ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , WWW.USMANWEB.COM Axis of Rotation: Some bodies cannot move from place to place but they can rotate about a fixed line or axis, called its axis of rotation. Moment Arm (or) Arm of Force: The perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to the line of action of the force is called moment arm (or) arm of force. Torque Torque is the turning effect of a force produced in a body about a certain axis of rotation. Torque is a vector quantity. It is also defined as; It is the cross product of position vector “7” and force "F". t=?xF The magnitude of torque is given by: t=rFsin® Where “@” is the angle between the position vector “r” and force ape, Magnitude of torque “r” is maximum when @ = 90 or?’ is perpendicular to F. t=rFsin90 t=F Torque produced ina body is zero when force “B" and position vector “7” are parallel to each. other i.e. @ = 0 or when the line of action of force passes through the axis of rotation. t=rFsin0 t=0 When line of action of a force passes through the axis of rotation the component of “7” perpendicular to force “F”(also called moment arm) is zero due to which its turning effect “2” will be zero. Direction of Torque: Direction of torque can be determined by the “Right Hand Rule”. Its direction Is perpendicular to the plane containing “7” and “F”. Sign Convention: Torque which produces clockwise rotation are negative whereas those producing ant-clockwise rotation are positive. LE Bee etd tl Hig aL pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM , Explanation of torque: we aus Consider a body of mass “m” whose position with respect to the origin of a Co-ordinate system is given bya position vector "?”. Let a force “PY be applied on it which makes a certain angle "9" with“, “F" can be resolved into two component F,and A, such that, Fy = Feos? (in the direction of 7) F, = Fsin@ (. to the direction of ) Fy = Feos8 + Fy = Psind Ifthe body is free then ; will produce linear motion in itwhereas, F, can produce turning about point “0”. hence, 2 torque is produced only by F, and is given by: tark 1S PPSHND oem) IFinstead of resolving F into its components, 7 is resolved, 7, = rsin8 will be the perpendicular distance between the line of action of force and the axis of rotation. In this case, the magnitude of torque is given by: 1 = F(rsin#).. ti) Where “rsin” is the component of ?* perpendicular toF itis also known as moment arm. Hence, Torque = (Force)(moment arm) Hence torque is the product of force and moment arm. From eq{i) and eq(il), we can write as; t=fxF LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM S Hence torque is the cross aredue oF podtian vector “7” and force Two Like Parallel Fore If two forces have the same direction, they are called like parallel forces, Two Unlike Parallel Forces: If two parallel forces have oppasite direction, they are called unlike parallel forces. Resultant of Two Like Parallel Forces: The resultant of two like parallel forces is a force whose magnitude is equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the two forces and the direction is the same as either of the forces. If B is the resultant of é, and RB, then: Resultant of Two Unlike Parallel Forces: The resultant of two unlike parallel forces is a force whose magnitude is equal to the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces and the direction is the same as that of the greater force. IfRis the resultant of &, and F,(Fi>F2) then: Couple: A pair of forces is said to form a couple if the forces have equal magnitude, opposite directions and different lines of action. F ae Torque (or) Moment of Couple: A couple always tends to turn the body In the same direction. Torque or moment of couple is given by; t=Fxd t= Force x Couple arm Couple arm is the perpendicular distance between the two forces. tc) -#) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM , Suppose F and -F are the two forces forming a couple acting at points A and B respectively. sition vector of point A. #,=position vector of point B, Itis clear that #+BA=% or BA=i-% or Now; Moment of force F about the origin ” Moment of force F, about “O” is; Moment of Couple: But from eq(i} 7, —#, =F therefore; Its magnitude is; t= rFsin(180—6) But sin(180 — 6) = sin6 therefore; t=rFsind =F xrsin® Butrsin® =d = couple arm therefore; t=Fxd Moment of couple = Force x Couple arm Centre of Mass Centre of mass of a body or a system of particles is a point at which all the mass is thought to came When a body moves In such a way that it is rotating also then each point on the