia n w h o ca me a t


, ,

h is o w n e x p e n s e to P a ris to ob ta i n i n forma tion con


c e rn in g v a cc i n a tion w h ich h e fi rs t in trod uce d into
,

H olla nd a n d w h i ch h as s ince b ee n p romote d by


,

s oc i e tie s on e a t A ms terd a m for th e J e ws


, a n d th e ,

oth e r a t Rotte rd a m for th e oo r— Al me id a ta in


p ca p ,

of a s h ip of w a r w h o i n a n a v a l a ction in l 7 8l
, , ,

d istin g uis h ed hims elf a ga inst th e E ngl ish a nd re ,

ce ived a me d a l of h on our— A s s e r th e e ld e r one ,

of th e fi rs t cou n s e ll ors of h is a e in ma riti me l a w s


g
a n d in s ura n ces— L e m on a n d B roma t w h ose w riting s ,

h a v e g rea tl y con trib ute d to th e re forma tion of th e


J e w s in H oll a n d T h re e p er son s a mon g th e I s ra
.

e l ite s h a v e b ee n re p re se n ta tiv es of th e p e op l e ; th e

tw o l a s t me n tion ed a n d A cos ta Ath ia s w h o p re


, ,

s id e d a t th e na tion a l a ss e mbl y At th e b a r of
'

A ms terda m a re th ree J e wis h a dvoca tes C h a rl es ,

A sser M e nd e z a n d M ey e r T h e l a st n a med wa s
, , .

re ce iv e d a t th e b a r w h en on l y s ix te e n y ea rs of a ge ,

b e in g a p up il of p rofessor C ra s wh o w a s a cq ua inted ,

w i th e v ery l a ng uage in E urop e M ey er in 1804 .


, ,

ubl ish e d a trea tise p re p os e d by th e a ca d e m y of


p
Be rl in ,
W h eth e r th e mora l te n d en cy of a n a ction
s h ould be ta k e n i n to con s id era ti on i n th e form a tion

a n d a p li ca ti on of p e n a l l a w s
p
?
T h e w ork a rri v e d

a fte r th e d ec is ion of th e a ca d e my oth er w ise it ,

w ould p roba bl y h a v e rece iv ed th e p riz e


, ,
.

T h e S y nd ics refuse d th e in v ita tion to un i te


w i th th e s a n h ed ri m of Pa ris w ith ou t cons ul tin g th e
HISTO RY OF TH E JEWS .

C H AP T E R X XX I I I .

O f th e Je ws in th e ma n e mp ire — T h e y a re
O tt o nu merou s in C onsta n
tinop l e a nd S a l on ich i — S ome p a rticul a rs g
p ectin th ose of re s
.

l
A ep p o a nd Pl a e s tine — 0f th e inde e ndent ewish tribes in th e J
p
hi hg l a nd s of H edj as in Ara b ia —An account of th e ir emi ra tion
. g ;

i n to Ch i na an d I nd ia .

A F T E R ha v in g in th e p reced in g ch a p ters sur


v e e d th e fa vou ra b l e ch a n g e w h ich h a s ta k e n l
y p a ce

in th e c on d ition of th e J e w s in E urop e d urin g th e


e i h te e n th a n d n i n e te e n th ce n turie s w e foll ow th e m
g ,

to th e ea s t w h e re th ey h a v e e x p erie nce d fe we r
,

v iciss itud es l t a p p ea rs from th e a ccou n ts of l a te


.
i

tra vell e rs th a t th e re h a s b e e n l ittl e a l t era tion in


,

th e ir fa te in th e e a ste rn c oun trie s s in ce th e s e v en


te e n th cen tu ry w h e n Ba sn a ge cl os e d h is h is tory
, .

He h a s comp ute d th a t th ere w e re a t th a t e p och , ,

on e mill ion in th e ra n d s e i n ior s e m ire a b ov e


' ’

g g p ,

e ig h t th ousa n d of w h om re s id e d a t Con sta n tin o l e


y p
and S a l on ich i a nd th a t th ere w e re th irty s
y na s

o
g g ues, a nd a n h u nd re d a nd fi v e th ousa n d fa mil ies
in th e forme r of th e s e c ities fi "

T h ough th e J e w s in th e T urk is h e mp ire a re h e ld


in d e tes ta tion a nd e xp osed to u n d is tin g uis h in g
,

con te mp t th ey h a v e re n d e re d th e ir s er v ice s in d is
,

of w h ich , th rou h th e g su
p in e ne s s a nd in d ol e nce o f
th e T urk s ha s fa ll e n in to th e ir h a n d s
“th
.
,

It is sa i d ,
at th e Jews in C on s ta n tin op l e a re

l e ss a ffl ue nt a n d more ign ora n t th a n th ose in E urop e .

A fe w a mon g th e m a re p hy s icia n s , b ut n on e

Ba snage , p 7 l 8
. .
m sr onr .;or r a n , ,
JEWS . 439

fa rmers T h ey a re ch iefly b rok e rs b a nk ers or


. .
, ,

tra de rs an d d e v ote th e ms elv es to e v e ry k in d of


, .

tra ffi c e v e n th e
,

T h e J ew s in th e O ttoma n e mp ire p a y a h ea v y
3ta x to th e P orte for th e ri h t of e xe rcis n g th e ir
g i
re l ig ious w ors h i a n d th e a re s ubj ec t to a ch ie f of
p y ,

th e ir ow n n a tion ca ll e d C och a p ,
Pa sch a w h ose ,

p o w er o ve r th e m is sa id to b e e v e n g rea ter th a n

th a t w h ich th e p a tria rch e x e rc ise s ov er th e G ree k


C h ris tia ns gl '

J e ws a t Al ep p o a re comp u te d a t a b out fi ve
Th e
th ousa n d T h ey p osses s a sy na gog ue in w h ich
.
,

th ey h a v e a ma n us crip t of th e O l d T es ta me n t s a id ,

to be v ery a n cie n t Th ey a re d isting ui sh ed by th e


.

col ou r of th e ir b a b oo e a nd th e form of th e i r
g ,

turba n ; th e former of w h ich is ora n g e a nd th e ,

*
l a tter bl ue T h ey al l w ea r b ea rd s e v e n fore ig n J e w s
.
,

ar e ob l ig e d b e p riest to s ub mi t to th is c us to m
y th :
T h ey s p ea k more corrup t A ra b ic th a n th e C h ris
i

V .

tia n s : T h e ir morn in g sa l uta tion on th e sa bb ath is


fre q ue n tly H eb re w a nd e x ten d s only to a fe w ,

w ord s n one of th e m s pe a k in g it fa mil ia rl y


,
th oug h ,

ma ny rea d it I n w riting A ra b ic th ey often us e


.

H eb re w l e tters a s th ey a re sa id to d o in oth e r
a
,

p l a ce s w ith th e l a n g ua g e of th e coun try T h e ir .

c h il d re n a re s e n t to th e rea d in g sch ool b ut s e ld om ,


e t b e on d th e ir s a l ter T h e ir b ook s a re ch ie fl
y
'

g y p .

su
pp l ie d fr om V e n ice .

Fe w of th e m a re e ith e r ma n ufacture rs or me
ch e n ies T h e p r1n c1p a l p a rt a re e ith e r merch a n ts
.

Oli T ra vel to th e O ttom E mp i e p ubl ish ed


v ie r s

s an r , 1802 .

Z imm rm P ol itica l S u rv ey of E urope


e

an s .

1 Russe ll s Account of Al ep po3 v ol ii



. .
or ba nk e rs th e oth ers a re ch ie fly b rok ers g roce rs , ,

or p edl a rs T h e es ta bl is h ed b a nk ers of th e se ragl io
.

a re J e w s a nd , by b e in g e mp loy e d to a ct in th a t
,

ap a c ity by m os t of th e g rea t me n th ey a cq u i re a n ,

e te ns iv e

i n fl ue n ce ov er th es e w h o de s p is e a nd
con te mn th e ir rel ig ion T h ey a re g e nera ll y more
'

'
s ob er th a n the C h ris tia n s .

T h e ir ch ie f p riest is ca l l e d K h a k h a n or gr ea t ,

K ira / t h an b ut th e titl e is a l so e x ten d ed to p ries t s


i n g e ne ra l T h ey a re much res p ecte d by th e ir own
.

p p l e ov e r w
e o , h om th ey e x ercise b oth te mp ora l a n d
s iritua l w b t t h l a tt i l w bj t to
p p o er ; u e e r s a a
y s s u e c

an a ea l to th e T urki sh a uth orit T h i


pp y e s cr
p .

tu res a re re a d b th em in H e b re w a nd ex l a ine d
y p ,

a ccordi n t th e tra d ition s of t b rmer times T h eir


g o .

s ch ool s a re k e t b
p y i n fe rior
p r ie s ts f "

T h ey s o s trictly ob s erv e th e sabbath tha t th ey do ,

n o b us in e ss on tha t d a y and all ow n o fi res to be


,

ma d e i n t h e i r h ens e s e xce p t in ca se of s ick ness and


, ,

e v e n th e n it is g e n e ra ll y don e by a C h ri s tian s e rv a n t .

Th e p oor p e op l e on s uch occasion s a re ass i ste d by ‘

A ra b ia n wome n wh o cry a l Ong th e s treets


,
F ire to ,

s ell . T h i s is d one e v ery sa bb a th O n th e sa bba th


"
.

th ey re ma in l on g at ta ble d rink in g win e a nd "

m
, ,

s ing in g sa l m b u t t h i s i d es not con for m to


p s e , r u c o

E urop ea n mod e s t
T h e J e w s more fre quentl y th a n th e oth e r inha
,

b ita n ts of Al epp o b el ie v e in th e e xiste nce of e v il


,

l e p sy ma d ness i oth e r nia l adie s In


an d ce rta n

. .
, ,

s u ch cas e s th e n ot on l ll i n th e ir o vn ra b b ies
y y ca
y ,

b u t th e M a h ometa n sch e ik s toex orcis e th e m


,

R ssell A t bf Al pp vol ii t l bid i


’ ‘ '

u s cco u n e o, . . .
442 msr on v or r a n JEWS .

tion l e v ied on th e a bl e b odie d me n te n crown s


,

a ea r o n th e rich , s ix on th e middl in g a n d th ree


y ,

on th e l ow er cl a sses .
E

I n P a l e stin e w h ere th e T urk s a n d A ra b s u n ite in


,

o p re s s in g th e m fe w comp a ra tiv e l a re to h e fou n d


p y , , .

Y e t a l ea rne d in q u irer w h o p a ss ed some time a t ,

J e ru sa l em d urin g th e s p ring of 1800 s up p os es th a t ,

th e c ity a t th a t
p e r,
iod con ta i n e d th re e th ous a n d ,

J e w s xl ‘

Ru sse ll ’
s Accou nt A epp o of l .

1 M r de
'
. C h a tea u bria nd , a ce e bra ted l F re n ch a u th o r, wh o v is ited

P a les ti ne in th e y ea r 1807 , h a s i ve n th e fo ow in a cc o un t g ll g of the


mise ra bl e cond iti on of th e e ws wh o s ti r es id e in J
e rusa e m ll J l .

Afte r a s trik in g des crip tion of th e p ie ty an d h u ma n ity of t he


C h i ti r s an monk s w h o cons ta nt ly pe rform th e ir d ev otions a t th e tomb

)Z
o f ou r

s h in in g
S
in th e
a v iou r, he ob s e rv es ,

mids t of th e de se rt y ou ma y obse rve be twee n M ou nt


ion and th e temp l e a n oth e r spe c tac l e of a l mos t e q u a l in te res t it is
,
W l
h i e th e Ne w e rusa e m is seen
,
J l

th a t of th e re mn a n ts o f a no th e r p e op l e d is tin c t from th e res t of th e ,

in h abita nts ; a pe op l e i ndiv id ua ll y th e obj ec ts of u nive rsa l con te mpt ;


w h o s u ffe r th e mos t wa n to n o u tra ge s w ith o ut a mu rmu r ; w h o e nd u re
w o u nd s a nd b l ow s w ith ou t a si gh ; w h o , w h e n th e sa cri fi ce o f th e ir
l if e is d e ma nded , u nh es ita tin gl y s tre tch forth th e ir nec k s to th e sa b re .

If a me mbe r of th e mmun ity th us cruell y p roscribed


co a nd ab used

h a p pe ns to die , h is compa nion b uries h im cl ande s tine l y d u rin g th e


ni gh t i n th e va ll ey of J os a p h a t, w ith in th e p u r ie u s l of th e te mp l e of

So l o mon . E t th i n er e r h a bita tion a nd


y ou fi nd th em in th e mos t
j
a b e ct s q l id mi y
ua se r , a nd for th e most part O ccup ied in read in g
a my s te riou s b ook to t h e ir ch il d re n w ith w h om a ga in it becomes ,

a ma n u a l fo r th e in str u ction of s u cceed in g g ene ra tions W h a t these

W
.

w re tch ed ou tl a ws from th e j ustice a nd co mp ass ion of th e res t of


man k ind d id in pas t age s th ey d o still S ix time s th e y ha v e
, .

witnessed th e d es tructi on of Je rusa l e m a nd a re n o t y e t d iscoura g ed 3 ,

n oth ing can ope ra te to d iv e rt th e ir l ook s from Z ion


.

e a re s n r .
~

p ri sed , no d oubt, wh en w e o bse rv e th e J ew s sca tte red ove r the fa ce


of the ea rth ; b ut to e xpe rience a n as ton ish ment more l ivel y , we h a v e
b ut to see k the m in J e rusa e l m . The l egitima te mas ters of J ud ea

sh ou ld be seen as the y a re in th e ir own l an d , l


s a v e s a nd g
s tra n e rs ;

th e y sh o u ld b e see n a wa itin g , u nder the mos t cru el and opp res siv e of

al l d es po tis ms ,

'

a k in g wh o is to wor k th e ir del i ve ra nce . N ear th e


H I STO RY OF THE JE S W . 443

The J e ws in x tre me
A rab ia a re re ga rd ed w i th e

con te m t ; a n d
'

a s in T u rk e , d e s ise d a l ik e b
p y p , y
M a h ometa n s a n d C h ristia n s

T h ey ab oun d in .

Yeme n th e reg ion a n cie n tl y k n ow n by th e de n o


mina tion of A rab ia F el ix Y et th ey a re not p e r


,

"

mitte d to res id e in cities but d w ell a s in oth er p arts ,

of A ra b ia in a se a ra te q ua rte r w ith out th e ga tes


'

p , .

T h e ir q ua rter a dj oin in g to S a na th e ca p ita l , ,

c on tain s tw o th ousa n d
'
T h ey ca rry on a g rea t .

tra de a n d a re th e b e s t a rtists in A ra b ia
,
O n e of th e ir .

merch a n ts n a me d O ra ek i h a d b ee n d urin g tw e n ty
,
'

e ig h t ea rs n d e r tw o s ucce ss iv e ima n s o f Y m en
y u , e ,

comp troll e r of th e cu s to ms a nd of th e ro a l
y ,

b uild in gs a n d ga rd en s But in 176 0 h e fell into .


'

d isg ra ce a n d w a s imp ris on ed a nd fi ne d fifty th ou


,
'

sa n d crow n s At th e s a me time fou rte e n sy na g og ues


.

in th e J e w ish q u a rter a t S a na w ere d e mol is h e d by


ord e r of gov e rn m ent toge th e r w ith a l l p riva te ,

ho use s ab ove a certa in h e ig h t b e on d w h ich n


'

y o n e ,

w ere a fte rwa rd s to be ra ise d l


.
ae

T h e h igh l a nd s of Redj a s a re p osses se d by


a n u mb er of in d e en d e n t s ov ere ig n s ch e ik s T he
p .

mos t n umerous a n d th e b es t k now n of th ese comm u

n itie s is th a t w h ich th e J e w s h a v e forme d u on th e


p
mou n ta in s l y in g to th e n orth ea st of M e d in a T ha t .

'
tra c t of cou n tr is ca l l e d K h e ibar a n d th e J e ish
y ,

in h a b ita n ts a r e k n ow n in A ra b ia by th e n a m e of

B e n i K h ieba r T h ey a re gov ern ed by th eir ow n .



'

I '

t mp l mi th e
f
i e f w h i h th
e, o d t c t ere p oes n o re a n one s one u on a n o r,
{
th y tille sti t dw ll ;
con d w ith th
n ue oit w e
p l t d
an e cross as ere an e

p t
uh i
on h d e rd b di g th
ea m t t h
s, th ti
an ll l i g to th i
en n e o e ear , . s c n e r

d l b
e rro rs , an d th m d p l bl i f t ti
a ou r u n er — 4m e sa e e ora e n a ua on.

. c

r ica n R ev iew , JVo 1, J a nua ry .
, 1811 .

Ni b e uh r s

T ra ve s .l
4 M?
4
ms ronr '
or THE JEWS .

in d e p en d e n t h e ik s a nd a re d ivid e d in to th ree
sc ,

tribe s . T h e i r se ttl e men t a p p ea rs to h a v e subs isted


for more th a n tw e lv e cen t urie s th ey a re s u rrou n ded
w ith d e se rts and th e n a tu ra l a dv a n ta g es of the ir s itu
,

a ti on h a v e e n a bl e d th e m to se rv e th e ir free do m
" E
p r e .

T h e J e w s in th is dis trict d o n ot ma inta in a ny


in te rcours e w i th th ei r b reth re n in A s ia a n d a re ,

th e re fore s up p osed to be l ong to th e se ct of th e


C a ra ites w h o a re fe w in n u mbe r muc h d is p e rse d
, , ,

a n d d e te s te d b th e s ect of th e P h a ris e e s
y .

T h e J e ws se ttl e d th e ms e lv e s in C h ina u nd er th e
d y nas ty of th e H a n w h ich bega n in the y ea r 2 06
,

b efore Ch rist a nd e n d e d 2 20 y ea rs a fter h is birth


,

b ut it is n ot k n ow n a t w h a t p art of th e p e riod th ey
a p ea re d in th e e m ire T h n ot on l in cre a s e d
p p e
y y
.

i n n u mb er a nd w ea l th b ut w e re d is tin g uis h e d for


,

l ite ra tu re a n d ra i se d to offi ces b e in g gov e rnors of ,

ro vi n ce s a nd m a n d a rins T h e p rinc ip a l p l ace s of


p ,
.

th e ir a b od e w e re H a m teh en P ek in g a nd Ca i
-
, ,

fon g fou By d eg re e s th e ir a ffa i rs b ega n to d e cl in e


-
.
,

a n d ma n e mb ra ced th e Ma h om e ta n rel ig ion Af t er


y .

th i s c h a ng e took p l a ce a mong th e J e w s in Pek in g


a n d oth e r p a rts the y w ere onl y foun d in C a i
,

fon g fou th e ca p i ta l of the p rov ince of H ona n


-
, ,

w h i ch is a n h un dred a n d fifty l ea gu e s from P ek in g .

T hose in th is c i ty were at l e ng th in v olved in , ,

va rious ca la mities ; th eir sy na gogue w a s i nu n da ted ,

in 1446 by the riv e r Hoa ugo


, T h ey a l so suffe re d
.

by fi re d u ri n g th e a d min i s tra tion of O ua u h i w h o ,

re ign ed from 15 7 3 to an d a noth e r d esola tin g

inu nda t i o n took p l ace in

Ni b h T le u r s

ra v e s .

t B ti N te t T itu ol iii p 5 78
ro

er s o s o ac s, v . . . .
44 6 '
ru s ronr or THE JE S W .

a bl e to i nv est iga te th e ir usa ges in s uch a n a ccura te


ma n ne r a s could h a ve b ee n w ish ed But from th e ir .

bl e n d in g fi ctitious ta l es w ith th e fa cts record ed in


s c ri tu re d e ve n in th e fi ve b ook s of M ose s h e
p a n , . ,

c oncl ud e d th ese J e w s w e re of th e T a l mud ic s ect .

H e obs e rv es h ow e v er th a t th is ca n o nl y be de te r
,


,

mine d by on e v e rs ed in th e s crip ture s a n d w el l ,

a cq ua in te d w ith th e H eb re w l a n g ua g e )

T he ir sy na gog ue fron ts th e w es t a n d w h e n the y ,

a dd re ss th e ir p ra y e rs to G od th e turn tow a rd s tha t


y
q ua rter In the middle of th e sy na gog ue s ta nd s
.

a ma g n ifi ce n t cha i r ra i s e d v e ry h ig h a nd ric h l
y ,
g

a d or ne d w ith c rims on v e lv e t gold frin g e ta s s el s & c , , , .

T h is th ey s ty l e th e cha ir of M ose s on w h ich e v e ry ,

s a bb a th a n d on da s of g rea t sol e m n it th e la w
, ,
y y ,

a n d o th e r p a rts of th e O l d T es ta me n t a re re a d .

T h e sy n a g og u e is a l so furn is h e d w ith a ta bl e of
in ce n se ,
ma g n ifi ce n t ca n dl es tick s la rge ca n dl es , ,

a ce n s e r e r fume s d i t i g o w h ic h th e
p , a n a
p a
, n n n ,

n a mes a n d titl e s of th e e m eror a re s u p erbl en


p y
g ra ved T h e re w ere a l s o th irte en tab ernacl es p l a ced
.

u o n ta bl es
p a n d s urrou n d e d w ith rich cu rta in s
,
i n ,

e a c h of w h ich th e P e n ta te u ch or sa cre d roll of th e


'

l a w is s h u t u p
,
T w el ve of th ese ta b e rna cl e s rep re
.

s e n t th e tw e lv e trib e s of I sra e l th e th irtee n th M os e s s l


,

T h e C h in e se J e w s s trictl y ob s e rve th e sa b b a th ,

a n d d o n ot k in dl e a n y fi re or d ress a n y food on t h a t
L a y T h e y a l s o ob se rv e c ircu mcision a n d se vera l
,

d . ,

l ath e r ce re mon ies me n tion e d in th e O l d T e s ta me n t ;


a rtic ul a r th e p a s s ov er fea s t of u n l ea v e n e d b re a d
n
p

W
, ,

h e w e e k of P e n te cost of ta b e rna cl es a n d oth e r


, ,

M od ern Univ e rs a l Hi t y ls or , vo . v iii.


'

p .

t inte rboth a ms

H i to y of C hi
s r na , v ol i p . . . 111, 112 .
HIS TO RY OF TH E JEWS .

i
occa s on a l fest iv a l s a nd fa s ts
Th ey p ra y a n d rea d .

th e l a w w ith th e th a l e d or v e il ov e r th e ir fa ces , in
m
.

re e mb ra n ce of M os es T h ey a l so ab s ta in from
.

re ta in th e J e w is h ma nner of k ill in g

a n ima l s a n d p re p a rin g th e ir food .

I n some ca se s h ow e v er th ey rea d il y comp l y


, ,

w ith th e C hin e se c ustoms a n d a dd re s s th e S up re me ,

B e ing by th e a p p ell a tion w h ich is ma de use of m/


th is coun t ry ; w h ich 13 Lord of H ea v e n ,
““ C rea tt ,

of a l l th ing s & c T h ey a l s o h onour Con fucius a n d


, .
,

imita te th e sol emn rites w h ich th e C h in es e p a y to


'

th e ir a n ce s tors C ontig uous to th e ir sy n a g og ue is


.

a l a rg e ba l l i n w h ich th ey b urn p e rfumes in h on our


,

of th e ir C h im ins or g rea t me n of th e ir l a w B ut
g ,
.

in s tea d of s uch p ictures a s a re use d by th e C h in es e ,

a n d forbid d e n b th e ir rel ig ion t h e h a v e a n u mb er


y y ,

of ce n s e rs T h e l a rg e s t of th ese w h ich IS in te n d e d
.
,

for th e p a tria rch A b ra h a m s ta n d s in th e c en tre of ,

th e h a ll T h e n e xt w e re th os e of M ose s J os h ua
.
, ,

E s d ra s a n d s e ve ra l oth er ill us tri ous p ers ons of b oth


,

s exes . T h e ma n d a rin w h o is ov e r th e m is a l s o
e n titl e d to h a v e h is ta b l e t s e t u i n th e h a ll inscrib e d
p ,

w ith h is o w n na me ,
a n d a ll h is titl es .
alE

Th e J ews in forme d
fa th er G oz a n i th a t th ei r ,

a n ces tors ca me from th e w e s t from th e k in gd om of ,

J uda h w h ich J osh ua con q uere d a fter th ey l eft


,
'

E gy p t h a d cross e d th e Re d S ea tra v erse d th e


, , .

d es e rt a n d th a t th e n u mb er of J ew s w h o l e ft
,

E gy p t a mou n te d to s ix h u nd re d th ousa n d Th ey .

a l so ga v e h im to u n ders ta n d th a t th ey h a d for me rly

W
,

b e e n n u merous in th e e mp ire b ut w e re th e n red uce d ,

to onl y s ev en fa mil ie s T h ey form a ll ia n ces w ith ea ch


.

inte rboth a m3 H is tory



.
448 msronr or THE JEWS .
~

o th er a nd n ev er con n ect t h e ms elv es w i th the oth er


,

in h a b ita n ts of C h ina .

W h e n fa th er G oz a n i s p ok e to th e m of th e M es
s i ah o mi se d a n d a n n oun ce d in th e Hol S cri
p r , y p
t ures th ey e x h ib ited g rea t a ston ish me nt But whe n
, .

th e miss iona ry informe d th e m th a t th e M e ss ia h h a d ,

a l rea dy a p p ea re d a n d w a s ca l le d J es us C h ris t th e
, y ,

re l ie d
p th a t th e
y,
h a d h ea rd of a h ol
y m a n n a me d

J esus w h o w a s th e son of S i rach but th a t th ey


, ,

w ere e n tire l y ig nora n t of th e n e w J es us of w h om h e


d is cours ed * T h e y ha d n ot a ny k n ow l e dg e of s ome
.

of th e b ook s of th e O l d T e s ta me n t a n d h a d l os t ,

oth ers in th e in un d a tion w h ich took p l a ce Oc tob e r



29 ,

Dr B uch a na n w h ile h e re s ide d in I n d ia , w as


.
,

a ss id u ous l y e n ga ge d in in v es tiga tin g th e s ta te of th e

i n h a b ita n ts j T h e J e w s sa y s b e “ a re n u me rous , ,

i n I n d ia a n d re s id e in a tow n a b out a mil e d is ta n t


, ,

from C och in ca ll ed J e ws T ow n ,
It is a l mos t

.

w h oll y in ha b ite d by th i s p e op l e w h o h a v e t wo ,

r es p ec ta b l e sy n a gog ue s A mong th e ma re some v e ry .

in te ll ig e n t me n w h o a re n ot ig n oran t of th e p res en t
,

h is tory of na tions T h e re a re a l so J e ws h e re from


.

re mote a rts of A s ia s o th a t th is is th e fou nta in of


p ,

in tell ige nc e con ce rn in g th a t p e op l e in th e e a st the re ,

A md t ll ob
o e rn th t “ if th i b
ra v e erll y th f t se rves, a s e re a e ac ,

th i t o ld
e r a nces ors c u t h b y p t f th t no t ib wh ave e e n an ar o e en r es o

we re ca rried in to ca p tiv ity


ppo se d to be a on
, bu t ma y ra th e r be su mg
ll l
th e fo owe rs of A exa nd e r s a rmy , w h ich a ree s w ith th e ir o w n

g
ac cou nt of th e time th ey rs t s e tt ed in h ina — fi
B a r r ow s Tr a vel s i n

l C
China ,
t M od e rn Un iver H is t . . v ol . v i ii. p 139 . .

Dr . B u ch a na n s

fi rs t tour to C och in w as i n N o ve mbe r ,
1806 , a nd

he re ma in ed in the co untr
y t il lF e brua ry , 1807 . H e a ga in v is ited it
in J an ua
ry , 1808 .
45 0 n rsr onv or r un J ews ,

i n th e y ea r fro m th e c rea tion of th e four w orl d


th ou sa n d tw o h u n d re d a n d fifty , ( A D four hun d red
. .

a nd n ine t
y a nd th is p l a te of b ra ss w e s till h a v e in
os s e s s ion
p .

fore fa th ers con tinu ed a t C ra nga nor for


O ur
a b out a th ousa n d ea rs a nd th e n u mb e r of h ea d s
y ,

w h o g ov e rne d w e re se v eri ty two S oon a fte r ou r -


.

s e ttl e me n t oth er J e w s foll ow e d u s from J u d e a ;


,

a n d a mon g th e s e ca me t h a t ma n of g re a t w is d om ,
,

ra bb i S a muel a L evi te of J e rus a l e m w ith h is son


, , ,

M l b i l g g
a a ar c d h an t ; d i
ua w ld th t it
e an t
c a ra c er an s no so o a ca nno ;

b w ll
e e d t d Th J w p
u n e rs oo H b w l. l ti f it
e e s re se rve a e re ra ns a on o

w h i h th y p
c t d t th l
e d th
re s en e Th i i td m t
o e ea rne au or. s a nc e n oc u en

b gie i th f ll wi g m
ns n e d i g t th H b w t
o o n l ti an ne r a ccor n o e e re ra ns a on

I n th e p e a ce of G od th e k in g , w h ic h h a s ma de t he e a rth ac »

co rd in g to h is p l e a s u re . To th is G od I , Airvi B ra h min h a v e l ifted ,

u
p my h a nd, a nd h a ve ra n te d by th is , g d eed wh ich ma ny h u nd red
th o u sa nd y ea rs sh a ru n —I , d we in a t Cra nga n o r, h a v e
ll ll g g ra n te d , in
th e th irty -
s ixth y ea r of my re i
gn , in th e s tre n gth of p ow er I h a v e
g ra nte d , i n t he s tre n gth of p owe r I h a ve gi ve n
.

in inh e rita nce to



J o sep h R a bba n .

Th en fo ll th e p riv i
ow lg
e e s o f n ob i l ity , s uch as
p ermission to ride
on a n e l e h a n t ; to h a ve
p l
h e ra d to go before to
a a n n o u n ce th e n a me

a nd di g n it
y ; to h a ve l
th e a mp of th e d a y ; to wa k l u p on ca rpets

s pre a d u
p on th e e a rth ; a nd to h a v e trump e ts an d cy mba l s s o un de d

be fo re h im . Ki n
g Airv i th e n a
ppoints Joseph R a bba n to be c h ie f

a nd go ve rno r of th e h ou ses of con g g re a tion , (th e sy na gog ues) a n d of


c e rta in d is tricts , a nd of th e j
s o ou rners in th e m . Wh
p rov es th eat

i mp orta nce of th e J ew s a t th e p erio d wh en th is n g


ra t w as ma de is ,

th a t it is g
s i ne d by se ven g
k in s a s witnesse s . T
, h ere is n o d a te in th is

d ocu ment, fu rth e r th a n w h a t ma y be co ll e cte d from t h e g


re i n of th e

p rince , a nd th e na mes of th e roy a l wit ne sse s . D a te s a re n ot u s ua li n

ol d Ma l a bar ic w ritin g s; O ne fac t i s e v ide nt, th a t th e J e ws mu s t h a ve


e xis ted a con s ide ra b e l time in th e co u n try b e fo re th ey co u ld h a v e oh

ta in ed s u ch a g ra nt. Th e tra dition be fore


'

mentione d g
as s i n s for th e
d a te ofth e tra nsa ctio n, th e y ea r of th e crea tion 4 2 5 0, w h ic h is in
J e w is h co m uta tion , A 4 9 0 It i s we k n ow n , th a t th e fa mous
D ll
p . . .

Ma l a ba ric k ing ,
C e ra m Pa ru mnl ma de ,
g ra nts to th e J e ws , Ch ris tian s ,

a nd M ah o meta ns , d urin g hi s re i g n ; b ut th a t p rin ce fl ou ris h ed in th e


e igh th or ninth centur
y
—Ch r is tian R esea rches , p . 2 2 0, 2 2 1.
ms ronr c '
r THE JEWS . 45 1

ra bb i J eh uda Le vita . T h ey b rough t w ith th e m


ve r tru mp e ts " ma d e u s e of a t th e time of th e
j ubil ee ,
v ed w h e n th e s e con d te mp l e
w h ich w e re sa

w a s d e stroy e d a n d w e h a v e h e a rd from o ur fa th e rs ,

tha t th ere w e re e n g ra v e n u p on th ose tru mp e ts th e


*
.

l e tte rs of th e in e ffa bl e n a me T h e re j oin e d us a l s o .

from S p a in a n d oth er p l a ces from time to time , ,

cer ta in trib es of J e w s w h o h a d h e a rd of our p ros

e rit B ut a t la s t d is cor d a ris in g a mon g ou r


p y .
, ,

s e lv e s on e of o ur ch ie fs ca ll e d to h is a ss ista n ce a n
,

I ndia nk in g w h o ca me u p on u s w ith a grea t a rmy


, ,

d es troy e d ou r h ouse s p a l a ce s a n d s tron g h old s , , ,

d isp os s es s ed u s of C ra n ga n or k ill e d p a rt of u s , ,

a n d ca rrie d
p a rt in to ca
p tiv it
y By th ese ma ssa cre s
.

we w e re re d uced to a s ma ll numb er S ome of th e .

exil e s ca me C och in w h ere w e h a ve


a nd d we l t at ,

re ma in e d e ve r s mce s uffe rin g g re a t ch a n ge s from ,

time to time T h ere a re a mon gst us s ome of th e


.

ch il d re n of I s ra el B e n i I s ra e l ) w h o ca me from th e
( ,

cou n tr of A sh k e n a z f rom E g p t from I s ob a a n d


y y , , ,

oth e r l a c es b e s id e s th os e w h o formerl i h b it d
p , y n a e

th is c o un tr
y x f
The M al a b a r con fi rm th e fore
nat iv e a n na s of l
goin g a ccoun t in th e p rin cip a l circu ms tan ces : a s -

Th i i m t
~
f th J bil
s c rcu t mp t i t b f d i
s a n ce o i e u ee ru e s s o e ou n n a s

mil t f th J w
a r a c co u n f M l b p b l
o i h d i th ehi t y f e s o a a a r, u s e n e s or o

th w k
e f th l
or d f M h 16 99 It i t
s o e e a rne
y t

or a rc ,
. s no n e ce ss a r o

supp th t t h
ose t mp t b l g d t th t mp l f it i w ll
a e se ru e s e on e o e e e, or s e

knw o th t i
n , y id bl t w i J d
a n e ver th w j bilcon s e ra e o n n u ea. e re ere u ee

tru mpe ts — Bucha na n



. s Ch ri s tia n R e s ea r c he s .

t B u ch a na

Ch
R esea rch es , p 2 18— 2 2 0
ns ris tia n . .

3: Th e a bo v e a cco un t is a so con rmed in th e p rinc pa circu m



l fi i l
sta nces b
y th e te s timony of ose s d e a iv a , a ortu u ese J e w of M P P g
Ams te rda m, wh o, h a vin g v is ited C och in in 16 86 , p u b is hed l on h is
6 6 2
45 2 ru s roa r
'
or THE J aws .

d o th e M a h ometa n h is tori es of l a te r a ges for


the ,

th e M a h ometa n s h a ve b e e n s e ttl e d h e re in great

n u mbe rs s in ce th e e igh th ce n tur


y .

T h e d e s ol a tion of C ra n ga n or th e J ews d escribe


a s b e in g l ik e th e d e sola tion of J erusa l e m in min i

a tu re T h ey w ere fi rs t rece iv e d in to the cou n try


.

w ith s om e fa v our a n d con fi d e n ce a g reea bl


y to the ,

te n or of th e g e n e ra l p rop h ecy conce rn in g th e J e ws ,

for n o country was to rej ect th e m a nd a fter th ey

re tu rn to E u rO pe a n a cco un t of h is tour, which is now become v ery

ra re, a nd conta ins w h a t fo ll ow s .

In th e y ea r fou r th ousand one h und red a nd th irty of th e creation


l
of th e wor d , a fter th e d es tru ction of th e second temp e b
y itus , l T
se ven ty o r e i gh ty th ou sa n d I
s ra e l it
pe ne tra ted as fa r
es as th e coas t of

Ml a a ba r. Th e k in gC h e ra m Ibe rimal asse mb ed , and l ga ve th e m th e


c ity of Cranga nor, w ith a certa in e xte nt of te rritory a nd d iv ers p rivi
lg e es , wh ich w e re en g ra v e n on ta b l es of b ra ss . T I
h es e srae ites l
g
b ro u h t two trumpe ts of wh ich th e L e v ites in th e te mp l
e mad e u se .

