ENGINEERING DRAWING CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5
AUXILIARY VIEWS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
There are times when the six principal views will not completely describe an object.
This is especially true when there are inclined or oblique planes or features on an
object. For these cases, a special orthographic view called an auxiliary view can be
created.

An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected into a plane that is not
parallel to any of the principle planes. An auxiliary view is an orthographic view
which is projected onto any plane other than the frontal, horizontal, or profile plane.

 An auxiliary view is not one of the six principal views.

 Inclined and oblique surfaces do not show true size in the standard views.

 Auxiliary views are often used to show inclined and oblique surfaces true
size.

 Auxiliary views are orthographic views taken from a direction of sight other
than top, front, right side, left side, bottom, or rear.

Figure 5.1 A below shows three principal views of an object. Surface ABCD is an
inclined plane and is therefore never seen in true size or shape in any of these
views. In a multiview drawing, a true size and shape plane is shown only when the
line of sight (LOS) used to create the view is perpendicular to the projection plane.

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Fig 5.2 Object in Glass Box, and resulting six views when the box is unfolded

To show the true size and shape of surface ABCD, an auxiliary view can be created
by positioning a line of sight perpendicular to the inclined plane, then constructing
the new view.

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Fig 5.3 Object in Glass Box with special Auxiliary plane

Fig 5.4 unfolding the Glass Box to create an Auxiliary View of the Inclined Plane

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5.1.1 Fold Lines

Fold lines represent the edges of the “glass box”. Orthographic lines are projected
from adjacent views across fold lines. Object distances from fold lines are obtained
from related views.

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5.1.2 Fold line Labeling Conventions

1. The fold line located between the front and top view is labeled T-F, where F
means front and the T means top.
2. The fold line located between the top and the primary auxiliary view is
labeled T-1, where T is for the top view and 1 represents the first auxiliary
view.
3. Alternatively, the fold lines can be labeled by the projection planes. Since the
horizontal projection plane contains the top view, the alternate labeling would
be H-F and H-1.
4. The fold line located between the primary (i.e., first) and secondary auxiliary
views is labeled 1-2. Similarly, the fold line between the secondary and
tertiary auxiliary views is labeled 2-3.

5.2 AUXILIARY VIEW CLASSIFICATIONS

Auxiliary views are created by positioning a new line of sight relative to the object. It
is possible to create any number of auxiliary views, including a new auxiliary view
from an existing auxiliary view. Therefore, auxiliary views are first classified as:
Primary, secondary, or tertiary.

 A primary auxiliary view is a single view projected from one of the six
principal views.
 A secondary auxiliary view is a single view projected from a primary
auxiliary view.
 A tertiary auxiliary view is a single view projected from a secondary or
another tertiary auxiliary view.

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Fig 5.5 Primary, secondary and Tertiary views

Auxiliary views are also classified by the space dimension shown in true size in the
primary auxiliary view.

– A depth auxiliary is an auxiliary view projected from the front view,

and the depth dimension is shown true length.

– A height auxiliary view is an auxiliary view projected from the top

view, and the height dimension is shown true length.

– A width auxiliary view is an auxiliary view projected from the profile

view, and the width dimension is shown true length.

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5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF DEPTH AUXILIARY VIEWS

Step 1:

Given the front, top, and right side views, draw fold line F-1 using a phantom line
parallel to the edge view of the inclined surface. Place line F-1 at any convenient
distance from the front view.

Step 2:

Draw fold line F-H between the front and top views. Line F-H should be
perpendicular to the projectors between the views and at a distance X from the rear
edge of the top view. Draw fold line F-P between the front and the right side views,
perpendicular to the projectors between the two views and at distance X from the
rear edge of the right side view. The distance from fold line F-H to the top view must
be equal to the distance from fold line F-P to the right side view. Draw parallel
projectors between the principal views, using construction lines.

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Step 3:

Project the length of the inclined surface from the top view to the auxiliary view,
using construction lines. The projectors are perpendicular to the edge view and
projected well into the auxiliary view from corners A, B and C, D.

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Step 4:

Transfer the depth of the inclined surface from the top view to the auxiliary view by
first measuring the perpendicular distance from the fold line H-F to point C at the
rear of the top view. This is distance X. Measure this same distance on the
projectors on the projectors in the auxiliary view, measuring from fold line F-1. The
measurement used to locate point C could have been taken from the profile view.