body rotates as well as translates. But the paint which only translate and does nat rotate et all is the centre of mass of the body, LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM Thus centre of mass maves in the same way as a single particle would move under the action of some forces. i Centre of mass may not always lie within the material of the object eg. Centre of mass of a ring is in air. In a uniform gravitational field, the centre of mass of an object coincides with the centre of gravity. When an object extends to great height so that the gravitational field is not uniform then the centre of mass and centre of gravity do not coincide, Location of Centre of Mass: Suppose mi,mz2,. in are the masses of particles and x1,X,.....Xn are distances along x-axis ANd Ys,V2paeu¥n, are distances along y-axis then the position of centre of mass w.r.t origin, along xeaxis and y-axis is given by; My + MaXy $+ MnXn Xime mM, +My + Tita i Mays + Maya t+ MnYy _— Ly SS th eg tele 2M. Similarly MyZy + Mgzz bE MyZ, — YMZ My +My +o My ym A body is said to be in equilibrium if it is at rest or moves with uniform velocity. Static Equilibrium: a body at rest is said to be in static equilibrium. Dynamic Equilibrium: A body moving with uniform velocity is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. Examples: Motion of paratrooper, motion af a small steel ball through a viscous medium (e.g. oil}. Translational Equilibrium: A body at rest or moving with uniform linear velocity is said to be in translational equilibrium. A body satisfying the first condition of equilibrium will be in translational equilibrium, and its linear acceleration will be zero. (i.e. a=0) Rotational Equilibrium: A body rotating with constant angular velocity or having zero angular acceleration is sald to be In rotational equilibrium. A body satisfying the second condition of equilibrium will be in rotational equilibrium, its angular acceleration will be zero. (i.e. a=0). Examples of Static Equilibrium: Following are some examples of static equilibrium. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM s 2) Aball seen from the caine by astring, 3) Ablock which is placed on a smooth surface. Examples of Dynamic Equilibrium: Following are some examples of dynamic equilibrium, 1) Aparatrooper falling with uniform velocity. 2) Acar moving on a road with uniform velocity. 3) Asmali metallic ball moving with constant velocity in a viscous liquid (e.g. oil). Explanation of Static Equilibrium: Consider a book of weight “W”, lying on a table. There are two forces acting on the book, One is the force of gravity acting downward and other is the reaction of the table acting upward. As the book is at rest, therefore both the forces cancel the effect of each other and the book is in static equilibrium. Explanation of Dynamic Equilibrium: Consider a jumping of a paratrooper from an aeroplan. After jumping from aeroplan, the parachute is not opened for some time, During this period the paratroaper falls freely downward with an acceleration due to gravity of earth. On opening the parachute, his acceleration will start decreasing due to the reaction of the air acting upward on the parachute. This reaction depends upon the velocity of the parachute. When this velocity decreases the reaction of air will also decrease. Ata particular velocity the reaction of air on parachute becomes equal to the weight of the paratrooper. At this stage both the forces cancel the effect of each other and the paratrooper falls down with a unifarm velocity, called terminal velocity and he isin dynamic equilibrium, Conditions of Equiibr First Condition of Eq im: A body isin translational equilibrium if the vector sum of all the forces acting upon'it is equal to zero. First condition of equilibrium is expressed as; Yaeo Explanation: Consider a number of coplanar forces lying in xy-plane. The resultant force is; FoR tht Reeth Fe (Ryalt Fay) + (Past + Payl) +--+ (Faei + Fayl) P= (Fgh + Bagh to + Foal) + (Fayf + Fryi +--+ Fayl) Plt Fyf = (Pay t Pox + + Fradit (Fay + Foy to + Fai Comparing both sides of the equation we get; y= Fut Pag tort Fug LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM By = Fy + Foy 40+ Ay Note that F, and Fy are the magnitudes of the components of resultant force. The body will be in equilibrium if the resultant force is zero. In that case; 24 RB? Fig tha tit Ry =O and Fy + Fay tet Ry =0 We may write as; yirso and YF = 0 ie, the algebraic sum of x-components and y-components of all the forces is equal to zero. When a body satisfies first condition of equilibrium