Cra nga no r h a v in g at l gth b


en ee n ta k e n from th e m, th e y took refu e g
in C och in .

Th e J e ws of C o ch in , s a y s o u r a u th or,

l oad ed h im with civ i

l i ties , a nd ga ve h im a nu mber of e n te rta in ments . T h o gh u th e


c l im t a e h ad ren d e re d th e m so swa rth y tha t the y w ere a lm os t mula t
toe s , th e y w ou d h a v e l conside red th ems e l v es d ish onou red , if th ey
h ad ea te n , d ra nk , or
p ra y ed w ith th e b l a ck or n e g ro J e ws of M3 .

l a b ar, bec a u se th e l as t we re d esc e nded fro m th e l


s a ves in th e se rv ice

of th e Jw e s at Cra nga nor, w h o were a fte rwa rd s e ma ncip ated . Th e .

ne g Jw h
ro e s a d n ine s
y na gog u es, th ree in C och in, a nd th e o th e rs in
th e v icinity . In the Fr ench tra ns l a tion of th e tra ve l s o f P P ul i
. a n

de S t . B a rth e e l my it is sa id th e y formed four h un dred a nd s i xty

fa mi ies l .

T hi s a ccou nt is cop ied v e rba ti m from th e l
re a tion of
P a iv a ; a nd th e l
e e ments of wh ich h is l l
ca cu a tion is co mposed give as

a tota l nu mbe r fo u r h u nd re d a nd s ixt


y fi ve
-
. Th e Jw g
oth e r e s ro und

th e ir a ve rs io n towa rds th e m o n th e p re te nce , th a t th M l b


e a a ar Je ws
h a v e bee n mixed w ith th e a naa nites a nd th e C I h m l it
s ae es . But
th o ugh t he y h a ve se p a ra te sy n a gog ues th e ir w ors h ip is th e sa me .

Th us we see a d iv ers ity of co ou r , l b ut none of sects —Gregoire?


H is toir e ties Sectes Rel igim cs , tom . 11.
45 4 ms ronr
'
or THE JEWS .

to d es p oti c p rin ce s ; b ut th e men mov e


in a co mme rc ia l ca
p a c it
y , a n d th e s a me in d iv id ua l
ll g ma ny v
'

wi p a ss th rou h e xte ns i e coun tr ie s . So


th a t w h e n an
y thin g in te re s ting to! th e na tion of th e

J e w s ta k es p l a ce th e mour
*
, ru

th roug h ou t a l l A s ia
9
.

B uch ana ’
n s Research es in Asia , p . 2 2 1,
HISTORY OF THE JE S W .

C H AP T E R XXX I V .

Of th J w i Am ri
e e —Of th i
s ttl m t i S i
n e ca e r se e en n u r na m a nd Ja
m i —B t f w h
a ca ttl d i N w E gl
u d — Of J
e a ve se e n e n an ud a h M o nis .

— S t t f th J w i N w Y k P h il d l ph i C h l
a e o e e s n e or , a e a, a r es ton , Virgi
n ia , a nd G e o r ia g .

TH E ex a ct time in w h ich th e J e w s fi rs t e n tere d


A me rica , ca n n ot be a s ce rta in e d . But it a
pp ea rs,

tha t th e re w ere some of th e na tion in th e


S p a n is h
col on ies a t th e
,
time
w h e n the y w ere e xpe ll e d th e

p a r e n t cou n tr
y y b F e rd in a n d a n d I sa b e ll a .

T h e in h a bita n ts of th e col on ies w h ich b el o n ge d


to F ra n ce in th e ir s e v e rity to th e J e w s imita te d th e
,

con d uct of th e p a re n t coun try T h e fi rs t a r ticl e in .

th e e d ict of M a rc h 1605 e nj oin e d th e F re n ch offi c e rs


, ,

to e xp e l th e m from th e ir A me rica n col on ie s ; a n d


co mma n d e d th e m to d e a rt w ith in th re e mon th s
p ,

u n d e r th e e n a l t of th e con fi sca tion of th e ir o o d sfi


' E
p y g
T h e h is tory of th e J e w s in S urin a m w h o e mi ,

g ra ted from H olla n d h a s be e n comp il e d by a s ocie ty


,

of P ortug ue se J e w s w h o re s id e d in th a t cou n tr
,
y .

It a p p ea rs from th is w ork th a t i n th e y ea r 16 39 , , ,

Da vid Na sci a P ortug uese J ew a n d a na tiv e of


,

B ra z il ob ta in e d p ermis sion from th e W es t I n d ia


,

comp a n i n H oll a n d to form a col on i th i l a nd


y y n e s

of C a e n n e H is cou n tr me n w h o a cc om a n ie d
y .
y p
h im w ere to b e a ll ow e d th e full e nj oy me n t of e v e ry
c iv il a n d re l ig ious p riv il e g e on con d ition th a t th e
y ,

s h oul d g ra n t th e sa m e w ith ou t re se rv e to a l l w h o . -

mig h t ch oose to be th e ir fell ow col on ists O n th e .

con q ue s t of th is i sl a n d b th F re nch ih 16 64
y e -

F rench En cy cl opedia .
4 56 msro ny or run J a ws .

N a sci a n d h is foll ow ers retired to S urina m w h i ch ,

th e n b el on g e d to th e E ngl is h wh o n ot onl y a ll owed


,

th e m th e free exe rcise of th e ir r eligi on toge th e r


,

w ith e v e ry c 1y il p riv il ege all th e immu n itie s


w h i ch th e p ec ul iarrites o f l a w re n d ered a cces
sa ry ,
b ut a l s o p e rmi tte d th e m to erect a cou rt of
j u d ica t ure in w h ich a l l civ il ca ses b e nea th a certa in
am oun t be tw ee n in d ivid ua l s of th eir c om mu n ity
s h ould b e de ter m ined by th e ir a ge nts “Al l th ese
riv il eges w e re con fi rm e d to th e m b th e D utch
p y
*
,

w h o took p ossession of th e se ttl e m e n t 166 1

T h us secure d in th e enj oy men t of th e i r l ibe rties


th e J e ws s oon be ca me a n um e rous a nd fl ou ris hi n g

s ocie ty . I n 16 89 the y p ossess ed forty p l an ta tions


, ,

an d a l a rge n um b e r of sl av es . Ac cord ing to th e ir


ac cou n t th e y h av e al w ay s b ee n u se ful c iti z e n s w h o ,

w e re d is p os ed to make e v ery e x ertion for th e we lfa re


of th e co mmun ity a n d ha ve ofte n s us tai ne d m
,
ore th a n

the ir s h a re of th e p ubl ic bu rde ns . T he y comp l a in


o f h a v in g fre q ue n tl y s uffered inj us tice a n d O p p re s

s ion in c onse q ue n ce of th e a rb itra ry s p i ri t


. of

s om e of th e g ov ern ors , a n d th e j e a l ous y of some

of th e ir fell ow col oni s ts . Ho wev er notw ith ,

s t a n d in g th es e d isa dva nta ge s ,a nd th e i n v id io us


a rtia l it n d con te m tu ous trea tme n t w h ich th e
p y a p y
ofte n ex p e rie nce d th ey increa se d in n u mb e rs a nd
,

w ea l th . I n 1760 n o l e ss tha n on e h un d re d s uga r


,

l a n ta tions w e re os se sse d by th e in div id ua l s of th e


p p
c omm u n it T h e y ea r 1799 a p p e a rs to ha v e b e e n
.
y
th e mos t p ros p e rou s e ra of th e col ony .

In P a ra ma ribo th e ca p ita l of th e col ony th e


, ,

D utch C a lv in i s ts L uthe ra ns a n d M ora via ns h a d


, , ,

4 *Monthl y Re vi w 1792
e ,
.
45 8 ms ronv '
or me JEWS .

to p ya us th e h on ours of th e New J erusal em . For


th is p ur
p os e th ey w e re at muc h e xp e n ce , and th e ir
a tte n tion s merit my g ra titud e . I b e ca me ac q ua in te d
w ith J e ws w h os e e rud ition a n d p ow e rs a re
tw o ,

a s ton is h in g T h e on e is n a me d J os ep h Ba rious
.
,
.

a n d th e o th er I sa a c N a sc i T h e l a s t is a n e xtra .

ord in a r
y man ,
if w e c on s id e r th a t he n ev e r ha s
b e en ou t of S urina m ,
w h e re h e w a s b orn re ce ive d

n o a id b ut from h is
ge n ius ; a n d h a s rise n
ow n .

a b ov e th e e rrors of h is sect H is k n ow l e dge of h is .

tory is p rofoun d ; an d h e h as s tu d ie d me th od ica ll y


A ra bic C h a ld ea n a n d ra bbin ica l H e b re w
, ,
Y et .

th is ma n w h o p a ss e s e ig h t h ou rs e v e ry da y in h is
.

a n d h a s a corre s p on d e nce w it h th e most


'

s tud

y ,

cel e b ra te d me n in E urop e e m l o s h im

s e lf a s th e
p y ,

mea n es t of h is cou n try me n in b uy in g a n d sell in g ,

ol d cl oth es H e h a s comp ose d a D ictiona ry in th e


.

I n d ia n Ga l ib i l a n gua ge a n d th ink s h e fi nd s th e
,

th e me s in it to b e H e b re w ” E
.

T h e J e w s w e re ea rly s ettl e d in J a ma ica b e in g ,

a ttra cte d by th e g old a n d s ilv e r b roug h t in to c irc u

l a tion a n d th e mild d is p os ition of th e gove rn me n t


,

to wa rd s th e m I n th e re ig n of W ill ia m 111 of
. .

E n gl a n d th e cou n cil of th e isl a n d a dd ress e d th e


,

c row n to e xp el th e m from th e B ritis h d omin ion s ,

b eca us e th ey w e re d e s ce n d e d from th os e w h o h a d
crucifi e d ou r S a v iour ; b u t th e k ing re fu s e d to

comp l y w ith th e ir re q ue s t In th ese d a y s th ey w e re


.

n ot ta x e d a s oth er s u bj ects b ut obl ige d to ra is e ,

a ce rta in a n n ua l trib ute w h ich th e a s s e mb l y v a rie d

at l ea s u re T h oug h th e g ov e rn me n t w a s comp a
p .

Th e mp il e r of th is H istory w as fa voured
co w ith th e a bov e

a ccou nt from th e Re v M r Be ntl e of S al e m


y . . .
msr onv '
or THE JEWS . 45 9

ra tivel y mil d , th ey s uffe re d so me op p ress ion At .

l e ng th , h owe v e r ,
th ey be ga n to ma k e a cén s id e r

a bl e figure an d w e re p ermitted to e rect sy n a gog ues


,

a nd e rform d iv in e w o rs h ip a cc ord in g to th e ir ow n
p ,

ritua l T h e ir k n ow le dge of s ev era l l a ng ua ge s a n d


. ,

a cq ua in ta n ce w ith th e ir b re th re n d is p e rse d ov e r th e

S p a n is h a n d oth er W est I n d ia col on ies con tribu te d ,

g rea tly to e xte n d th e tra de a n d in crea s e th e w eal th


of th e is la n d T h ough th ey a re e xcl ud e d from
.

fill in g a ny p ost in th e g ove rn ment th ey a re re ,

q u ire d to b ea r a rms in th e mil itia a n d h a v e s h ow n ,

th e ms e lv es u s e ful s ubj ects on ma ny occa s ions .

T h ey a re n ot a s in ma ny oth e r p a rts l oa d ed w ith


, ,

u n e q ua l a n d op p res s iv e ta x a tion s a n d h a v e th e
p ri ,

v il ege of p u rc h a s in g l a nd e d p rop e rty a n d i n th e ,

os se s s io n a n d e nj oy me n t of it th ey a re p rotected
p
e q uall y w ith oth e r s ubj e cts .

T h e tra n q u ill ity th is p eop l e e nj oy u n d e r th e go


v ern me n t is h ow e v e r d is turb e d by th e ir own re l i
, ,

io us s ch is ms T h e
y a re divid ed in to tw o
p a rtie s
g .
,

o ne of w h ic h is ca ll e d th e S mou s e J e w s w h ic h is a n ,

e p ith e t of con te mp t T h e ir b re th re n re ga rd th e m
.

a s h e re tics b eca use th ey h a ve rel a x ed in th e ob


,

s e rv a n ce of s ome of th e ir r itual s and forme d ,

a ll ia n c e s b
y m a rria g e w ith C h ris tia ns T h e
y h a ve .
,

th e re fore a d is tin ct me e tin g a t a p riv a te h ous e


, , ,

w h e re th ey v oc ife ra te to th e g re a t d is tu rba n ce of
n ei h b
th e g ou rh ood f
L o g s H ist ry of J m i
n

olo
p 2 93 T h y j oy l mo t
a a ca , v . 11. . . e en a s

e y p i il ge po es ed by th
ev r r v e C h i ti w hit x pti g onl y th
ss s e r s an es, e ce n e

righ t f ti g
o t l tio
vo nf b i ga t d to
e ec i th
ns , s o e n re u rne se rv e n e a

h ol d i g y o ffi o f m g ist y
—nE d w
and H i to y ce a rac . ar

s s r

L g H i to y of J m i
on

s s r a a ca , v ol . ii p 2 9 6
. . . G re goire s ’
His toire
d es S e t Re l ig ie u se s tom ii
c es , . .
p 36 0
. .
460 HISTO RY or THE JEWS .

The c h ie f men a mon g th e J ew s in J a mai ca a re

w orthy c ha rac te rs , who v to ga in a n h ones t


s tri e

l iv in g a nd a ss ist the ir in d ige nt b reth ren T h e re .

a re n o co mmon be gga rs of th is
h a v in g a n e s ta bl ish ed fun d for th e
oo r T h re re am o n g th is o l se v era l v e r
p . e a e
p p e
y
op u l e n t p l a n te rs a n d ca p ita l me rch an ts ; a n d it is sa id ,

th a t th ose in th is is l a n d a re n ot s uch rig id ob s erve rs


of th e M osa ica l ritua l a s in oth er cou n trie s Be in g .

W
a ll ow e d th e ubl ic e x e rcis e of th e ir re l i ion th
p g e y ,

h a v e erec te d tw o or more sy na gogu es " .


E

T h e J e w s h a v e n e v er b e e n n u me rous in N e w
E ngl a nd ; b ut a mon g th ose h o s e ttl e d in th e
col on ie s so m e h a v e b ee n di s ti n g ui sh ed for th e re ~

s p ecta bil ity of th e ir ch a ra ct e rs J uda h M on is


.
,

a J e w is h con v e rt to th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion w as ,

a d mit te d a p ubl ic te a ch e r a t H a rva rd U n iv e rs it


y .

H e is s ta te d to h a v e b ee n a n a tiv e of Alg ie rs w h o ,

rob a bl re ce iv e d h is ed uca tion in I ta l th o ug h w e


p y y ,

k n ow n oth in g of h im till h is arr iv a l in th is coun try .

But a fter h e ca me to B os ton h e s e e ms to h a v e been


s oo n i n v ite d to fill th e offi ce of H e b re w in s tru c tor

in th e u n iv e rs ity w h e re h e was se ttle d M a rch 2 7 th


, ,

172 2 . B e fore h e coul d b e a d mitte d it w a s re n ,

d ere d n ecessa ry b y th e sta tutes tha t h e s h ould ,

ch a n g e h is rel ig ion ,
w hich h e p rofes se s to h a v e
d one w ith p e rfect d is in tere stedn css th ough h e ,

con tin u e d till h is d ea th to ob serv e th e s e v e n th da y

as th e sa bba th . F rom th e a dd re ss de l iv e re d upo n


th e occa s ion by th e Re v D r C ol e ma n of B os ton
. . ,

it may be S us p e cted th a t d oub ts w ere e nterta i n e d of


th e s in ce rity of h is d e cl a ra tion T he e x p ress ions
. ,

Lon g s His tory



.
462 '
H rs ronv or THE JEWS .

b v t i on l ea rn ing a n d intell ige nce h is con v er


o se r a , ,

sa tion w a s h ig h l e n te rta in in g a n d i n s truc tiv e H


'

y e .

w a s born a t H e b ro n a n d e d uca te d th ere a n d a t


,

J e rusa l e m H e h a d trave ll ed a l l ove r th e H ol y


.

La nd a n d v is ite d ma n y cities in As ia a n d E urop e


,
'

T h e d octor w a s g rea tl y d el ig h te d w ith h is s ocie ty ,

a nd h a d fre q ue n t in te rcours e w ith h im for th e

p u r os e of a cq u irin g
p t h e
“ ro u i tio o f th e
p n n c a n

H eb re w ; of a sce rta in in g th e mea n ing of a mb i '

uous e xp re s s ion s in th e origin a l of th e Ol d T e s ta


g
men t ; of l ea rn in g th e u sa g es of th e mod e rn J e w s
of con v ers in g on p a s t e v e n ts rel a tin g to th is e x tra

ord in a r n a tion as re cord e d in sacre d h is tor a nd


y , y
of trac in g i ts futu re d estin b th e l ig h t of p ro
y y
h ec T h e cul tiv a te d a mu tua l frie n ds h i w h en
p y .
y p
tog e th er a nd corre s p ond e d
, in H eb re w w h e n

The ra bbi, n ot l on g a fte r h is v l


a rri a ,
a tte n d ed
h is w ors h ip by a g re e me n t, a n d h ea rd h im d isc ou rs e
in a n a ffec tion a te ma nn e r on th e p a s t d isp en sa tion s of
G od s p rovide n ce tow a rds h is ch osen p eop l e on h is

p ro mis e d de s ig n of re n d e r mg th e m an e xa l ted
na tion in th e l a tte r da y gl ory of th e M ess ia h ’
s

k ingd om ; a nd on th e d uty of C h ris tia n s ,


a nd of

al l n a t on s, i to d es ire a
p a rtici
p a tion in th e ir fu ture
gl orious s ta te s
}
So ca th o ic l w as th e in te rcours e b etw e en th is
l ea rn ed l e a rn e d C h ris tia n th a t th ey ofte n
Jew an d ,
.

s e n t h ours tog e th e r in con v e rs a tion ; a n d th e I


p
in forma tion w h ich th e e x te n s iv e tra v e l s of th e J e w
en a b l e d h im to g iv e e s e cia ll
p y con ce rn in g th e
,

H ol y La nd w a s a rich e n te rta in men t to h is C h ris


,

D H lm L if f P id t Stil
r. o es s

t I bid
e o res en es. .
mszronr or r 111; JEWS . 463

tia n fri end . Th e ci bb i were m ore


v il ities of th e ra

tha n repa id . T h e doctor ve ry fre q ue n tly atten ded


.

the wors h ip of th e s n a g ogu e a t N e w ort n ot o n l


y

p y ,

b
w h e n ra b i C a riga l ofiicia te d, b ut at th e ord in a r
y
se rv ice b e fore h is a rr va i l ,
a nd a fter h is d ep a rt u re .
"

W ith s ix oth e r ra bb ies of l e ss e min en ce h e b eca me


ac q ua in te d a n d s h e we d th e m e v er c iv il it w h il
, y y e ,

h e ma in ta in e d a frie n dl y commun ica tion w ith th e


J e w s in ge n e ra l in N e w p ort S uch ra re a n d u n ex .

ec te d a tte n tion s from a C h ris tia n min is ter of dis


p
tin c tion c ould n ot b ut a fford p ecul ia r g ra tifi ca tion to
eo le c on s cious of b e in g a ro v e rb a n d b e
a
p p , p y
w ord a mon g a l l n a tions To h im th ey a ccord in gl y
.

a id e v e ry a tte n tion in re t urn a n d e x re s s e d


p p p e cu ,

l ia r p l ea s u re in a d mittin g h im in to th eir fa mil ies ,

a n d in to th e ir s na gog ue s
y .

D r H ol me s in con cl ud ing th is a ccoun t j ud iciousl y


.

re ma rk s th a t
,
th is c iv il ity a n d ca th ol ic is m towa rd s
th e J e w s is w orth y of i mita tion It is to b e fea re d .

th a t C h ris t ia ns d o n ot w h a t ough t to b e don e to


w a rd s th e c on v e rs ion of th is d e v ote d p eop l e W h il e .

a d mitte d i n to mos t cou n tries for th e p u rp os e s of ‘

tra de a n d comme rce in stea d of be in g trea te d w ith


,

th a t h u ma n ity a n d te n d e rne ss w h ic h Ch ris tia n ity


s h oul d ins ire th ey a re ofte n p ers ecut e d a n d con
p ,

d e mn e d a s u n w orth y c f n otice or rega rd S uch .

tre a tme n t te nds to p rej u d ice th e m a ga in s t our h ol y


re l ig io n a n d to e s ta b l ish th e m i n th e ir
,

A re sp e cta bl e ra bb i 1 of N e w Y ork h as g ive n -'

th e foll ow i n g a ccoun t of h is b re thren in th e U n ited


Sta te s .

Ho lm es s

L if
e of P res id e nt S til es .

1 R ev G ersh om

. S e ixas , th e p re sid in g ra bbi.
HIS T O RY O F TH E J EWS .

T h ere a re a b out fifty fa mil ies of J e ws inNew


York w h i ch w ith a n umb e r of u n ma rried me m
, ,
'

ma k e from se v e nty to e igh ty s ub s crib ing me mbe rs to


th e cong rega tion S h er ith I s r a el w h ich is incor o ,
p
ra te d by n u ac t of th e l e g is la ture of th e s ta te
'

e mp ow e rin g a l l rel ig ious socie tie s to h ol d th e ir


p ro
p e rt
y b y cha rte r u n,d e r th e d i rec t i
. o n o f tr us te e s

ch os e n a nn ua ll
y yb th e co m m u n ic a n ts o f t h e s oc ie ty ,

a ccord in g to c e rta in rul es


o p resc r ib e d l n th e a c t . .

T h e trus tees h a v e th e ma na ge me n t of a l l th e
t emp ora l ities a s is cus toma ry in oth e r s ocie ties
, .

Th ey h a v e on e sy na gogu e es ta bl is h ed con forma bly


to th e cus toms a n d forms of p ra y e r u se d a mon g th e
P ortug uese J e ws in Bump e T h e ir p ubl ic s erv ice .

is al tog e th er in th e H eb re w la ng ua ge e x ce p ting in ,

a rticul a r ca s es v id d f i th tit ti f
'

p p ro e o r n e c on s u o n o

th e society . T h ere w e re s ome J e w ish fa mil ie s in


th e city w h e n it w a s ow n e d b y th e D utch .b u t th e
d ocu me n ts w h ich a re a mon g th e a rch iv es of th e :
'

con g rega tion ,do n ot e x te n d fa rth e r ba ck th a n


.

a b ou t one h u n d re d a n d fifty y ea rs .

S ome of th e J e ws w h o settle d in Ne w Y ork ‘

w ere of P ort ugues e oth e rs of G e r ma n ex tra c tion


, ,

b es ide s H ol l a n d e rs T h e re a re a l s o th e d es cend a n ts1


.

of th os e w h o a rriv ed a fte r N e w Y or k b e ca me a n

E ngl is h col on y The J e ws ha d th e righ t of soil


.

un d e r th e D utch gov ern men t a nd th e E ngl is h ,

n e v e r a tte m te d to de riv e t he m of it ; on th e co n s-
a
p p
tra ry th ey gra nt ed l e tt e rs p a ten t to se v e ra l J e w is h
,

fa mil ies in th e time of q uee n A nn e w ho h a d a rrive d ,

i n L ond on from F ra n ce a mon g th e H ug ue nots to ,

s e ttl e in N orth A m erica .

S l ws f N w Y k
ee a o e or .
46 6 HISTO RY or TH E JEWS .

na t i on in C ha rl e s ton T h e s ea ts in the J e w i sh
.

s na g og ue a re often crow d e d with v is itors of e v e r


y y
d enomina tion T h e e p iscop a l fu nction s a re n ow
.

d isch a rge d b y th e Re v Ca v a l h o, l a te p rofe ss or of


.


th e H e b re w l a n gu a ge in th e coll e g e of N e w Y ork
'

T h e J e w s in C h a rl e s ton e nj oy e q ua l l ite ra ry
a dva n ta g e s w ith th e oth e r me mb e rs of th e c ommu

n it ; M o s t of th e a re n ts b e in g r ic h th e j u d ice
y p p re ,

is h e re d e sp ised w h ic h con fi n e s th e imp orta n t


,

obj e ct of e d uca tion to th e te n e ts of re l ig ion ; a n d

th e H e b re w s ca n b oa s t of s e v e ral me n of ta l e n ts
a n d l e a rn i n g a mon g th e m T h ose J e w ish ch il dre n
.

w h o a re i n te n d e d for p rofe s s i on s re ce iv e a h a n d some ,

cl a ss ica l e d uca tion T h ere is n ow in th e c ity a n


a ca d e m h ere th e F re n ch It a l ia n L a tin a nd
'

y , w , , ,

G re e k l a n g ua g es a re ta ugh t tog e th e r w ith oth er ,

b ra n ch es of l ea r n in g T h e Re v Ca v a l h o me n
. .
,

tion e d a b ov e als o tea ch es th e H e b re w a n d S p a n is h


,

l a n g ua g es .

I
T h e d res s a n d h a b its of th e J e ws in C h a rl e s ton
do n ot d is tin g uis h th e m from th e oth er c itiz e n s .

O p e n a n d h os p ita bl e a s Ca roli n i a ns g e n e ra l ly a re
, ,

th ey u n i te w ith cons id era bl e i nd us try a n d k now


,

l edg e of commerc ia l a ffa irs ra th e r too much of ,

th a t l ov e of ea s e a n d p l e a s u re w h ich cl ima te as , ,

w e ll a s na t i on a l ch a ra cte r te n d s to n ouris h
,
I nd i .

v id ua l s
,
h ow e v er a mon g th os e in th is cou n try
, ,

for th e ir e n terp riz e a n d j udg me n t h a ve be e n e n ,

t rus te d w ith mu n icip a l offi ce s ; a n d o n e h a s h e ld


a s e a t w ith h on our to h ims e lf a n d h is con s titue n ts

th e re p re s e n ta tiv e s of th e s ta te .

T h e in s titutions w h ich th e J e ws h a v e e s ta
bl ish ed in C ha rl est on a re ch iefl y rel igi ous a nd
,
H IS T O RY O F TH E JEWS .

T h ey h a v e b uil t a n el e ga n t sy n a gog ue .

a l s o s o ie tie s for th e rel ie f of s tra n g e rs


c ,

s i ck a n d for ad min is terin g th e


,

a n d b u ri a l to th e d in g a n d th e
y
T h e mos t mod ern ins tituti on is a s oci e ty for
cf of or h a n s
p T h e ca ita l is a l rea d
p .
y cou s i

d e ra bl e a n d it is y ea rl y 1n crea sing
,
Th e ch ild re n .

re ce iv e e v e r a dv a n t a g e w h i ch is n eces sa ry to e n a bl e
y
th e m to b e w ell informe d a n d h on ou ra bl e cit iz en s of
th i oun t ry
e r c ” .
6

I n R ich mon d (V irg in i a ) th ere a re a b out th i rty


,

J e w ish fa mil ies w h o a re n ow b uild in g a sy n a


,

gogu e ; b u t th ey a re not a s y et i n corp ora ted T h e .

n u mb e r of u n m arri e d men is u nk n ow n th oug h ,

th e re ma y b e a b ou t a n h un d re d s ca tt ere d th rou gh ou t
th e s ta te w h o a re a n d w ill b e come me mb e rs of th e
,

con g re ga t ion At S a v a n nah in G eorg ia th e re a re


.

b u t fe w J e w i sh fa mil ie s w h o a s se mbl e a t times , ,

a n d commu n e w ith e a ch oth e r in ub l ic


p p y
r a e rs .

T h e U n ite d S ta te s is p erh a p s th e on l y p l a ce , ,

w h e re th e J e w s h a v e n ot s uffe re d p ers ecu ti on b ut ,


'

h a v e on th e c on tra ry
,
b ee n e n coura ged a n d in , ,

d ul ged in e v ery righ t of c itize nszl v


‘ ‘

T h e J ew s in a l l th e U n ite d S t a t es e x cep t M a s
.

s a ch us e tts
I a re e l ig ibl e to
, o ffi ce s of tru s t a nd

h on ou r ; a nd so me of th e m in th e s ou th e rn s ta te s

in e mmercia l men

a re ot
he . T h ey a re g en era lly co g
y

1 Acco rd in g to th e C o tit
ns u tion o f M a s sa ch use tts , th ose wh o a re

ch ose n to fi ll imp orta nt ofli ces, must l


d ec a re th eir be ief l of th e N
(

Ch ristia n rel ig ion .

. H a 2
C H AP T E R XXX V .

O f th e rite s an d ce re m i f th J w 0f th
on e s o e e s. -
e ir s
y na gog ue wor d

'

sh i
p .

M e th od of obs er v i n g th e s a b b a th — O f the ir l
ce e bra tion o f
th e fes tiva l s of th e ne w moon ; th e p a ss ov e r ; d a y s of e ntec ost ; P
feas t of tru mpe ts ; o f ta berna c e s ; l a nd of P u rim — 0f th e feas t a t
.

th e d ed ica tion of th e te mp e l .
—0f th e J e w ish fe as ts on th e g rea t

da y of e xp ia tio n , on th e d e s truction of th e te mp l e, a nd oth e r

occas ions . -
G ov e rnme n t a nd d iscip ine l of th e J ew ish ch u rch .

T H E J e w s s in ce th e d e s tructi on of th e ir temp l e
, ,

h a v e n ot offe re d a ny s a crifi ces a n d s e v era l rel ig ious


ri te s , w h ich w e re e nj oin e d u p on th e ir a nces tors ,

ca nn ot b e ob s er v e d b t h e n a tion in mod e rn times


y ,

o n a ccou n t of th e ir b e in g l oca l a n d con fi n e d to th e ,

romis e d l a n d S uch f or in s ta n ce a s th e offerin g


p .
, ,

of th e s h ea f of th e fi rs t fru i ts of b a rl e h a r v e s t on th e
y
morrow of th e p a s sov er th e tw o w a v e l oa v es ma d e
of fi n e fl ou r w h ich w e re th e fi rst of th e w h ea t
,

h a rv es t a n d offe re d on th e morn in g of th e fea s t of


,

P e n tecos t ; th e b a sk e t Of a l l th e fi rs t fru its of th e


e a rth ,
w ith th e offeri n g of h im w h o b ring s it th e
c itie s of re fu e r f th e t th e s to th e p rie s ts a n d
g y
L e v ites a nd to th e p oor ; th e sabb a tica l y e a r} for
,

th e l a n d to re s t ; a n d a l s o th e y e a r of j ub il e e w h e n ,

th e re w a s to b e a g e n e ra l re l ea s e of l a n d s se rv a n ts , ,

p l e d es
g & c ,
th e cl ea n s in g of th e l e p e r ;
. w i th
va rious oth e r l oca l ce re mon ie s too n u merou s to be

me n tion e d § .

T h e re a re oth er d ire ction s resp ect i n g th ei r p ol i


ti ca l s ta te a n d g ov e rn me n t con ta in e d in th e ir cod e ,

De ute ronomy xxv i 2 . . t N u mbers xxv i 6 — 1t.


.

1 Le v itic u s xxv 2 .
, 3 .

‘ D
9 a vid Le v i s

Ce re monies of th e Jew s, p 22 1
. .
HISTO RY or THE JEWS .

p re ss, m m e mora tion of th e a rk of th e cov e na n t


in co ,

w h ich w a s in th e te mp l e H e re th e P e n ta t e uch is .

d ep os ite d w ritte n on a vol ume or roll of p a rch me n t


,

w ith th e u tmos t e xa c tn ess a n d w ra p p ed u p in s il k ,

c uri ou sl y e mb roid e re d W h en th e J e w s sa y th e i r .

ra y e rs i n th e morn in g th e y p ut on a ta l ith or va i l
p
o v e r th e i r oth er cl oth e s a n d a rob e w ith fri n ges a t ,

th e fou r corn e rs w ith ta ss e l s cal l e d T z itz ith ; a n d


*
, ,

a l s o th e T e p h il in or P h l a cte ri e s
y .

All th e r i tes p rece p ts a n d ceremon i es of th e


, ,

J e w s w h i ch a re n ot con ta i ne d in th e P e n ta teu ch
, ,

a re fou n d e d u p on a n d d e riv e th e ir a u th ority from

th e T a l mu d Th ere is h ow e v e r some v a ria tion


.
, ,

in th e i r c us toms a n d ce re mon ie s a n d in th e l itur gies ,

w h ich th e na tion h a v e ma d e u s e of a t d iffe re n t


time s a n d in
, v a rious c oun trie s T h e G er ma n .
,

P ol ish a n d R uss ia n J e w s foll ow th e sa me ri tua l


,
.

B ut th e S p a n is h a n d P ortu g u e s e h a v e a n oth e r ,

w h ich s till v a ries from th a t of th e I ta l ian a nd L e v a n


t ine J e w s th os e of J e rusa l e m C h ina a n d s ome
, , ,

oth e r p l ac e s i But in th e p rin c i p a l p oints of b e li e f


.

a n d ob s e rv a n ce th ey al l a g ree .

I t is an i
a rt c e l of fa ith a mong u s, ys a v id
sa D Le i th a t
v ,

e ve ry J ew must e v e ry morn ing , d u rin g th e ti me o f rea d in g th S h ema


e ,

and sa y in g th e n ine tee n p ra y e rs at l eas t, h ave on th e P h y l te ri s


ac e ,

be ca use it is a g of
si n o u r a ck n ow ed l gi g n th e A l migh ty to be th e
C rea to r of a l l th ings ,d th a t h e h a s po we r to d o as
an h pl e ease s ; a nd

th e re fo re on th e sa bba th , an d o th er fes tiva s, w e d o l n ot


p u t o n th e
Phy l a c te ries , be ca u se th e d u y ob se rv in l g of th e m is a g
s u flic ie nt s i n

of itse f,l as e xp ressed in E


xod us xxxi I 2 . .

— Cer e mome s
f
o the J ew s ,
'

P 19 0 .

f O ck l e y

s tran s l a tion monies o f th e Jew s
of Le o M od e na s

C e re ,

4 T h ere a re th ree d iv is io ns o r cl asses o f mod e rn Je w s wh o a re


p . . ,

v a rio usl y de no mina te d fro m th e co un tries w h e re th e arra nge me n ts o f

th e ir l it gi ur es took p l a ce , a nd are k n own by th e des i gna tions of

G e rman , P ortu g uese , and Avi g non , I l


or ta ian ews J .
H I ST O RY or THE JEWS . 47 1

I n the y g og ue w orsh ip
s na th e C oh e n or p ries t ,

l ea d s th e d ev otion a l e x e rcise s by ch a n tin g p ra y ers


b ut l a y me n a re a d mitte d to rea d th e b ook of th e
l a w to th e p eop l e ; th e p re ce d ence is h ow e v e r; ,

g ive n to th e p rie s t After p ra y ers th e ra bb ies fre . ,

qu e n tl y d el iv er a se rmon ; b u t th e ir d iscou rs es a re
n ot com ose d in H e b re w
'

w h ich fe w of th e J e w s a t
p ,

t f tl u n d e rs ta n d b u t in th e l a n g ua g e of
p res e n
p e r e c
y ,

th e cou n try w h ere th ey res id e



T h e p a ssa g es of .

s c r i ture a n d s e n te nce s from th e d oc tors a re h ow


p ,

e ver q uote d in th e H eb rew a n d e x p l ne d


,
a i l
, .
ae

T h e J e ws v en era te th e sabb a th a b ov e a l l oth er


fe s tiv a l s a n d ob se rv e it w ith th e u tmos t s trictne ss
,

on a ccou n t of its b e in g e nj oin e d in v a riou s p arts of


s cr i ture a rticul a rl i n th e d e ca l og ue O n t h is
p p , \ y .

d a y th ey a re forb idd e n to ki n dl e or e x tin guis h a n y


fi re ; th e food is th e re fore p re p a re d on F rid ay , , .

T h e y a re a l s o p roh ib ite d from d iscou rs ing on a ny


k in d of b us in e s s + from ca rry in g a n y b u rd e n from
, ,

r id in g o n h ors e ba ck in a ca rr ia g e g oin g by w a te r
, , ,

or w a lk in g a b ov e a mil e from th e cit or l a ce w h e re


y p
th ey re s id e or l
p y a in g
, u p on an
y m u s ica l i n

s tru me n t
: T h e
y a re l ik e w is e forb idd e n to in te r

th e ir d ea d or mourn or fa st on th e sa b b a th
, , b ut
a re s ome time s e rmitte d to circ umcis e a c h ild be
p ,

L ev i s

Ce re mon ies
'
of th e J e ws .