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Step 5:

From point C in the auxiliary view, draw a line perpendicular to the projectors.
Depth dimension Y is transferred from the top view by measuring the perpendicular
distance from fold line H-F to point A (or D) in the top view and transferring that
distance to the auxiliary view along the projectors perpendicular to fold line F-1.
Draw a line at the transferred point A (or D) in the auxiliary view, perpendicular to
the projectors.

Step 5:

To complete the auxiliary view of the inclined surface, darken lines A-B and C-D.

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5.4 Partial Auxiliary Views

In auxiliary views, it is normal practice not to project hidden features or other

surfaces that are not part of the inclined surface. When only the details of the
inclined surface are projected and drawn in the auxiliary view, the view is called a
partial auxiliary view. A partial auxiliary view saves time and produces a drawing
that is much more readable. The figure below shows a partial and full auxiliary view
of the same object. The full auxiliary view is harder to draw, read, and visualize. In
this example, some of the holes would have to be drawn as ellipses in the full
auxiliary view. A break line can be used to indicate that the view is a partial view.

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Fig 5.6: A Full auxiliary view. Including hidden lines, and a partial auxiliary view with
no hidden lines

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5.5 Half Auxiliary Views

Symmetrical objects can be represented as a half auxiliary view; that is, only half
of the object is drawn.

Fig 5.7: Half auxiliary view

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5.6 Constructing a Curve in an Auxiliary View

Figure 5.8 below shows a cylindrical part that is cut by an inclined plane. The
resulting surface is an ellipse that can be shown true size and shape with auxiliary
view. The process for drawing curves in an auxiliary view is described in the
following steps.

Step 1: In the right side view, locate a reference plane at the vertical center of the
cylinder. The reference plane will be coincident to the axis of the cylinder and is
therefore shown as an edge view in the right side view. The reference plane is
located in the center so that all dimensions can be located on either side of the
corresponding reference plane in the auxiliary view.

Step 2: Locate the edge view of the reference plane in the auxiliary view by
drawing a line parallel to the edge view of the ellipse and at any convenient
distance from that edge. The reference plane will coincide with the location of the
major axis of the ellipse. The location of the reference plane should leave sufficient
room for the auxiliary view to be plotted without running into any of the multiviews.

Step 3: Plot points along the circumference of the circle in the right side view, and
project these points onto the edge view of the ellipse in the front view. Number the
points to assist in plotting the corresponding points in the auxiliary view.

Step 4: Project the points from the ellipse edge view in the front view through the
reference plane in the auxiliary view. The projectors should be perpendicular to the
edge view and the reference plane. The projector from the point for the center line
of the cylinder in the front view coincides with the minor axis of the ellipse in the
auxiliary view. Measure and transfer the depth dimensions from the right side view
to the projectors in the auxiliary view.

Step 5: Using a French curve, connect the points to create the true size and shape
of the curved surface.

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Fig 5.8 Constructing a Curve in an Auxiliary View

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5.7 Secondary (Oblique) Auxiliary Views

Frequently an object will have an inclined face that is not perpendicular to any of
the principal planes of projection. In such cases it is necessary to draw a primary
auxiliary view and a secondary auxiliary or oblique view.

The primary auxiliary view is constructed by projecting the figure on a primary

auxiliary plane that is perpendicular to the inclined surface and one of the principal
planes. This plane may be at any convenient location. The inclined face appears as
a straight line in the primary auxiliary view. Using this view as a regular view, the
secondary auxiliary view may be projected on a plane parallel to the inclined face.

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Step 1: Draw reference line in between the front and top views and draw reference
line perpendicular to true length lines in the front view. Extend projection lines from
the front view to the primary auxiliary plane.

Step 2: Transfer measurement of the distances of points from the top view to the
primary auxiliary plane. Since edge 1-2 and edge 3-4 are projected as a point on
the primary auxiliary plane, the surface will be seen as an edge view on this plane.

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Step 3: Draw reference line parallel to the edge view of the surface. Project points
onto the secondary auxiliary plane by extending projectors from the edge view.

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Step 4: Transfer distances of the points with a divider from the front view to the
secondary auxiliary plane. Join the points transferred to obtain the true shape of the
oblique surface.

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