the net force acting on it will be zero and according to Newton's second law of motion its linear acceleration will also be zero, Hence it will be either at rest or move with uniform linear velocity. Second Condition of Equilibriu According to second condition of equilibrium: “The algebraic sum of all the torques acting on a body about any axis must be zero”. ie. Yreo Or “The clockwise tarque must be equal to anti-clockwise torque”, Explanation: A body satisfying first condition of equilibrium may not be in a state of complete equilibrium. This happens when line of action of forces is different under this condition the body will have rotational acceleration. Far rotational motion second condition of equilibrium must be satisfied so that the body either remains at rest or rotates with unifarm angular velocity. A body satisfying second condition will be in rotational equilibrium. For complete equilibrium a body must satisfy both the conditions hence for a body to be in complete equilibrium. Dano Da=e Yreo Angular Momentum Angular momentum of a particle of mass “m" about a certain fixed point is the crass product of Its position vector “F” with respect to the fixed point and linear momentum “Be. + Angular momentum Tis given by: , R=0 and =0 And hence; But linear momentum of a body is given by: LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM Pein “ree fa rhea newer fan q i=#xmi? T=mix¥ Angular momentum is a vector quantity, its magnitude is given by: = mrvsing Where “8” is the angle between position vector “?” and linear velocity “* of the particle. Direction of angula 1 momentum is determined by right hand rule. The direction of angular momentum is always perpendicular to the plane formed by vectors # and ¥ {orby #and p). Ifthe point is moving along a circular path its axis of rotation lies at the centre of the circle and its position vector "?” is taken with respect to centre of the circle, Since linear velocity is directed along the tangent to the circle, hence linear momentum “j” of the particle will also be along the tangent to the circular path. In other words “7” and “p” are perpendicular to each other. Hence if a particle is moving along a circular path the magnitude of its angular moment is given by: ! vr sin30 5.1 unit of angular momentum is Joule-second (!-s) or Kg.m’/s. Determinant Form For Angular Momentum: Like cross product of any two vector, angular momentum can also be written in determinant form. Hence if x, y and zare the coordinates of position vector "7? (rectangular components af position vector are called its coordinates}, p:, py and p, are the camponents of its linear momentum, then in determinant form angular momentum is given by: , [tJ k Talx y Px Py Pe| FC i Moi Statement: If no external torque acts on a particle or on a system of particles then the angular momentum of the particle or the total angular momentum of the system of particles remains constant. Proof: Consider a system of several particles having masses mi, m2, m3. a single particle having mass “m” in angular motion with position vector “r” and linear velocity. “y", The angular momentum of the particle according to the definition is given by: dq. Now we consider only i=?xj But p= mV? Ts?xmi? LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM , Tam@x¥) Now for the conservation of angular momentum we find the condition by differentiating with respect to time. db 2 Po eae, na @xV) Using the identity of differentiation i.e. wd = fdu i «2 “Fluxr)=[Pxv u i di - dary ae ae TTX ae as av ButT= V and 8 therefore; ee eens aml x +Fx aj But from the property of vector or cross product we have V x V = O hence di Gey aml tex a] a ee Rote F et=rx F de ee Now this result can be applied to all particles i.e. dl, . di, . dl, des a tS tet tee = + at WES oe T +1, +3 +T, dl a” This equation shows that the time rate of change af the angular momentum of a system of particles is equal to the net external torque acting on it. If the net external torque acting on the system is zero, then. dl at Since the rate of change of any constant is zero. 0 Hence; 1 = constant — « (constant) =0 Hence the total angular momentum of system of particles is conserved (remains constant) if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM I. Isit possible to calculate torque acting on a rigid body without specifying the origin? ‘Ans: No, because moment arm cannot be found without specifying the origin. fi. Istorque independent of location of origin? ‘Ans: No, torque is not independent of the location of origin. Ii, Inthe expression for torque, 7 = 7' x F, is¥ equal to the moment arm? Explain. Ans: No, because 7=#x F = rFsind xf and t= F(rsin#) Here rsind is the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force F from the axis of rotation. This perpendicular distance (d) is called the moment arm of the force. Thus d=rsind, jv. fa torque ona particle about an arbitrary origin is zero, what can you say about its angular momentum about that origin? ‘Ans: Ifa torque on a particle about an arbitrary origin is zero, then its angular momentum about that origin is constant (conserved). Since, di = So ift = 0, then di, | de Since derivative of a constant is zero, hence Lis constant. v. [Flinear velocity of a particle is constant in time, can its angular momentum be constant in time about an arbitrary origin? Ans: Yes, if linear velocity of a particle is constant, then angular momentum is also constant. Since, E -2. ‘ (mv) = mF “(= i & (cnstt) = mx0=0 f=? xP=7x0=0 di aL S r =T=> = =0 Since derivative of a constant is zero, then Lis constant. « vi. What will happen to torque if both and F can be reversed? Ans: neither magnitude nor direction of torque will change. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF f WWW.USMANWEB.COM vil. viii, vi. vil. vill. What will Tropa to torque if direction of Fis reversed? Ans: The direction of torque is reversed, but its magnitude remains the same. Two unequal masses are attached to the ends of a solid rod. Which mass is nearest to the center of mass (Lighter or Heavier} and why? Ans: center of mass depends on the distribution of mass around it. It is always in the region where most of the mass is concentrated, therefore it is always near to the heavier mass. Does the center of mass of solid object necessarily lie within the object? If not give examples, Ans: center of mass of solid objects does not necessarily lie within the object e.g. a bowl shaped solid object, a solid object ring etc have their center of mass at their geometrical centers. Ex# 5.4 Exercise based on Torque and Centre of Mass MCcQas The physical quantity which tends to rotate a body is called, 2) Torque b) Moment of force c)BotheAandB — d) None of these Mathematical expression far torque is, : a} 7=7xP byt =rFsind ¢) Both AandB -d) None of these The S| unit of torque is . a) Nm b) NJ c) Ns d) None of these The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of force is called : a} Momentarm b) Momentofforce c) Torque d) None of these The direction of torque is perpendicular to. 5 a) F b) # c) BothAandB — d) None of these When two equal but opposite parallel forces acting at two different points on a body produce rotation they are said to form a. ‘ a) Torque b) Couple c) Momentum d) None of these If every constituent particle of a body moves in a circle, the body is said to possess a: a} Vibratory motion 6b) Translatory motion c) Rotational motion d) None of these The physical quantity, which produces angular acceleration is called a} Centripetal force b) Centrifugalforce c) Angular velocity ) Torque The line about which the body ratates is called. a} Line of action b) Axis of rotation c) Circularline d) Normal The motion of the planet around the sun is an example of, a) Spin motion b) Orbital motion c) Translatory mation d) None of ieee LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM q xi, Torque is defined as the time rate of change of, a) Angularmomentum b) Linear momentum c} Angularvelocity d) Linear velocity xii, Torque is alsa called, a) Angular velocity b) Moment of inertia c) Angularmomentum d) Moment of force xii, Conventionally anti clockwise torques are taken to be, a) Negative bb) Positive c) Zero d) None of these xiv. Conventionally clockwise torques are taken as. 4 a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) None of these xv. Couple is said to be act on a body when. f a) Two equal & opposite non-collinear forces act upon a body. b) Two equal & collinear forces act upon a body cc} When two unequal collinear forces act upon a body d) When two opposite force act upon a body xvi. The center of gravity is the point at which the may be considered to act, a) Mass b)Weight c} Torque d) None of these xvi. The center of mass is the point at which the whole of the body may be concentrated: a) Mass &) Weight c) Torque d) None of these will. The center of mass & center of gravity are the same point when, f a) The body is ina constant gravitational field b) The body is in a non-uniform gravitational field c) Both fa) and (b) d) None of these i] i. fv. v. | we | vik | vill | im |x c c A A c B c o 8 B xiii. | xiv. | xv. A a] Bf vie | xvil,_ | vil | Bl aya Juestions From Past Papers: i. Write a short note on Centre of Mass. (1998) ii, What is couple? Find the moment of couple? (2000) iii. Define the term: a) Torque b) Moment of couple c) Angular momentum (2001) lv. Define torque and explain it. Give its units. (2002)Pre Eng v. Derive an expression for the torque acting an the body. (2002)Pre Med Define the following: a) Centre of mass b) Torque c} Angular momentum (2003)Pre Eng vii. Define moment of a couple and derive an expression for it. (2003)Pre Eng vill.» Define a couple. Show that the magnitude of the moment of couple ts given by t=Fd, where the symbols have their usual meanings. (2008) ix. Define torque of a couple and prove that t = Fd. (2017) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM q Numericals From Past Papers: No Question Numericals From Book: i, Locate the centre of mass of four particles which are placed at the four corners of a square of sides 2m each as shown in fig. m=1kg medkg X Solution: This is a two dimensional problem. For the sake of simplicity we take the two adjacent side of the square in the directions of the coordinates axes, Let x. and y. be the xand y coordinates of the centre of mass then; My Xy + MX + Myx + MyXy ny mz + My + My _LxO0+2xX0+3X244x2 me T+24+3+4 myy + Maz + Msy3 + Mss mM, + Mz + My + Ms, _1K0+2X24+3K244x0 it T+2t3t4 eu 4 ay Hence the coordinates of the centre of mass are the point (1.4, 1.0). Assignment #5.1 1. Define torque and derive the formula for torque acting on a body. 2. Define couple and derive the formula for torque due to couple. 3. Explain the center of mass of a body. 4. A force of 200N acts tangentially on the rim of a wheel 25cm In radius. a} Find the torque b) Repeat if the force makes an angle of 40° to a spoke of the wheel. ‘Ans: 50Nm, 32Nm 5, Determine the constant torque that must be applied to a 50kg fly wheel with radius 40cm, to give ita frequency of 300rev/min in 10sec if itis initially at rest. ‘Ans: 25Nm 6. A 4kg wheel of 20cm radius is rotating at 360rpm{rev/min). The retarding frictional torque is 0.12Nm. Compute the time it will take the wheel to coasttorest. Ans: 50sec LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 7, Aforce F = 3¢ 4 2j — Eactson a particle at point (5,-1,2). Find the magnitude of torque. Ans: if ¥299Nm Ex# 5.2 Exercise based on Equilibrium McQs i, Ifthe net torque acting on body is zero then it is said to be in, a) Translation equilibrium b) Rotational equilibrium c) Both d) None of these ii. If the net force acting on body is zero then it Is said to be In, a) Translation equilibrium b) Rotational equilibrium —¢) Bath aN None of these iii, For a body to be in complete equilibrium following conditions should be satisfied: 2) DA=0, YR, =0 b) Yr =0c) Both A and 8 d) None of these jv. Abodyis at rest or moving with uniform velocity, then the bady is said to be in; a) Motion b} Equilibrium c) Both AandB d) None of these v. _ All the bodies in equilibrium don’t possess any. a) Velocity b) Acceleration c) Shape d) None these vi. The equilibrium in which a body is at rest is said to be equilibrium, a) Dynamic bj Static c) Stable d) Unstable vil The equilibrium in which body is in uniform motion along a straight line is said to be: a) Static b) Dynamic c} Stable d) Unstable vill. A book lying ona horizontal table is in equilibrium. a) Static b) Unstable c) Stable c) Both AandC ix. The jumping of paratrooper is an example of equilibrium. a) Static b) Unstable c) Stable d) Dynamic x There are states of equilibrium. a) 2 b}3 4 a)s xi. if body is disturbed & it returns to its original position then it isin equilibrium, a) Stable b) Unstable c)Neutral d) None of these xii, Ifa body is disturbed & it falls away from the original position, then the body is said to bein equilibrium. a} Dynamic’ b} Neutral c) Stable d} Unstable [a ahalctale-ep,el[alo-el[alo Questions From Past Papers: |. Define equilibrium? And state its two conditions. (1992) fi, Define equilibrium and different conditions. (1996) ii, Write a short note an: Conditions of equilibrium. (1997) iv.” Write a short note on: Conditions of equilibrium. (1998) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF ft ee USMANWEB.COM vi. vil. viii. Write a short nate on: Conditions of equilibrium. (1999) State and explain the conditions of equilibrium. (2000) Define equilibrium. State the conditions of equilibrium. (2005) State and explain the first condition of equilibrium. (2006) Define the following: (2007) a) Static equilibrium b) Dynamic equilibrium c) Couple d) Angular momentum What is