1* D a v id L e vi s C mon ie s of th e J 7 , 8— 17 Th e

e re ew s , p . . ra bbies

h a ve re d u ce d th e se v e ra lw ork s forb idde n on th e s a bba th u nde r th irt y


n ine h e a ds , a n d en u me ra ted th e s pe c ies u nd e r g
th ese l
e ne ra s .

W
1: V oc a l mu s ic is v e ry co mmon in th e ir s
y gogna u es, b ut instru
me n t l
a mu sic is se ld o m u sed ; y e t not be ca use it is dee me d imp rope r,
fo r th e y s na gogue in Pr gu a e g
h a d a n o r a n b u t b e ca u se i t ca nnot b e
p e rfo rmed on th e sa bba th o r l
h o ida y s — J al a m s R el igious ’
or l d D is
p l ay ed .
472 a rs ro '
mr or T HE JEWS .

ca us e th a t ce re mony must 0e p erformed exa ctl y on


th e e ig h th da y .

T h e s a bba th be g ins on F rid a y a n h our b efore ,

s un s e t b o th s u mme r a n d w in te r for th ey s up p ose ,

th e da y co mme n ce s from th e p re ce d in g e v e nin g


a ccord in g to G e n e s is i 5 a nd .
“ th e e v e n in g a n d
,

th e morn in g w e re th e fi rs t da y As so on a s th e
.

t i me a rriv es the y l ea v e a l l ma n ne r of w o rk a n d , ,

h a v ing cl ea nse d a n d d ecora te d th ems el v e s in h onour


of th e h ol d a ir to th e e v e n in g se rvi ce
y a
y re p
, s

T h e wo me n a re bou n d to l ig h t a l a mp w ith s e v e n
in re me mbra n ce of th e da y s of th e
cott on w i ck s

w eek , y
,

s a in g,

Bl e s se d a rt th ou O L o rd ou r , ,

G od ! k i n g o f th e u n iv erse who h a s s a nc tifi e d u s


,

w i th h is comman d men ts a nd comma n d e d us to


,

lig ht th e l a mp of th e sa bba th

T h e rea s on w hy

.

th i s cere mony is in va ria bly a ss ig n ed to th e w ome n


is th a t as th e i r o rig ina l moth e r by h e r cri me in
, ,

ea t i n g th e forb idd e n fru it fi rs t e x tin g ui s h e d th e


,

l a mp of rig hteous ne ss th ey a re to ma k e a n a ton e


,

men t for th a t s in by re ki ndli n g it in l ig h ti ng th e ,

l a mp of th e sa bb a th )
T h ey th en s p rea d a cl ea n cl oth up on th e ir ta bl e ,

a n d s et tw o l oa v e s Of b rea d u p on it b ak e d on ,

Fr ida y a n d cov ered w ith a n a p k in in me mory of


, ,

th e ma n na w h ich fell w it h d e w u n d e r a n d a b ov e it ,
'

e t d es ce n d e d n ot (for on th e F rid a y th ey h a d
y ,

a d oubl e p ort i on ) on th e s a bba t h W h e n t h ey a re .

l a ce d a t ta bl e th e ma s te r of th e fa mily ta k es
p ,

a c up of w i n e re p e a ti n g th e th ree fi rs t v e rses in th e

2 nd ch a p te r of G en e s is a nd a fter i v mg G od
, g
th a nk s a nd e nj oi n i ng th e m to ob serv e th e sa bb a th
, ,

L i C mo i s & ’
ev s e re n e , c.
474 HISTO RY O F T HE JEWS .

ne xt d ay in h on our of th e fe stiv a l . On th is h ol y
day th ey b ese ech G od to b e me rciful ,
a nd g ra n t
th e m a n in h e rita n ce in th a t d a y , w h ich is all sa bb a th ,

a n d ete rn a l re s t In th e e v e n in g , a s
ale
. s oon a s th e
s ta rs a
pp e a r, th e y
b b a th is e n d e dsu
pp ose th e sa ,

a n d th a t it is l a w fu l to d o a n w ork a fter th e h v
y y a e

a tte n d e d th e e v en i ng r a ers a t th e s n a g og u e
p y y .

T h e J e w is h y e a r is e ith e r c iv il or eccl es ia s tica l , .

T h e c ivil y e a r comme n ces in th e mon th T is h ri o r ,

S e p te mb er T h e J e w s h a v e a tra di tion th a t th e
.

w orld w a s cre a te d on th e fi rs t da y of th is mon th ,

a n d from t h is e p och th e com u te th e a e of th e


y p g
w orl d a n d ma k e u s e of th is d a te in a l l th e ir c iv il
,

a c ts T h e eccl e s ia s tica l y e a r comme nce s a b ou t th e


.

v ern a l e q u in ox in th e mon th N isa n w h ich a n s w ers


, ,

to p a r t of M a rch a n d A p r il All th e rel ig iou s r ite s .

a n d ce re mon ie s a re re g ul a te d b y th e e ccl e s ia s tica l

y e a rxf O n th e fi rs t of e v e r
y m on th th e
y ce l e b ra te

th e fe a s t of th e n e w moon p ra y in g G od to re s tore ,

th e m to th e h ol y c ity a n d erec t th e te mp l e a t J er u ,

s a l e m w h e re th ey coul d re n d e r th e of
,
fe rin g for th e
fea s t a ccord in g to th e l a w N umb ers xxv iii , .

O n th e fou rte e n th da y of th e mon th N is a n th e


m
,

c e l e b ra tion of th e p a s s ov e r co mme n ces a nd im e ,

M e a n in g th e g
k in d om o f th e M ess ia h for th ey su
pp os e th a t th e
l
w o r d is to c o n ti n ue s ix th o usa nd y e a rs , (a ccord in g to t h e s ix d a y s o f

th e c re a tion ) an d th e se ve n th to b e th a t of th e M es sia h . I t is th a t
w h ich is h e re a ll ud e d to , as be in g th e d a y w h ich is a ll a n e n ti re s ab

b a th — D a v id L ev i ’
s Ce r e mon ie s of th e J ew s ,
p 2 06 . .

Th e J ews ca ll th e se v e n th mon th of th e c iv i l , th e fi

rs t o f th e

l
ec c e s ia st ica l yw ,
bec a u se at th e d e p a rtu re o f t h e ch i ld re n of I s ra e l
fro m E g
yp t , i t is j
e n o in e d , th a t th is month sh a ll h e u n to th e m th e .

g
b e inn in g of mo nth s ,
a nd the fi rs t mon th in th e y ea r — E xod us

.

xii 2 . .

1 D a v id Lev i s C eremon ies



of the J e ws .
H I ST O RY OF THE JEWS . 4 5 7

d ia tel y fte r th e fea s t of u n l e a v en e d b rea d ; th e


a

w h ol e in c l ud es e ig h t d a y s O n th e e v e n in g p re
.

ce d in g th e fe s tiv a l th e fi rs t b orn of e ve ry fa mil y


,

ob s erv e s a fa s t i n re me mb ra n ce Of G od s me rcy i n

rote ctin g th e n a tion D urin g th e w h ol e Of th is


p .

fe a s t th e J e ws a re obl ig ed to e a t onl y u n l e a ve ne d
,
*
b rea d a n d re fra in from serv il e l a b ou r T h e tw o .

fi rs t a n d two l a s t d ay s a re k ep t a s s trictl y a s th e
s a bb a th on l y th ey p ermit fi res to b e k in d l e d
,
a nd ,

p p re a re food A s th e .
y ca n n ot n ow of fe r th e p a sch a l

s a crifi ce th e p a s s ov e r ca k e s a re p l a ce d on th e ta b l e
,

w ith s ome b itter h erb s a n d th ey e a t a p iece of u n


,

l ea v e n e d b rea d ins tea d of th e p a sch a l l a mb T h e .

fe s tiva l concl ud es w ith p s a l ms a n d th a nk sg iv in g s to


G od for th e ir g rea t d el iv e ra n ce a n d p etition s th a t , .

h e w ould p ut a p eriod to th e ir ca p tiv ity a n d b rin g


th e m to J e rusa l e m .

T h e fea s t of P e n te cos t commen ce s s e v e n w e ek s


a fte r th e p a ss ov er h e n ce it is ca ll e d th e fea s t of
,

w e ek s . It is a l so s ty l e d in s cr ip tu re th e d a y of ,

th e fi rs t fru its b eca use on th a t da y th ey offe re d th e


,

fi rs t of th e ir fru its in th e te mp l e At p re s e n t th is .

fes tiva l is ob s erv ed tw o d a y s d urin g w h ich time a ll,

se rv il e l a b ou r is r oh ibi t d A i t w i tit t d t
p e s . a s n s u e o

re ca ll th e re me mb ra n ce of th e l a w s b e in g g ive n a t

S ina i th a t p a rt of scrip ture w h ich d ecl a re s th e


, ,

d el iv ery of th e d eca l og ue is sol e mnl y rea d in th e


,

s n a g og ue a n d a l l th os e
y , p a s s a g es fr om th e
p pro h e ts

w h ich c orre sp on d w ith th e s ubj e ct T h ey g e n e .

ra ll h a ve a s e rmon d el iv e re d in ra is e of th e l a w
y p .

T h e ir p ray e rs a re s uita bl e to th e occa s ion con ,

Th ey g ll
be in th e pas so ve r with ca re fu y se a rch in g th e h ouse , an d

re moving e v e ry th in g l
wh ich h as h ad ea v en in it .
H I ST O RY OF THE JEWS .

l di ng w i th p e ti tions for th e ir d eliv e ra nce from


c u _

ca tiv it d f t h w lf f th g v m t
*
p a n o r e e a re o
y , e o e rn e n

u n d er w h ich th e d w e ll
9
y .

T h e fe a s t of ti u mp e ts is ob se rv e d on th e fi rst a n d
s e con d of T is h ri o r S e te mb e r th e s e v e n th of th e
p , ,

e ccl e s ia s tica l a n d fi rs t of th e civ il ea r ; h e nce th e


y
fi rs t of th is mon th is call e d n e w y ea r s da y On

.

th is fes tiv a l b es id e s a p ortion from th e l a w a n d


,
'

ro h e ts a rt of th e tw o fi rs t c h a te rs of th e fi rs t
p p p ,
p
of S a muel a re rea d T hey th e n p ra y for th e p ro
.

te ction Of th e g ov ern me n t u n d e r w h ich th ey re s id e ,

a n d bl ow th e tru m e t h i h is ma d e of a ra ms

p w c ,

h orn + s a y in g j Bl e ss e d be th ou O L ord ou r G od
,

, , ,
.

ki ng of th e un iv e rs e w h o h as sa n cti fi e d u s w i th h is
,

comma n d me n ts a n d c o mma n d e d u s to h e a r th e
'
, ,

s ou n d of th e tru m e t Af te r th is cere mon th e


p .
y y ,

re p e a t w ith a l ou d v oice th e foll ow in g v ers e ,

H a p p y a re th e p eop l e w h o h ea r th e j oy ful s oun d ,

th ey s h a ll walk 0 L ord in th e l ig h t of th y cou n


, ,

te na n ce .

O n th e morn i ng d da y th ey re p a ir to
of th e secon

th e sy na ogue an d re p e a t n e a rl th e s a me ra e rs
g , y p y
a s on th e
p re ce d in g da
y T h e
y t h e n re a d th e 2 2 n d
.

c h a te r of G e n e s is w h i ch g iv e s a n a ccou n t of
p ,

Ab ra h a m s offe rin g h is s on I s a a c a n d G od s bl ess in g


,

h im a n d h is s e e d for ev e r For a ccord in g to th e i r .


,
[

re ce ive d tra d itio n th a t g re a t e v e n t took p l a ce on


,

th a t d a y T h e y th e refore b es e ech th e Al migh ty


.
, ,

th roug h th e me rits o f th is me mora bl e e v e n t to bl es s


D id L i C m i & p 78’
ay ev s e re on es , c . . .

t Th e tru mpe t is ma d e o f a ra ms ’
h orn i n re me mb ra nce of Abra
h a m8 ’
se e in g a ra m c a ug h t by th e h o rns 1n a th ick e t, w h ich h e took
a nd of
fe re d for a b u rn t offe rin to th e g Lord , ins te a d of h is son .

G enes is xxii [2 — 15
. .
4 78 msronv or TH E JE S W .

se ven of l a ws from out of th e a rk a n d ca rry


th e
th e m to th e a l ta r a n d th os e w h o a re p os se ss e d of
,

th e p a l m b ra nch & c w ith th e rea d e r a t th e ir h ea d


, .
,

g o s e v e n times r ou n d th e a l ta r i n re m e m b ra n c e o f ,

th e s a bb a tica l y ea rs s in g in g th e 2 9th P sa l m , On .

th e e v e n in g of th is d a y th e fea s t of sol e mn a ss e mbl


y
comm e n ce s w h i ch b e i ng a t i me of rej oi ci n g th e y
, ,

a s se m bl e a n d e n terta i n t h e i r fri e n d s ; b ut a re s trictly


e nj oin e d n ot to d o a n e rv i l e l a b ou r T h e e ad
y s y r .

a s sa g es fromth e l a w a n d h t d t rea t th e
p r
p p o e s a n e n ,

L ord to be p rop itious to th e m a n d d el iv er th e m ,

from ca p tiv ity O n th e n in th da y th e y re p e a t


.

s e v e ra l p ra e rs in h on our of th e l a w a n d bl e s s
y ,

G od for h is mercy a n d g ood n ess in g iv in g it t o


th e m by h is s erv a n t M os es a n d rea d th a t p a rt of ,

s cri t ure w h ich ma k e s me n t ion of h is d e a th Af ter


p .

g oin g to th e sy na g og ue in th e e v en in g a nd sa y in g ,

th e u s ua l p ra y e rs th e festiv a l is con cl ude d " E


.
,

O n th e fourte e n th of Ad a r or Ma rch th e J e ws , ,

ce l e b ra te th e fea s t of P u rim in comm e mora tion of ,

th e ir d e l iv e ra n ce from th e d e s t ru c tion d es ig ne d by
H a ma n T h is fes tiv a l is ob s erv e d tw o d ay s a nd
. ,

d e riv es its n a me fro m E s th e r i x T h erefore th ey .

cal l e d th ese d a y s P urim P re v ious to th e fea s t .


,

a s ol e m n fa s t is ob s e rv e d in re me mb ra n ce of E s th e r s

,

fa s tin g T h e w h ol e b ook of E sth e r w ritte n on


.

a rch me n t is re ea te dl r e a d d uri n g th e fe a s t a n d
p p y ,

a s ofte n a s th e na me of H a m a n f is me n tion e d it is
-

D id L i C m i f th J w p 12 5
av ev

s e re on e s o e e s, . .

I m pl
n so e th di g i
a ces l d d w ith
e rea n p H m
s c onc u e cu rses u on a

an d h i w if
s d bl
e, i g
an
p E th
ess n d M d ai
s u T
onh y h ds er a n or ec . e a

a. c u s to m in so me cou ntrie s of e re ctin g a gibb e t, a nd h anging up

a ma n in fig y
ef to re
p resen t H a ma n s

p u n is h me nt . But th is c usto m
h as bee n for a c ons id era b e l time d isuse d , beca us
e it was ins in ua te d , in
H I STO RY OF THE JEWS . 479

c us to ma ry ld re n ( w h o h a v e li ttl e wood en
for th e ch i

h a mmers ) to k n ock a g a in s t th e w a ll a s a me moria l ,

tha t th e y sh ou ld e n d ea v ou r to d e s troy th e ra ce of
A mal ek P a rt of th e fi rs t da y is s p e n t in fe a s tin g
.

and rej oic in g s e n d in g , p r e se n ts t o e a ch oth e r ,

g iv in g l ib e ra lly to th e p oor in v is itin g th e ir frie n d s


, ,

a n d e n te rta i n in g th e mb y a l l k in d s of d iv ers ion s .

T h e J e w s a t th e p re s e n t da y ob s erv e ma n
, , y
fe s tiva l s w h ich w e re n ot a p p oin ted by M oses I n .

a rtic ul a r th e ce l e b ra te th e d e d ica tion of th e al ta r


p y ,

w h ich w a s in s titute d b y th e M a cca b e es in re me m ,

b ra n ce of th e v ictory th e y ob ta in e d ov e r A n tioc h us
E p ip h a n e s T h is ty ra n t h a v in g p rofa n e d th e
.
,

te mp l e red uced th e m to th e nece s s ity of cl e a n s in g


,

a n d d e d ica tin g it a n e w Th e festiv a l is ob s e rve d in


.

a s p l e n d id ma n ner a n d l a ts e ig h t d a y s ; a n d is a p
,
s

p o in te d to b e k e t b
p y l ig h tin g l a m p s T h e re a s on.

th ey a ss ig n for th is ce re mon y is , th a t a fte r th ey ,

h a d p urifi e d a n d d e d ica te d th e te mp l e th ere w a s ,

on l y e n ough of ure oil l e ft to b urn one n ig h t


p ,

w h ich mira cul ousl l a s te d e igh t n ig h ts till th ey


y ,

w e re a bl e to ob ta in a fresh s u l
pp y .

T h e g rea t da y of e x p ia tion is ob s e rv e d by th e
J e w s th ough th ey h a v e n o h ig h p ri e s t to offi c ia te
, ,

n or te m l e w h e re in to offe r th e sa crifi ce B e fore


p .

th e fa s t comme n ces th e th in k it a d u t in cu mb e n t
y , y
u on th e m to a s k
'

p p a r d o n o f t h os e th e
y h a v e o f
fe nd e d to ma k e res titution to th os e w h om th ey
h a ve d e fra ud ed of a ny p rop e rty ; to forg iv e th ose
w h o h a v e offe n d e d th e m a n d in sh ort to d o e v e r , y ,

t h e d a rk a ges , th a t th ey d id it in conte mp t of Ch ris t — B as nage,


4 80 '
H rs roa r or ra n J a ws .

h i ch ma y

th in g w v to evi n ce th e s i n ceri ty of
s er e

th e ir re p e nta n ce .
l
at
T h is g rea t fa st is ob s erv e d on
th e te n th d a y of th e mo n th T is h ri or S ep te mb er , .

I n th e p reced in g gl y e ve n in

th e y re
p i a r to th e s na

gog ue w h e re th e y re ma in sa y i n g p ra y ers u p w a rd s

W
,

of th re e h ou rs ; a n d w h e n th e y re tu rn from th e

y s na g og ue t th ey
a s te a n
y ma y
ki n d of s us te n ot

n a n ce; a n d a re e v en p roh ib ite d from ta k in g one

d rop of a te r T h ey a re a l s o forb idd e n to d o a ny


.

k in d of l a b ou r e v e n to k in dl e a fi re a n d ob serve
, ,

this d a y a s s tric tl y a s th e s a bb a th .

A t s ix in th e morn ing th ey a tte n d th e sy na g og ue ,

a n d of fe r th ose p ra y e rs a n d s u pp l ica tions for th e


a rd on of th e ir s in s w h ich a re e c ul ia r to th e occa
p p ,

s ion I n th e cou rs e of th e s erv ice v a riou s p ortions


.
-

of s cri tu re a re rea d r tic u l rl a r t of L e v iticus


p p a a
y p ,

xxv i N u mb e rs x xix a n d I sa ia h lv ii T h ey me n tion


. . .

in th e ir p ra y e rs th e a dd ition a l sa c rifi ce of th e da y ,

a nd e n tre a t G od to r eb uild th e ir s a n ctua ry to ,

g a th e r th e ir d is p ers ion s a mon g th e G e n til e s a n d ,

c on d uc t th e m to J e rus a l em w h e re th e m a offe r
y y ,

th e s a c rifi ce of a ton e me n t a g re ea b l to th e M osa i c


y ,

law I n th e a fte rn oon s erv ice b e s id es p ortion s


.
,

from th e l a w a n d p rop h e ts th e g rea te s t p a rt of th e ,

b ook of J on a h is rea d in th e s y n a gog ue s T h ey .

b esee ch G od to b e p rop itious a n d forg iv e th e ir s i ns ,


.

M im id ffi a on es a r ms th a t th e go at Aza el e xp ia ted bo th g rea t a nd


sm ll i w h i h w
a s ns c e re re e n ted o f, a n d
p th a t rep e n ta n ce , s u p pl y i g th e
n

l fi p rese nt th e sa me e fl ec t, p rov id ed it is m
'

p f
ace o i h s a cr ce , as a t aec o

i d w ith re n u ncia tio n o f S im — Basn a e,


p a n e g p 45 0 . .

Al l th e co mma nd ed ord ina ry fas ts of th e J e ws begi n i n th e ev e n

ing, a nd th e y ne ith er ea t nor d rink ti ll th e


y can see th e s ta rs th e fol ~

l ow in
g ev ening .
482 '
a rs roa v or r un JEW S .

so me offence a ga i n s t G od T h ey fa s t al so on th e .

v i gil of th e n e w y ea r a n d som e on tha t of ev er


, y
n e w month .S e v eral oth er fa s ts a n d festival s h a v e
b e e n in st itute d b ut n ot genera lly rece i ve d an d are
, ,

t
n ot ob se rv e d a t p rese n t
a
.

T h e J e wis h ch urch is a t p rese n t gov erne d by , ,

a p res idi n g ra bb i in th e c i ty or t o wn w h e re they

ma y be s e ttl e d w h o a tta ch es to h i mse lf two oth e r


,

ra bbi es ,
a n d th es e th ree combi n e d form a ki n d of

t rib una l in sa cre d or rel igious ca s es a nd freq uen tl y ,

d e te rmin e p riva t e di sp utes T h is trib una l is te rmed .

Be th D in or th e h ouse of j ust i ce
, As the p ri es t . .

h ood is a t p rese n t tota l l y a b roga ted h a vi n g cea se d ,

w i th th e te mp l e th e t erm h ig h p ri es t is a n e x p l od e d
,

on e , n o p re s idi n g ra bbi n ow e x erc i s i n g th e fu nc

t i on s of th i s p on t iff w h i ch w e re only a p p li ca bl e to
,

th e te mp l e . H ence th e ch oi ce of ra b b i is n ot con
fi ned to th e tribe of Le vi ; al th ou g h th a t t ri be be
th e onl y on e th a t th ey c once iv e ca n n ow b e a t a ll
di st i n g ui s h ed Its me mbe rs a re al l a t p res e nt con
.

s id e red as l a y men T h ey ha v e n otw i th sta n din g


.

s ome tri fl i n g d is tin ction s p a id th e m in th e s n a gogue


y
se rvi ce ; for th ose a mon g th e m th a t a re d esce n d e d

from th e p ri es ts w h o are ca ll ed Coh e n or in th e


, ,

l ura l C oh e n im p e rform th e b en e di ct i on and are


p , ,

ca l l e d fi rs t to th e l a w T h ey a l so p ers ona te th e
.

r i e s t in th e ceremony of re d eemi n g th e fi rs t born


p ,

a n d h a v e s ome oth er com p li m en ta ry p re ce d e n ci es

a i d th e m T h e L e vi tes i e t h ose w h o a re de
p .
, . .

s ce n da nts from th e s ingers in th e te mp l e are ,

s econ d in ran k a n d are ca ll e d n e x t to th e l a w


, a nd ,

wa s h th e h a n d s of the C oh en im b e fore th ey go to
th e be n edi ct i on & c , W i th al l th i s th e ra bb i h as
.

Le o M oden a s C u toms & c of the Jews p 13 7



s , . , . .
HIS TO RY O F TH E JEWS . .483

th i n g l th i s t rib e T h e
h e be of

no to d o, u n ess .

mi n is try of a p re s idi n g ra b b i e l ect e d f or th a t ,

u rp ose from th e g e n e ra l ma ss of l e a r ne d ra bb ie s
p
in th e con g re ga ti on w h os e h e a d h e is con s is ts , ,

of n oth in g more th a n th a t a s a sp iritua l d irector , ,

h é s olve s q uesti on s wh ich a ri se in th e ce remonia l


Ob s erva nc es occa s ionally p re a ch es ma rrie s s up er , ,

i n ten d s d iv orces a n d th e ce re mon y of th row in g th e


s h oe ca ll e d C h a l itza *
,

, &c H e is ge n e ra ll y a ll ow e d
,
.

com e te n t sa l a r w h ich t og e t h er w i th p e r
'
a
p y , ,

q u is ites r e n,d ers it u n n e ce ss a r y fo r h im to e n ga g e

i n a ny secul a r b us in e s s n or is it th oug h t h on our ,

a bl e ; a l th ough it is sa id th a t in a fe w ins ta nces , , ,

s ome re s id in g ra bb ie s in G e rm n d I ta l h a ve
p a n
y a y ,

bee n e n ga g e d in tra d e t h roug h th e medi um of


'

s om e in te rven i n g frie n d
l
‘'
.

O th e r ra bb ies ma y foll ow a ny w orldl y occup a ti on ,

a s th e titl e of ra bb i is me rel h on ora r a n d d o es


y y ,

not confe r a ny p ries tl y ord ination or s a cred ch a ,

me ter;
M i g i l l g l o i ti i l w y p f m d by th
a rr a e, n a re u ar s c e es , s a a s e r or e e

pre sid ing rab bi , o r by some de p u ted by h im b u t a ma rria e s o


o ne g
l emnized w i th th e d u e ce re mon ie s b y a ny oth er o rth odox J e w i s

W
va l id . Th e ce re mony of th rowin g th e sh oe ta k e s p l a ce wh e n a J ew
re fuse s to ma rry h is b rothe r s widow, ’
a nd is g rou nd e d on De uter e

ono myxxv 9 . .

l Ada ms Re i iou s lg ld l (p ubl is h ed



Disp ay ed , v ol . i
' '
or .

p 4 8, 4 9
. .

i I
bid .
4 84 msr oa v or r a n JEWS .

C H AP T E R XXXV I .

0f the re l igi ou s te ne ts of th e (
J — Articl e s
fa ith wh ich were
ews of
d ra wn u p by a im M l
o n ides in t h e e ev enth ce n tu r — E x ana tion of l
y p
th e ir bel i ef res pe ctin se ve ra a rtic es —g l l
rev a ence of in de it
y
P l fi l
amon th em — g Of the ancient sects wh ic h rema in a t rese nt amon
p g
.

TH E r el igi ous te ne ts ma i n ta i n e d by th e mod ern


J e ws coi n cid e w ith th e con fes s i on of fa ith w h ich th e
cel e b ra t e d M a i mon id es d re w u a t th e c l ose of th e
p
e l e v e n th c en t ury w h ic h i s a s fol l ows
,

l st . I be li e v e w i th a t rue a nd p erfect fa ith


, ,

th a t G od is t h e C rea t or (w hos e n a me be bl ess e d ) ,

g ov ern or a n d ma k er of all crea tures a n d th a t h e .


,

h a s w rough t a l l th in g s w orke th a nd s h al l w ork


'

, ,

for e v e r .

2 nd .I bel ie v e w ith p erfect fa i th t h a t th e C re


, ,

h s e n a me b e bl e ssed ) is on e ; a n d th at
a tor , ( w o

s u ch a u n i ty a s is in h im ca n be fou n d in n on e o th e r ,

a n d t h a t he a l on e h a s b ee n o ur G od is a nd for e v er , ,

s h a ll b e .

3d . I b eli e v e w i th p e rfect fa i th th a t th e C re
, ,

a t or h se n a m e b e bl e ss e d ) is n ot corp orea l
, ( w o n o r ,

to b e comp reh e n d e d w ith a ny b od il y p rop erti e s ;


a n d th a t th e re is n o b od il y e sse n ce w h ich ca n be

l ik e n ed u nto h im .

d tb . I b el ie v e w i th p erfect fa i th th e Crea tor


, , ,

h s e na me b e ble s s ed ) to b e th e fi rs t a n d l a s t a n d
( w o ,

th a t n oth in g wa s b e fore h im a n d h e s h a ll a bid e ,

th e l a s t for e v e r .

5 th . I beli eve w i th a p erfect fa i th th a t th e C re


, ,
486 ursr onr or TH E J ew s ;

Th e
J ews con s id e r th e un i ty of G od as one of
th e mos t es se n tia l of th e a b ov e a rt i cl es The .

Ch ri st i a ns a n d J e ws sa y s Ba sna ge s e p a ra te a t ,
'
,

th e s e con d s te p in rel ig ion for a fte r th ey ha v e ,

u n i te d i n th e a d ora ti on of on e G od a bs ol u tel
y ,

e rfe ct th ey fi n d i mme d ia t e l y a fter th e a b ss of th e


p
t ri n ity * ,
,

w hi c h e nti re l y s e ara te s
p th em
y
Th e
'

.

J e w i s h n a t i on e v er si n ce th e i r di s p ers i on h a v e
, ,

b e en v eh e me n tly op p ose d to th e C h ris tia n d oct ri n e


of th e t ri n i ty w h i ch th ey s up p os e d es t ro s th e
, y , ,

u n i ty of th e S up re me B e i ng .

T h e tw elfth a rt i cl e of th e cre e d of M a i mon id e s ,

or th e e x p e cta tion of th e p romi se d M es s i a h is th e ,

l ea di ng te n e t an d d is t in g ui sh i n g fea t ure in th e rel i


gi on of th e mod ern J e w s I nfa tua t ed h ow e v e r w i th .
, ,

th e id ea of a t emp ora l M es s i a h a n d D eliv e re r w h o ,

is to s ubd ue th e w orld a n d re in s ta te th e m in th e i r ,

ow n l a n d th e J e w s s t ill w a i t for h is a p p e a ra n ce
, .

But th ey h a v e fi x e d n e ith e r th e p l a ce wh e nce no r ,

th e ti me w h e n h e is to com e for th oug h ma n


y h a ve ,

e n d ea v ou re d to c a l cul a te u p on th e s e v en ty w ee k s of

Da n iel th ey d iscoura ge all a tte mp ts th i s wa y f l an d


d ee m th e m i mp rop er s i n ce a mi s ca l cul a tion ma y ,

S m l
41 ed C h i ti w ite h we fi d th e d o t i of th e o n
»
o e ea rn r s an r rs , ve r, c r ne

t i ity i th J wi h C bb l
r n n d e p po e th t th th
s a
p i ip l
a a, an su se , a e ree r nc a

S e p h irae a re mean t for th e th ree pe rsons in one essence , and th e oth e r


se v en , th e se ven sp irits , or se v en orders of a nge s tha t s ta nd be fore l
G od But Bas na ge , wh o a ss id u ou s y a pp ied h imse f to s tudy ing th
. l l l e
h istory a nd op in ions of th e Jews , su p poses , th a t al l th e ten S
e ph ira:

a re a l ik e to be cons ide re d as th e a ttributes of G od , a nd e x


p l od es th e

ideaof fi n din g th e d octrine of th e t i r ni t


y in th e Ca bba l m— M a u rice s

I n d ia n l
. n ti q uii ics , v ol . iv p. . 45 4 . H ora: S ol ita rite , v ol . i p
. . 3 5 8,

and Ba sn a ge s H is tory ef the J ew s , p 2 00

. .

t Th e ra bb ies h a ve d enou nced the most drea dfu l a na th e mas a g a ins t


al l wh o sh a l l a tte mpt to ca cu l l a te th e ti me of th e M ess iah s

a
p .

p ea ran ce .
i I O
H ST RY or TH E J E

'
W S.

487

te nd to sha k e th e fa i th of th e ig n ora nt ; a n d Ma i
mon ides h a d a n ey e to th is in th e comp os iti on of

a n d a l th ough h e re ta rd h is
&c .

d iffi cul t to e va d e th e force of th ose


g it .

te x t s in I sa i ah &c w h i ch sp ea k of a sufferi n g M e s
, .

s i ah som
, e h a v e h a d recou rse to th e id ea of two

M ess i a h s wh o a re to s ucceed ea ch oth e r on e Ben


, ,

J osep h of th e t rib e of E p h ra im in a s ta t e of h umi ,

l ia tion a n d s ufferi n g ; th e oth er Ben D a vid of th e , ,

trib e of J uda h in a s ta te of gl ory , ma gn ifi cen ce , ,

a n d p ow er T h is h ow e v e r is sa id n ot to b e
.
, ,

a settl e d be li e f b ut an op i n i on e x h ibi t e d i n a b ook


,

of M ed ras h or comme n ta ry
, An d y e t s ome th i n g .

v ery l ik e it s e e ms to h a v e b een th e tenet of th e


ra bbi e s ; for Aba rban el ob s erv es th a t a l th oug h ,

w h e n th ey fi rs t go u p from th e ca p t iv ity th ey w ill ,

n t th e m

i e lv e s one h ea d H i
a
pp o s ( ose a w ho , .

h e sa y s is th e person ca ll e d b y th e Ra bb ins l
M es ,
’e

s i ah Ben J osep h a s h e w ill be sl a i n in b a ttl e


,
-

I sra el w ill th e n s eek Da vid th e i r ki n g a rod from ,

th e s te m of J ess e w h om G od w ill mak e ch oi ce of


,

for to re ign ov er th e m 1
” '
.

As to th e ch ara cte r a n d mi ss i on of th e i r M es s ia h ,

h e is to be of th e t ribe of J ud a h th e l i nea l d e ,

th e
(Aba rba nel
rabb ins,
modern titl e but wh en we a re sp eak ing of th e
Rabbies is th e
ancien t M ish nica l a nd T a l mud ical d oc tors

conce rnin
on
.

H osea

g

iii
.
,

th e te rm ra bbins is th en
more p roperl y used — A d a ms R el igious orl d D isp l ay ed
Mr .

th e de a th of th is pe rsona
Le vi s
W ,

a
y s, tha t
ge ,
.

th is op in ion o f
w as wh a t gave
Ch mof ufl eri ng M e ssia h
'
rise to th e ri sti an sy s te th e p rop h e cies

a s , as

of th e Ol d T estament do not i l
ncu ca te a ny su ch p rincip e l wh a te ver ”
.

— D is ser ta tzon ’

on th e Pr ep h ecies , p . 100, q uoted in A d a ms



Rel igious
4 88 .
H I ST O RY or TH E J EWS .

s ce n da n t of D a v id ,
a n d ca ll ed by h is na me . H e is
to b e e n dow e d w ith th e p iritsof r o h d h is
p p e c
y a n
i

ecia l m i ss ion is to re s tore th e d is ers e d s h ee


'

s
p of
p , .

p
I s ra e l p l a n t th e m s a fel y in th e ir ow n l a n d a n d
, ,

s u bd ue th e ir e n e mies a n d th e re b b rin g th e w h ol e
y ,

w orld to th e k now l e dg e of th e one true G od .

ta k e n p l ac e

H is c omin g a n d th e ir re s tora tion h a ve n ot y e t
b eca us e th ey a re s till un w orth y of
,
.

b e in g re d ee me d a n d h a v e n ot rep en te d or h a v e , ,

n ot e t re ce iv e d th e full mea s ure of th e ir n is h


y p u

me n t At th e sa me time th ey in s is t th a t th e ir re

.

d e mp ti on is not con d itiona l b ut w ill tak e p l a cc a t ,

th e a p p oin te d time th oug h th ey s h oul d n ot re p e n t


'

th a t G od w ill n ot res tore a n d re d ee m th e m for a n y


merit of th e i rs (for th e re w ill d oub tl ess e v e n th e n
, , ,

b e ma n y w ick e d a n d u n b el ie v in g a mon g th e m) b ut

for h is na me sa k e for th e sa k e of th e fe w rig h t ,

e ons a n d a l s o in c ons id era tion of w h a t th ey w ill b e


,

a fte r th e ir r e d e m tion w h e n th e w ill a l l b e g oo d


p y ,

a n d r i h te ous
t
T h os e th e re fore w h o a re rig h te ous
i
g .
,

in ca p tivi ty w il l h a pp il y a tta in to th e red e mp tion


,
.

But t h os e th a t a re w ick e d w ill b e d e s troy e d in th e


w a rs a n d troubl es w h ich w ill ta k e p l a ce b e fore th e ir


fi na l res tora tion l .

