Geometry Handout
Geometry Handout
INTRODUCTION
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that focuses on the measurement and
relationship of lines, angles, surfaces, solids, and points. Let’s start with a point.
POINT
A point is a fixed location and cannot be moved.
It is represented by drawing a dot on the paper.
Examples: the tip of a needle or a drawing pin can represent a dot.
The capital letters of English are used to show different points represented by a
dot.
A B
C D
LINE
A collection of points is called a line.
It can be extended endlessly in both the directions along a straight path.
It has no end points.
It has no beginning and no end.
A line is represented by two arrow heads showing that it can be extended to in
both the directions.
A line is named by any two points marked on the line.
S T
LINE SEGMENT
A line segment is a part of a line.
It has two end points.
It has fixed starting and end points.
Q R
The line segment above is named as QR
RAY
A ray is a part of the line.
It has one fixed end point and goes endlessly from the other point.
It is represented by an arrow head on one side and a point on the other.
To name a ray the fixed end point is named first.
S T
A B C E F
ANGLES
Two rays with a common end point is called an angle.
The common point of contact is called the
vertex of an angle.
The rays are called the arms of the angle.
In the fig: -
Point O is the common end point called
the vertex.
Angles around us
There are many daily life examples of an angle, such as cloth-hangers, arrowheads,
scissors, partly opened doors, pyramids, edge of a table, the edge of a ruler, etc.
Some other examples are shown in the figure.
Naming an Angle
The angle can be named in the following ways –
By three capital letters, with vertex letter in the middle.
The part of the plane which is within the arms of an angle produced indefinitely is
called the interior of the angle.
Exterior of an angle:
Classification of Angles
Acute Angle - An angle of measure more than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute
angle.
Reflex Angle- An angle of measure greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a
reflex angle.
O A
Step 2 : Place the centre of the protractor on the end point O of OA. Point O will form
the vertex.
Step 3 : Adjust the protractor such that the baseline is along OA.
Step 4 : Now measure carefully from 0° from the opposite B
of the vertex point of the inner scale.
Step 5 : Mark point A at 60°.
Step 6 : Remove the protractor and join point A to point O ,
to get OB
O
A
TYPES OF LINES
Coplanar lines
Two lines lying in the same plane are called
coplanar lines.
Parallel lines
Two or more coplanar lines that do not intersect each other are called parallel
lines.
Parallel lines are equidistant from each other.
Symbol for parallel lines is || , here (line a) || (line b)
Eg. can be railways track, banks of a canal,
opposite edges of a book etc.
Intersecting lines
Two or more lines that cross each other are
called intersecting lines.
The point at which these two lines cross each
other is called the point of intersection.
EXERCISE
1. 30° 3. 90°
2. 105° 4. 120°
Q3. Write the angles made by the arms of a clock showing the following time also
write the type of angle made:
1. 3:00 am 3. 6:00 am B
2. 9:00 pm 4. 12:00 am A