the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium? State the canditions of equilibrium. (2014) Numericals From Past Papers: vi, vii, A.uniform rod weighing 30N is Lmetre long. What vertical force must be applied to the eft end of rod so as to balance it horizontally on a fulcrum 30cm from the left end? (1982) Ans: 20N A uniform beam weighs 200N and holds a 480N weight at one-third of its length from the right end of the beam, The beam is supported horizontally at its two ends. Find the reactions of the supports on the end of the beam. (1990) Ans: 260N, 420N A 12m ladder weighting 400N rests against a vertical wall at a point 10m above the ground, The center of gravity of the ladder is one half the ways up. A man weighting 200N climbs three fourth the ladder. Assuming that the wall smooth, find the reaction of the ground and the wall. (1992) Ans: 232.5N 633.4N Aladder rests against a smooth wall at an angle of 60° with the ground. The ladder weighs 200N and its center of gravity is at one third of its length from the base. Determine a) The frictional force which prevents the ladder from slipping. b) The coefficient of static friction. (1996) Ans: 38.5, 0,192 A uniform horizontal rod weighting 98N is pivoted at a vertical wall, Its far end is Supported by a string whose other end is tied to a point on the wall above the pivot. A boy of mass 20kg stands at the centre of the rod. Find only the vertical component of the tension in the string and only the vertical companents of the reaction of pivot. Length of the harizontal rod is 4.Ometres. (2000) Ans: 147N, 147N A 15metre ladder weighing 350N, rest against a smooth wall at a point 12m above the ground. The center of gravity of the ladder is one third the way up. A boy of 470N climbs half way to the ladder, calculate the reaction of the wall and the ground. (2002}Pre Med Ans: 861.3N A uniform ladder of length “L” and weight 200N rests against a smooth vertical wall. If the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground Is 0.40, then find the minimum angle such that the ladder may not slip. (2003)Pre Med Ans: 51.3° LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , WWW.USMANWEB.COM vill, xii, A.uniform ladder of length “L” and weight 200N rests against a smooth vertical at an angle of 50°, the center of gravity of the ladder is 0.4L from the base. How large a force of friction must exist at the base of the ladder if It is not to slip? What is the necessary coefficient of static friction? {2003)Pre Eng Ans: 67.57, 0.337 15m ladder welghting 350N rests against a smooth vertical wall at a point 12m above the ground. The centre of gravity Is one-third the way up. A body of mass 47kg climbs half way up the ladder. Calculate the reaction exerted by the wall and the ground, (2009} Ans; 851.40N Auniform ladder of length “L” and weight SON rests against a smooth vertical wall. Ifthe coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground found is 1.40, find the minimum angle such that the ladder may not slip, (2020) Ans: 19.65° uniform ladder of length "L" and weight SON rests agalnst a smooth vertical wall. Ifthe coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground found is 0.40, find the minimum angle such that the ladder may not slip. (2011) Ans: 51.34° uniform ladder of length “L” and weight SON rests against a smooth vertical wall. lfthe coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground found is 0,40, find the minimum angle é such that the ladder may not slip. (2016} Ans: 51.34° Numericals Form Book: uniform ladder of length "L" and weight W=SON rests against a smooth vertical wall. If the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground is 1.40, find the minimum angle (min) such that the ladder may not slip. Ans: Bmin=51.3° Aladder with uniform density and a mass “m' rests against a frictionless vertical wall at an angle of 60°. the lower end rests on a flat surface where the coefficient of friction (static) is 0.40. A student with a mass (M=2m) attempts to climb the ladder. What fraction of the length “L” of the ladder will the student have reached when the ladder begins to slip? Ans: 0.789 Auniform horizontal beam of length 8m and weighting 200N is pivoted at the wall with its far end supported by a cable that makes an angle of 53° with the horizontal. Ifa person weighting G00N stands 2m from the wall, find the tension and the reaction force at the pivot. Ans: tension=313N, R=reaction force=581N, @=angle made by ‘the reaction force with the horizontal=71.1° A block of mass 20 kg is suspended as shown in fig. Find the tensions