T h ey b el ie v e th a t J ud ea w ill fi na ll y be th e
, ,

s ea t of th ose w a rs w h ich w ill re ce d e th e ir re d e mp


p

Th ey wi ll ,

s a y s a ce ebra te d l Je wish writer, no more fo ll ow

th e ir i rregu l ar des i re s , a nd th e ir c u p idity , for th e g rea t a nd s tu pc a

d ou s mira cl es th e n b e p e r formed in
, th a t w i s ll , w
i ma k e th eir igh t ll
s u ch a a stin l
imp ression on th e m, a s e ntire y to d estroy th e ir e v i
g l l

W
'

ima in a tion ; a nd inc in e th e m to a l l ood ; s o th a t th ey wi th en be


g l g ll
i n th e sa me s ta te th a t Ad a mwa s in be fore h is fa ll .

Th u s Da v id Lev i
i nte rp re ts Ez e k ie l xxx i v . 26 .

l Ada ms Re igious
‘' ’
l or l d Di pl s a
y ed .
490 HI S T OR Y or THE JEWS . .

c h erubi m fi re from h ea v en &c th e sa me a s th ei r


, , .

fa th ers e nj oy e d in th e ta b e rna cl e in th e w ild e rness .

an d in S ol omon s t e m l e A nd i fi t ill

p n n e h e n w .
, ,

i d ola t ry w h oll y cea se in th e ea rth a nd a ll men ,

a ck n ow l e d e th e u n ity of G od a n d h is k in gd om
g ,

a g reea bl e to w ha t Z e ch a ri a h sa id ch a xiv
p , . .

S uch a re th e e x p e cta t ion s of th e J e ws in re ga rd to


'

th e M ess i a h a n d h is ki n gd om w h i ch th ey s till a v ow ,

to b e n ot of a S p i ri tua l b ut of a te mp ora l na ture



, .

T h e J ews b eli e v e th a t tw o g rea t e n d s a re to b e


e ffect e d b th e r es urrecti on th e on e p a rt i cul ar a n d
y , ,

th e oth e r g en era l
se rv es ,

Accord in gl y D a v id Le v i oh .

th a t w h i ch is p a rti c ul a r is for h is b re th ren ;


a n d th e oth e r w h ich is g en eral is for th e m a nd al l ,

th e oth er na t i on s

.

S e v eral oth er d oct ri nes a re ma i n ta i ne d by th e

W
J ew s wh i ch a re n ot con ta i n e d in th e th irtee n a r
,

Le v i s Disserta tion on th e P roph ecies



, v ol .
iii p 2 2 8, uote d in . . q
Ada m s Rel igiou s o l d D i p l a y ed v ol i Accord in to th is g

r s , p 24 . . . .

a uth or, Al l th ose th a t sh a l be l restored sh a ll


se rv e G od to eth e r i n g
u n ity for th en th ere sh a ll b e n o sep ara tion of th e tribe s , no d ivis ion
of th e k in d om, g a nd n o ca v es l in Da n a nd Be th e] ; a nd on a ccoun t 01

th e gr ea t a nd s tu e nd ou s
p l
mi rac es wh ich w i ll th en be wrou gh t by God
for th e d e iverance l of th e na tion, al l na tions wi sa nctify h im as
ll
gre a nd h ol y G od — L ev i 8c

D is s er ta tions ,

a at . s .

1 '
Th e fi rst g rea t e nd ,

sa y s Da v id Le vi , wh ich I pa rti ca ll a

c ul a r one , a s it is for th e J e wish na tion on ly , is to e ffect, th a t th ose


wh o h a v e be e n persecu ted and s a in, du rin th is on and d rea dful l g l g
ca p tiv ity , for ad h erin to th e true fa ith , ma y en oy th e sa va tion o
g j l
th e Lord, a ccordin g to wh at th e o
p p rh et y (I sa s, sa ia h xxv i 19 , . and

l xvi . Th e second gre t e nd a , wh ich I ca ll ge a nera l one , beca use


it affects al l mank ind , w h eth er Jew s, G entil e s , or Ch ris tians , is to
b ring a ll na tions to th e k now l d ge
e of th e tr ue G od , and to aifect th a t

th e fi rm be ief of h is u nity l may be so un a lt e ra b l y fix d e in th eir


h ea rts , as th a t th ey may a tta in th e e nd for wh ich th ey we re crea te d,
to h oh on r a nd gl orify G od , as th e p roph et obse rves , I s a ia h x iii l .

L ev i

s D is s er ta tions , dy e .
W
W
msr oa r or T HE JE S . 4 91

ticl es . Th e l dg ed th a t th ere is in
ra bb ie s k
a c now e ,

ma n a fun d of corrup t ion a n d th e Ta l mu d s p eak s


of orig in a l s in th us : e oug h t n ot to b e s u r

riz e d th a t th e s in of Ad a m a n d E ve w a s s o d ee p l y
p
e n g ra v en a n d th a t it w as s ea l e d a s i t w ere w ith th e
, ‘

k in g s s ig n et th a t i t mig h t be th ereb y tra n smitte d


W
to a l l th e ir p ost erity it was b e ca us e a l l th i n g s w ere
fi n is h e d th e day th a t Ad a m w a s crea te d a n d h e was ,

th e p e rfecti on a nd con s u mma tion of th e world s o



,

th a t w h e n h e s in n ed a l l th e w orld s inn e d wi th h im
,
.

e a rta k e of h is s in a n d s h a re i n th e p u n i sh m en t
p ,

of it, b u t n ot in th e s in s of h is
The bb ie s t ea ch th a t th e e vil s in w h ich men
ra ,

w e re in v olv e d by s in w ill b e re mov e d by th e M es


s iah T h e y d o n ot h owev e r e n te rta in th e id ea
.
, ,

th a t th is ill u s triou s p e rs on a g e w ill ma k e a n a t on e


me n t for s in ; th is th ey s up p os e is d on e by th e
fulfill in g of th e l a w a n d circu mcis ion s l ,
'

T h e J e w s ma in ta in th a t th e s ou l s of th e rig h t ,

eon s e nj oy th e b ea tifi c v i s ion of G od in p a ra d is e


1 ,

a n d th a t th e s oul s of th e w ick e d a re torme n t e d in


h e ll w ith fi re a n d oth e r p un is h me n ts T h ey s u p .

e s ufi erin s of th e mos t a trocious


'

o th at th
p se , g
c rimi na l s a re of e t e rn a l d ura t i on w h il e oth ers ,

Fl e u ry

s Ancient p 341 I s rae l it e s, . .

Ba sna ge , p 3 7 1 h ey p ra y God to remembe r unto th em th e


. . T
me rits of th e ir a nces tors , Ab ra h a m, sa ac, a cob, a nd ose s I J M .

L ev i s Ce r moni es , 8 —

7
'

e 3e p 8 1 15 . . .

M
1 O ne p a rty of e w s , w ith a imonides a t th eir h ea d , su p pose th a t
J
l g
th e s o u s of th e ri h teo u s a fte r d e a th a re to in h a bit th e a rd e n of
g
Ed en till th e ppe a ra nce of th e
a M es s ia h , a t wh ich epo ch th e ir s ou s l
a re to be u n ite d to th e ir bod ies , a nd e n o j y th e l
de igh ts p repa red for
th e m by th e M essia h d urin g a th ou sa nd ea rs . Th i s o inion is
y p su
p
ported by M enasses Ben I s ael and Ab
r arbanel . — Ba snage, p . 3 9 1.
4 92 n Isr oa v or TH E J a ws .

re ma i n l y for a li mi te d ti me in p urga tory w h i ch


on ,

d oes n ot d iffer from h ell with res p e ct to th e p l a ce ,

b u t to th e d ura tion T h ey th e s oul s of th e


.

d ea d a n d ima g in e
,
d e l iv e re d from
rg a tor o t h e g re at d a o f e x ia tion
p u y n y p .

T h ey s up p ose th a t n o J e w u n l e ss g u il ty of h e ,
.

re s or ce rta in crim es s e cifi e d b


p y th e ra bb ie s s h a ll
y
.
,

c on tin u e in p urg a tor a b o v e ea r ; a n d th a t


y a
y
th e re a re b ut fe w w h o s uffe r e t erna l p u n is h men t .
~

M a i monid es Ab a rba n el a n d oth e r cel eb ra te d J e w


, ,

is h w rit e rs ma in ta in th e a n n ih il a tion of th e wick e d .

O th ers s up p ose th a t th e s uffe rin gs of h e ll h a v e th e


*
,

o w er of p urif n g s ou l s a n d e x ia tin g s in
i
p y p .

S ome e min e n t J e w is h w riters a ss e rt th a t it is ,

a mista k e to s upp os e th a t t h e ir n a tion a re i nt ol e ra n t;

T h ey h old in d eed th a t a l l me n a re obl ige d to ,

ob s erv e w h a t a re ca ll e d th e N oa ch id es or s e v e n ,

re ce ts of th e s on s of N oa h ; b ut it is th e u n a n i
p p
mous op in ion of th e ir ra bb ie s th a t th e S in a ite co; ,

v e n a nt or l a w of M os es is obl iga tory on th os e of


, ,

th e ir n a tion onl y T h ey s a y It w a s a cov ena n t


.
,

b e tw e e n G od a n d th e J e w s th a t th ey th e re fore a re ,

b ou n d to th e ob serv a n ce of it ; bu t t ha t it is n ot
b in d in g to th e res t of ma n k in d ; for if th ey d o b ut
k e e p th e l a w of n a ture th a t is th e p rece p ts (if th e , ,

N oa ch ides th ey ma in ta in th a t th ey th e reb y p erform


,

a l l th a t G od re q u ire s of th e m a n d w ill ce rta inl y by ,

th i s s e rvi ce re n d er th e mselv e s a cce p ta bl e to h im a n d ,

W
b e p a rta k ers of e t erna l life 1
'
.

B p 3
as na e ,
g 90 Pi t R l ig.io C e m. i f th
ca r J w

s e us re on es o e e s.

1 L i L tt to D P i tl y p 16 17 d M im id

'
ev s e ers r. r es o e , .
, , an a on es n

R p t h p iii q ot d i Ad m R l ig io l d D i pl y d ’
e e n a nce , c a . . u e n a s e us or s a e .

M S h tt di t
r. c o f th i tit t
, t See z
re c or o p de d i ns u e a en , ronou nce a s

co u rse at th d d i ti n of th e templ e i th t p l
e e ca o J l y 17 th 1810 n a a ce, u , ,
494 HIST O RY or T HE JE S W .

T h i s s ta te men t is con fi rme d by a d istingu ish ed l


J e wis h write r Da v id Le v i comp la in s th a t th ere ,

a re tw o d iffe re n t
p a r ties in th e n a tio n w h o s l ig h t th e

r
p p o h e c ie s w h ich s p ea k of th e ir futu re re s tora tion ,

a n d rid ic ul e th e ide a of a M e s s ia h coin in g to re d e e m


]
th e m T h e one con s i s ts of s uch a s ca ll t h e mselv es !
.

p h il os op h ers l ig h t n ed m en w h o sa s h e

erfe ct d e i s t s *
e n e a re
,
y , , ,

p n o t b e li e vi n g a s
y ll a bl
, e of re v el a tion ,

c ouv in e d

th e l a ws of Mo ses a re n o l g on e r bin d in g up o n th e m, as not
b e in g a dapted to th e i r circu mstances at this d ay , th e y a re w i in a n d ll g
re a d
y to b e come h ristia ns a s fa r a s C re l a tes to th e mora doctri nes o f l
C h ristianity , p rovided th ey sh a not be ll re q u ired to be li eve th e mira
l
cu o n s p a rt of th e Ch ris tian creed , a nd a b ov e al l , th e div inity of

J esu s C h rist ; a nd
p rov ide d th e y ma y be a d mitted to enj oy al l th e
righ ts a nd p riv i eges l j
e n o ed
y by th e membe rs of th e es ta bl ish ed re l i
gi o n.

T h ey a sk Dr T ell e a d i
.

rs v ce on th is p l a n, a nd wh e th er h e th in k s it

p ra ctica b e l ? T h i g tl em s en an h a s p u b i sh ed l a n a ns w er, i n w h ich h e


i nforms th e m, th a t th ey d o ll
w e to be ie ve as l mu ch of Ch ristian ity as

th ey ca n , an d tha t if t h ey ca nn ot in consc ien ce be lie v e more , t h ey


do we ll to p rofes s i t ; b ut as t o th e q u est io n wh eth e r th e ir fra gme nt

of fa ith ou gh t to e ntit e l th em to s h a re th e civ i l and


p o itica p ri vi l l
lg
e j
es e n oy e d e xc us iv e l ly
by e ntire h ristia ns , C it is not in h is p rov ince ,
b u t be l gon s to th e l
civ i a u th o ri ty of th e co u ntr
y to de cide .

M r d e Lu c ,
. a l
ce e b ra ted ch e mis t a nd l g
th eo o ia n , h a s p u b ish ed l
a l e tte r to th ese J w i wh i h
e s, n c h e bo d y a d va nces to mee t th e m on
l l
th e g rou n d Dr . T ll l d h
e er e u es ll
e te s th em th a t fa r from s crup in l g
p o ints of C h i tir s an d octrine , th ey o u gh t not e v e n to a b and on th e
s ta nda r do f M oses ; th a t th e h is to ry of th e ea rth an d its p rese n t a p
e a ra nce a re l
th el p oss ib e tes timon ies
s tron ges t of a l to th e truth of
p
.

t he M
osa ic h isto ry , a n d t h a t if th ey w ou d on y ta k e th e p a ins to b e l , l
l l
be tter na tu ra p h i os oph e rs , th ey w i not be so re a dy to re nounce ll
th e ir fa ith a s ew s

h ere h a ve bee n n u me rous p a mp h e ts more
J . T l
w ritte n a nd p u b li h s ed u po n th is j
s ub e c t, whi ch made , as th e F re nc h
te rm it, a gre a t se n s a tion i n th e n orth of Ge rma ny — L etter s f r om a n
A meri ca n r esid en t a b r oa d on v a r ious top ics o ff ore i n g l iter a t ur e, p ub
l is h ed i n th e Por t Fol i o, M on th ly M aga zine , v ol .1800, a n d

G regoir e H is toir e des S e ctes R e l igie us es , tom i i



s . .

L ev i s

Disse rta tions on th e P rop h ec ies , v ol . 11. Mr . L ev i se e ms
to v iew it as on e rea son wh y in de ity fi l ga i n s so much ground a mong
msr oa r or THE JEWS . 495

a nd n ot a scr ibi n g our s uffer n i gs to th e i mmedi a te


ro vid e nce of G od b ut to a conca te n a tion o f ca uses
p ,

i n a p ol it i ca l l igh t T he oth e r p a rty a re s uch a s


.

,

eit h er th rough th e l e n g th of th e ca p tivi ty or th e ,

ea sy c i rcu ms ta n ce s th a t th ey a re in a n d th e sp l e n d id ,

v ol up tuous ma n n e r in w h i ch th ey liv e ne i th er
"

for n or d e s i re a
T h e sa me a u th or re a rk s th a t b oth th ese p a r m ,

t i es n e v erth el e ss a d h ere to th e b ody of th e na tion


, , ,

a n d ou t wa rdly con form to th e J e w i s h r i t e s th ey


t h us re ma i n J e ws ; a re d en omina te d G od s p eop l e ’

th e sa me a s th e true b el ie v ers of th e n a tion a n d in

l ik e ma n n er b ea r G od s cov ena nt in th e fl e sh ’
.

E v e n th ose of th e na t i on th a t h a v e n ot th e l ea st
S p a rk of rel ig ion in th e m w ould y et b e h ig h l y ,

offe n d e d a t b e i n g ca l l e d C h ris tia n s G en t il es or , ,

An a n cie n t J e w i s h w rit er nu mb ers a mon g th e


c h ild ren of I s ra el four s ects , v iz. th e ra b b in ists ,

h is na tion , th a t ma ny wish n ot to be sh a ck ed l with th e b urden of

th e monia l l a w
ce re .

Dr Ada m C l a rk e informs u s th a t a Jewish rabb i a ma n of ex


. , ,

te n sive i nforma tion a nd con sidera bl e l e a rn in g l a te l y obse rved to h im , ,

th a t M oses h a d to d o with a g ross l y ig nora n t, s tup id , a nd h ea d

W
as

s tron g peo pl e , h e wa s ob l ig ed to h a v e recourse to a p iou s fra u d , a nd

p re te nd th a t th e g v e th e m we e d el ive red to h im b y
l a ws h e t
a r th e
C t of l l th i g
rea o r a d th a t th e time w as ot f d i t t wh e
n s, an n ar s an n a ll
th e ci i l iz ed worl d w oul d be of one rel ig io
v th t is d eism n, a ,
. hen
ou r uth or e xp e
a d h is u p rise a t h e i g
r ss e J ew t l k th u s
s r ar n a a , a nd

ask ed hi m if a ny of h is bre th re n were of th e sa me mind , he a nswe red ,

Yes , e ve ry inte i ll g e nt J ew in E u rope , wh o re fl ects u p on th e s ub je t c ,

me sentiments ” —Cl a rk e s Tr a n sl a ti on of H en ry An

W

e nterta ins th e

sa . s

cien t I s r a el ites , E ngl is h e di tion .

1 '
T
h is , s a y s Mr Ada m,

is n o d oub t wonde rfu , a nd ma y be
. l
a dd u ced a s a p roof of th e tru th of p rop h ecy , a nd th a t th e ews a re

J
h e d to e th er by a n inv is ib e a nd A mi h ty h a nd —Rel z
l g l l g

gious or l d .

D isp l ay ed, v ol . i .
p 25
. .
4 96 , méroa r '
or r u n J EWS .

th e Ca ra ite s , th e S a ma ri ta n s
di scip l es of ,
a nd th e
A na n b ut th e a ccou nt w h ich h e g ive s of th e l a s t ,

con ta in s n o a rticul a rs ; th e ea r to h old th e


p y a
pp
middl e ra n k be tw e e n th e C a ra ite s a n d T a l mud is ts ” .

T h e R a b b in is ts or mod e rn P h a ris e e s form th e , ,

b ulk of th is n a tion T h e tw o b ra n ch e s of P ortu


.

ue s e a n d G e rma n J e w s a re of th is d e n omina tion


g ,

w h ich in cl ud e s a l l w h o a d mit t ra d ition s & c Th e y ,


.
,

h ow e v e r d iffe r in p ra ctice from th e a n cie n t Ph a


,

r is e e s a s th e a re fa r from a f fe c tin g s u c h a n e x tra


, y
ord in a r sa n c tit
y 1
'

y .

T h e C a ra ite s rej e ct th e T a l mu d ic tra d itions a n d ,

for th a t rea son th ey a re d e te s te d by th os e w h o a d mit


th e m . I n th e l a s t a ge a C a ra ite w a s a t F ra n kfort
o n th e M a in e a n d n a rrow l es ca e d b e in g a ssa s s i
y,
p
n a te d b t h e J e w s of th a t c it A f e w of th is d e
y y .

n omin a tio n ma b e fou n d in T urk e i n E ur o e


y y p , ,

in cid eva n t P ol a n d a n d in th e Uk ra in e w h ere th ey , ,

c ul tiv a te th e l a n d T h e re is a v e ry a n cie n t a n d
.

in te re s tin g b od y of C a ra ite s in a fortress ca ll e d ,

D s ch ou fa it K a l e n ea r Ba h ch is a ra y in th e C rimea
, ,

w h o p os ses s a n d ofte n u s e a tra n sl a tion of th e O l d


T es ta me n t in J a ga ta i T a rta r A n a p p roxima te .

ca l c ul a tio n ma d e a b out th e middl e of th e s e v e n


,

te e n th ce n t u ry g iv e s on ly fou r th ousa n d four h u n


,

d re d a n d th irty for th e ir tota l n u mb er .

T h e s e ct of th e S a dd uce es h a v e ma d e b ut l ittl e
fi gure s in ce th e d e s truction of J e ru sa l e m A fe w .

i n d e e d a re s a id s till to s ub s is t in Africa a n d s ome ,

o th e r
p l a c e s ; b u t th e
y a re r a re l y fo u n d a t l ea s t ,

th e re a re b u t fe w th a t d e cl a re th e ms elv e s of th e s e

G g ire H i to i d S t R l ig i
o re s

s re t m es p 3 08
e c es e e use s , o . 11. . .

l Pi
‘'
t R l ig i u C
ca r

s em i o s e re on e s .
4 98 H IS TO RY or TH E JEW S .

CH AP TE R xxxvn .

An a ccou nt of th e S a ma rita ns —After the destruction of Sa ma ria,


l l
th e p rincipa p a ce of th e ir resid en ce h a s be e n Nap l ou se , th e
a ncie nt S ich e m— h e ir h istory wa s inve sti . T gated by J
ph Sea ose

l ig L udol ph a d Huntington ; and i th e


e r, by , n n
p resent century by
th e Se t r G re g oi e —Recent ccount w h ich was rece i e d from
na o r . a v

th e S m i ta s re p ecting th e ir c
a ar o d ition be l ief a nd c us tom
n s n , , s.

* S a ma ri ta n s w e re s ca tt e re d in s ma ll n um
TH E
b e rs ov er s ev eral coun t ries of th e ea s t ; th ey h a d
n D a ma s c us

s na g og ues a t C a i ro i J ada G aza


y , , , ,

A sca l on a n d C e sa rea But a fte r th e d es t ruct i on of


,
.

S a ma ria th e ir ch i ef p l a ce h a s al wa y s b ee n N a p l es
, ,

or N a p l ou s e th e a n c ie n t S i ch e m th e bi rth p l a ce of
, ,

J usti n M a rty r a t s ome d i s ta n ce from S a ma ria w ith


, ,

w h ich it h a s b e e n imp rop e rl y con fou n d e d b y H e r


b el ot foun d e d n o d oub t on th e tes timony of S te p h e n
,

of By za n ce w h il e h e mig h t h a v e k e p t to th a t of
,

S t J e rome w h o l ive d in Pa l e stine M a undrel l a nd


. ,
.
,

w i th h im a l l th e mod ern g e ogra p h e rs p l a ce N a p ,

l ous e or S ich em b etw e e n th e E ba l or M ou nt of ,

C u rses a n d th e G eriz im or M oun t of Bl es s in gs


, , ,

w h i ch is h eld s acre d by th e S a ma rita n s T h ey .

re te n d th a t G eriz im is u n d ers tood in t h a t a ssa g e


p , p
of D e u teron omy w h i ch e nj oin s a l l ma l es to p res e n t
,

th emselv es th re e ti mes a y ea r b e fore th e L ord .

B enj a mi n of T ud el a a sse rts th a t h e foun d only ,

on e h un d re d S a m a rita n s
p oor a n d mis e ra bl e a t , ,

S ich e m w h e re th ey con ti n u e d to offe r sa crifi ces


, .

Th e w h o l e of th e a c co u nt of th e S a ma rita n s is tra n s l a te d from


a l a te w o rk
'
of th e s ena tor Gregoire s,

en tit ed , l H istoire des Se ctes
l
Re igie u ses .
ms roa r
'
or

T h i s a uth or is di scred ited but h is a ccoun t is con


THE J E W S . 499

fi rmed by th os e tra v ell ers wh o foll owe d h im Bea u .

v ea u p re te n d s th a t th e w h ol e n u mbe r of S a ma ri ta ns
,

a t N a p l ou s e ,
w h e n h e vi si te d th e city did n ot ,

e x ce e d on e h un d re d a n d fi fty in div id ua l s .

T h e C h ronicl es of th e S a ma rita n s re p ort th a t in , ,

th e ti me of Ad ri a n th ey p l a ce d th e fig ure of
,

a p ig e on on t h e s ummi t of G e rizi m w h ich ma d e


.
,

i tself h ea rd w h en a S a mari ta n ca me to p ray on th i s


moun ta i n ; an d th a t on th is p rete x t th e J e w s ,

a cc use d th e m of w ors h i p p in g a d ov e .

J ose p h S cal iger h a vi n g w ritten to th e S a ma ri ta n s


,

of Ca iro a n d N a p l ous e rece iv e d in th e y e a r 15 90


, , ,

W
a n a ns w er i n H e b re w w h i ch th e l ea rne d S lv est e r
, y
d e S a cy tra n sl a te d i n to La tin from th e a utog ra p h s
d ep os ite d in th e na t iona l lib rary a n d w h ich h a v e ,

bee n in se rte d in a j ourn a l of b ibli ca l a n d ori e nta l


l i tera ture . e a re ign ora n t sa
y th e
y to J os ep h
,

S ul l a mi w h ich is th e n a me th ey giv e to S ca l ige r


, ,

w h a t is th y fa i t h ? th ou d e cla res t th at from th y


o uth th ou h as t l ov e d ou r l a w ; w e ca n n ot tra n s mi t
y
to th ee b y th e h a n d s of th e u nci rcu mcise d th e
, ,

co w h i c h th ou d e m a n d e st S e n d us tw o w orth
py .
y ,

i ous rud e n t a n d l ea rn e d men if th ou w ou ld st


p , p , ,

k n ow our l a w s e n d us a l so a l ms for th e trea sury of


I s ra e l
. O n th e p a rt of th e ir h ig h p ri est th ey
.

d e ma n d a p res en t of s tuffs for s a ce rdotal v es t men ts .

T h ey con s ide r th e mselv es of th e trib e of J osep h by


E p h ra im a n d b oa st of h a vi n g a gra n d p on ti ff of
,

th e ra ce of P h i n e h as son of E l ea z a r s on of Aaron
, , .

H e is a ccordi n g to th e m th e tw o h un dred a n d
, ,

twe n t i e th from A aron l ik e h imh e h as a son na med


K x2
5 00 H I S T O RY t
or r a : J aws .

'

th es e p on tifi s n e ve r l ea v e th e i nsid e of
'
P h i n eh a s , a nd

th e temp l e T h e S a ma ri ta n s offe r s a cri fi ce s ; th ey


.

g ive th e s h ould er a n d s ome oth to th e p ries t .

T h ey cel eb ra te se v e n fea s ts oga mis ts ,

a nd a ctis e th e l e g a l a bl ution re roa c h


p r
p
th e J e w s w ith n ot ob serv in g con ti n en cy ; w ith
goin g out of th e c i ty a nd l ig h tin g fi re s on th e
s a bb a th a n d n ot obl ig in g ch ild re n to fa s t on th e
,

d a y s p res crib e d by th e l a w u n til th ey a re se v e n
e a rs ol d w h il s t a mong th e S a m a rita n s th e e x ce p t
y , y
from th is obl iga ti on on ly ch ild re n a t th e b rea s t .

A J e w of P a l es tin e b e ing a t F ra n kfort on th e,

M a in e in,
L ud ol p h s e nt by him a l et te r to
th e S a ma rita n s H e re ce iv e d a n s w e rs w h i ch a re
.
,

W
i n s e rte d by M ori n in h is An tiq uita tes E ccl es iae
O rie n tal is T h e l a s t re p l y w h ich w a s ma d e in
.
,

1689 d id n ot rea ch h im till T h ey a s k e d


'

w h e th e r th e re w ere a ny S a ma rita n s in h is coun try


e h a v e h e re sa th e a s ma ll n umb e r, w h o a re
y ,y ,

v ery p oor T h ey th a nk e d h im for th e p res e n t of


.

money w h ich h e h a d s e n t th em a n d re q ues te d n ew ,

a ss is ta n ce to r e p a i r th e ir h oly p l a ce .

L ud ol p h w h o i nh e rited from S ca l ig er a n a rd e nt
,

d es ire of re n e w in g th e corre sp on d en ce w ith th e


S a ma ri ta n s w rote once more on the s ubj ec t to
'

R ob e rt H unting ton T h is ma n w h o w as b orn in .


,

16 36 a n d d ied In 170l w a s a g e n t of th e E ngl is h


, ,

fa ctory a t Al e p p o W h il e tra v ell in g in P a l es tin e


.
,

h e v is i te d N a p l ouse w h ere h e foun d th irty S a ma


th e re m
,

r i tan fa mil ie s , a i n s of th e C u th ea n s T h ere .

h e a sse rts e h a s a s ma n a t G a za I t
a re, p r
p , y .

a e rs b a l e tt e r w h ich th e y w ro te to J ose h
p
pp a y
'
ma n ded of
H I STO RY O F TH E JE W S .

H unt i ng ton i f th ere w ere a ny H eb rews


in h is count ry h e rep li e d a ffi rma t iv el y a n d a dded
, , ,

th a t in E n gl an d th ey w ere cal l e d J ew s But a s h e .

i n forme d th e m h e rea d S a marita n th ey


re t e n d e d th a t a S a m a ri ta n a l on e t g h t
p a u

h im a nd th a t the H eb re ws in E n
,

b roth e rs .

I t i s n ot t rue say s H un t i ngton th a t
,
e th e i r

,

I p ers ua d e d th e m th a t th ey h a d b reth re n in my
cou n t r ;
y I su
pp o rt e d th e c on t ra r
y op i n i on b u t ,

th ey w ould n ot b eli e ve me .

I n th i s p e rsua s i on th e S a ma ri ta n s, in 16 72 se nt
, ,

to h im a t J erusa l e m a cop y of th e i r l a w for th e i r


b reth ren in G rea t Bri ta i n w i th a l e tter in th e,

H eb re w l a n gua ge (S a ma ri ta n ch a ra cters ) w ri tte n


,

by Merch ib Ben J acob th e mos t di st i ng ui s h e d p e r


- -
,

s on a e a mon g th e m; i t is w ritte n from N a p l ouse


g ,

n ea r to G erizi m th e h a bi ta t i on of G od a n d a d
, ,

d resse d to th e i r b re th ren in th e ci ty of E ngla n d .

T h ey d ema n d of them if th ey a re S a mari ta ns i f ,

th ey b eli e v e in th e h ol y mounta in G erizi m ; th ey


s oli c i t p rese nt s a s b oth J e w s a n d C h ri st i a n s h a d
,

s en t p res en t s to th e i r h ol y p l a ces .

H un t i n gton encl osed a n d t ra n s mi tte d th e w h ol e to


T h omas M a rsh a l a l ea rn ed O x on i a n wh o rep li ed
, , ,

a n d k e p t up a corre s p on d en ce w i th th e m u n til th e

t i me of h is d ea th w h i ch h ap p ene d in 1685 Mar


, .

s h a l s p ok e of th e di s ob edi e nce of th e fi rst ma n ,

w h i ch h a d ren d ere d us a ll ch ild re n of B eli a l a n d ,

b rought d ea th a n d a mal e di cti on up on a l l h is d e


s ce n da n ts . H e q uest i one d th e m con cernin g th e
S h il oh recall e d to t h e i r re me mb ra nce th e p romi se
,

of a d eliv erer a nd i n s en s ibl y l e d th e m to recog n iz e


'

J esus C h ri st O n the oth er s id e the S amari ta ns


.
,
HISTO RY or TH E JEWS . 5 03

ex h ibi ted th ei r d octrines d ecla ri ng th at th ey h a d n o


,

i ma ges rep ell e d th e cha rg e of id ol a t ry a n d th e


, ,

a d orin g a d ov e a n a rticl e w h ich


( ,

ould forge t) a n d re q ues t e d a l ms T h e ir


l e tte rs we re tra n sl a t e d in to G erm
.

an b S ch n u rre r
y ,

rofe s s or of Tub in g e n T h e ca re wi th w h ich th ey


p
.

h a v e p re serv e d th e S a ma ri ta n P enta te uc h a tte s ts its


a u t h e n t icity H untin g ton h ere a ck nowl edges th e
.

h a n d of d iv in e p rov id en ce in p rese rv in g th is furth er


roof of rel ig ion a n d a dd iti ona l a r u me n t a g a i ns t
p , g

in cred uli ty b e fore th e e x tin ct ion of this fe ebl e col ony


,
.

H un tington b el iev e d th a t th i s ep och w a s a t n o g rea t


d ista n ce ; b ut th e foll owin g d e ta il s p rov e th a t h e ,

w as d ece iv e d in th i s p a r t icul a r .

W h il e G regoi re bi sh op a n d s e na t or w a s ocen
, ,

i e d w ith h is r e s ea rch e s con ce rn in g th e H e b rew


p
n a tion , u on fi n d in g n ot h i n
p g in m od e rn h is tor
y r e

s ectin g th e S a ma rita n s s in c e th e ir l ette rs to J os e h


p , p
S ca l ige r H un tington M a rsh a l a n d L u d ol p h a n d
, , , ,

a n a e h a vi n g el a se d s i nce th e l a te s t of th e s e
g p
a ccou n ts h a v e b e e n rece iv e d h e b e in g ea g er to, ,

c oll e ct in forma t i on d ig es te d a series of q ues tion s


, ,

w h ich th e mi n iste r of fore ig n rel a ti ons h a d th e


k in d ness to tra n s mi t to th e F ren ch con s ul s a t S t .

J ea n (1 A cre T rip ol i S y ria a n d Al e p p o T he ir


, , , .

r e s on se s
p w ,h i c h a rriv e d in 18 0 8 a tte s t a ze al a t ,

on ce e n l ig h te n e d a n d cou rt e ous .

T h e S a ma rita n s ( sa id th e con sul of S t J ea n


,

.

(1 A cre ) i in b el ie vi ng th a t th e E n gl is h J e w s

p ers s t
a re of th e ir s e ct T h ey l iv e in th e mos t a bj e ct
.

ov e rt T h os e w h ose c on d ition is mos t tol e ra bl e


p y .

ar e i n th e se rv ice of th e ch ie f of th e cou n tr
'

y .

T h is e mp l oy men t j ust a fford s t h e m b rea d Th e .


5 04 ms roa r '
or me JE S W .

h
ot e rs e n d ea v our to ga i n i t b
y i n d ustr
y ; th e y i a

h a bi t d eserte d ol d h ous es in a b a d q ua rte r of Na p


l ouse .

Th e d e sk on w h ich th ey s crip t u re s

is s u rmoun ted b y th e fi g ure o f a


ca ll :Ach ima a w ord culi a r to th e i r s e ct
'

p e , .

th ey in v ok e th e S up re me B ei n g th ey d o n ot sa y ,

A don ai l ik e oth ers b u t A ch ima


, F rom th i s th ey
, .

a re s u p p ose d to a d ore th e divi n i ty u n d e r th e ,

s mb ol of th i s bi rd w h i ch h a s th e form of a d ov e
y .

I f th ey a re forced 1n t h e i r e mp l oy me n t to touch
a s t ra n g e r or h is a rme n t th e urif th em s elv es
g y p y
a mon g th e m
, ,

a s s oon a s
p o ss ibl e T h e
y m a rr on l
y y
selv e s .T h e d ea d are con sid e re d i mp ure ; th ey
.

ca us e th e m to b e b u rie d b th e T urk s a n d C h ri s
y
tia n s . T h e me n h a v e th e ma n n ers of th e w retch e d
of a ll cou n trie s b e in g in te mp e ra te
,
A fe w of th e i r .

w ome n h a v e d is ord ere d ma n n ers b ut w i th ou t p ub ,

l icity .

At th e i r p a ssov er th ey go annuall y up on Ge
r izi m to offe r a s h ee p for a sa crifi ce F ormerl y
'

e a ch fa mil y a t l ea s t th e mos t cons id e ra bl e


, sacri ,

fi ce d a s h ee p a n d a l a mb ; b ut th eir mea n s be i n g
s t ra it e n e d th ey con t e n t th e ms elv es a t p re se n t w i th
,

a g e n e ra l offe ri n g .

T h e re p l y of th e con sul of T rip ol i p rov es th a t


th e ta s t e for a n cie n t l i t era tu re is h ere d ita ry to th e
fa mil y of G uy s H e e x a min e d th e a ccusa tion
.

l e v ell ed by th e J e w s a ga in st th e S a ma ri ta n s rel a tin g


to th e ir p re ten d e d a d ora t i on of a d ov e a n d s a w in ,

it on l y a comme mora tiv e sy mb ol of th e bi rd w h ich


b rou g h t to N oa h th e s ig n of p ea ce H e wa s l ed to .

e x a mi n e a n a ccusati on too vi s ibl m ar k e d by ca l um ny


y
5 06 '
H rsr onr or ra n

T h ere a re a mon g th e m some S era fs (brok ers )


JE WS .

p a r ti cul a rl y th e S e ra f e l B el e d o r
-
S e-
ra f o f th e ,

gov ern or T h e T u rk s in N a pl ouse l ea v e th e m in


.
'

q ui e t Gez a r Pa ch a h ow ever w ould h a v e mol es te d


, ,

th e m b ut th ey e sca p e d by p re te n d in g th e y w e re
,

J ew s T h e S a ma rita ns sp ea k A ra bi c a n d corrup t
.

H e b re w .

