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Geometry Handout

The document provides an introduction to basic geometry concepts including points, lines, line segments, rays, planes, angles, and their classifications and relationships. It defines these concepts, provides examples, and includes an exercise section.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views8 pages

Geometry Handout

The document provides an introduction to basic geometry concepts including points, lines, line segments, rays, planes, angles, and their classifications and relationships. It defines these concepts, provides examples, and includes an exercise section.

Uploaded by

sneha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VISHWA BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL, NOIDA

CLASS –V SESSION: 2023-24


A HANDOUT ON GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that focuses on the measurement and
relationship of lines, angles, surfaces, solids, and points. Let’s start with a point.

POINT
A point is a fixed location and cannot be moved.
 It is represented by drawing a dot on the paper.
 Examples: the tip of a needle or a drawing pin can represent a dot.
 The capital letters of English are used to show different points represented by a
dot.

A B

C D

LINE
A collection of points is called a line.
 It can be extended endlessly in both the directions along a straight path.
 It has no end points.
 It has no beginning and no end.
 A line is represented by two arrow heads showing that it can be extended to in
both the directions.
 A line is named by any two points marked on the line.

S T

 The line above is named as ST

LINE SEGMENT
A line segment is a part of a line.
 It has two end points.
 It has fixed starting and end points.

Q R
 The line segment above is named as QR
RAY
A ray is a part of the line.
 It has one fixed end point and goes endlessly from the other point.
 It is represented by an arrow head on one side and a point on the other.
 To name a ray the fixed end point is named first.

S T

 The name of the ray above is ST .


 Example: a ray of light coming from a bulb.

A B C E F

 The above line contains rays -- BA , BF , CA , CF and so on.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POINTS AND LINES

Concurrent lines- The lines that passes through the same


point.

 AB, EF and CD are three lines that pass through a


point O.
 Point O is called the point of intersection.
 The total number of intersecting lines are three and it is more than two.
 The intersecting lines are called concurrent lines in geometry.

Collinear points – Three or more points lying on the same line


are called collinear points.

Non collinear points- When three of more points do not lie on


the same line then these points are called non-collinear
points.
In the fig:-
 The points A, B and C lie on the line m. They are
collinear.
 The points D, B and E lie on the line n. They are collinear.
 There is no line that goes through all three points A, B and D. So, they are non-
collinear.
 An unlimited number of lines can pass through a point.
PLANE
A plane is a flat surface that goes endlessly or
extends indefinitely in all the directions.
 It is a 2-dimentional surface.
 It is a collection of infinite number of points.
 It contains an unlimited number of lines, line
segments and rays.

ANGLES
Two rays with a common end point is called an angle.
 The common point of contact is called the
vertex of an angle.
 The rays are called the arms of the angle.
In the fig: -
 Point O is the common end point called
the vertex.

 OA and OB are the arms of the angle.

Angles around us
There are many daily life examples of an angle, such as cloth-hangers, arrowheads,
scissors, partly opened doors, pyramids, edge of a table, the edge of a ruler, etc.
Some other examples are shown in the figure.
Naming an Angle
The angle can be named in the following ways –
 By three capital letters, with vertex letter in the middle.

 Point B is the vertex of the angle.

 The name of the given angle is ∠ABC

 By the vertex letter only.

 The name of the given angle here is ∠B

 By the number written in the middle of the angle.

 The name of the given angle here is ∠1

Interior and Exterior of an Angle

An angle has two parts – interior and exterior.

Consider ∠AOB. We observe that all points in the plane


of ∠AOB can be divided into 3 groups:

 Points which lie within the arms of the angle produced


indefinitely.
 Points which lie on the arms of the angle produced indefinitely.
 Points which lie outside the arms of the angle produced indefinitely.
Interior of an angle:

The part of the plane which is within the arms of an angle produced indefinitely is
called the interior of the angle.

Exterior of an angle:

The part of the plane which is outside the arms of an angle


produced indefinitely is called the exterior of the angle.

The interior of ∠AOB together with the angle itself is called


the angular region AOB.

In the given figure:

 Points A, D and F are in the interior of ∠PQR.


 Points B and C are in the exterior of ∠PQR.
 Points P, G, Q, E and R are on ∠PQR.

Classification of Angles

Angles are classified according to their measure as:

Acute Angle - An angle of measure more than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute
angle.

∠AOB is an acute angle.

Right angle – An angle of measure 90° is called a right angle.

∠AOB is a right angle.


Obtuse Angle – An angle of measure greater than 90 but less than 180 is called an
obtuse angle.

∠AOB is an obtuse angle.

Straight Angle – An angle of measure 180° is called a straight angle.

∠ AOB is a straight angle.

Reflex Angle- An angle of measure greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a
reflex angle.

∠ AOB is a reflex angle.

Complete Angle- An angle of measure 360° is called a complete angle.

∠ AOB is a complete angle.

CONTRUCTING ANGLES WITH A


PROTRACTOR

To construct an angle ∠BOA = 60°


Step 1 : Draw a ray OA.

O A
Step 2 : Place the centre of the protractor on the end point O of OA. Point O will form
the vertex.
Step 3 : Adjust the protractor such that the baseline is along OA.
Step 4 : Now measure carefully from 0° from the opposite B
of the vertex point of the inner scale.
Step 5 : Mark point A at 60°.
Step 6 : Remove the protractor and join point A to point O ,
to get OB

The measure of ∠BOA = 60°

O
A
TYPES OF LINES

Coplanar lines
Two lines lying in the same plane are called
coplanar lines.

Parallel lines
 Two or more coplanar lines that do not intersect each other are called parallel
lines.
 Parallel lines are equidistant from each other.
 Symbol for parallel lines is || , here (line a) || (line b)
 Eg. can be railways track, banks of a canal,
opposite edges of a book etc.

Intersecting lines
 Two or more lines that cross each other are
called intersecting lines.
 The point at which these two lines cross each
other is called the point of intersection.

 AB and CD intersect at point O.


 O is the point of intersection.
Perpendicular lines
 The two lines that intersect or meet each other to
form a right angle are called perpendicular lines.

 AB and CD intersect at point O to form right angles.


 The symbol of perpendicular lines is AB ꓕ CD .

EXERCISE

Q1. Draw a line segment of following lengths:

1. 4.5 cms 3. 5 cms


2. 6.5 cms 4. 7.5 cms

Q2. Draw the following angles using a protractor:

1. 30° 3. 90°
2. 105° 4. 120°

Q3. Write the angles made by the arms of a clock showing the following time also
write the type of angle made:

1. 3:00 am 3. 6:00 am B
2. 9:00 pm 4. 12:00 am A

Q4. In the given fig. write the names of the following:


1. A ray
2. A line segment
3. Intersecting lines
4. Points of intersection
5. Angles C D

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