T; and 7. in the two strings. Take the value of g=9.8m/s?. ‘Ans: 7:=98N, T2=169.74N LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , WWW.USMANWEB.COM vi. vii, A 15m ladder weighing 600N rests against a smooth wall at a point 12m above the ground. The centre of gravity of the ladder is one third the way up. A man weighting 400N climbs half way up the ladder, Assuming that the wall is smooth, find the reaction of the graund and the wall. Ans: 1044N,73.3° Assignment # 5.2 . Define equilibrium and its types. State and explain the conditions for equilibrium, Ex# 5.3 Exercise based on Angular Momentum MCQs The cross product of position vector and linear momentum is called a) Linear momentum b) Angular momentum c} Momentum qd) None of these The SI unit of angular momentum is, ; a} J/sec b) N sec c) Jsec d) None of these Mathematical form of angular momentum is. : al b=7xP b) Z=m(#x 7) c} Both Aand B .* d) None of these According to law of conservation of angular momentum, if no external torque acts on the system the total angular momentum of a system: a) Increases b) Decreases ¢)Remains constant d) None of these Angular momentum is a. iz 5 a) Vector quantity b) Scalar quantity c) BothAandB —_d) None of these Angular momentum of a body about a fixed axis conserved if its velocity. a) Isincreasing b) Is decreasing ¢} Is constant d) None of these \n terms of angular velocity (w). The magnitude of angular momentum is given by, s a) L = mr*wb) L = mrwe) L = m?r?w? d) None of these The time rate of change of angular momentum of a body is equal to a) The applied force b) The applied torque c) The moment of inertia d) None of these If no external torque acts, the angular momentum of a body rotating about a fixed axis is : a) Variable b) Constant ‘c) Dependent on the square of the inertia of the body d) Is not conserved “The angular momentum of a particle is conserved if the torque acting on it is zero” is the statement of LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM im a) “Law of conservation of linear mamentum b) Law of conservation of acceleration _c} Law of conservation of angular momentum. d) Law of conservation of torque i] a] @] wp] we es in. gleolefeTalcfial si ate Questions From Past Papers: |. Define the following term: a) Angular momentum b) Torque (1597) ii. Define the following term: a) Angular momentum b) Torque (1999) State and explain law of conservation of angular momentum of a particle. (2002)Pre Eng Numericals From Past Papers: i A particle of mass 400gm rotates in circular orbit of radius 20cm with constant angular speed of 1.5 revolutions per second calculate the magnitude of angular momentum of particle with respect to center of the orbits. (2001) Ans: 0.15Js i, A particle of mass 0.5kg moves along xy plane. At that instant, the coordinates are (3,4) and its velocity is (4i+5j)m/sec. Determine the angular momentum relative to origin at ‘that time. (2012) Ans: 0.5Is Numericals From book: i. Aparticle with mass 4kg moves along the x-axis with a velocity v=15 t m/s, where t=0is ‘the instant that the particle is at the origin. a) Att=2sec, what is the angular momentum of the particle about a point P located on ‘the +y-axis, 6m from the origin? b) What torque about P acts on the particle? Ans: a) 720kgm?/sec, b) 360N.m fi Alight rigid rod im in length rotates in the xy-plane about a pivot through the rod’s centre. Two particles of mass 2kg and 3 kg are connected to its ends. Determine the angular momentum of the system about the origin at the instant the speed of each particle is Sm/sec. Ans: 12.5kgm?/sec out of the plane ji, Apparticle of mass 0.3kg moves along xy plane. At that instant, the coordinates are (2,4) and its velocity is (3i+4)}m/sec. At this instant determine the angular momentum of the particle relative to the origin. Ans; -L.2k Js iv. Aparticle of mass 400gm rotates in a circular orbit of radius 20cm at a constant rate of 1.5 revolutions per second, Evaluate the angular momentum of the particle with respect to the centre of the orbit. Ans: 0.1515 Assignment # 5.3 1. Define angular momentum. State and proved the law of conservation of angular momentum. 