T o th i s 1n forma tion th e cons ul of Al ep p o w i s h i n g ,

to a d d s ome more p a rt icul a rs tra n s mitte d di rectl y to ,

th e S a ma ri ta n s of N a p l ouse th e q ues t i on s of G re
,

o ire a m l ifi e d a n d ob ta in e d from th e ch ie f of
g p ,

W
th e i r sy na g og u e a n a ns w er in A ra bi c wh ich wa s
*
,

t ra nsl a te d into F re n ch b y C ora n ces j un , .

To M r C ora n ces se n ior con s ul of F ra nce a t


.
,

Al e pp o .

e h a v e re ce iv e d o u r ki n d l e tt er in w h ich o u
y y

W
p pro os e th irt
y q ues tions c on ce rn in g th e re l ig ious

d octrin es of th e S a ma ri ta n n a tion Y ou d e ma n d .

a c i rcum s ta n ti al rep l a nd w e w ill g t ur


'

y , ra n y o

re q ues t .

e b ese ech o t con ti nue the corre s on


y u o
p
d e n ce for y ou r l et ter ga v e a s e x tre me pl ea su re
, .

Y ou d e s i re to k now in wh a t p l a ces th e Sam a

t i ta n s a re n ow fou n d ? Y ou w ill fi nd a n a ns w er to
th is q uestion a mon g th e oth ers ; b ut w e d es i re y ou
to e x a min e th e l ette r w h i ch y ou h a v e rece iv e d from
P a ri s a nd s ee if a ny me n ti on is th ere ma de of th ose
,

w h o a re a t G e noa for w e h a v e rece iv e d tw o l e t ters


,

fromth e m w h i ch in form u s th a t our n a ti on is much ,

more s ca ttere d ov er E urop e th a n T urk ey a n d ,

th a t th e ir n u mb er a mou n ts to one h u nd red a n d

Th e 2 ] st artic e wi l ll a
ppea r u ndoubted ly v e ry obsc ure, and e ven

u n intell ig ibl e.
ms ronr '
on TH E JE S W . 5 07

t we nty se v en th ousa n d n i n e h u nd red a nd s ix ty


-
,

soul s . D o us th e fa v our to e n qu ire of th e s e na tor


G regoi re w h e th er h e h a s a ny k n ow l edge of th es e
,

S a ma ri ta n s ; a n d re ques t h im to e s ta bl ish th rou gh


ou r me d iu m a corre s on d e n ce w i th th e m w ith us
y p , , ,

a n d w ith th os e w h o a re in R us s ia .

Th e 14 th of J ul y a ccord in g to th e G reci a n
ca l e n d a r ; th e ea r of th e H e b re w e ra s i n ce
y ,

Ad a m ; th e y ea r 32 5 6 s in ce th e d ep artu re of th e ,

W
I sra eli tes from E gy p t ; T uesd ay 3d of J uma el h i ,

12 2 3 (of th e H eg ira )
, .

S ig n e d S a l a me K a h en mKah en m of th e S a ma ,

r i ta n n a tion a t N a l ous e
p .

P S e re q ues t a S p eed y rep l y


. . .

I S a l a me S on of Tob ia s Lev ite p ri es t a t


, , ,

S i ch e m p ra is e th e Lo rd
, A men . .

A rt i cl e 1st T h ere a re n o S a mar i ta n s to be


.

foun d in our ea stern coun tri es e x cep t in g a t N ap l ouse


'

a n d J ad a b ut it is n ow a h u n d re d y ea rs s in ce w e .

re ce iv e d l e tters fromG en oa b rough t b y a E uro ea n


p , ,

w h o wa s g oi n g to J eru sa l em a n d h a d a H eb re w ,

Bibl e w r i tten in a ch aracter s i mila r to ours


, .

Art 2 d It is n ow a h und re d y ea rs s i n ce th ere


. .

h a v e b een a ny S a ma ri ta ns in E gy p t .

Art 3d Th e S a mari ta ns a t J a ffa a n d N a p l ouse


. .

am oun t to two h u n d red e rso m w om a nd


p n s e n e n , , ,

c h ild re n .

Art 4th T h ey cons i s t of a bou t th i rty fa mil ie s


. .
,

a n d d well in th e qua rter of Rh a d era w h ich w a s ,

n a me d b o u r l ord J a cob th ki g f t h S m
y e n o e a ,
a

rita n s a n d w h e re h e res id ed
, as is writte n in ou r ,

hol y B ibl e .

Art 5 th T h e origi n of th e S a mari ta ns is de


. .
W
5 08

ri ev d from th e true I s ra el ites


s ce n d e d from our l ord J a cob
a rsr onr or THE JE S

e a re rea ll

ca ll e d I s ra e l

w h om s p ra n g th e tw e lv e trib es w h o e n te re d in to
.
y d
from
,
e

,
W .

E g y p t a moun tin g to s ev e nty p ers on s a n d w e n t out


, ,

a g a in b th e n u mb e r of s ix h u n d re d th ous a n d
y .

Afte r th e mira cl e s p erfor me d by th e ir min iste r in


E gy p t a n d in th e d e s ert by ou r l ord M oses s on

W
, ,

of A mmm ; a n d w h o e n tere d in to th e l a n d o f

C a na a n w h e re w e th e d escen d a n ts of th e fi rs t
, ,

s e ttl e rs
,
s till con tin ue a fte ral l th e mig ra tion s w h ich
,

h a v e h a p p e n e d to u s e a re of th e trib e of
.

J os e p h s on of our l ord J a cob th e I s ra e l ite


, .

A rt 6 th T h is is th e d iffe re n ce b e tw e e n th e
. .

J e w s a n d ourselv e s ; th e l a w is on e a n d con s is ts of ,

s ix h u n d re d a n d th irte e n re ce ts a ccor d in g to b oth


p p .

T h e on l y d iffere n ce b e tw ee n u s con ce rn s th e p uri


fi ca tion w h ich w e ob s erv e bu t w h ic h th ey ca n n ot
, , ,

b eca use th ey a re n o l on ge r ma sters of J erusal e m



.

A rt 7 th T h e ir l a w is e x a ctl y th e s a me a s ours

. .

from th e b eg in n ing to th e e n d b ut w e p ron ou n ce it ,

d iffe re n tly from th e m .

Art 8th O ur l a w 18 w r i tte n in th e t rue H eb re w


. .

l a n g ua g e th e sa me wh ich w a s foun d w ritte n on th e


,

ta bl e s of p rec iou s s ton e con ta in in g th e te n c om ~

ma n d me n ts g iv e n by G od to M os e s S ome ra bb ie s .

fro m J erusa l e m h a v in g e x a min ed th e w riting of


,

ou r l a w a ck n ow l e dg e d it for th e a n cien t A s s ria n


, y ,

h a n d e d d ow n on th e ta bl e s of p recious s ton e
m
.

F ro th is w e s h a ll n e v e r d e v ia te a n d con form ,

a bl o th e w ord of G od n e ith e r a dd n or d imin is h


y t , .

A rt 9th T h e re is th e n n o d iffe re n ce b e tw e e n
. .

o ur l a w a n d th a t of th e J e w s e xce p t in th e

, ,

ch a ra cte rs .
5 10 msr oa r '
or ra n JEWS .

p re ce t
p th ere mea n t , H ea r, O I sra el , G od is our

G od h e is on e, &c .

After a l l th ese p roh ibi t i ons h ow ca n w e a d ore ,

i mages of g old in a n a p a rtme n t a nd p erv ert th e ,

w ors h i p of th e true G od to t h a t of a tu rtl e d ov e or ,

oth e r a n i ma l s w roug h t b m n s ha nd s P

e
y
G od sa y s a ga i n T h ou s h al t fea r a n d a d ore the
,

L ord th y G od a n d con ti n ue in h is re ligi on ; th ou


,

s h a l t s w ea r b
y h im H ow t h e n ca n w e w ors h i
.
p
ima g es a n d forg et h is comma n d s T h ere a re in a n y
'

s i mil a r p re ce ts G od is our G od a n d w e a d ore


p .
,

h im a t al l t ime s .

Art 13th T h e s a cri fi ce of s h e e p a n d l a mb s is


. .

th e fou n d a t ion of our l a w a n d a t th e e p och of th e ,

ta b erna cl e es ta bli sh ed by M oses th ere w ere in th e ,

i n terior of it ma ny al ta rs for sa cri fi ce ea ch for ,

a ce rta in era O n e w a s a n a l ta r of e x p ia tory


.

sa cri fi ce th e oth er for p ea ce offer i ng s


, M oses .

ord a in e d th a t e v ery d a y th e ch i e f of th e trib es of


,

I s ra e l s h ould offe r a sa cri fi ce morn i n g a n d e v e n i n g .

T h i s took p l a ce w h il e th e ta b erna cl e st ood After .

th e e n d of th e t i me of g ra ce a n d th e d es t ructi on of , .

th e ta b e rna cl e our ch ie f p ri e s ts of th e fa mily of


, ,

A a ron ord ere d us in p l a ce of th e s a crifi ce s to


, ,

ma k e a p ray er for a t est i mony of our fea r of G od ,

a n d to s oli c i t from h im p a r d on a n d in d ulg e n ce .

Art 14th T h e fea st of th e p a ssov e r w h i c


. . h ,

G od comman d e d al l I s ra e l to ob serv e i s in a fi x e d ,

a n d i n v a ri a bl e ti me w h i ch is th e fi rs t mon th of th e
,

ea r a s i t is sa id T h is is a l a w for a l l a ge s on th e
y , , ,

fi rs t mon th th e fifteen th da y a t th e s ettin g of th e


,

s u n i t is to b e ob se rv e d in th e c h osen p l a ce w h i ch is
, ,
W
nis ronr or TH E
'
J EWS . 5 11

W
M oun t G eriz im . e ea t i t a t mid n ight, a ccor d in g
to th e ri tes p res cr ib e d by th e l a w, a nd th a t 01
106

15 th .

w h ich a re comma n d e d a s it is sa id
vi ct i ms w ith th e r i te s
e offe r ou r

Y ou s h a l l
, ,
“ '
.

ta k e a l a mb of th e fi rs t y ea r w ith out bl e mish from , ,

th e g oa ts or from t h e s h e e p a n d k ee p it u n til th e ,

fou rtee n th da y of th e mon th ; y ou s ha ll roa s t it .


l

i n th e fi re a n d ea t it in h a s te rej oici n g
, T h i s sa .

crifi ce is a ccom a n ie d b o th e r cere mon i es too l on g


.

p y ,

to b e d e ta il e d .

W
Art l 6 th T h e s e sa crifi ces ough t to b e offe re d
. .

on M oun t G e riz im ; b ut for th e l a s t tw e n t


y y ea rs

w e h a v e ma d e th e m in th e ci ty a s w e ca n not n ow ,

rep a ir to th e mou n ta in .

A rt l 7th e offe r ou r s a crifi ces in th e o e n


. .
p
a ir b e ca u se G od s a id to ou r l ord M ose s
, S ay to ,
:

P h a ra oh L e t u s go th ree d a y s j ou rney (from the


,

c i ty ) a n d s a cr ifi ce to th e Lord o u r G od .

5 I t w a s a t fi rs t comma n d e d th a t th ese s a crifi ces



.

sh ould b e offe re d in th e c ou n try After th e e n tra nce .

of th e p e op l e of I s ra e l in to C a n a a n M ou n t G e riz im ,

w as ch ose n for th is p u rp ose a s G od h a s d ecl a re d in ,

h is l a w . T h e sa crifi ce of th e pa s s ov e r mus t n ot b e
ma d e in a ny of th e in ha b ited p l a ces w h ich th e L ord
h as g iv e n y ou b ut on l y in th e s p ot w h ic h G od h a s
,
.

d es ig na te d for th is p urp os e T h i s p l a ce is th e .
.

moun ta i n a b ov e me n tione d ; th is re nd ers it ev id e n t .


,

th a t it ca n b e offere d b ut on ce a y ea r T h os e .

w h o a re not p re se n t a t th is s ol e mn ity oug h t to ce l e .

b rate it in th e se con d mon th


'
.

Art 18th To t h e q ue s tion w h en


. a nd w h
y ,

s a cri fi ce s h a v e cease d ? w e rep l y ; th a t G od forbid


~
12 msr oa r or TH E J aws .
~

th a t h ould omi t th e m w h il e i t is in our p ower


we s
,

to p e rfor m th e m b ut onl

W
f or t we n ty ea rs p as t
y y ,

i nstea d of M ou n t G eriz im w e offe r th e m in th e ,

ci t
y b ec
, a us e it is c o m p ris e d in th e c h o s e n
p l a ce s .

T h e re fore we e x a ctly ob serv e th e


A rt 19 th . e h a v e a Le vi te
.
p r i e st th e ra ce

of Le v i b ut n o I ma n
, or g ra n d p on tiff
, I n this .

c oun tr
y w e h a,v e h a d n o p r i es t s o f A a ro n f o r o n e

h un d re d a n d fi fty y ea rs p a st .

Art 2 0th T h e g ra n d p on t iff is ca ll e d in th e


. .

l a w in H e b re w H a k ch e m H a gga dol a n d in A ra bi c ,

ill us tri ous ch i e f (ra ies e t dj al il ) H is fun ction s a n d


.
, ,

th ose of a l l th e t rib e of L e vi are p rescrib ed by th e ,

law . H e ma y ta k e th e t i th e of our sa cri fi ces a n d


p p erty ; h e is to j udg e a ccordi n g to w h a t is
r o

w r i tt e n in th e l a w H e h a s a l so oth er p ri vil e g es
.

w h i ch w ould b e too l on g to d e ta il .

Art 2 l st You in q uire w h e th er th e S a mari ta n s


. .

a re divid ed i n to d ifl e re n t cl a ss es a n d w h a t a re th es e,

d ivi s i on s T h ere e xi sts a mon g us s ome kn own a n d

W
ob s e rv e d d ivi s ions T h es e are th e e n ga gemen ts
.

wh ich G od e n t e re d i nto w i th our fa th ers Ab ra h a m


I s aa c a nd J a cob; a n d b efore th es e w i th N oa h a nd
, ,

a l s o w ith P h in e h a s by w h i ch h e es ta bl ish e d h im
,

P on ti ff e h a v e lik e w i s e th e d ivi s ion s of h ea v e n


.
,

a n d th re e e n ga g e men t s w i th M os es ; a n d th e H e b re w

W W
sea , w h ich a pp ea rs in th e ecli p ses of th e s u n a n d
mobn a n d th e conj u ncti on s by w h ich w e k now ou
,
'

w ha t da y of th e w eek th e fi rs t of th e month com


me n ces e a l s o k n ow b
.
y t h i s mea ns th e d a y of

th e feas t w h i ch w e cel e b ra t e a n d on w h a t da y of ,

th e w e e k it w il l ta k e p la ce e h a v e ma ny oth e r
.

d ivi s ions b ut th ese a re all w h ose na mes i t is n eces


5 14

W 111 mm or ra n J aw s.

W
e ca nn ot ma rry , b ut con forma bl y to th e l
ru es ,

a nd in th e d eg re es p er mi tte d by th e l a w .

Art 2 6 th . . O ur d res s is d iffe re n t from th a t of

a ll oth e r n a tions . l wa y s w ea r a tur b a n ; but


e a

on sa bb a th s a n d fe s tiva l s w h e n w e o to th e te m l e
g ,
p ,

w e d re s s w h oll y in w h i te .

Art 2 7th O ur p op ul a t i on w as s ca tt ered over


. .

W
E gy p t D a ma scus A sca l on a n d Ce sa rea
, , But s ix
, .

h un d re d y ea rs h a v e el a p s ed s i n ce th es e we re ca rri e d
,

a wa
y b y th e F ra nk s a n d a re n
, ow fo u n d i n th e i r

cou n tr T h is is th e ca us e of our d imi n is h e d


y . o u
p p
l a ti on. e h a v e b ee n re d uced b
y th e m ig ra ti on s

w h i ch h a v e ta k en p l a c e in p as t a ges a ccordi n t o
g ,

th e w ill of G od .

Art 2 8th O ur usa ges a re th e ob se rva t i on of


. .
,

th e comma nd ments conce rn i ng h ol y d a y s an d the ,

sa bb a th s th e ob ser va ti on of th e d e g re es p ermi tted

a nd ro h ibi t ed in ma rri a g e T h e p ra e rs w h i ch
y
p .

w e re ord a ine d b y G od a n d e nj oin e d by th e p ri es ts


,

of A a ron in p l a ce of th e d a il y sa cri fi ces w h i ch w e re


, .

a b ol i s h e d a fter th e d es t ruct ion of th e ta b erna cl e of

M oses S in ce th a t e p och p ra y ers w ere i nsti t uted


. ,

for e v ery fes t iv a l w i th p a rti cul a r cere mon i es T h e re


, .

a re th re e p ra y e rs for th e sa bb a th a n d ea ch h ol y da y ,

h a s a p p rop ria te on e s a s th e p ra y ers p ec ul ia r to th e


,

s s ov e r ; th e fea s t of s e v e n d a y s w h e n w e ea t
p a ,

u n l ea v e n e d b rea d th e p ilgri ma ge to M oun t G e


,

ri zi m th e fea s t of P e n t ecos t w h i ch is ob s e rv ed ,

a ce rta i n n u mb er of d a y s a n d is termi na te d b
, y
a sol e mn fe s tiv a l in w h ich w e p rese n t ourse lv es

b efore G od A t th a t t i me w e do n ot sl ee p a n d
.
,

e mp l oy ourse lv es w i t h ou t ceas i n g d ay a n d n ig h t in ,
.
,

rea di ng th e l a w a nd p ra i s i ng G od
,
Th e fi fteen th .
'
n s ron r
r or T HE JEWS . 5 15

is th e feas t of ta b erna cl es , w h i ch h a s its ow n a


pp ro

p ria tecere mon ie s , a nd we a re a l s o to a


pp ear b e fore

th e . t w e n ty -
secon d is th e fes tiv a l of '

l
c os in g of a l l th e h ol y d a y s w i th , ce re mon ie s

forma bl e to th e ord e rs of our h igh pries ts


'

Al l .

th e a b ov e me n tion e d fe s tiv al s a re p erforme d a c


cord in g to th e c omma n d s of G od .

A rt 2 9th By a n e x p re ss ord e r giv e n by G od


. .
,

to Ab ra h a m w e ob s e rv e c i rcu mci s i on w h ich is er

W
, p ,

forme d on the e igh th da y a t s un rise a n d we ob se rv e -


,

al l th e ce remon ie s c omm a n ded o n th a t occa s i on we


ca n not a l te r or disob e a s in gl e a rt icl e
y .

Art 30th o u r ra e rs tu rn e d t owa rd s


. e sa
y .
p y
M oun t G e riz im w h ich is th e h ous e of G od a nd of
, ,
'

h is a n ge l s a n d w h ere th e D e i ty e xh ib its h is maj es ty


, ,

a n d th
ep l a ce f o r th e s a c ri fi ce s enj oi ne d in th e l a w , .

O ur fa ce s a re th e re fore turned t owa rds th is p la ce


d urin g p ra y er A ccord in g to th e ord e r of our
. .

'

on tifi s e rs a re n ow s ub s tit uted for th e sa cr i


'

ra
p p y
,

fi ce s of s h e e p w h ich were offe red mor ni ng a nd


,

e v e n in g .

T h e 15 th of J ul y a ccord ing to th e G reek s in , ,

th e y e a r 1808 of J e s us C h ris t,
.

T h e l ea rne d a u th o r to w h om w e a re in d e b te d for
th is re ce n t a ccou n t of th e S a ma rita n s ob se rv es ,

th a t d urin g on e h un d re d a n d n in e te en y ea rs th e
c ommun ica tion b e tw e e n th is s ect a n d th e E u rop ea n s

h a d e n tire l y cea s e d T h e a n s we r w h ich I ob ta in e d


.

to my q ue rie s p re se rv e s a tra d itiona l c h a in of d ocu


,
.

me n ts conce rn in g th e m Con forma bl y to th e p ro .

mise w h ic h th ey e x a cte d I w rote to un d ece iv e th e m ,

re s ecting th e o i n i on th e h a d formed th a t ersons


p p y p ,

L r. 2
5 16

of th e i r sect were to be
'
n rsr oa r or TH E J E

found in
W S.

R uss i a G e noa

W
a nd .

T h ey a re n ot k now n in a ny p a rt of E urop e a nd ,

e v er c ircu msta nce c on cu rs to in d uce u s to b el iev e


y ,

t h a t th os e of J a tfa a n d N a pl ous e a re th e o nl y S a ma
t ita n s i n e x is te n ce . h a t th ey s a y of th e tra n s mi
ra tion of th e ir b re t h re n w h o w ere ca rrie d to
g ,

E urope by th e F ra n k s a p p ea rs to b e tota ll y d es
,

titu te of p roof My re s ea rch e s i n to th e h is tory of


.

th e C rusa d es h a s a fford e d me n o i n forma tion to


c e n fi rm th e i r a ss e rti on .

U n de r th e na me of th e P a l es tin e A s s oci a ti on
'
,

,
a s oci e ty h a s rece n tl y b een forme d in E n gl a n d the ,

obj ect of w h ose l a b ours is e v e ry th i ng rel a tin g to th e

h ol y l a n d a n d th e a dj a ce n t c ou ntries
,
T h e a mia bl e
.

a n d l ea rn e d H a mil ton of th e a ca d e my of Ca l cutta is

th e p re s id en t . T h e b a rri ers i n terp os ed b y w a r a n d


'

p o li t ic s b e tw e e n d ifl ere n t p a rts of th e gl ob e d e p riv es

me of th e mea ns of corresp on d in g w ith h im b ut if


s ome ha p p y ci rcums ta n ce s h ould p l a ce thi s a ccou n t

be fore h is ey es h e w il l fi nd in i t th e e x p ress i on of my
,

e s t e em a n d m
, y d es i re th a t h e a n d h is w orth
y coa d

rs s h ould s econd m sea rch es concern i n g th e


j u to y re

S amari tans .
5 18 ms ronir '
or THE JEWS .

In d
or e r to rea d es ig ns I s ra el a ss umed th e
liz e h is ,

ma sk of ex emp l a ry p ie ty a nd j oi ne d to h is n a me
' '

t h a t of Ba l sch e m or p os s ess or of th e n a me of G od
, .

T h e p rop e n s ity of ig n ora n t 115 me n


t owa rd s th e occul t scie nces p in l ess
th a n te n y e a rs more th a n te n th ousa n d foll owers
, ,

w h om h e ca ll e d Ch as idi m T h is na me d es ig na ted .

th os e me n w h o n ot conte n t to foll ow th e ri tua l l a ws


,

of M os es , la b oured to u n i te the mselv es more in ti


ma t el y to th e D e ity by th e i r sa n cti ty But it w as .

s oon di s c ov e re d th a t th e conn exi on b e twee n ra bb i


,

I sra e l a n d h is d isci p l e s did n ot cond uce to th e e n d


h e h a d a n n oun ce d a n d th a t th e i r in teh tions and
,

th e i r a ction s w ere h os til e to th e p rin ci p l es of p i e ty


a nd moral ity I t wa s th is w h ich i nd uce d th e Ta l
.

mud is t E l ia s g ra nd ra bbi n in W il na in con ce rt


, ,

w ith th e e ld e rs of th e sy n a g og ue of B rod to w ri te ,

a work a ga in s t th e ne w se ct i n ord e r to p rov e th a t , ,

i t wa s i nj urious to th e J e wis h rel igi o n a nd to th e ,

s ta te. E l ia s b e i n g nea r h is d ea th e nj oin e d a l l w h o


, ,

vi s i te d h im to p rocl a i m th a t w h oe v e r l ov e d G od
, ,

a n d ma n o ug ht ca re full y to s h u n a l l commu n l ca tion


,

w i th th e C h a s id irn w h o u n d e r th e ma n tl e of h y po

, ,

c ris con cea l e d th e mos t p rofoun d im m ora l ity


,y .

T h e a rtfu l I sra e l Bal sch e m see in g it w a s n ece s ,

s a ry to s tre n g th e n h is pa rty to Op p os e th e orth od ox ,

e x e rte d h i mse lf to g a i n the m


'

os t o ul e n t p e op l e a n d
p ,

ubl is h e d a w ork w h ich is th e cod e of h is d oc tri n e


p , ,

a n d w h ich co n ta in s a b om i na bl e p rin ci p l e s He .

ro h ibi ts h is a d h ere n ts u nd e r th e mos t s e v e re s p iri


p ,

tua l p e na l tie s to cul tiv a te th e ir mi nd s


,
T h ose w h o .

o s s e s s in form a ti on oug h t t o s upp res s it ; for it is


-

p
d a ng e rous sa id he to p e rmit rea son to i n terfe re in
, ,
m ay or ru n J EWS . 5 19

ma tters of re l igi on . H e is n ot w il li n g th a t th ose


ld mel t i n to t ea rs ; for the
s h ou

b e h old s w i th more p l eas ure h is ch ild ren


l a n d h a p p y th a n d isconte nte d a n d sorrow ful
,
.

t? I s ra e l L oe b e l th e w rite r o f th is n a rra tiv e oh


, ,

se rv es ,
th a t th e se id ea s a re con tra ry to th e J e w is h
l a w ; for M os es comma n d s us tos tudy th e la w s of
rel ig ion a n d th e s ta t e For w h y s h ould G od h a v e
.

iv e n us rea s on if w e d o n o t a pp l y it to e n l a rge our


g ,

rel igi ous k now l e dge ? Is it n ot our s p eci a l d es tiny


on ea rth to e n d ea v our to a p p roa ch th e di v in it ?
y
T h e s uccessors of M oses in th e d ign i ty of p rop h e ts
h a v e th ough t a n d ta ug h t l ik e h im .

I f p ra y er is n ot a ccomp a n i e d w i th a fe rv e n t
e l e v a tion of th e h ea rt to G od w h a t is it b ut a n
, ,

a s se mb l a g e of in s ig n ifi ca n t w ord s ? Are n ot the


tears s h ed in p ra y e r ofte n s ign s of true d e v oti on ?
Do n ot th e T a l mud is ts tea ch th a t in ord er to ,

i n crea s e it it is n eces sa ry to p ra y s l ow ly a n d
, ,

m M a ny of our na tion in d ee d
.

w ith out c l a o u r ?

ma in ta i n th at a l a rge p a rt of the cere monies j oin ed to


, ,

ra e r a re su e rfl uous et t h e serv e to s t re n g th e n
p y p y y
ou r recoll e ction .

T h e fol l ow in g is a s p eci me n of th e ma x ims Of


th i s s e ct —If a ny one h a s commit ted or w is h es to ,

commit s in h e ca n p romise h ims elf a b s ol ution fro


, m
h is l ea d e r with out s ubj ec ting h imse lf to a c h a n g e of
,

con d uct a n d l ea d in g a re g ul a r l ife


, Th is d e tes ta bl e .

p rl nc i l e
p e
,
s ec iall
p y a mo n g t h os e w h o h a v e re ce iv ed

b ut l ittl e in st ruction increa s e d th e n u mbe r of Ba l s


,

ch e m s t i h
'

p a r za n s to s uch a d e g re e t a t th e
y ,

am oun te d to fort th ousa nd a t the ti m f h i d ea th


y e o s ,
5 20 ax
'
s ronv or THE J EWS .

w h i cht ook p l a ce fi fte e n


y ea rs a ft er th e . se ct was
foun d ed .

At th a t time , h is pl a n , b oth in te ri or a nd e x teri or ,

a s su me d a ne w for m T o a s ingl e l ea d e r th ey s ub
.

s t itu te d man d ire ctors , w h o to d e fe n d th e ir d octrine


y , ,

p rin te d v a rious w ork s ,


ft e r h a v in g
p a
u bl is h e d two
os th u mou s on es a ttrib u te d to th e ir fou n d er

p .

O n e of th ese p rod uction s ca ll e d K e s s er S ch e mtow


a e a re d a t K ors tch ik a nd Z ul k ie w i tw o t
pp n p a r s , .

I n th e fi rs t p a rt h e g iv e s to h is foll ow e rs a g e n e ra l
.
,

a b s ol ut i on for th e s i ns w h i c h th e h a v e commi tted


y ,

a n d s h a ll c ommit on con di ti on tha t th ey e d uca te


,

th e ir s on s T a l mu di sts H e a ss erte d th a t h is soul


.
, ,

b e i n g tra n sp orte d in a n exta cy to h ea v en th e ,

a rch a n g e l M i c h a el th e p rot ector of th e J e w s de


, i ,

cl a re d to h im th a t on th is con dition e very s in n e r


,
i

s h ould n ot on l y ob ta in re mis s ion


'

b u t e v e n a re wa rd ,

for hi s c rimes In th e secon d p a rt h e in vi tes h is


.
,

a d h e re n ts to p ra y to Ab ra h a m th e fa th e r of th e ,

J e w s w h o h a s con d ucted s o ma ny of h is u n ha p p y
,

ra ce to th e t ru e b el ie f a n d w h o h a s p re s e rv e d it in
, .

th e s oul s of ma ny di s p ose d to q ui t it He con d e mns .

a l l con n e ction b e t w e e n th e i r ch ild re n a n d th os e w h o .

d o n ot b el on g to th e H e b re w n a ti on e s p e cia lly h is ,

s ect .

T h e s e con d p os th u mous work of Ba l s ch e m u n d e r ,

th e t i tl e L ik ute A momir h a s b ee n p rin te d a t L e m


,

b u rg a nd in th e tw o oth e r cities b efore me n tioned


,
.

H e tea ch es th a t in ord e r to b e u n ite d to th e d iv in ity


,
.

it is n ece s sa ry to commit s inup on s in a nd tha t th e


more h orribl e th ey a re th e more a g ree a bl e a re th ey
,

to h im; For G od be ing th e fi rst in th e sc a l e of


'
,
52 2 msr oav or ra n J E WS .

ta tion s ha v e fa il e d , a nd w h il e w e
d e r j us t ice to
.
re n

th e ta l e nts a n d in te g ri t of th e a uth ors w e re g re t


y ,

th a t m o st of th e m h a v in g th e i r re s id e n ce ou t Of
,

th e cou n tr ra v a g e d b t e se ct a tta in th e ir k now


y y h ,

l ed ge onl y from th e rel a tion of oth e rs


'

W h e n I sa y s Loe be l wa s ra bbi n a t Moh ol y w


, , ,

I h a d a n op p ortu n ity to l ook a b ou t me a n d ob serve


th e p rog re s s of t h is se c t w h ich oblig e d me to ma k e
,

e x e rtion s to re se rve th e co mmu n i t committe d to


p ,
y
my ca re from th e se p ern icious s e n t ime n ts Th e .

C h a s idi m h a v in g c i rcumv en ted by th e ir a rt a nd


, ,

en t ra p p ed in th e ir errors my only b roth e r a n , ,

i ntel l ig e n t a nd in oth e r res p ec ts a good y oun g


,

ma n I w rote ma ny l e tters to h im to O p e n h is ey es

W
, ,

by th e con tra s t be tw e e n h is a ctua l i mmora li ty a n d ,

th e e s t i ma bl e con d uc t h e h a d b e fore ma i n ta i n e d
I w rote a l s o to th e p ri n cip a l d irector of th is se ct ,

th efa mo us ra bbi n Sol o mon itey s t a nd p rov e d to ,

h imh is e rrors b y in v in cibl e a rgu me n ts w ith a me na ce ,

of comba tin h i m u bli l if I o ul d n ot recov er


g p c
y c ,

my b roth e r M y l ette rs w ere u ns ucces sful a s w as


.
,

a l s o a j o urn e
y I m a d e w i th th e sa me v ie w s
'

B ut .

my j ou rney h a vi ng p roc u re d me a n O pp ort un i ty Of


'

d is p u ting w i th th e d ire ctor a s I th ough t our con fe ,

re n ce w ould be i n te re s ti n g to ma n e op l e I p r i n te d
y p ,

it in H e b re w a t W a rsa w u n d er th e titl e Of Bitua ch


, .

E mbold e ne d by th e s ucces s of th is p a mp h l e t I p ub ,

l is h ed in th e s a me c i ty my w ork K iw roth Ha ta y w a
, , ,

w h ic h is a s e v e re b ut i mp a rtia l critic is m u p on th e
,

w ritings of th e C h a s idi m It ob ta in e d th e fl a tteri n g


.

a p roba ti on of th e w i s e Ta l m u d is ts w h e th er n a
p ,

tio n a l or fore ig ne rs
'
I a m n ow a bout to giv e
.

a s ucc inc t a ccou n t of m con fe re n ce w ith th e ra bbi n


y
W a rar onv or wa s JEW S 52 3

WW
.

S olomon itey s t, wh o b e in g v ery ur e ng t to se e me ,

by a dd ress i n g me in th i s d esp ot i c

n itey s t. h o has d
or e re d y ou to
P Are y ou more w is e th a n many oth ers ,
w h o h a v e fa il e d in th e e n te rp riz e I f y ou h a v e an y
th in g to obj ec t to u s, a t l ea s t it w a s n ot n e ces sa ry to
div ulge it to d iscre di t i
ou r n a t on , a rea l dy too much
h u mbl e d .

I s r a el L ochel .
y It is t our
n e cessa r to correc

e rri n g b re th re n I migh t turn th e q ues ti on a ga i nst


.

ou f ou k n ow it is n ot p e rmitt e d to a n y i n di
y , or
y

W
v id ua l e ccl e s ia s tica l or civ il to foun d or p a tronize
, ,

a n e w s ect . It is sa id in h ol y w rit th e l a w s a re
t ,

b in d in g u p on y ou r d e sce n d a n ts J ere mia h sa y s .


,

H a s a ny ma n e v e r ch a n g e d h is G od a n d h is fa i th
h y fro m th e comme n ce me n t of y our se ct h a v e
y o u a ffe cte d a cl a n d es tine
p rog r e ss ? I f y ou on l
y
a sp ire to th e titl e of s e a ra tis ts l iv e a s a con s id e ra bl e
p ,

a rt of ou r na tion w h o th oug h th e d o n ot s trictl


p , y , y
foll ow th e Ta l mud a t l ea s t d o n ot h a te th os e w h o
,

rej e ct th e ir O p in ion s ; b u t y ou a b h or a l l w h o a re

n ot of
y o u r s ec t A s to w h a t
.
y ou sa
y re s
p e cti n
g
'

th e con te mp t w h ich O p p resses ou r n a tion l et u s ,

d iscuss th is a rticl e T h e C h ris tia n s n o l onge r


'
.

re ve n g e th e d ea th of J es us C h ris t u on th e d e s ce n d
p
a n ts of th e J e w s T hey do n ot b el ie v e th a t the
.

J e w s s h o uld b e obl ig e d to d e te s t a l l w h o a re n ot of
t h e ir rel ig ion T h ey do n ot b eli ev e th a t our rel ig ion
.

is con tra ry to mora l ity a nd th e s ta te


'

Le t us h op e .

th a t from h e n ce forth th ey w ill resp ect al l th e ri tes of


h uma n ity .

T h ey re p roach th e J e ws w i th th e i r d ish onesty n


524 H ISTORY or TH E JE SW .

B ut ma ny of th e C h ri s tia ns w ill n ot s ee th a t th i s
accu sa ti on is onl y a p re te n ce i n v e n te d b y h a tre d
a ga in s t ou r n a tion T h ey h a v e l e ft us n o oth e r
.

p rofes s ion th a n tra ffi c in m h ich d ece tion is more


,p
e a s il y re ma rk e d th a n in a n oth e r ca l l in T h e
y g y a

h a v e e x tre mel y res tricte d th e fa cul ty of comme rce


g ra nte d to th e J e w s a nd th ey a re l oa d e d w ith
,

ta x e s But it is k n ow n th a t v ery h on es t me rch a n ts


.

a re fou n d a mon g th e m; a n d th a t th ere a re s om e


v e ry d is h on es t C h ri s tia n me rch a n t s Th e C h ris


ti a ns d o n ot h a te th e J e w s a s s uch ; a n d i n e x ,

os in g ou r ma x im s a s con tra r to re l ig ion a n d th e


p y y

W
s ta te I h a v e d on e n o i nj ury to our n a ti on I th i n k
,
.
.

w e o ug ht to free ou rs e l ves from con te mp t by re


v ea l in g the c rime s of ou r co rel igmn is ts -
.

S ol omon itcy s t All th a t y ou a ll ege is w ith out


.

fou nd a tion ; it is a n a tte mp t to op p re ss ou r s e ct .

But y ou w ill fall in to th e p it w h i ch y ou h a v e d ug for


us .

I s r a el b h or th e ma xi ms of y our
L oe bel . I a

s e ct ; for a l l ou r b ook s c on ta i n i n v ita tion s to l ib e r


y
tin is m In th a t w h ich is e nti tl e d K e s se r S ch e mtow
. , ,

d o w e n ot rea d th a t s in s commi tt e d Up on c e rta in


,

c on d iti on s w ill b e re wa rd e d T h e n octurn a l re v el s


a re a ccord in g to
, y our s s te
y th m
e mea n s of sa lv a
,

tion Y ou in timid a te th e s imp l e by fa l s e p rop h ec ie s ;


.

O u forb id th e s i ck to con s ul t a p h y s ic ia n ; a n d
y ,

l e v y ing a con trib ut i on on cred ul ity a n d mi s fortun e ,

ou ta k e money from th e u nh a pp y a n d p e rs ua d e
y ,

th e m y ou ca n a v e rt from th e m th e w ra th of h e a v e n .

By y ou r d ish on es ty a nd ra p me y ou h a v e ma d e
'

th ous a n sd o f me n to p er i s h ; y o u h a v e ca u se d di

a n d giv e n t rou bl e to soci e ty &c &c


'

v orce s , ,
. .
5 26 ms roa r
'
or ra n J a ws .

Ih a d p a sse d , w h o p oi nt e d ma out to th e ra bbi ns of


L e mb urg a s a n e ne my to th e C ha s id im T h ey .

rep ea te d th e i r accusa ti on s a ga i n s t me a nd robbe d ,

me of my cert ifi ca te of a p p roba t ion w h ich th e ,

go v ern or of th e c ity ca use d to be res tore d to me ;


I re turn ed to C ra cow w h ere th ey s h owe d me a de cree
,

from the ch a n ce ry of G a ll icia s itti n g a t Vien na , ,

wh ich comma n d e d th e se 1zure of my b ook s u n til ,

a n e w ord e r c on s id e ri n th a t s ome me mb e rs of th e
, g
s e ct of p i ous J e w s (d ie f rom e n j u
, d e n ) h a d ma d e

re mon s t ra n ce s a ga in s t th e m .

I p e rce iv e d th en th e n ecess i ty of a j ou rne y to


V i e n na ; a n d in J a n 17 99 I p re se n te d my p etiti on

, .
,

to th e e mp e ror w i th a cop y of my p a mp h l e ts a n d
, ,

s u pp l ica te d h imto orde r th e m to b e tra n s l a te d by th e

ra bbi es of M ora vi a a n d Hun ga ry T he con se q ue n ce .

Of my re q uest w a s th a t th e C ha s idi m we re p rob i


,

b ite d from a ss e mbl in g in p ubl ic u n de r se v ere p e ,

u nl ties in A ustria n a n d R us s ia n P ol a n d
, .

M a ny ch i e fs of th i s s ect e mig ra te d into oth er


a rts T h ey e s ta bl is h e d th e ms elv e s in a n oth e r p a rt
p .

of Pol a n d e s pe ci a ll
, y a t G rod z is k a t B iel s k a nd a t , ,

S trik ow
*
.

The th or of th e w or
l ea rn e d au rom w h ich th e k f ,

a b ov e a ccoun t is t ra n s l a t e d ob s e rv e s T h us en ds

, ,

th e na rra tiv e of I s ra e l L oe b el He p romi s e s th e .

ubli c furth e r d e ta i l s of w h a t h e ca n coll e ct con


p
ce rn i n g th e C h a s idi m w h o a re a m os t a b omin a bl e
,

se ct, if a l l th e fa ct s w h i ch h a v e b e e n men ti one d


a ga i n s t th e m a re t rue M a ny of th e m h a v e h ow .
,

eve r ,
b ee n contra di cte d by a P oli s h J e w w ell ii1 ,

forme d a n d d is in t ere s te d res p ectin g th e s ubj e ct in


G goi Hi t i d S t R l ig io t m p 84 8

re re s s o re en ec es e u ses , o . 11. .
msr onv or ra n J EWS . 5 27

questi on For e xa mp l e h e d e n i es th a t th e C has idi m


.
,

are forb idd e n w h e n s ick to cons u l t p h y s i c i a n s a nd


'

me d icine H e e v e n c i tes on e of th e rich es t p a r


.

tiza ns of th is se ct, w h o had recourse to a ll th e


s uccours of a rt to h ea l h is
d a ug h te r a n d e x p e nd e d ,
.

more th a n fi ve thousa n d d uca ts S ome of th e .

c ri mes i m u te d to th e C h a s id im a re s o e normous
p ,

tha t th ey s urp a ss cre d ibil ity a n d h ow ca n w e j udg e

W
a ca use of th is ki n d u on th e e x cl us iv e e vid e n ce of
p
on e a dv oca t e

In 175 6 a s ma ll soc i ety of J e w s in P od ol ia b e ing


, ,

di s g us te d w ith th e T a l mud ma d e a p rofe s s ion of


fa ith a l mos t C hri sti a n w h i ch is a s foll ows : ,
,

e

b el ie v e a l l th a t G od h a s ta ug h t a n d Ord a in e d in th e
Ol d T e s ta me n t T h e g ra ce of G od is in d isp e nsa bl e
.

in ord er to u n d ers ta n d th e sa cre d w ri ti ngs Th e .

T a l mud ough t to be rej ect ed b eca use it conta i ns .


,

bl as p h e mi es a ga i ns t G od G od is th e C rea tor of .

a l l th a t e x is ts ; G od is o ne in e s s e n ce a n d tr i l e in
p ,

e rs on I t i os sibl e th a t G od b e ca m i t
p . s
p e n ca r na e ,

a n d s u b mi tte d to h uman i n fi rmities in ord er to ,

e x i a t e h u ma n s i n s A ccordi n g to th e h i
p .
p r o p ec e s ,

i t is certa in th a t J e rusa l e m w ill n e v er b e re b uil t .

T h e M e ss ia h p romi s ed in th e s cri p tures is n o l on ge r


to come .G od h ims elf w ill a b ol ish th e ma l e d iction
ron oun ce d on ou r a n ce stors a n d th e ir t i t
p p o s er
y ,

a n d h e is th e true i nca rna t M


e e s s ia h s
}
T h e se A n ti T a l mud ists h eld a sse mbl ies a t La n
-

k oron in Pod ol ia for th e p urp ose of read in g the


,

B ibl e a n d p e rformin g oth er rel igious e x erci se s


, .

T h ey w e re a ccus ed by th e T a l mud is ts of giv ing


G g i S c t R l ig i tom

re o re s Hi t i d s o re es e
p 34 8
es e euses , . 11. . .

*
1 G re goire s His toire de s Sec tes Bel igie use s , tom ii

. .
528 HISTO RY O F THE JEWS .

th e mse lv es u p to di ss ipa tion a n d b e in g a ss oci a ted


w i th th e s ect of Z a ba th a i T ze v i *
,

u n d e r th e d irce
'

W
,

t i on of a J e w from th e fron tiers of T urk ey T h e .


.

a ccus e d rov e d th a t th e s e im uta tion s w e re fa l s e ;


p p
t

m
'
a n d a s th e w e re in ce ssa n tl i n s ul te d b th ore
y y y e

n u merous Ta l mudi s ts w h o ca us e d th e m to be e x
,

c o mmu n ica te d a n d roscri e d h d e ma n d e d a n


'

p t e
y ,

ofli cia l s a fe g ua rd from th e b is h o of C a min ie k ;


p
w h e n th ey w e re d e cl a re d in n oce n t th e ir e n e mie s ,

w e re con d e mn e d to p a y th e m a fi n e a n d a l so to ,

g iv e on e h u n d re d a n d fi fty tw o H un ga ria n crow n s of -

g ol d tow a rd s r e p a irin g th e tow ers of th e ca th e d ra l of


Ca min ie k T h e b is h op d e cl a re d h imself th e p ro
.

te c tor of th e A n ti T a l mu d is ts a n d e x h orte d th e tw o
-

a rtie s to l iv e l n d t h t th i th e
p p ea ce a n o s e a rc ru ,
n

h ol y s c rip ture s S ome time a fte r th e A n ti Tal mu


.
,
-

d is ts w rote to A ug us tus II I k in g of P ol a n d a n d to .
,

th e p rima te w h o a n s w e re d th e m a ffec tion a tel y


,
and ,

to th e a rc h b is h op of L e mb u rg d ecl a rin g to h im th a t ,

th e y re cog n iz e d J e s us C h ris t a s th e M e s s ia h a n d ,

d es ire d ba p tis md
T ow a rd s th e concl us ion Of th e l a s t ce n tu ry th e re ,

w e re a t P ra g ue J e w s w h o w ere or w h o w e re s a id ,
'

to be ,
d is c ip l e s of Z a b a th a i T ze v i T h e ra b bi
e xc o mmu n ica te d th e m e v e n r om th e oth er w or l d
f ,

a n d in te rd ic te d th e m from e n te ri n g th e s n a g o gu e
y ,

from w h e n ce th e y w e re d rive n w ith g re a t fu ry .

T h e ma g i tra te obl ig e d to in te rp o s e h is a uth ority


s
, ,

ca us e d s e v e ral of th e p rin c ip a l p e rs e cu to rs to b e .

i mp ris one d a n d c on d e mne d th e m to b rea d a n d


,

Th at th e fo ll o w e rs of t h is impo s to r h a v e con tin u ed ti ll th e

p rese n t time h a s be e n m
e n tio n e d in c ha
p te r 2 2 nd .

1 G rego ire Hi t
s oire des Sectes Re i ie uses , tom lg p 3 12


s . 11. . .
5 30 ms ronv '
or THE JEWS .

C H AP T E R XXX I X .

O f th e d iss im l ti u af m y J w wh h
on o
p f an e s o a ve ro esse d th e Ch ristian

re l ig i o n .— An a ccou n t o f se v e ral di s tin g u i hed


s c onv e rts — Account
of a S oc ie ty fo rme d in Lo nd on for th e exp ress p u rp ose of co nvertin g
th e J e ws — 0f th e ir s ucce ss — A ar e e xtract from a s eech made
l g p
by D r . Bu ch a nan at th e fi rs t anniv e rsa r
y meet ing of th e L ondo n

Socie ty .

N O T VVIT H S T AN DIN G th e l on g p rotra c e t d


*
ca l a mitie s J ew s h a v e s uffe red s in ce th e ir d is p er
th e
s ion ,
th e mos t v iol en t p e rs e cution s h av e n e v e r p re
v a il e d u p on th e g en era l ma ss of th is p eop l e to a bj ure
th e ir re l igion Da v id Le v i s p ea k in g of th ose
.
,

a mon g h is b re th re n w h o in a l l a g e s h a v e

rofe sse d
p
, ,

C h ristia n ity ob s erv es th a t ,


th e y h a v e n ot a c te d
,

v ol un ta ril y b ut by comp ul s i on a s i n S p a in a n d
, ,

P ortu ga l or from in te res te d motiv es as th e re a n d


, , ,

e l s e w h e re ; th a t n otw ith s ta n d in g th e y s ee me d to
a os ta tiz e a n d p ret e n d e d to e mb ra ce C h ris tia n it
p , y ,

e t in th e i r h ea rts th ey secre tl y a d h ere d to th e tru e


y
fa ith a n d l a w of M os e s ; a n d s uch a re a t th i s da y
cal l ed a mon g u s th e comp el l ed b eca u se th ey a ct by
, ,

c omp u l s ion for a s s oon as th ey ca n b y a ny me a ns


,

e s ca p e from th e p op is h cou n tri e s th ey in s ta n tl y ,

return to J u d a is m I a m free to a s se rt sa y s h e


.
, ,

th a t th ere is s ca rcel y a n i n s ta n ce of a J e w e v er
h a v in g e mb ra ce d C h ris tia n i ty on th e p ure p rin cip l es
of re l igion b ut me rel y from i n te re ste d
,

It is a n a ck n ow l e dge d fa c t th a t th e re h a v e b e e n
mul titud es of d isse mbl ing J e w s p a rticul a rl y in ,

S p a i n a n d P ortugal But s till th e re h a s b ee n .


,

Le v i s Disse rta tions, & c v ol ii p 15



. . . . .
ms ronv OF THE JEWS
' ‘

. 5 31

doubfl es g m
a nu mb e r in e ve r
y m
a
g, e w h o h a v e p ro:
— _ _

C h ris tian Fél igionfrom a re a l conv iction


'

fess e d

th e

s ome of w h om h a ve w ritte n a n d
fi ’

of i ts tru th

*
’ "

re a c h e d in d e fe n ce of th e fa ith th e
i

p y o n c e d e n ie d .

S e ve ra l in s ta n ce s a p p a re n tl y of th is k in d ,h a ve b e e n
,

me n tione d i n th e p re ce din g p a rts of th i s w ork to ,

w h ic h ma y b e a d d e d a fe w oth e rs a t a l a ter p e riod l .


ae

Ab out th e y ea r 17 6 2 S ol o mon D uitch a l ea rne d , ,

ra b b i a n d tea ch e r of s e v era l s n a g og u es in G e rma n


y y ,

re n ou n ced J ud a is m D urin g s e ve n y ea rs his min d .

h a d b e e n p e rp l e x e d w ith d oub ts re s p e cti n g rel ig ion


b u t a t l e n gth th e d iffi cul tie s w h ich h a d e mb a r ra ss e d
, ,

h im w e re re mov e d a n d h e O p e n l y p rofe s se d h ims elf ,

a d is c i l e of C h ris t Af t er h e w a s full con v in ce d


p y .

of th e truth a n d e x ce ll e n ce of th e C h ris tia n rel ig ion ,

h e p ubl is h e d a n a rra tiv e of h is con v ers ion a n d ,

b e ca me a z ea l o us p re a ch er of th e G osp el H e l iv e d .

a n d d ie d in H oll a n d s ]

In 17 97 J ua n J os e p h H ey d eck a l ea rn e d J e w ish
, ,

con v e r t in S a in u bl is h e d a t M a d rid w k
p p a ,o r ,

e n titl e d A d e fe n ce cf th e C h ris tia n R el ig ion


, ,

i n fou r v ol ume s q ua rto H e w a s ch ose n p rofe s s or .

of or ie n ta l l a n g u a g e s in th a t cou n try ;
P

M r La p id oth a w ea l th y a n d re s p e c ta bl e J e w in
.
,

H olla n d i n e a rl y l ife e n te rta in e d d oub ts re sp e ctin g


,

W
th e J e w is h re l ig ion ; a n d h a v in g s e cre tl y p roc u re d
a N e w T e s ta me n t a n d con tin ue d h is re s ea rch e s , ,

In Ch pm E a

an s u se biu s we h a v e a n a cc o u nt from ol fi u s , J . Se a
l ig K idd B y l J l
'

e r, e r, a e, &c . of tw e n ty -
n in e ews of ta e n ts a n d c re d it

con v e r e t d t C h i ti o r s a n it
y by a n 'a c c u ra te in ves ti a tio n of th e p rop h e g
c ie s . S m f th
o e o e se h a v e be e n me n tioned in ch a p te r xxv a nd oth er .

p a rts o f th is w o rk .

1
'
Ch ris t ia n Ob se rv e r , 1809 .

1
'
G re g oi re s

Hi t s o re , i &c
6 32 H I S TO R Y O F TH E JEWS .

a fte r v ari ous p erp l e xi t i es h e a n d h is w ife a nd ad ul t


,

ch ild re n b eca me fi rml con vi n ce d of th e t ruth Of th e


y

w e re p ubl icl y ba p tiz e d ?


.


C h ri s tia n rel igi on I n 1805 h e a n d h is fa mily ,

Th e Mi ss ion a ry S oc i e ty in Lond on w ere e n ga ged ,

a bou t th e
y ea r 18 00 i n a t te m p
, tin g th e co n v e rs ion of

th e J e w s b u t w ith out a ny e n coura g in g s ucces s


, .

I n 1809 h ow e v er a S oc ie ty w a s forme d for th e


, ,

e x cl us iv e Obj e ct of con v e rti n g th e J e w s a n d cal l e d ,

th e Lond on S ocie ty for p romotin g C h ri s tia n ity


a mon g s t th e J e w s Le ctures w ere a ccord in gl y
.

rea ch e d in ord e r to con vi n ce th e J e w s t h a t J es us


p
Of Na z a reth wa s th e true M es s ia h ; a n d S ch ool s
w e re O p ene d to rece iv e th e c h ild re n Of s uch J e w is h
a re n ts a s w ould a ll ow th e m to b e ins tructe d in th e
p ,

r in ci l es Of C h ris tia n it T r ct w l o ri t e d
p p y a s .ere a s p n

con ta in in g e v id e n ce s Of th e d iv in e origin of th e
'

G os p el T h is S oc ie ty w a s a t fi rs t comp os e d of
.

C h risti a n s of v a rious d e nomi na tion s At le n gth .


,

h owe v er th e pe cun i a ry affa irs of th e S oc i ety b eca me


,

e mb a rra s s e d a n d oth er in con ve n ie n ce s w e re fore


,

s een ; i t w a s th e re fore a g ree d in th e y ea r 1815 , ,

th a t th e a ffa i rs of th e S oci e ty sh ould be e n trus te d


to a C ommi t tee Of M e mb ers of th e E s ta bl is h e d
C h urch of E ngl a n d a nd th a t it s h ould be from th a t
,

t i me forw a rd a S ocie ty reg ul a rl y cond ucte d on th e


.

r i n ci l es of th a t C h u rch I t oug h t to b e record e d


p p .

in a h is tory of th e J e w s th a t to th e mun ifi ce n ce of
,

a b e n e v ol e n t i n div id ua l is th e S ocie ty i n d eb te d for


,

rel i e f fro m its p ec un ia r d iffi c ul tie s T h e R ig h t


y .

Re v th e Lord s B is h op s Of S t D a v id s a n d G l ou
. .

ces ter , a re P a tron s Of th is I ns ti tu tion a n d S ir ,

E g l ic l M g z
va n e i a 1 806 a a ne , .
5 34 H ISTO RY O F THE JEWS .

a l mos t i ns ta n ta ne ousl y c re a te d in th e p ubl ic min d ,

a re s ure
p r og n os tics of its
p pe r e tu i t y I t is
. o n e o f
t h ose institutions w h ich l ik e th e B ibl e S ociety
, , ,

n e ed s o n l t o b e p rop os e d t it lf t
y o , s e o

th e min d s of me n b y its p e rfe ct


,

ro rie t a n d 1 ma add b th d iv i bl ig ti it
p p y y , y e n e o a o n

I e n terta in a cOn fi de nt h op e th a t th is
,

i n v olv es .
,

S ocie ty or s ome ins titution a n a l ogous to it w ill be


, ,

e r e tua l in th e ch u rch Of C h ris t ; a n d th t i t w ill


p p a

e n d ure ,
to u se a n orie n ta l e x p re ss ion a s l on g a s ,

s u n a n d moon e n d u re or a t l e a s t a s l on g a s th e re
, ,

is a J e w in th e w orld w h o is n ot a C h ri s tia n
“T h ere is a mea s ure I would p rop ose to th e
, .

con s id era t ion Of ou r S oc ie t w h ich I th in k w ill


y y ,

con trib u te to its ce l e b rity


~

a n d s u cce ss I w ould ;

s ugg e s t to o u to O p e n a corres on d e n ce w ith th e


y p
J ew s in th e ea s t .

P erh a p s it ma y n ot be k n ow n to s ome tha t by , ,

th e e ve n ts of th e l a te w a r i n I n d ia a col ony Of ,

J e w s h a ve b eco me s ubj e cts to G rea t B r ita in T h is .

is th e c ol on y of th e W h ite a n d Bl a ck J e w s of
C och in T h e n u mb e r is ca l c ul a te d to b e a b out
.

s ix te e n th ou sa n d . I a m in forme d th a t th e n u mb e r of
,

J e w s in th e U n ite d K in gd om is n ot co mp ute d to b e
g re a te r th a n fourte e n th ousa n d S o th a t ou r J e w is h
.

s ubj e cts in th e e a s t a re e t more n u me rou s th a n


y
th ose in th e w e s t ; a n d th ey a re e q ua ll y e n titl e d to
th e re g a rd a n d a tte n tion of y ou r S oc ie ty .

I v is ite d C och in s oon a fte r th e con q ue s t of th e .

rov in ce T h e J e w s re ce iv e d me h os p ita bl y and


p . ,

e r mitte d me to e xa min e th e ir l ib ra r ie s a n d th e ir
p
s n agog ues ; a n d th e re se n te d to me ma n y v a l u
y y p
a bl e ma n u s cri ts w h ic h a re d e p os ite d in th e l ib ra ry
p ,
H ISTO RY O F THE JEWS . 5 35

of th e Of C a mb rid g e ;
un i e rs it
v O Of t h i
y n e e s e s

a roll of th e P e n ta te uch on g oa ts s k in s d e d re d

y ,

o n e of th e mos t a ncie n t e rh a p s w h ich th e ea s t ca n


p
p
p rod uce T h e W h i te J e w s l iv e on th e s ea coa s t
.
,

a n d h a ve co mme rce w ith fore ig n n a tion s th e Bl a ck


J e w s l iv e ch i e fl y in th e interior Of th e cou n try .

T h e H in d oos ca ll th e m I s ra el i th ey ca ll th e ms e lv e s
B e n i I sra e l a n d n ot J e w s ; for th e ir a nce stors d id
-
,

not ;b el on g to J ud a h b ut to th e k in gd om Of I sra el, .

T h ey con s id e r th e mselv es to b e d es ce n d e d from th ose


trib e s w h i ch w ere ca rried a w a y a t th e fi rs t ca p tiv ity .

I n s ome p a rts Of th e ea st th e B en i I sra e l n e v er ,


-

h ea rd Of th e s econ d te mp l e th ey n ev e r h ea rd of th e
C h ris tia n a ccount Of th e comin g Of th e M es sia h .

S ome Of th e mp oss ess on l y th e P e n ta te uch th e Ps a l ms , ,

an d B ook of J ob ; oth e rs h a v e n o p ortion Of s crip


bse rv

tu re l e ft . But th e ir cou n te na nce , and th e ir O

a n ce Of th e

sa
p l ia r r ite s
bb a th , a nd Of ec u , d e mon
s tra te th a t th e
y a re J e w s T h e W h ite J e ws o f .

C och in d e sp is e th e Bla ck J e w s a s b e ing of a n ,

i nfe rior ca st a n d d o n ot a p p rov e of in terma rria g e s


,

w ith th e m b e ca us e th e y do n ot b el on g to th e s econ d
,

te mp l e B oth a mon g W h ite a n d Bl a ck J e w s I foun d


.

th a t th e re w a s a g e n e ra l i mp re s s ion th a t th ere w o uld

s oon b e a ru mour of w a rs a n d a co mmotion a mo n g ,

th e p e op l e s O u th e ir a ccou n t ,
T h e W h ite J e w s .

e x e c t a s e c on d C rus fro m th e W e s t w h o s h a ll
p y
*
,

b u il d th e ir te mp l e th e th ird a n d l a s t time

Dr . B uch ana n , i n h is Rese a rc h e s i n As ia , obse rve s Ih a ve h ad


many intere stin g confe re nce s w ith th e J e ws on th e j
s ub e c t of th e ir

p rese nt s ta te ; and h a v e bee n mu ch s tru ck w ith tw o c irc u msta n ces ;


th e ir cons ta n t re fe re n e c to th e d e s o l a tion of J e ru sa e l m , a nd th e ir
con fid en t h ope th a t it w i ll b e o ne da y re b u i lt
. Th e d eso l a tion of th e
5 36 HISTO RY OF THE JEWS .

You may aJ e ws of C och i n w i th


dd ress th e
g rea t a dva n ta g e on th e s ubj ect of th e C h ristia n
rel ig ion for th e y h a v e th e e v id e n ce of th e S y ri a n
C h ris tia n s b e fore th e m T h e s e a ncie n t C h ris tia n s .

l iv e in th e v icin ity a n d a re y our w itnes s e s At on e , .

l a ce in th e i n t e rior of th e cou n tr w h ich I vi s ite d


p y , ,

t h e re is a J e w ish sy na gog ue a n d a C h ris tia n ch urch


i n th e sa me H in d oo v illa g e
, T h ey s ta n d opp os i te .
.

to ea ch oth e r a s it w ere th e l a w a n d th e g osp e l ;


,

b ea rin g tes timony to th e truth in th e p resen ce Of ’


th e h ea th e n w orld .

I w a s in formed th a t ma ny y ea rs a go on e of ,

th e J e w s tra n sl a ted th e N e w T e s ta m en t in to H e b re w

for th e p u rp ose Of con fut ing it a n d of re p elli n g ,

th e a rg u me n ts of h is n e ig h b ours th e S y ri a n C h ri s ,

t ia ns Th e man uscri p t fell into my h a n d s a n d is


. ,

n ow i n th e l ib ra r of th e u n iv e rs it of C a mb ridg e
'

y y .

h
h l y ity i
o c p t to th mi d Of th J w wh
s e v er res e n th
e bj t i
n s e e s, en e su ec s

c oncern n i g th m l e ti ; fo th
se ve s as a na gh w ith ut k i g d on r ou o a n , an

w ith ou t t y th y
a coun r t tl y p k f th
, e ity f th i
cons a n tio s ea o e un O e r na n.

Di t s a nc e O f tim d pl c mt h
e an ff t i
a e s ee bl it ti g th
s o a v e no e ec n o e ra n e

m mb l ti I Oft th ugh t f th

re e f th d
ra n ce O e es o a on . i th en o o e v e rse n e

P l m If I f g t th 0 J
sa s, or e l m l t my igh t h d f g t h
ee , e rusa e , e r an or e er

cu nn n i g T h y p k f P l ti
. e s ea b i g l O t h a es d d
ne as e n c os e a an , an

ea s il y e ibl
a cc ss It i b e.m d i s f th i
e co b bi i
e a n or m n a nce O e r ra ns n so e

p l
a ces , th t w h a m,
b i l d
en a w h an h h l l l
u m
s a ne ll ou se , e s a ea v e a s a

par t f oit fi i h d un n s m bl m f ui
e , d
as a n e w it n i t th
e o r n, an r e o ese

w d
or s, Z h L h h i i m m y of d l ti
e c er ac orc a n , . e. n e or es o a on .

T h i h p f b il di g th w ll f J
e r o es o re u l m th th i d nd
n e a s o e ru sa e , e r a

l t tim
as d
e, th pi
u n er f th M
e a us i h f
ces O d Cy e e ss a , or O a secon rus ,

b f
e ore hi mi g r l w y xp
s co n , d with g
a e a t a fid s e Th y
resse rea con e nce . e

ha ve ag l imp i th t th p i d f th i l ib ti f m
e ne ra re s s on , a e er o o e r e ra on ro

th e h ea th e n is n ot ve ry re mote ; a nd th ey co ns ider t h e p res ent com


motions in th e e a rth a s g ra d ua ll y l oosen in g th eir bond s. It is , s ay

th e y , a s ure s ig
n of ou r a pp roa ch in g resto ra tion , th a t in a lm ost a l l

co un trie s th e re is a
g l l
e ne ra re axation of the persecutions a
g a ins t u s .

—R esea r ch es i n Asia , 2 2 6.
5 38 HISTO RY OF THE JEWS .

e v ery t i on p rev ious to th e genera l ill umi na ti on


na , .

T h e con v e rs i on Of J a cob L e v i is record e d in th e


roce e d in g s of th e S oc ie t i n Ba rtl e tt s B u ild in g s,

p y ,

L on d on .

But th e re is a n oth er b od y of J e ws n ot a col on y , ,

b ut a k in gd om of J e w s to w hich th is S oc ie ty ma y ,

a l s o a dd res s its elf ; a n d th a t is th e ten trib e s ; for

th e te n tr ib es s o l on g l os t h a v e a t l e n g th b e en
, , , ,

foun d It h a s b ee n suffi ci e n tl y a scerta in e d by th e


.

i n v es t iga tion of th e l ea rn e d In I n d ia th a t th e ,

Affgh a n a n d Py ra n n a ti on s con s is t of th e d es cen d a n ts


of th e J e w i s h trib e s of th e fi rs t d is e rs ion
p .

W h en I w a s in th e s outh of I n d ia I a sk e d th e ,

Bla ck J e ws wh ere th e ir b reth re n th e g rea t b ody of ,

th e te n t rib e s w e re to be fou n d ? T h ey a n s w ere d ’

, .

rom tl th t th w t b f n d in th e n orth
p p y a e,y ere o e o u ,

in th e re g ion s a dj a ce n t to C h a l d ea th e v ery c ou n try

W
,

w h ith e r th ey w e re fi rs t ca rr ie d in to ca p tiv ity On .

my re turn to Ca l cutta I p ros ecuted th e in qu iry , ,

u n d e r th e a dv a n ta ges w h i ch my s up erin te n da n ce of

th e C oll e g e of F ort W ill ia m a fford e d me S ir il


*
~
.

l ia m J on es h a d record ed it a s h is O p in ion th a t th e

W
,

Afi gh a ns w ere J e w s a n d re fe rre d to v a rious a uth o


T h is g rea t ma n s tron gl y r eco mme nded an in qu i y r in to th e l an


g ua ge l ite r ,
a ture , a nd h is to ry of th e Affgh a us . e l earn ,

sa
y s h e,
from Esd ra s , th a t th e te n t ribe s , afte r a w a nde rin g ou rney , ca me to j
a ll
coun try ca e d Ars a reth , w h e re we ma y s u p p os e th e y se tt ed Now l .

th e bes t P er is an h istoria ns af r fi
m th a t th e Affgh a ns a re d esce nd ed
,

from th e J e ws ; a n d th e h a v e a mo ng th e m s e l v es t ra d itions of t h e
y
sa me import . It is ev en a sse rte d th a t th e ir fa mil ies a re d is tin gu is h ed
,

by th e n a me s of J e wi sh tr ibe s , th o u h g s ince th e ir c on v e rs ion to

l s l a mis m th ey l
h av e s tud ious y concea e d th e i r ori in l g Th e l g g
an ua e

WW
.

th e y u se h as a l
ma n ifes t rese mb a nce to th e h a da ic, C l a nd a cons id e r

ab e l d istrict u nd e r th e ir d ominio ns is ca ll ed H a za re th , w h ich migh t


ea s i ly h a ve bee n ch a n ged i n to Arsa re th
”—
. A sia tic R e s e a r el ie s, vo l ii
. .

p 7
. 6 ,
a nd or k s o f Si r il l ia m J on e s , v ol . i p 33 6
. . .
rities .
H ISTO RY OF T HE JE

A furth e r i n v es tiga t ion con fi rme d th e j udg


W S . 5 39

me n t of th is ill us trious s ch ol a r T h e re w e re Aff .

g h a n J e w s in C a l cu tta a t th e time : on e of my
.

‘ ‘

O w n s e rv a n ts w a s a n A fl h a n
g T h e Af l g h a n s a re
.

ge n e ra ll y re p u ted by u s to b e M a h ome da n s I a sk e d .

my s e rva n t if h e w a s a M a h ome da n ? No s a id

he ,
“ m
I a a Ma h omeda n J e w I p l a in l y d is .

,

ce rn e d in h is coun te n a n ce th e fea tu re s of th e
L on d on J e w T h e ge n era l a ccou n t of th e Afi gh a n s
'

W
is th is ; th a t th e ir a n cestors w ere J e w s ; th a t th e ir '

c ommon h is torie s re cord th e n a me s Of D a v id


‘ S a ul , ,

a n d O th e r k in g s of I s ra e l ; th a t th e M a h ome da n s
.

ca me u p on th e m w i th a n in v a d in g a r my a n d s a id ,

u n to th e m e a re J e w s a s w e ll a s
, y o u w e Ob s e rv e

c irc u mc is ion a n d k ee s in

p,
th e sa bb a th ; l e t u cor

p ora te ou r na tion s a n d b e on e , e
p p o l e a n d u n ite ,

a ga in s t th e i n fi d e l s th a t t h ey ma d e a S h ow of
,
-

ie l d in g to M a h ome d a n is m a s th e J e w s of S a in
y ( p
a n d P o rtu g a l p re te n d e d to y ield to C h ris tia nity ) ; b u t

i n p roce s s Of time th e a s ce n da n cy of th e n e w re l i
g ion corrup te d th e ir a nc ien t in s titution s th e Ir sa cre d
b ook s b e g a n to d imin is h in n u mb e r a n d it ca me to
a ss a t l a s t h a i n ma n l a ce s th e c oul d b e on l
'

p t t y p y
, y
r ec og n iz e d to b e J e w s b th e ir cou n te na n ce b
y y ,

tra d ition by p e c ul ia r rite s a n d th e ob s erv a n ce Of


, ,

the s a bb a th s w h ich are th e on l y ma rk s w h ich


,

d is tin g u is h s ome of th e B e n i I sra e l Of th e sou th of -

I n d ia Let u s th e re fore a dd re ss th e te n tribe s a n d


.
,

r e ce iv e th e m in th e s ta te in w h ich b y th e p rov id e n ce ,

Of G od th e y a re to b e foun d S ome Of th e J e w s
,
.

of Lon d on a re a s ig n ora n t a n d a s l ittl e e n titl e d to


,

th e na me a s th e Affgh a n s of I nd ia
,
.

But th ere is a th i rd b ody of J e ws to wh om y ou


5 40 H I S T O RY OF THE J EWS .

ou ght to wri te I mean th e S a ma ri ta n


J ews T h ey .

a re n ot fa r from th e s h ores Of th e M e di te rra n e a n ,

a n d are e a s il a cce ss ibl e T h e onl th e


y e
y p o s s s s .
y
P e n ta teuch ; T h ey a re few in n u mb er a n d w ill

rece iv e w i th much d e fere n ce com m un i ca tion


an
y ,

w h ich y ou w i l l b e p l ea s e d to ma k e to th em, re l a tin g


to th e ir rel igi on a n d t o th e p re sen t s ta te of th e
'

J e w i s h n a ti on .

L et l ette rs th en b e a dd re s s ed to th e se th ree

b odi es of I sra el i t es ; n ot i n th e na me Of Ch ri stia n s


b ut in th e n a me Of th e con v erte d J e w s w h o comp os e


,
,

a p a rt Of th i s S oci e t y : b ut n ot in th e ra bb in ica l

H eb rew (for th ere a re up w a rd s Of t wen ty d ia l ect s


,

of ra bbin ica l ,or commerci a l H e b re w in th e w orld )


b ut in th e H e b re w Of th e O ld T esta men t w h i ch a l l ,

u n d ers ta n d ; l e t th e mb e i n forme d Of th e g rea t e v e n ts

th a t h a v e ta k en p l a ce in th e w es t n a me ly th a t , ,

J e ws h a v e b ecome C h ris tia n s ; th a t th e C h ri s tia n s


a re s e n d in g forth p reach e rs to tea ch al l n a t i on s tha t
th e M e ss i a h is s ure l y come ; a n d t h a t th e s ig ns of
th e t i mes e n cou ra g e th e b eli e f th a t I sra el is a b ou t ,

to b e res t o re d in a s i rit ua l s e n s e
p
T h e d octor e x p re ss e s h is s urp ri s e th a t th e
.

,

S ocie ty h a v e n ot as y e t Ob ta in e d a v e rs i on Of th e
N e w T e s ta me n t in th e H e b re w l a ng ua g e for th e
u se Of th e J e w s H ow st ra n g e
. sa s b e
y i t , ,

ea rs t h a t d u ri n g a iod Of ig h t n h u n d re d
a
pp , , p e r e e e

e a rs t h e C h ri st i a ns s h ould n e v e r h a v e g iv e n th e
y ,

J ews th e N e w T e sta men t in th e ir own l a n g ua ge


By a ki n d of i nfa tua t i on th ey h a v e re p rob a te d th e,

u n b e li e f of th e J e ws a n d h a v e n e v er a t th e s a m
,
e

time told th e m wh a t th e oug ht to b el ie ve t ” a

y .