2. Aparticle of mass 500g rotates in a circle of diameter 30cm at a constant angular velocity of 2rev/sec. Evaluate the angular momentum of the particle with respect to the center of the orbit. Ans; 0.141415 LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 3. A particle of akg moves along xy-plane at an instant the coordinates are (3,5) and its velocity Is (2i+j)m/s. at this instant determine the angular momentum of the particle relative to its origin. Ans: -7k, 71.5 a MCQs From Past Papers: (1995) i. The physical quantity which produces angular acceleration is called: 8} Centripetal force b} Centrifugal forced) Tarque (2001) ii, The dimension of angular momentum is: aj) MLT?. b)MUT* ch MALT? d) MLT? (2002)Pre Eng ii. A bodys in equilibrium when: a) Itisin motion: b)ltis at rest « c) Itis moving witha constant acceleration -- d) Itis moving with variable velocity lv. The rate of change af angular momentum is equal to the: a) Force exerted on the body b) Farce exerted bythe body c) Torque d) ‘Angular acceleration (2003)Pre Med v, . The unit of angular momentum is: a} Newtonsec 6b) Joulesec c)Newtonmetre d) Joule metre (2003)Pre Eng vi.” The dimension of angular momentum is: a} MLT* b) MLT?. c) MPT? d) MT vii, — The physical quantity which produces angular acceleration is called: a) Torque b) work c) Power d) Energy vii, Two forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and not acting on the same line constitute a; a) Couple b} Circle c) Power d) Force (2004) ix. When the net torque ona system is zero, which of the following will be constant? a) Force b) Angular momentum c) Linear momentum (2005) x, Abody in equilibrium: a) Isalways at rest b) Can move with constant velocity . c) Can move with a constant acceleration d) Can move with a variable velocity xi, > The rat of change of angular momentum is called: a) Force b) Acceleration. c}inertia d) Torque (2006) xii, The SI unit of angular momentum is: a) Kgms? b} Kems c}i-s 4) J-st LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM> USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM xiii, Two forces which are equal i in n magnitude but opposite in direction and not acting on the same line constitute a: a} Couple b) Circle c) Power d) Force (2007) xiv. The rate of change of angular momentum with respect ta time Is: a} Force b) Angularvelocity c) Angular acceleration d) Torque (2008) a wv, The dimensions of torque are: a) MUT b)ME-T? ¢} MU? d) MLT? xvi, The centre of mass of a system of particles: a) Always coincide with the centre of gravity b) Never coincide with the centre of gravity ¢) Coincide with the centre of gravity in a uniform gravitational field id) Coincide with the centre of gravity in non-uniform gravitational field (2009) xvil. The angular momentum of a particle is conserved if the: a} Net torque acting on the particle is zero b) Net force acting on the particle is zero The acceleration of the particle iszero d) Net displacement of the particle is zero xviii. The rate of change of angular momentum is also called: a} Acceleration b) Force c) Torque d) Power (2010) xix, Torqueis defined as the time rate of change of: a) Angular momentum ) Linear momentum c} Angular velocity d) Angular acceleration (2011) xx. The rate of change of angular momentum with respect ta time is: a) Force b) Angularvelocity c} Angular acceleration d) Torque xxi, Two forces equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and not acting on the same line ‘constitute: a) ACouple b} Power c) Acircle d)A Force (2012) voli, The magnitude of torque of the couple depends on: a) The distance of (F) from origin b) The distance of {-F) from origin ) The distance between (F) and (-F) d) None of these (2013) xxiii, if the sum of torques acting on a body is zero, then this will be constant: a} Force b) Angularmomentum c) Linear momentum d) Pressure wiv, The center of mass af a body: a) Always coincide with the centre of gravity LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COMUSMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF q WWW.USMANWEB.COM Ky, xvi, wovil, xxvii, xxviii. b) Never coincide with the centre of gravity ¢) Coincide with the centre of gravity in 2 uniform gravitational field d) Coincide with the centre of gravity in non-uniform gravitational field The angular momentum of a particle changes from 0 to 720)S in 4 sec, the magnitude af torque acting will be: a) 1440Nm b) 360Nm c) 1B0Nm :d) 4.515 (2015) when a torque acting on a system is zero, this will be constant: a) Force —b} Angular momentum . c} Linear momentum 4d) Velocity (2016) The rate of change of angular momentum is also known as: b} Linear momentum b) Torque ¢) Force d) Energy (2017) torque is maximum when: ts a) | parallel to moment arm b) is anti-parallel to moment arm = c) makes.an angle 60° with moment arm _d) is perpendicular to the moment arm The ratio of S.i unit of angular momentum to linear momentum Is: a) as. Sbpnt? cc) Nd) Nt LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee WWW.USMANWEB.COM