S i e th i impo t t ugge tio fromDr B h


nc s r an s s ntransl tio . uc anan, a a n
W
H ISTO RY OF TH E JEWS .

to th e Ri h t g Re v th e
. L o d B i h op
r s of St . D a v id s ,

d a ted M osco w ,

F e b rua r
y 1818, by th e Re L ew is of S ta n s ted Pa rk S usse x,

m
v. a
y , ,

w h o , in co
p y an with th e Re v . N e h e mia h S o l mon
o ,
a co n v e rte d J ew ,
re cent ly o rd a ine d to th e minis try in th e ch u rch of E gl d n an ,
h a s tra
from H ll to R u ss ia , a nd from th e n ce t th C im

W
ve l le d o a nd o e r ea , for th e
l g th e p f th J w
.

so e r o e o f asce rta in in re se n t s ta te o e s , an d o f dis


p p
u s e

trib utin g th H e e b rew T e sta me n t a mongs t th e m .

l
Al l th e p u b ica tio ns of th e Lond on ocie ty S a re to be h ad at th e
h ouse, N0 10, a rd robe a ce, Doctors

o Pl C mmo ns.
C H AP T E R X L .

Gene ra l ch a ra c te r o f th J w m
e l d l it y — Of th
e s, ora an era r . e nu mber of
th is pe o l
e no w xi ti ge—C l d i g R fl ti
s n onc u n e ec ons .
p .

T H E J e ws ,
d in g th e ca l a mities th ey
n otw ith s ta n

h a v e s o l on g e n d ure d s till l ook d ow n u p on a l l


,

n a tion s a n d con tin u e to cl a im th e p a rtia l k i n d n e s s


,

a nd rotecti on Of h ea v e n T h e mira cl e s p e rforme d


p .
,

in fa v our of th e fi rs t H e b re w s in sp i re d th e i r ,

d esce n d a n ts w ith a conte mp t for th os e n a tion s w h ich

W
th e D e ity n e v er h on oure d I n th e sa me ma n n e r .

T h ey a re more e l a te d w ith th e a dva n ta g es g ra n te d


to th e ir a n ce stors th a n h u mil ia te d by th e ca l a mitie s
w h i ch th ey h a v e e n d ure d S in ce th e ir d isp e rs ion *
,

e ma y n u mb er a mon g th e mos t s trik in g tra i t s

w h ich d es ig n a te th e J e w ish ch a ra c te r th e w on d erfu l ,

u n ifo mi ty of v ie w s th a t a p p ea r to h a v e in fl ue n ce d
r
th e a ction s Of th is e xtra ord in a ry p e op l e th rou g h th e
cou rs e of s o ma ny a ge s f Th e Ra bbi n is ts w h ich ,

form th e b ulk of th e n a tion in d iffere n t cou ntries ,

a g ree in th e ir d og m as r ite s a n d re l ig iou s h a b its ;


, ,

b eca u s e n o rel ig ion e s ta bl ish es s uch a n u n iformity


i n d octrine a s th e M osa ic w h ich j oi n e d to th e tra , ,

d ition s Of th e d octors re g ul a te s w ith th e u tmos t ,

min ute n e s s e v ery th in g w h ich re s p ects l ife T h e s e .

e op l e w h e re v e r d is ersed h a v e ca rrie d w ith th e m


p , p ,

th e ir l a n g ua g e a n d re l ig ion a n d a b a n d on e d n one of ,

th e c u s to ms b u t th os e w h ich th e y c oul d n ot p res e rv e .

E v e n cl ima te h a s h a d s ca rcel y a n y e ffe ct u p on th em ,

B g P 748 G g i
as na e, . th
. R f m ti
re f th J w
o re on e e or a on O e e s,

p 37
. .

t E ss a
y on th e C mme rcia l
o Ch a ra c te r o f th e J ew s , p 5
. .
5 44 H IS TO RY O F T HE JEWS .

be ca u s e th e i r ma n n e r of l ife cou n te ra cts a n d w ea k en s


its in fl ue n c e D iffe re n ce of p e riod s a n d coun tries
.

h a s th ere fore s tre n g th e n e d th e ir ch a ra c te r in s tea d


, , ,

of a l te rin g its or i ina l tra its " E


g .

T h e J e w s s ince th e ir fi na l e xp ul s ion from Pa l es


"

t i ne h a v e un ive rsa ll y a tta ch e d th e ms elv es to tra ffi c


,

for a s ubs is te n ce B e ing ge n era lly p roh ib ite d from


.

a cq u irin g a n d cul tiva tin g l a n d a n d in terd icted fro m ,

fol l ow ing tra d e s a n d p rofess ion s th e obj ects Of th e ir ,

i n d us try h a v e t iQ u l imite d a n d th ey comp ell e d to


i‘
,

con fi ne th e ms el v e s to commerce T h e p ol itica l .

s ta te Of th e E u ro ea n o w ers in th e middl e a g es
p p
furn i sh e d th e m w ith ma ny a nd e v e n l a w ful mea ns , ,

Of e n richin g th e mse lv es B uy in g a n d s ell in g w e re .

occu a tion s con fi n e d e x cl u s iv e l t o th e m a n d th e


p y
con d uc te d th e w h ol e re ta il tra d e in E uro e
p
* es e
p
y
,

Th th e f th L tt
au for ot i J w t V lt i e t e e rs o ce r a n e s o o a re asse r s ,

th t a th J w b i g di p
e ed i d iff
s, t ti
e n h md s e rse n ere n na ons , a ve ass u e

th e ir ch a ra cte r . A P o t ugr u ese J ew of B ou rd ea u x,



sa y s he, ‘9
a nd

a Ge rman J ew of M tz e , ap
p ea r b oth to be a bso u te l ly diffe re nt .

But th e l ea rned a u th or, from w h ose w ork on th e Re fo rma t ion of th e


J e ws th e abo v e re ma rk s a re e xtra cted , ob se rv es , I lla ow th is ma y
be th e case in so me s ha d es ; th e u s ua l co n se q ue n ce of d is p a rity of

fortu ne , po ve r ty a nd O p u e nce , u xu ry a nd mise ry — Bu t by se a rc h in


l l . g
l ll
h istorica d ocu me nts we sh a fi nd , th a t, u n es s in th e a bo v e resp e cts , l
th e ewish n a tio n h a s e ver bee n th e most ik e itse f a t al l times , bo th
J l l
in b li f
e e a nd u sa ge s.

T h ese l
pe op e , h ow ev e r, sa y s ou r a u th or, h a v e bee n modi fied
by th e ir d ispe rs ion ; b ut th is mod i c a tion e xtends on y to , fi l tw o O bj ects
I

th e ir obstina te a tta ch ment to th e ir be ief, w h ich th e y a b a nd on ed w ith l


so much fa c il ity in a n cie nt times , a nd th a t s p i rit of a v a r ice which
see ms to be th e ir ru l ing
p ass ion

. C o mmerce h as introd uced a te

ma rk a bl e ch a nge in th eir mora l s . Bu t e ve n co mmerce , w h ich tends


to e ffac e nati ona l c h ara cte rs , a nd to re nd e r th e m pe rfe ct y l a l ik e, h
a s

sca rce ly mad e an


y i mp re ss ion on th ose of th e H e bre w peop e l — G re

Rq ma tion of J e w s , p 3 4— 3 6

goire on th e or the . .

It h as bee n add u ced in p roof o f thi s asse rtio n , th a t th e J e ws h a ve


on ly a
pp l i d e th e mse l v es to co mmerce s ince th eir d ispe rs ion ; th a t
5 46 msr oa r '
or THE JEW S .

A n other l a te a uth or re ma rk s th a t th e J ews on ,

many a ccoun ts a re e ntitl e d to a v ery h ig h d egree of


e s te em from t h eir ge nera l ch a ra cter a n d d e ortmen t
, p .

T h e ir ch a rities to the poor of th e ir own commun ion


a re im men se ; a n d th e ir p ecul ia r isol a te d s itua tion
t h roug h th e w orld in th e mid s t of s tra ngers h a s , ,

d ra w n th e b onds of a ffe cti on towa rd s on e a n oth er


more cl ose T h e i r ca re to a dj ust the i r d ifferen ces
'

in c iv il con cerns a mi ca bl y a mon g th e mselv es is e di


fy in g ; a n d l et it n ot b e forg otte n th a t if on a n y , ,

a ccou n t th e a re j us tl ce n sura bl e w o th
y y o u r u n r
y ,

trea tmen t of th e m ma y h a v e force d t h em into th e


v ery a cts wh i ch w e
In th e mid st of th e i r ca l a mi ti es a nd d ep ress i on ,

th e J e w s h a v e a ll a l on g
p a id som e a tte n t i on to th eir

l a n g ua ge a n d rel igion ; b ut di sp erse d a s th ey a re ,

a n d w ith ou t a coun try of th eir own th ey ca n n ot be ,

e x pe cte d to h a v e s uch na tiona l es ta bl ish me n ts as

u n iv e rs itie s ; e t in a l mos t e v er con s id e ra bl e tow n


y y ‘ '

on th e c ontin e nt w h ere th ey re side in a ny g rea t ,

n u mb e rs sch ool s f a re formed un de r th e a u s ice s of


, p
th e ir p res idi ng or domi na n t ra bb ies w h o con fer .

W
titl e s om th e i r s ch ol a rs or on oth ers w h o d es e r ve ,

th e m T h ey a p p ea r to h a v e two d e g rees a na l og ous


.
,

lg
Ada ms Re i ious

o l d D i pl r s a
y ed , v ol . i .
p.80 .

1' T h y f m l y t bl i h d th
e or er es a s e e ce ebra te dl a ca d e mies of J afna ,
T ib i
e r as ,J l m Ly dd C
e ru sa e , a, esa re a , S e p h o ra in G a i ll ee , Ph e ru ty ,

Bitte ra h ne a r Sh ibou r, Sora , Na h a rd e a , P u nde b ita , Lu l ne , Al e x


a nd ria ; and a t a l a te r
p eriod th os e of S a p h eta , The alo ss n ica ,
i
Pra ue , g
Fe z, C ra cow , Rome , B ol g o na , Vi e nna , a nd Augsbu r g . In th e

re se nt ce ntu ry s ince th e ir con dition is a me l iora ted we fi nd th e m


p , ,

e s ta b li hi g
s n sch oo s l in G erma ny , a n d oth e r p l ace s ; a n d mak ing g rea t
imp rov eme nts in l it e ra ture . Th e fo ll ow in g a re th eir mo st d is tin .

mies
gu i sh e d a cad e i n th e p rese nt d a y ; v iz. S a l onich i, Fe z, P a d ua ,

Amste rd a m Rome ,
.
ms romr '
or TH E JEW S . 5 47

to, a nd mos t p roba b ly from th e u sa g es a t u n i


ta k en
Ve rs ities th e on e ra b bi n ea rl y e q u iv a l e n t to A B
,
. .

a nd th e oth e r M oren u Ra b a n s w e rin g to d octor , .

T he se a pp ea r to be of mod e rn in stitution a n d to ,

ha v e comme n ce d a b out th e y ea r p re vious to

w h ich th e la tte r te rm is n ot foun d a n d th e d is tin c

t ion is s up p os e d to h a ve be co me n ece ssa ry in ord e r ,

to p r e vent th e irr eg ul ar cond uc tin g of ma rria g es


a nd div orce s w h ich e ve ry on e p res u me d to d o i n
, ,

con se q ue n ce of th e titl e of ra bb i a l th oug h not s u ffi ,

cie n tl in for m e d or q ua l ifi e d for th e ofli ce T h e


y , .

ori in of th e se sc h ool s w a s e v id e n tl th sa n h e d rim


g y e

i n th e te mp l e ; by w h ose d e te rmi na tion th e la ws


w e re e x p l a ine d a n d al l th e M osa ic ins titution s w ere
,

re d uc ed to min u te a n d a ctua l ctice T h e for m


ra
p .
,

e rio d a nd m a n ne r of a l l ce re mon ies a n d obs e rv


p ,

a nce s w e re b t h e m es ta bl is h ed a n d h a n d e d dow n
y ,

to s ucc es s ive sa n h ed rims w h o as in trica te c ircu m , ,

sta n ce s a n d q ue s tion s a rose g ra d ua ll y e nl a rg e d th e ,

c ode a n d p rov id ed for b oth e x tra ord in a r a n d ord i


, y
n ar y s itua tion s f
"

“h
A n in ge n ious a u tho r, wh o is sa i d to b e of J e w ish
ori
gind ha s , h ow e v e r , b
o ser e d, v th a t t e e n tire

s s te m of d H e b re w
uca tion is i n imica l to th e
e
y
ro g re ss of th e h u ma n min d D k d s ta tiona r
p a r a n
y .

i n ig n ora n ce or b e w ild e re d w ith in trica te s up e r


,

Ad m R l ig i W l d D i pl y d l i p 5 7

a s e o ns or s a e vo . . . .
,

t M B I
. B e rr l b t d l it y J w i l tt d
saa c e rr, a ce e ra e e ra r e , n a e er a
d ress ed to h is b re th re n , l 79 l , o bse rv e s , w e h a v e be e n i n a ma nne r
co mpe ll e d to a ba n d o n mora l a nd p h y sica l s c ie nces
th e p u rs u it of a l l
,

o f a l l s cie nces in s h o rt w h ich te n d to t h e imp rov e me n t of th e min d


, ,

in o rd e r to d e v ote o u rse l ves e ntire l y to c omme rce to be e n ab l ed to ,

g a th e r a s mu ch mo ne y a s w o ul d e ns u re p ro te ctio n a n d sa tisfy th e ,

rap a c it of o ur e rsec u to rs — Tr a ns a c ti on s
f th e S aa h edn m ry Pa r is

y p o .
,

p 14
. .
54 8
. ms romr
'
or THE J a ws :

s tition , th e i r mod es of life a re l ittl e fa v oura bl e to '

formin g a ta s te for th e p rod uction s of n a ture a nd


a rt ; a n d th e s ol e occu pa tion p e rmitte d th e m th e ,

art of a cq u iring w e a l th e x tin gu is h es th e ir b old er


,

a nd romine n t M e n of l earn in g a m on g
p
th e J e ws a re obl ig e d to e n cou n ter n ume rous oh
sta cl e s ; a n d th e ir mos t ma l ign a n t a n d p ow e rful
e n e mies a re fou n d a m on g th e ir d ome stic a s s ocia t es .

I f a l itera ry C h ri stia n is ma ture d a t th i rty a l ite rary ,

J e w ca n sca rcel y b e ma tu re d a t forty T h ey h a ve .


,

th ere fore a dd icte d th e ms elv es to th ose s t ud ies w h ich


,

h a v e l ittl e con n e xi o n w ith the ma nn e rs of me n


T h ey h a v e h a d se v e re m
.

e ta p h s i cia n s a n d i n d ustrious
y ,

na tura l ists ; a n d h a v e e x cell e d in th e p ra ctice of


me d ici ne But in p oli te l etters th ey h a ve h a d fe w


.

W
l itera ry ch a racte rs of e mi nence S ensibl e tha t th ey .

d o n ot a t p resen t b ea r ch a in s u n d e r ty ra nts th ey ,

fe el g ra tefu l th a t th ey e xis t u n der men b ut th e


e n erg ie s of gl or d ie in in e rtion a n d h on our is
'

y ,

s t ra n gl ed b th e s ilk e n cord of cdmm


y
T h e H eb re w na tion a re a t p res
th e fa ce of th e h a b ita bl e gl obe .

me rous in so me p a rts of A s ia p a rticul a rl y th e


T urk ish d omin ions V a rious coun tries in Africa


.

con ta in a l a rge n u mbe r a s E g p t a n d E th iop ia ;


y .

a n d it is c omp u te d th a t th e re a re fou r h un d re d
,

th ousa n d in M orocco Algi e rs a n d Pe z i


,
T h ey,

a re sa id to b e more n u me rous i n P ol a n d th a n a n y

p a rt of E urop e ; a nd h a ve b ee n es ti ma te d a t s e ve n

D I

s rae li V’
s a u rien , or S k etch es of th e Times , vol . 11. p 2 45
.

2 50.

Bois si s Disse rta tions



C itiq
r ue s , &c.
5 50 m o mor ru n JE W S .

p f
ro ess e d di sc ip l e s of the b e ne v ol e n t R e d ee m e r
viol a tin g the funda me n ta l p re ce p ts of th e G OSp él ;
a ssuming a sh e w of p ie ty a s a ma s k for a v a rice an d ,

a p re te n ce for p ill a g in g a n u nh ap p y e
p p o le I f .

from the we s t w e turn to th e ea st


s imil a r s ce n es of h orror ; w h e re v

ba n n er i s e re cted con te mp t a n d mise ry a wa it th e ,

J e ws In s hort th eir h is tory exh ib its a l l th e w ild


.
,

fury of fa na ticis m; th e s te rn c ruel ty of a va rice ;


a s u cce ss ion of m assa cre s a re p e tition of l un d e rs
p
s h a d e wi th out l ig h t ; a d rea r w ild u ne n
y e r n es s ,

l iv e n e d w ith one sp ot of verdure fi


S till h owe ver in tra v ers i n g th e d es ert a w on
, , ,

de rful obj e ct a rrests our a tte n tion a n d th e feel in gs ,

of ind ig n a ti on a n d c om a ss ion a re s us e n d ed b y
p p
a s ton ish me n t w h il e w e conte mp l a te th e bus h
b urn in g w ith fi re a n d n ot con su med —a h el p l ess , ,

ra ce of me n w h om a ll n a tion s h a v e en d ea v oured to
,

e x te rm in a te su b s isti n g d uri n g a g es of u nre l e ntin g -

e rs ecu tion ; a n d th ough d is e rse d i n a l l na tio ns


p p ,

s till in a l l coun tries p re s erv in g th e ir ow n cus toms

a n d re l ig ious rite s ; conn ected w ith ea c h oth e r by

f th J w f f g
'

S h h b uc th ast t e en i
e s a e o B t e e s or a s e r e s o a es . u

i th l t
n e d p as t
an t y th i d iti
resen h b g tl y am
ce n u r e r co n on as ee n re a e

li t d i
o ra e i u p t fE
n var o p C hsi tiar s o y D B h
u ro e . r s a ns ,

sa s r. uc a na n ,

in al l c ou n tri es g
be i n to cons ide r, tha t th e in dign ation a ga ins t th e

h oly p eop l e is n ea r ly ac co mpl is h ed . M an


y e v ents it The d ec l a re .

ind i g na tion o f ma n is l
re a xin g . Th e p ro h ec ies h a v e bee n fu
p l ed lfi l
re ga rd in g it . Th e g rea t c ri me at Cl a va r
y h as bee n p u nish ed by a ll

o f th e
n a tio ns : a nd we n ow h ea r th e w o rd s prop het ad d ressing us ,

C o mfo rt y e , mfort y e my pe opl e


co , sa i th y our G od s pea k y e com
forta b y to l , Je ru sa l em a nd cry u n to
h e r, tha t h e r wa rfare is a ecom

p l is h ed th a t h e r i niq u ity is p a rd o ned ,


.

sa ia h xl i h is is th e I . . T
d i v ine comma nd An d b e h o d , h ristians be in now , for th el C rst g fi
”—
.

time , to s pfl k comforta b y to J a md m B uch a nm l


i’
r R es ea rch es .

i n A si a , p 2 10
. .
HISTORY or THE JEWS . 55 1

a community me nts of a n t ipa th i es an d


of se n ti , ,
.

it e t se a r te d b a w on d e rful d est i n a t i on
p u rs u s y p a
, y
ge n era l ma ss of ma n k in d .

rese rv a tion of th e J e w s a s a d is t in ct p e o l e
p


,

is a n e v en t u n p a ra ll el e d i n th e a nn al s of h is tory .

T o u s e th e a n ima te d l a ngua ge of a mod ern w ri te r ‘

of th e ir own na tion Bra v in g al l k in ds of tor


,

ments th e p a ng s of dea th th e still more terribl e


, ,

a n gs of l ife w e h a v e w ith s tood th e im e t uo u s


p , p
torre nt of time s w ee p ing in d iscrimina te ly in its
,

cou rs e n a tion s
, rel ig ion s a n d coun t ri es
, Wha t is , .

b ecome of th ose cel eb ra te d emp ires w hose v e ry


n a me s till e x cites our a d m
, ira tion by th e id ea s of
Sp l e n d id g rea tness atta ch ed to th e m a n d w h ose . ,

p o w e r e m b ra c e d th e w h o l e s u r fa ce of th e k n o w n

gl b
o e ? T h ey are only re memb ere d a s mon umen ts
of th e v a n it
y o f h u m a n g r e a tn e s s R o m e a n d .

G reece a re n o more the ir d escen d a n ts mixe d w ith ,

oth e rn a tion s h a ve l os t e v e n th e tra ce s of th e ir orig in


,

w h il e a p op ula tion of a fe w mill ion s of me n s o ,

j
ofte n s ub u ga ted s ta n d s th e t e s t of th i rt re v ol v in g
, y
ce n turies a n d th e fi er or d e a l of fiftee n ce n turi e s of
, y
p e rs e cution w e st il.l p r e s er v e l a w s w h ich w e re

g iv en to us in th e fi rst d a y s of th e w orld in th e ,

in fa n cy of n a t ure T h e l a s t foll ow e rs of a rel igion


.

w h ich h a d e mb ra ce d th e u n iv ers e h a v e d isa p ea re d


p
th ese fi fteen cen tu ries a n d our te m l e s a re s till
,
p ,

M M i h el B
. c a

l
Appe a to th e ustice of in s a nd a tions , ”
e rr s J K g N
wr itt d p bl i h
en an u s e d a t Stras b u r g
in 1801, a nd cite d in th e Tra nsa c
tions of th e Pa risia n S
a n h ed rim T
his ea rned a u th or i s cou nse or
. l ll
a t l a w, membe r of sev e ra l a cad e mies de p u ty for the d e a rtment
a nd
,
p
of la S e ine .
He s ti continu es to ll l
e xe rt a ll h is ta e n ts in defen ce of

g
the ri hts and interests of th e ews, wh om he rove d
p , J ia th e a bove
work , entitl ed to the be nevolence of all soverei ns g .
s ta n d in g . W I O
H ST R Y OF

l n ha v e b ee n s p a re d by the undis
e a o e
TH E J E W S .

crimin a tin g h a n d of time l ik e a col u mn l e ft s ta n d in g ,

a mid s t th e wr ck of w orl d s a n d th e ru ins of n a tu re


e , .

T h e h is tory of th is p e op l e connects p re se n t times


w ith th e fi rs t a g e s of th e w orl d ; hy th e testimon y it
' '

b ea rs of th e ex is te n ce of th os e ea rly p eriod s It '

b eg in s a t th e cra dl e of m a nk in d an d its remna n ts ,

a re l ik el t o b e res erv e d to th e v er da f n iv ersa l


y p o u »

y y
d es truction .

T h e J e ws sa s a l a te C h ri s tia n a uth or
y ,
-
a re ,

a l iv in g a n d con tin ua l mira cl e con tin u in to s ub s is t


g ,

a s a d is tin ct a n d
p p
ec ul ia r ra ce for u wa rd s of th re e

th ous a n d y ea rs a n d e v en in th e mid s t of Oth e r


,

n a tions ; fl ow in g forw a rd in a full a n d c on tin u e d

s trea m , l ik e the w a ters of th e Rh one w ith out ,


.

mix in g w ith th e wa v es of th e e x pa n s iv e l a k e th rough


w h ich th e p a ssa ge l ies to th e oce a n of
s e rv a tion of th is e x tra ord ina r eop l e
p r e y p
d urin g th e ir ca l a mitous d is p ers ion e x h ib its th e fa ith
ful ne ss of th e D e ity in fulfill in g h is g racious p romise ,

th a t, w h e n th ey a re in th e l a n d of th e ir e n e mie s h e ,
"

w ill n ot ca s t th e m a wa y n or d e s troy th e m utte rl y



1
a nd ,
“ I a m w ith th ee s a ith th e L ord to sa ve th e e ;
,
,

,
,

th oug h I ma k e a full e nd of a l l th e n a tion s w h ith e r


I h a v e sca tte re d th e e y e t I w ill n ot ma k e a full e n d
,

o f th e e b ut w ill correct thee in


,

T h e ca re of D iv ine P rov id en ce is w on d e rfull y d is


l a e d in s a v in g th e outca s ts of I s ra e l from utter
p y

W
e x te rmina tion w h il e g roa n in g u nd e r th e m
,
os t furious .

in tol era n ce §

W
.

Ada ms Re igi ous



l or l d Di pl ay s e d , v ol . i p 16
. . .

t c i tic u s xxxiii 4 4 . . J
e remia h xxx 11 . .

e ou g ht above al l ,

sa y s a J e wis h write r, to re turn ou r
5 54 .
msronv or ra n JEWS .

p re se n t y cen ur M atn
y p i ous
.
ale
a n d l e a r n e d men
h a v e s upp os e d th a t th ey w ill n ot on l be con v erte d
y
-

to th e C h ristia n rel ig ion to P a l e stin e


, ,

l a ced in a s ta te more tha n


p
In s up p ort of th i s
th ey n e ver h a v e rece iv ed t
a n d s p irit ual bl es si n g s w h ich it w a s r ed ic t d t h
p , e e
y
s h ould e nj o a fter the ir return from ca tiv it
y p y ; .

th e p romis es re la t e to th e tw el v e tri bes as w ell as ,

th ose of J uda h a n d B e nj a min tha t a d ouble



-

re t ur n is p red icted by se vera l p r0 h e ts ; a n d tha t


.

p
t h ose wh o l ive d a fter th e Baby l on ia n cap tiv ity h ave
fore told th e ir res tora t i on in simil a r terms with th os e
w h o p reced e d th e m The con currin g tes ti mon y
.

w h i ch ari ses from th e s ta te of th e J e ws in th e w orld


a nd th e e x p ecta t ion t h e e nterta i n of be in res t ore d


y g
to th e i r ow n l a n d h a v e a l s o b een a dd uce d in s upp ort
,

of th is O p i n ion + .

T h e p rop h e cies h owe v er w h ich are a ll ege d in


'

, ,

ord e r to p rov e th e re t urn of th e H e b re w na tion to


P a les tine ca n on ly b e comp l etel y e x p la in e d by th e


,

e v e n ts w h i ch a c comp li s h th e m O v er the J e ws as .

w ell a s u s re v el a tion e x te n d s its maj e sti c v e il



.

D H tl y D P i tl y
r. ar e , d th
r. hr es w itte i def
e ,
an o e rs , a ve r n n e nce

o f the t ti f th J w t thei
res o ra on o ti e et y s At o l ter r na ve cou n r . a a

p i d
er o M F b h
r. p bl i
a er h d w k
as th ui bj s t
e i w hai h h or on s su ec , n c e

a dd uces v a rio us p as s a ges from th e p rop h ets, w ith a v iew to s h ow ,


th at a fte r a pe riod o f th e mos t terrib e p o itica conv u s ions wh ich th e
l l l l
l
wo r d ever w itn essed , th e J ews wi ll b e res tored to P lea s tine , l
p a rt y in
a conve rte d , an d pa rtl y in an u nconve rted s ta te ; t h a t th e ten tribes
wi ll b
. e afi e rw a rd s conve rte d a n d res tore d , and with the tribe of J uda h

un ited un de r one h ead , th e k ing Mess ia h nan d re ig n with h im a th ou


sa n d y ea rs ia h igh p re e mine nce a mong t h e na tion s of th e e a r th .

Th en mod ern J uda is m a nd Pope r


y , Pg a a nis m an d Ma h ome ta n l s m,

t Hart ey l ’
s Observ ati ons on Man, v ol . iii p 87 3
. . .
555
'

HISTORY os

rn n JEWS .

But w h il e th e op e ra tion s
D ivine P rovid en ce of

a re ra p idl y u n fol din g th e v ol u me of p red iction s th e ,

sa cre d p a g e h a s a l rea d y cl ea rl y Op en e d a s ou rce of

con s ol a tion to th os e w h o a re a n xiousl y w a itin g for

th e re d e mp tio n of I s ra el A n in sp ire d a p os tl e h a s
.

a s s ure d u s th a t th e J e w s
, th e n a tura l b ra n ch e s of
,

th e O l iv e T re e th ough n ow brok e n off b


l ” ae
, y u n

bel ie f w ill
, be g ra fte d l n a ga 1n
.
a nd
p a rtic i a te
p ,

with th e G e n til es in th e bl e s sin gs res ul tin g from


fa ith 1n J e s us th e M es s ia h P ers uad e d th en of th is
.
,

o n th e g rou n d of Di v in e Re v e l a tion a n d commis e r ,

a tin g a p e O p l e w h o h a ve be e n d u rin g s o m a ges


'
an
y , ,

e x il e s from th e ir ow n la n d a n d e x ose d
p a s th is
, ,

h is tory h as ful l y s h e w n to n u mb e rl e ss ca la mities


,

a tten d a n t on ba n is h me n t th e C h ris tia n rea d e r ca n 3


,
-

n ot s ure l cl ose th is vol ume more s uita bl th


y y an

w ith a re s ol u tio n to p ra y fre q ue n tl y a n d ferve n tly


for th e ir p romis e d con v e rs ion a n d w i th a ge n erous ,

d es ire to e n rol h is ow n n a me a mon gs t th os e of th e


s ubs cr ibers to the Lo nd on S ocie ty for p romoting
C h ristia n ity a mong s t th e J e ws — a S ociety w h os e
v ie ws a re p u re d is in te res ted a n d ex te n s ive ; a n d

, ,

w h os e e fl orts it se ems h igh l y p roba bl e th e G od of


, ,

A b ra ha m I saa c a nd J a cob w ill in th e p res e n t age


, , ,

h on ou r a s th e mea n s of b rin gin g d esce n da n ts of


,

th os e ill ustrious p a tria rch s to th e a ck n ow le dg me nt


of th e
“ truth as it is in J es us and
,

th e obe die nce


,

of fa ith .

Se e Romans xi 2 4 . .
APPE NDIX .

THE ten tribes wh o w ere ca rr ied ca ptive by th e k ing of


Assy ria h a ve been l ost for more th a n two th ousa nd y ea rs .

V a rious conj ectures h a ve be en formed both by J ews a nd ,

C h ris tians re sp ecting th e p l a ce of th e ir resid ence ? some


,

of wh ich s h a ll b e b rie fl
y m e ntioned .

Me na sse s Be n I srae l in a work sty l ed Th e H op e of


, , ,

I srael h as atte mp ted to p rove th at the A merican n atives


,

,

w ere th e d esce nd a nts of


p inion h as th e te n tribes . Th is O

been ad op ted by some C h ristia n w rite rs, p a rti cul a rl y b y


J a mes Ad a ir, E sq a trad e r w ith th e nd ians, a nd res id en t
. I .

i n th e cou ntry for forty y ears H e w a s a mos t ca refu l


.

ob server of th e ir w h ol e econ omy , b oth p ub l ic a n d p riv a te ,

a nd h a d th e b e s t O p p ortu n ity of k n ow in g it, w ith out mu ch

d a n ger of d ece p tion I n a w ork , e ntitl ed ,


. Th e H is tory
of th e A merica n I n d ia n s, h e concl ud es h is ob se rva tions

on th ei r origin a n d d esc e nt as fol l ow s : From th e most


e xact ob serv a tions l ong time I tra ded
I cou l d mak e in th e
a mong th e I n d ia n A me rica ns I w as forced to b el ie ve th e m ,

l ineally d esce nd ed from th e I srael ites eith er w h il e they ,

w e re a maritime p owe r or s oon a fte r th e ge nera l ca p tivity ;


,

th e l a st h ow e ve r is th e most p rob a b l e
, , H a d th e n ine .

tribe s a nd a h a l f of I sra e l w h ich w e re ca rrie d off b y ,

S h a l ma n eser k ing of Assy ria a nd settl ed in M d ia con :


, ,
e ,

tinn ed th ere l ong it is v e ry p rob ab l e b y i term


,
a rr in
y g ,
n

from th e ir
'

w ith th e n a tives , a nd n a tura l fi ck l e ness a nd

p ronene ss to id o l a try a nd th e forc e of e xa mp l e, th a t th ey


l
w ou d h a ve a d op ted a nd b owed be fore th e god s of th e,

Fo r fa r more sa tisfa cto r


y obse rv a tions , th a n th is Appe nd ix fur
n ish es , re spe c tin g th e p l a ces of res ide n ce o f th e d escend an ts o f th e

ten tribes , see Dr . B uchana n s C h ris tian Resea



rch es .
5 58 A PP E ND I X .

n atio n were ord ered to wors h ip at J erusal em J eh ova h , ,


th e tru e an d l iv ing G od, w h o, by th e I nd ia ns , is sty l ed
Yoh e w a h . Th e a ncie nt he a th e ns , it is wel l k now n , wor
sh i
p ped a p l u ra l ity of god s, as va riou s as th e cou ntrie s

th ey in h a b ited a nd as n u merous w ith so me as the d a y s of

th e y
d ev oir to
e a r.

th e “
But th e
g
I nd ia n America ns
re a t ben e fi ceut, s up re
a
p y
me , hol y
th e ir rel igiou s
s p i rit of

( as th ey t h ink ) ab ove th e cl oud s , and



fi re, wh o re s id e s ,

on e a rth a l so w ith u n p oll uted p e op l e H e is w ith th em .

th e sol e a uth or of a l l a n ima ted a n d v ege tabl e n atu re


'

Th ey d o n ot
p y a th e l ea st p e rce ivab e
y l w orsh ip to an

image, or to d ea d p e rsons , n e ith e r to th e c e l e stia l l umi

n a ries , n or e vil S irits, n or a n c rea ted be in w h t


p y g a

s oe ve r. ’

3d .Agree ab l y to th e th eocra cy , or d iv ine gov ernme nt


of I srae l , th e I
nd ia ns th in k th e De it to be th e immed ia te
y
h ead of th eir s ta te . Al l th e n ation s of I ndia ns a re ex

ce ed ingl y in toxica ted w ith re l igious p rid e , a nd h a ve a n


i ne xp ress ib l e c onte mp t of th e w h ite p e o p l e Th ey u sed .

to c a l l u s in th e ir w a r oration s , th e a cc ursed p e op l e But .

they fl atte r th e mse l v es w ith th e n ame of th e be l ov ed

W
p eo
p le ,
beca use th eir su
pp osed a ncestors , as th ey a fli r m,
w e re the immedia te govern me n t of th e De ity , w h o
und e r

w as rese n t with th e m i n a v ery p e c ul iar ma nner, a n d


p
d irecte d th e m b y ro
p p h ets, whi le th e rest of th e w or d l
w ere a l ien s a n d ou t a ws l to th e co v e n a nt. h e n th e ol d

Arch imagus, or a ny on e of th eir Magi, is p e rs ua d ing the


eo
p p e a t l th e ir re l igiou s s ol e mn ities to a strict obse rva nc e

of th e ol d d iv in e sp eech , h e a l wa y s ca l l s th em
be l ov ed , or

th e b e l ov e d or h ol y p eop l e , a greea b l y to th e e bre w H


e p ith et Ammi, ( my p eop l e ) d u ring th e th eocracy o f s ra e l I .

H e urge s th e m w ith grea t e ne rgy to i mita te th e ir v irtuous


a nces tors, a nd flou ris h es u p on th eir be l oved l and , w h ic h

flow ed w ith mil k an d h o ne y . It is the ir op in io n of the

th eoc racy ,
or th at G od ch ose th em out of a ll th e re st of

ma nk ind ,
as h is p ec u l ia r p eOp l e , wh ich a l ik e a ni ma tes
Ada ir, p 15 . .
both the
stea d
y h a tred a g
W
h ite J ew a nd th e Red American w ith th a t
,

re nd e rs the m h a te d or d e sp ise d b y a l l
p
.
APPEN D IX

a inst al l th e w orl d e xce t th e mse l v e s, a nd


.

.
5 59

I
wi th Th e ndi a n l angu age a n d d ia l ec ts a p p ea r to h a ve
.

th e very idiom a nd ge n iu s of th e H eb re w . Th e ir words


and s e nte n ces a re e xp res s ive , concis e , e mp h a tica l , son o

rous, a n d bol d ; a nd ofte n b oth in l ette rs an d si


g n ifi ca tion

are sy n on y mous ith th e w


eb re w l a ngu ag H efi"

5 th . Th ey count time after th e ma nn e r of th e H eb re w s .

Th ey d iv ide th e y ea r in to sp ring, su mmer, a utu mn , or

ll
th e fa ing of the e a f, a nd w in te r Th ey n umbe r th eir
l .

y ears from an
y of th ese fou r p e riod s,
for th ey h a v e n o

na me for a y ea r ; an d th ey s ub d ivid e th ese , a n d cou n t th e

y ea r byl u n a r mo n th s l ik e th e I s rae l i
,
tes w h o rec k on ed b
y ,
moons Th e nu mbe r a nd regu l a r p eriod s of th e I n dian s
.

re l i iou s fe as ts is a d h i t i l f th t th o u nte d
g g oo s or ca
p r oo a e y c

time by a nd obs erv e d a week l y s ab b a th l ong a fte r th eir


a rri va l on th e Ame rican con tin ent Th ey be ga n th e ir y ea r .

at th e first a p p ea ran ce of th e fi rst n e w moon of th e v e rn a l


eq uinox, accord in g to th e ecc es ia stical ea r of Moses l
y .

6 th I n conformity to a nd a fte r th e ma n n e r of th e J e ws ,
.

th e I n Americ an s h ave th e ir p rop h ets h igh p riests


dia n , ,

a n d oth e rs of a rel i ious ord er A s th e J e ws h ad a sa n ctum


g .

sa n cto ru m, so h a ve al l th e I n dian n a tions . Th e re th ey


d e p os it th eir consecrated v esse s, n one of l th e l a ity d a ring
to a
p p roa ch this sa cred
p l a ce ; th e I n d ian tra d iti on sa
y s,

th a t th e ir an cestors w e re p osse ssed of a n e xtra ord i n ary

di vi ne p irit, b y w h ich th ey foretol d th ings future , a nd


s

con trou le d th e common c ou rse of n a tu re , a nd th is th ey

trans mitte d to the ir offs p ring, p rov id ed th ey o be


yed th e
sacred l a w s a n n exed to it . Th eir p ontifi ca l ofli ce d es cen d s
by inh e rita n ce to th eir ch il d re n . Mr Ad a ir
. l
a so tra ce s
a rese mb l a nce be tw ee n th e d ress of th e I n d ia n Arch imagus ,
w h en h e ofiic ia te s in ma k ing th e s up p osed h ol y fi re for th e

Mr Ada ir h as
. a dd uced a n u mbe r of exa mpl es to sh ew the si m
il a rity of th e H e b re w a nd I ndia n l g g
an ua es.
5 60 A PPE N DIX .

y e a rl y atone ment for s in , a nd th at of th e J e wish h igh



p riest .

7i h . Th e ce re monies of th e Ind ia ns in th eir re l igious


w ors h ip a re more a fte r th e Mos a ic I n stitution th a n of

Pa ga n imita tion , w h ich cou ld not b e if th e maj o rity of th e


'

ol d n a tion w e re of h ea th en ish d e sce nt . Th ey a re utte r


s tra n
g e rs to al l th e ge stures p ractise d b y Pa ga n s in th e ir
rel igiou s rites . A ccord ing to Mr Ad a ir, th e A me rica n .

I n d ia n s h a ve , l ik e th e H e b rew s
, a s acre d a rk , in w h ich
a re k e p t va rious h ol y l It is
v e sse s. ,

say s h e, w orth y
of n otice th at th ey n e ve r

p l
th e grou nd , nor
a ce th e a rk on

s it on th e b a re e a rth w h il e th e rr in
y a re ca
y g it a ga in st th e
e ne my l
O n h il y grou nd w h e re s ton es are p l e nty th ey
.

l a ce it on th e m; bu t i n l e v e l l a nd u p on s h ort l ogs , a l w ay s
p
res tin
g th e mse l ves on th e sa me ma teria l s . Th ey h a ve a l so

a s stro n
g a fa ith of th e p ow e r a n d h o in ess of th e ir a rk , as l
e ve r th e I sra e l ites re ta ine d of th e irs Th e nd ia n a rk is . I
d ee me d s o s a cre d a nd d a ngerous to tou ch , e ith e r by the ir
ow n s a n c tifi e d w a rriors or th e sp oi ing e ne my l ,
th a t n e ith er

of th e m d a re medd l e w ith it on a ny a cc ou nt . It i s n ot to
b e h a nd l e d b y a ny , e xce p t th e C h iefta in a n d h is w a ite r,
u nd e r p e n a l ty of i ncu rring gre a t e vil ; n or w oul d th e most

i nv ete rate e ne my d a re to touch it . Th e l ead er v irtua ll y


a cts th e p a rt of a w a r, p ro te mp ore, in imitation
p rie s t of
of th e I srae l ite s figh ting u n d e r th e d iv in e mi ita ry b a n n e r + l .

8th . I
Th e srae l ites h ad cities of refuge for th ose w h o
k ill e d a ers on I n l ik e ma n ner e a ch of th e
u na wa res .
p .

I nd ia n na tions h a ve e ith er a h ouse or town of refuge, w h ich


is a s u re a sy l u m to p rotect a ma n sl a y e r or th e u n fortuna te
c a p tiv e if th ey once en te r
'

into it . In e ve ry I n d ia n n a tion

th e re a re se ve ra l p e a ceab l e tow ns, ca lled ol d b e l o v ed ,


a ncie nt h ol y ,
a n d w h ite town s, wh ich a
p p ea r to h a ve bee n
formerl y towns of refuge .

9th . Mr A d a ir p roc eed s to p oint out th e resemb l a nce


.

b e tw ee n l
th e festiv a s , fa s ts, a n d re igio u s rites o f th e l
H eb re ws
,
a nd th ose of th e Ame rica n I n d ian s . He oh

Ada ir, p 81 . . t Ada ir, p 16 2 . .


I N D E X .

AARO N , (cal iph) his l iberal ity to h e t Jews 17 0

Abbas , Sh a h , conv enes th e J e wis h ra bb ies 2 95


Abb as II .
pe rse cutes th e J ews 2 97

Abra h a m Ben Ez ra , a ccount o f 2 09

Aba rba nel , a l ea rned S pa nish ra bbi 2 62


Abel d a , M oses , a l ea rn ed J e wis h write r 904
Aca d e mies , J wi h th i igi
e s , e r or n 96
fl i h i g t te i t
ou r s n s a n e n th ce ntu r
y 17 8
Acosta , U i l r e t f,
accou n o 37 5
Ad ria n , re e on o b ll i f th J w d
uri n h is g rei n g 105
'
e e s

Afl gh a ns , s u pposed to be th e ten tribes


5 38
A ged a, cou nci l of J ews conv e ned a t th is p l a ce 33 9

p ro ceed in g s of th e as se mb l y 3 40
A goh a rd , b ish op , h is a tte mp t a a i ns t th e e w s g J 17 5
g
A rippa I g
ra nd so n to
. e rod th e G rea t, ma d e k in H g 56
Ag p ri pa 11 . a tte mpts to d is suad e th e J ews from enga in g gi n war 62
Ak ibh a , h is ch a ra cte r 103
fa v ou rs th e p rete nsions of Ba rch oc h eba 107
is p ut to a crue dea th l 109
l
A bi nus , th e Ro ma n o v e rn or, h is g ch arac ter 59
Al cimu s ma de h ig h i
p es t
r 25

Al pp e o, of th e J ew s in this c i ty 4 39
Al x e a n de r th e G re a t ente rs J er usa e l m in a friend y l man ne r
fa v ou rs th e J e ws 9
l
A exan de r J a n neu s , h is a te rca tion w ith th e h a risees l P 32
l
A e xa nd rina , h is w ife , fa v ou rs th e h a risees P 33

Al e xa n de r Se v e rus fa v ou rs th e Jw e s 12 0

Al exa nd e r VI .
pope , trea t s th e Jw e s with h u man ity 2 84
l
A e xand e r, (e mpe ror of R u ss ia ) h is e d ict i n fa v or of th e J ews . . 4 11
lg
A ie rs , th e e w s u n J j tl y p us ut to d ea th th e re 32 5

Al ma nsor , ca l ip h p t iz ,
a ron es th e J ews 16 8

l P
A ph onso eter , a conv e rted Je w 2 16

l
A p h onso, k in of S pa in, ra ise s th e g J ew s to c fli ces 184

Al ph o ns o V III . ca use of l
his ind u gence to th e J e ws 2 03
I ND EX . 5 63

Al ph onso X p a troni es th e ea rned of th e z l J ew ish

W
.

l
A p h o ns o p ro tects th e XI
e ws . J
l
A sa ce , J e w s n u me rou s i n th a t p rov ince
'

Al sh e h , M o se s , a fa mou s J e w ish
p re a ch e r
Al -
a th e k ,
ca l ip h , O ppre sse s th e J e ws

Ana nu s , th e h i h p ries t, ta k e s g ar ms g
a a ins t th e Z e a o tsl
Aman n s re v ive s th e se ct of th e S dda u cees

An tioch u s th e G re a t c on q u e rs Sy i r a a nd P l a e s tine .

A ntioch u s E p iph a ne s pe rse cu te s th e J ew s

An tioch u s Eu pa tor cond ucts the w a r a ga i ns t th e J e ws

Antioch us Side te s inv ad es P al e s tine

ml
1
.

Antipate r a de ie ute na nt of J u d e a

A ra b ia , of th e J e w s 1n th a t co un try . . . e .

A rc h e l
s so n of H e rod d eposed
au , , by Au gu tu s s .

Arg u n J eha n fa v ou rs th e Jews


Aris tob u l u s , s on of Hy rca nu s , h is crue l ty
Aristo b ul us , s on of A l e xa n de r J a nne u s , ta k es ar ms a g a inst h is
b roth er
is put to d ea th .

Arme nia , J e ws
p s e r ec uted 1n tha t co u n try .

Asce , fa mou s ra bbi,


a co mpil e s th e B ab
y l on ian T l mud a

As mon ea n fa mi y , e n d l of th e i r re i g n . .

As mou il , a J ew , e mbra c e s Ma h ometa nis m


As se mb y l of J e w is h de p u ties con ven ed in F ra nce

th eir
Athias , J ose p h . a ce e b ra ted l J e wish p rinte r
g J
.

Av i no n , of th e e ws in .

Azae l , J udas , a famous J ew is h


p rea ch er

B .

B gd a t, ews n umerous in th is ci ty
a J 2 98
Ba l sch em, sra e , forms a new sect I l 5 17
Ba rch och eba p roc a ims h i mse f th e e ss ia h l l M 107

ra ises a n a rm a a ins t th e Ro ma ns
y g . ih .

B ar c u bb l i ti l J e w
, a ca a s ca . 2 70
B ed i t X III pope e d ea o s to co t th J w
en c .
, n v ur nv e r e e s

2 57
Be j min d T ud l h i
n a o u t of th J w i
e th 12 th e a, s a cc n e e s n e c ent u
y
r 19 8
B d S t p ot cts th J w from th e C
e rn a r , . d r e e e s ru s a e rs 19 8
B ibl ig in f it d i i i
e, or i to h p te d o s v s on n c a rs a n v erse s

B ill p s d f th e tu l iz t ion of th e Jew


as e or na ra a s
0
i t is re
p e a ed l
Bl t m
h, M a rk El z J e wis h 4 03

ea a r , a

B oh e mia ; J ews expe l l ed from 332


5 64: I ND EX .

Bol es l a us, k ing , grants p ri il eg v es to th e J e ws

B ombe g Da id p i t H b w book s i V i e
r , v , r n s e re n en c

B o g E tus M ximil i
r , o v e ted to C h ri ti
rne s ity a an, c n r s an .

B r g a r h bi h p of g g s th e Jews 1 a consp ir
a a, c s o ,
en a e n ac
y a
ga inst

th e h o of B g z u se ra an a

B uch a a D h i n n, u t of th J ews I di r. s a cco n e ln n a.


3
. . an
)”
Speech to th e L ondo Society n

C bb l
a o t f
a a , a cc u n

C l ig l mp
a u a, e l im di i h'
e ror, c a s v ne on ou rs .

C l iph M h m t t t f th J w
a s, a o e an , s a e o e e s u nde r

C d i J w i th i i l d d l d d by
an a, e s n s s an e u e an imp ostor
C it J w th i t
'

a ra e t e s, e r e ne s

l o y of i th C im

co n , n e r ea

nu mbe r of , in th e se ve ntee nth century .

Ca rbe , Vi ctor , a con ve rted J ew


Ga ri gl a , j cm
Ha
C a ro li na , J ew s in th is s ta tc
'

C a si mire th e G re a t

gr a n ts p rivi lg e es to th e J ews

Ca vad e s , k in g of P e rs ia , p ersec ute s th e J ews

C m ere on ies of th e J e ws

C e sa re a ,
'

contest conce rni n g th i s c it


y
Cestius G a
'

ll us be sie g J es e ru sa e l m
Ch ar e l m g e hi a d n , s c on u ct to th e J ews

Ch a r es l th B l d p i

e

a , o sone d by a Jewi h ph y s sician

Ch a r es l V I xp l th J . e e s e ew s from F ra nce
Ch a r es l V mp hi . e eror, s a v e rs ion to th e J e ws

Ch ar es l to f th J w n, o e e s in th is city
Ch a sid i m , th eir te ne ts

Cbil d eb er t, h is decre e aga inst th e e ws J


Ch il p eric p ersecute s th e e ws J
Ch ina , of th e ew s in th is e mp ire J
Ch intil l a e xpe s th e ews from Sp a in l J
Ch osroe s th e G rea t, trea ts th e J ew s with ri ou r g

C h i ti
r s ti ans re re from J udea

C h h J wi h
u rc , e s , its gove rnme nt

Cl m t V f v J
m
ours th e

C l mt V I t
e en . a ews

e en . rea ts th e with ind u lg e nce

C l emen t V III a ll ows the Je ws l ibe rty


.
of consc ie nce
5 66 I ND E X .

Ed icts issued a g a ins t th e Je ws ; by Le wis th e S a int

by t h e d u k e of B ritta n
y
by t h e l f Ly
co u nc i o o ns 2 41
by th il f V i
e co u nc o e nn a ih .

by P h il ip th F i e a r -
ih .

by Ch l VI ar es

by F e rd in a nd a nd I b ll
sa e a

by th e co u nc i l of Vi e n na

by th e e mp eror of G ermany
by th e l f B il
cou nci o as

by p o p J h XX III
e o n .

E dicts i n fa v o ur of th J w by C h l e e s, a r es , k in g of N p l a es

by J ose p h 11 .

by Al e xa nde r
E d ga rd u s , ( Es d ras ) conv e rts ma ny
Ed wa rd 1 h is . s e v e rity to th e J e ws

g
E y p t, J ew s n u me rous in th is countr
y
l z
E e a a r, ze l ot h i p rty
a a , s a

Em a nue l (k i g f P o t g l ) h is cru l ty
,
n o r u a e to th e Jw e s

E sse nes , th e ir te ne ts
E th i p ia , o f the e ws
o J 1n th is co u n tr
y
E xp ia tion, (fas t of)

Fa ‘
aS b a , a n a ccou n t 0 f ooooo e c o l o e
'
o e e o e o e e o o o e e oo oooo . o

F l ix
e , ch a racte r o f

F dier (k ing of S p a in) pe rsec u tes the J ews


na n d ,

F e di r na nd I II (e mpe ror of G e rma ny ) g ran ts pr iv il eges


. to th e

F e s tu s , s ta te of th e J e w s u n de r h is gove rn ment
Fe z, J ew s n u me rou s in
F l g ll
a e a n ts , th e ir c ru e l ty to th e J e ws

Fl o rus , c h a ra c te r of

F ra nk e l , ed ito r of a J e w is h l it e ra ry j ou rn a l
Fu rta do , (Abra h a m) p res ident of th e J e wish Assemb y l

G al il ee by th e Bomans
red u ced

z D
'

G a nt , ( a v id) a J e w is h h is toria n
G a l l l on ites , th e ir e ne s t t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

.
0

G ed a l ia h , a l ea rned rabbi
M EX . 5 67

G e rs ion, a l ea rned ra bb i
_

Gh e tto, or q u a rter for th e J e ws th a t a re in P ad u a

Go z a n i, (a J es u it, ) h is acco un t o f th e J e ws in Chi na

G rec ia n c ities , of th e J ews in


G re go y th G e t h i i du l ge ce to th e J w
r e r a , s n n e s

G re gory IX p otects th Jew f om th C h ad e


. r e s r e r s rs

G re goire (b i h op d to ) w ites in f ou of th J
, s an se na r r av r e ew s

Ext ra ct of a l etter

Hak em, a n impostor, h is tene ts


H ak e m, (c a ip h ) a tte mp ts to es ta b ish a new re i ion
l l lg
l
H a e v i, ( Abra h a m an d uda h ) fa mous ra bbies J
Ha ll e, an . ins titution formed th e re for th e c onv ers ion of th e
J ews

H amb ur g , of th e J ews in th is c ity

H ay , l
a ce e bra ted ra b b i

l
He i bron ne r, a conv e rt to Ch ris tian it
y
H el iod orus a tte mp ts
to p und e r th e te mp e l l
l gbl
H e io a l J
a us a ttem ts to b e n d
p ud a ism w ith . P g a a nis m
He ll i t d th S pt gi t i th i
en s s re a e e ua n n e r s na
y gog ues

H e nr y II t l t th J w
. o era es e e s

H en r y III O pp th J w . resses e e s

H enr y I V ( mp ) d f d th J w
. e e ror e en s e e s

Hera c li p t th J
us e rse c u es e e

H erod th e G rea t obta ins th e c r own of J ude a

h is ty ra n ny and c ru e ty l
re b u i ld
s th e temp e ; h is d ea th l
He rod ians , th e ir tene ts
H e rt z (Mark ) l
, a e a rne d J ew
Ho ll and , set t e l men t of th e J ew s in th is cou ntr
y
of th e l ea rn ed men w h o fl ou rish ed in th e se v e n te enth

ce ntur
y
op p ress ions of th e ir Sy ndics

th ey for ma sepa ra te sy n a gogue


of th e l ea rn ed men a mon g th m i e n th e t h irteenth a nd

n ine teenth centu ries

Hono ri us , e mpe ror , a ll ow s the J ew s l iber ty of cons cien ce

Hosp ital for th e Jews , erected in London


568 1ND E x.

Ho hrwimZ . al k ind, wr ites in fa vour of the


. Jw e s

H y pa tia tea che s p h i lo sop hy

. . is assa ss ina ta l e o e o o . 0 0 0 0 0 oooooo q o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 137

I dumean g d by Hy can s co n u ere r us P

i t od ced i t J l m n r u n o e ru sa e

I fi d l ity it p re l
n e mo g the Jew
,
s v a e nce a n s

I a fi
sa cs , ve e minenh rabbies of th a t
I hm l
s ae , Sop h i, his a v e rsion to th e Jwe s

I sid ore o f Se v i l l e, h is mod e ra tion


I srae l ,
Da nie l , an impostor

J .

J b
a co son, his e fforts to civ i i lz e th e Jews 4 03
e xtract of a l e tte r from
J ama ica s ettl e men t of th e Jews in th is I sl and
, . ,
45 8
J a mes k ing of Arra gon a p p rov es of th e J ewis h
, , p ra y e r book s 2 53
J a mes I I k in g of En l a nd fa v ou rs th e J ews 3 81
g , ,

J arch i Sol omon a fa mou s rabbi


, , 2 12
J a s on , p u rch ase s g
th e h i h p ries th ood 15
J ec h iel , a fa mous ra bbi 2 09
J e ch i el , a conv e r te d J ew 35 5
J e ro me d e S a n ta F ide de fend s th e Ch ris tia n re l i gio n

J e rusa e l m , re b ui lt und er th e Pe rsian mona r ch y , 4 ; forti fi


by J oned .

a th an , 2 83 red u ce d by om P
pe y , 35 ; its s tren g th p revi ous to its -

be ing bes ie ged by T itus , 7 5 ; te rrib e d es tru ction l of, by . th e


R oma n s , 86 ; it is. re b u i l t by Ad ria n , a nd i ts na me cha n ed g to E l ia ,
106 ; l g
e n a r ed a nd bea u tifi ed by o ns ta n ti ne , C and its a nc ie nt na me
res tored , I2 S ; ta k en by Ch osroes . the II P ersian k in g , 14 ? s

re ta k en by H li e rac us , th e e mpe ror . of . C o ns ta ntinop e , l 190 ; con


q ue red by O m th a r, e Sa ra ce n ca l iph , 15 4 afte r be ing tak e n from
th e Sa ra ce ns by th e S lj e uk ian T u rk s, i t wa s re d uced by the C ru
se d e rs u nd e r G odfre y , w h o is l
e e cted k in g of it, 193 forced from
th e E u ro pe a ns by Sl a a d in , th e M ah o me tan l
S u ta n of E y p t, 2 2 5
. g ;
th e Jw e s . n ev e r n u merous in th is c it
y sin ce th e ir dis pers ion , 2 9 9 a

accou nt of . th e ir wre tch ed c ond ition in th e ninetee nth ce ntu ry

u nder . th e O tt m T o an urk s, 44 2 .

J ews , (be fore C h i t) th y


r s e re tu rn from ca p ti v ity , 2 ; sta te of un er d the
k in gs of P . e rs ia , 3 ; u nd e r Al exan d e r th e G re at an d h is s uccessors ,
'

9 — 15 ; , th e y a re
pe rsecuted by Antioch us Ep iph anes , filmy .
rev o lt u n de r M a ttath ias , 2 1 they rega in th eir indep ende nce » 2 3 s .
5 70 I ND E X .

th irte enth centu ry ti ll th ey we re e xpe ll ed from th e mp ire


—2 7 8
e
,

2 69 ; th e ir cond itio n d urin g th e sa me p e riods more to l era bl e

i n ta yI l , th 0— 2 86 ; e xa ct

a cco mp l ish me nt of p rop h ecy


.

2 87 — 2 9 1 a ccou n t o f th ose

t u ry to 16 6 5 , 2 92 — 3 04 ; of
a re d 16 6 6 , 3 05 — 3 16 ; a ccou nt of th e ir mb er a nd

a
p p e nu cond it ion

in v a rious pa rts of Africa , 3 17 32 7 . O f th ose in G e rma ny ,

in th e sixtee n th a nd .
sev e nte e nth centuries , 3 2 8— 335 ; th e ir fl ou
ris h in
g s ta te in P ol a nd u nder J oh n So bie sk i i n th e se ve ntee nth

ce ntu ry , 3 37 p a rticu a rs resp ectinl g th m i e n v a rious


'

p a rts of Ge r
many a nd P ol a nd , 33 7 — 3 4 6 ; a ccou nt o f t h ose in I l ta y from th e
si xteenth to th e ei g hte e nth ce ntu ry , 3 4 7 — 3 5 9 ; th e y

a tte mp t in
v a in to obta in a sett e l me nt a nd a to le ra tio n S
in p a in an d o rtu a , P g l
a nd a ss u me th e ma sk of Ch ris tia ni ty , 3 6 0— 3 6 7 0f th e ir sett e l
ment in H ll o a nd, an d th l e ear ned me n wh o pe a red a mong th em
ap

i n the s eve nte e nth ce ntu r


y , 37 0— 3 82 ; of th e ir re tu rn to n and E gl
in th e se v e nteenth ce n tu r
y , 3 85 ; th e ir sta te in th e k in d om fro ’
g m
th a t period to th e y, n inetee nth
a v ou ra b e centur 3 86 — 3 9 6 . F l
g
ch a n e in th e ir cond ition in G e rma n
y and o th r cou ntrie s d u rin
e g
th e e i h tee n th a n d n ine teen th ce ntu ries , 3 9 7 — 4 12
g Accou n t of .

F
th ose in ra nce from th e ir e s ta b ish me nt i n e t to th e n ine tee n th l M z
ce nt u ry , 4 13 — 4 3 1 ; i n o a n d , in th e e i h tee nth a nd n ine tee nth H ll g
c e n tu rie s , 4 3 2 — 4 37 of th e ir sta te in th e T u k i h d omi
r s i
n ons , a nd

oth er co u ntries in Asia in th e ei gh tee nth a nd n ine tee nth ce nturie s ,

4 3 8— 4 5 4 ; of th ose in v a rious p a rts of Ame rica , 4 5 5 — 4 6 7 ; of

th e ir sy na gogue worship , re l ig io us rite s a nd c ere monies , 468


4 83 . A c co u n t of th e ir re l ig i ous te n e ts , a nd of th e se cts wh ich
s ti ll e xist a mong th em, 4 84— 49 7 . Of th e d iss imu l a t on oi f ma ny
of w h o h a v e p rofessed
th is p eop l eh ris tian ity ; a nd of th e efforts C
w h ich a re n ow u se d in E n a nd to e f
f e ct t h e i r c on vers ion , 5 3 0— gl
5 33 .
0f t h e i r ch a racte r, mora l a nd l itera ry ,
5 4 4— 5 4 8 5 of th eir nu mbe r,
5 49 . C onc udin l g reflectio ns, 5 4 9— 5 5 5 .

J och a ides , S ime on, a fa mou s cabb a li t s . 3 00


J oh n of G is ch a l a , h is crue ty l '
70
J oh n , g of Eng l d Oppre se the J ew
k in an ,
s s 229
J oh n 11 k ing of F r nce pe rmit th e ir r tur to th e k i gdom
. a , s e n n 2 46

Joh n 11 k ing of P ortu g a l h is se ve ity to th e Jews


.
,
r

J oh n XX II p pe . o , ord ers th e Ge ma ras to be b u rnt


J oh n X X II I pop . e, pe rsecu tes th e J ews .

J och a nan, a fa mou s ra bb i

J ose ph Be n G oric a , h is fi ctitious h istory


J ose
ph A bo, l cens ures th e creed of M imonides
a
5 71

I ND E X .

, ta k e n p riso ne r
M a ccabe us , th e motto on h is s ta n da rd
b e p u ri es th e fi te mp l e from th e p ol l u tions of An tioch u s .

h is d ea th
me d the Sa in t comp il e s th e M is n a
.
,

Jd h
u a , s u rna ,

J li
u a n, s u rna me d th e Ap osta te a tte m t to s ub v e rt th e C h ris tia n
p s ,

re l ig i on 12 6
h is d es i g n o f re b u i l d i g th
n e te mp l e fru s tra ted by a miracl e 12 8
38
I48

K imk ies , th ree l


ce eb ra ted ra bb ies of th is na me
K ork o
s , M ordeca i, w rites a g a ins t th e C a bba a l
L .

Le d in il l a h , K as se r, pe rse cu
tes th e J e ws

Le ml e in , Da v id , a n imp os tor
Le o Isa u ri c u s , h is se v e rit
y to th e J ews

R O B UU S . b is h o p of Cy p ru s , a tte mp ts to con ve rt th e J e ws

Levita E l i u t f
,
as , a cco n o

Le i N th p
v , or to Tz ai a n, rec u rs ev

Le i D id
v ,l b ted J wi h w it
av ,
a ce e ra e s r er

Le w i D b i p o pe ou t t of th J w u d
s, e o n a r, r s r s s a e e e s n er

Le w i I X pe cu t th Jews
s . rs e es e

Le w i X ll th m t F
s . re ca s e o ra nce

L nd n u mbe f y gog i th ity


o o , n r o s na ues u e c .

L o do So ci ty th i fl t to
n n t th Jew
e , e r e

or s c on v er e s

Lu l a ne d emy f u ded i t h i
,
ity
n a ca o n n s c

L u th d te om p i er f m ece i i g th J w
e rs s e r n ce s ro r v n e e s

L z ti S im
u a f mo ,bbi eon , a a us ra

Ly N i h l
ra , co v e t to C h is ti c ityo as , a n r r an

M .

M ah o me t establ ish es a new re l igi on

co mme nces a w a r w ith t h e J e ws . . ooooooooo


M ai monides , h is c h a ra cte r . 0

Md Ch O SO l omO D an impoS to r, , ‘

M arga lith a, Aaron, a converted


5 72 . I ND EX .

M a rc us , Mo ses , e mbra ces .


th e Ch ristia n re . l ig io n.

M a rtin , a rch d ea con ,


p rea ch e s a a in s t th e g Jw
e s

M asa d a , s u ic ide of th e e ws in t h is J
M as o ra , a ccou n t o f

M a tta th ias hea d s a re v o ltg a h


a ins tt
e S r ia ns
y
M l
ec k e n b u r g , p rince s o f, t h e ir cru e t to the
y l Jw e s

M e n asses Be n I s ra e l ,
a fa mous ra b bi , acco u nt of

Me nd ol soh n , l
a ce e bra ted r a bb i, h is ch a rac ter . 3

M e ir A l gud es , a J e wis h p h y s ic ia n
M e ir Mi th ridos , a l ea rn ed ra bbi

Me ni ch o b ish op , of Sp i
p ro tect s th e r es, J e ws

M l
e ne a us, an a osta te h i h
p p ries t g
Me rsb u rg, J ew s b a nish ed from th is city .

M es s ia h s , fa l se , a ccou n t of th ose in th e tw e fth l ce ntu ry

M ess ia h , s ent i me nts of th e J ew s on h is miss ion a nd ch a racte r

M esop ota mia , re be ll io n of th e J ew s a t L .

M icbez , a J e w , p e rs ua d es Se im l II . to a tte mp t th e q
con u es t of

Cy p rus

Mi nof th e J Il
"

norca , rep u ted con v e rs io ews in th is s a nd

Misna , a cco unt


M od e na , Le o , a ce e b ra ted l J e w is h w rite r
M o rd eca i Be n M oses , e mbrac es C h i ti
th e l igi r s a n re on

Mo rd eca i, ra bbi , p re te n d s to b th M
e i h
e ess a

M oh adi, ca l iph , h is se ve rity t th J w


o e e s

M o nis , J uda h , e mbra ces the Ch i ti l igi


r s a n re o

M oors o
pp ress th e J e ws

Morroca nu s , Sa mue l embraces th e C h ris tian rel igion ,

Mo sta nge d c a l ip h fav o u rs t h e J e w s


, ,

M ota ra k el ca l iph, h is conte mp tuous trea tment of th e


,
J ews

M l y A h y iz
u e rc se es th e p rope rty of a rich J ew
M l y M h mt
u e
.

a o e ca u s
e s th e sy na o u es to be rebu i t g g l .

l smael , h is ty ra nnical beh av iou r to th e J


'

Mul ey e ws

Na ch ma nides, M oses f m , a a ou s

N ach mias ,
S m l mb
a thue , e ra ces e '
Ch rist ia n re l igio n

N as ci , Da v id ttl , l yi
se es a co on n S urina m
N a sc i, I aa c
s , a l ea rne d J ew 45 8
N e ro, Ro man e mpe ror , se nds an a r my a
g a ins t th e Jw
e s 66

New Y ork , of th e Jew s in th is 4 64

Noach ides , p recep ts of


5 74 I ND E X .

R .

Ra bbinists ,

or mod ern P h a rise es


R a ind Fl a is ch p rea ch e s a a l g
R a y mond d e Pe IIne forte , h is e ffor ts
‘ ‘

R efo rma tion , L u th er s,



its

e fi e cts
i on th e J ews

l
Re u ch in d e fen d s th e J ews
'

R icci , a co nv e rte d J ew
R ich a rd I . ma ssa cre of th e Jew s in his r eig n

S a a dd onl a t, a J p h y s icia n
e w ish

S add ucee s , . th e ir rise , 3 3 ; th eir tene ts


th e ir mbe r v ery sma ll a t p resen t
nu

Sa ma rita ns , th e ir o rigi n 2 e nmit


y be twe e n th e m a nd th e
, J ew s,

3 th ey a re cons id e re d a s a s e c t o f th e J e wish re l igi on , 44 ;



B j en a min d e T udela ’
s a cco u n t o f th e m .

S a ma rita ns , a ccount of, from th e twe fth l ce ntu r


y to th e y ea r

1808
S a nh e d rim, i ts o ri gi g it did n ot e xi st

n, 4 ; rea s ons for su


ppos in
a fte r t he de stru ction of J e ru sa e l m
S a nh ed rim co
nv e ned
'

at P a ris , 4 2 8; of th e ir p ro ce ed in g s.

S a ph e ta ,
'

J e w ish a ca de my in th is city
S a ra ce ns , th e y cu l ti v a te l e a rn in g
in th e d a rk a ges . 2
th e ir u nion w ith th e J e ws

S a nsa nd in g Je w , in th is p a rt of Africa
s

Sc h oo l s for J l
ew s esta b is h ed in Ge r a ny m
S ch oo l s e sta b li h
s ed in C ope nh a ge n

S ec ts n ow e xistin g a mong th e
S ebu r ia ns , or s cep tics, a J ewi sh sect .

Se e ze n , co e ll g e at

g
S e pt u a int, th e G ree k tra ns l tia on of th e O l d T e t me
s a nt .

Se rea n s p re te nd s to be the M i e ss a h

S h e p h e rd s , c rus a de of, i n F ra nce J .

th e y ma s sa cre th e J ews in F rance

mas sac re b y t h ose in Sp a in

l
S id e ins forms a new J e w is h

s ec t

S ime on Ben J oc h a i, a re a t g
J
S imon , e wish h i h p rie st, h is ch a ra cter g
“ M J ga
S imon , son of atta th ia s, th e ew s be th e ir inde pe nde nce

n

u nde r h is a d minist ra tion 29


45 9

S ixtu s V .
pope , g

ran ts
p i r vi e lg es to th e J ews 35 1

Society , London, for p romoting



Ch r istianity a mng the Jews
o 5 32
I N DEX 5 70
'

Sp i z B
no a , e ne d ic t, 3 c l
ee bra ted J ew a oo o ooo o
S p ire , b ish op o , pf r o te c ts t h e e w s a g a ins t th e
J C rusa d e rs

St iles , p
res id e n t, h is a t te n ti on to t h e e ws J
l
S u rin a m, se tt e ment of th e e ws in th is co ony J l
g g
sy na o ues , th e ir rise
S y ndics, th eir a rbitra ry cond uct

T be rn cl e
a a s, feas t of
J e rusa l e m
.

T lm d c
a u ,
a cou nt of th a t of . .

of th a t of B a b y on l
th e l a tte r is trans l
a ted into Ara bic
T emp l e, second , be gu n b y th e J e ws a fte r the ir re turn from ca p
tiv ity ,
1; co mp l ete d u nde r D ar iu s, 3; rebu i lt by He rod ,
4 0; de stroy ed by th e R omans
l
Te mp e , ins crip tions on one b ui t a t See zen l
Te ph il im See Pb il ac te ries.

Th eod ore t, G oth ic k in g , p rotec ts Jth e ew s

T itu s red uce s G isca l a, 6 9 ; be s i g


e J es eru sa e l m 76, ; s urround s
th e c ity w ith a wa l l , 80 a tte mpts to sa v e th e te mp l e

Tol e do , decrees of fou rth c ou nci l of, 16 0 ; of fi fth co unci l


T ol edo , b ish op of, h is c ru e l ty to th e J e ws

i ns urre ction in th is c ity


T j mpe o
ra an , e r r, h is g
ri orou s trea t ment of th e J ews

T i J w m
ra n , e s assa cre d in tb is city
T i Mo
ra n , ses , a fa mou s ra b bi
Tre me l l ius , S a muel , a con v e rte d J ew
T mpets
ru ,
fea st o f
Tu k d c e r, ea n , fa vou rs th e na tu ra l iz a tion of th e J ews

Tze p h a l on, J a cob , a J wi h phy


e s s ic ian

Tzev i, Za ba th a i, a fa mous impostor, ac count of

V .

Va l en tin ian , e mpe ror , to l e ra tes th e J ew s

Ve p s a s ia n se n t a g a ins t th e J w 66 ;e s, red uces l


G a il ee
J w i h f ith

W
Vid a l , r a b b i, de fe nds th e e s a

W
Vis igoth , k in gs , th eir se v erity to th e Jw e s

W .

amba , k in g f th G th xp l th J w
o e o s, e e s e e s 16 6
il l ia m the C quer r b i gs ol o y of Jews to E gl
on o r n a c n n an d 22 1
W
W
5 76 I N DEX .

W i ia m Rufus fa v ou rs th e
ll
incesl a us , k in
i tey s t, So l mon,
o
g of B oh emi
J e ws

a, h is j
un us t cond u c t to th e J ews

Z aba th a ites , th e fo ll w s
o er of Za ba th a i Tzev i .

l o
Zea ots , th e ir ch a racter, 7 0 ; b a rbar us cond uct, 7 1; inso l ent

be hav iou r to T itus


J
Zech a ria h , a ewish impostor
Ze igh l e r, an i mp os tor
Ze mbia , q ue en of Pa l my ra , p rospe rity of th e J
e ws d u rin g h e r

Zoh a r ,
a ca bb a l is tical w ork

F I NJ S .
Unive l
of Ca ifo rn ia
S O UTHERN REG IO AL LIBRA RY FACILITY
l l
405 Hi ga rd Ave nue , Los Ange es , CA 9002 4-1388
Re turn th is ma te ria to th e ib ra ry
l l
_

fromw h ic h it wa s b o rrowe d .

JUL 1 3

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