1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:

Utilization of concrete is increasingly at high rate due to infrastructure developments.

Sustainable construction aims to reduce the industry’s impact on the nature. Compared to
traditional materials, bacterial material is smarter. Therefore, it can be used in a various types of
building projects to enhance performance, including concrete self-healing. Bio-concrete is
aninnovative building material that can heal itself when cracks occur. The bio-concrete is
stronger, has less permeability, and provides greater corrosion resistance than conventional
concrete. The use of sustainable materials will also decrease in the building's long-term
maintenance expenditures. Calcium carbonate is continuously precipitated throughout this
process, which is known as MICCP ( Microbiologically induced calcium calcite precipitation).
The procedure for producing calcium carbonate that has been studied through MICCP.
Numerous ureolytic bacterial species have the tendency to generate calcium carbonate as a part
of their metabolism. MICCP process helps to gain significant strength and improvement in
durability parameters of construction materials.

The employment ofbio-cementation as a bonding agent in construction materials is becoming

increasingly acknowledged as a green option. Bio-cementation is a method for producing
calcium carbonate for construction needs by using microorganisms. Its manufacture is the
formation of a CaCO3deposit as a result of the action of microorganisms in a calcium-rich
environment. Urea hydrolysis process inBacillus pasteurii.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 To study the effect of bio-cementation process on concrete.

 To evaluate the effect of sugarcane bagasse fiber on bio-cemented concrete.
 To study the effect of coconut shells as aggregate in bio-concrete.
 To evaluate the engineering properties of coconut shell aggregates.
 Crack healing and surface treatment using microbial solution.
1.3 BIO-CEMENTATION:
Calcium carbonate is continuously precipitated throughout this process, which is known as
MICCP ( Microbiologically induced calcium calcite precipitation). Concrete that has been bio-
engineered to create calcium carbonate crystals naturally to patch surface fissures in the concrete
constructions. Concrete’s comparatively low tensile strength is the cause of cracks in the
material. The bio-concrete is a substance that, when exposed to microorganisms, will
biologically manufacture minerals like limestone, which will seal fractures in the concrete
surfaces. Self-healing concrete is a remedy for the issue of concrete structure durability and is
also gaining popularity as a smart material with intriguing future uses in civil infrastructure. All
bridges and road construction employ self-healing concrete because they frequently develop tiny
cracks from large loads and require ongoing maintenance. Concrete’s weak tensile strength is the
cause of its cracks. Materials that have the ability to spontaneously repair damage to themselves
without endangering humans are known as self- healing materials. The spores of the bacteria
Initiate microbial activities on contact with the water and oxygen when fractures start to emerge
in a concrete structure and water begins to seep in. Additionally, this study will look into how
bacteria affect concrete specimens’ compressive strength and strength return, increases the
durability of concrete and decreases permeability of concrete. Reduces corrosion of steel owing
to crack development.

1.3.1 Mechanism of Bio-cementation by urea hydrolysis:

Bio–cementation takes about 24 hours to complete the nutrition prepare incubation for 37°C.
Bio-cement undergoes two steps: StepI- bacteria ingest nutrients such as sugar, nitrogen &
proteins for the growth of the bacterial and enzymes produced from the bacterial species they
hydrolyse urea components in the presence of water to form ammonium and carbonate ions
which leads to Calcium carbonate and Step II- again the additional of nutrients such as calcium
chloride, in the presence of calcium ions on the soil particles, the carbonate ions react
spontaneously with the calcium ions to form calcium carbonate and the calcite precipitates/the
cementing agent used to bind the soil particles together to increase strength and stiffness. This is
a very complex process which consists of the following reactions (1) to (7):

Urea is initially digested by urease to produce carbamate and ammonia.

CO(NH2)2 +H2O → NH2COOH + NH3............(1)

Additional one mole of carbonic acid and ammonia are created as a result of the carbamate's
hydrolysis.

NH2COOH + H2O → NH3 + H2CO3............(2)

Following that, these substances create 2 moles of ammonium and hydroxyl ions and 1 mole of
bicarbonate, respectively.

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-............(3)

2NH3 + 2H2O → 2NH4+ + 2OH-............(4)

Therefore, mentioned reactions promotes pH value, which causes a shift in the bicarbonate
equilibrium and the formation of carbonate ions.

HCO3- + H+ + 2NH4+ +2OH- → CO32- + 2NH4+ + 2H2O............(5)

The ability of bacteria to remove cations from their environment, such Ca2+, and deposit them on
their cell surfaces is facilitated by the presence of negatively charged cell walls in many bacteria.
As a result, the Ca2+ions and CO32−ions interact to create the precipitation of CaCO3the location
where nucleation takes place, which is the cell surface.

Ca2+ + Bacterial Cell → Bacterial Cell- Ca2+...........(6)

BacterialCell- Ca2+ +CO32- → Bacterial Cell- CaCO3 ↓................(7)

1.3.2 Advantages of Bio-cementation:

1. Desaturation
2. Remediate cracks in building materials.
3. Improvement in compressive strength of concrete.
4. Improvement of the durability.
5. Reduction in permeability of concrete.
6. Eco-friendly
7. Soil strengthening and sealing.
1.3.3 Limitations of Bio-cementation:

1. Calcite precipitation process is time taken process.

2. Proper conditions are required for the growth of bacteria.
3. No standards and codes are available for Bio-concrete.
1.3.4 Applications of Bio-cementation:

• For reservoir, dams, retaining walls and embankments can increase the stability.
• Stabilization of soil will improve the under ground Construction works.
• Erosion control
• Seepage of waste water ponds and storage tanks can be controlled.
• Construction pavement will be stronger.
• The process of binding particles will reduces dust on the surface.
• Soil bearing capacity of foundation can increases.

1.4 COCONUT SHELL:

India is the third-largest producer of coconuts in the world. Generally, lot of coconut shells waste
is generated daily. Coconut shell is a waste, generated by industrial and agricultural processes.
Coconut shells are a non-biodegradable waste of the coconut business that is utilised for a variety
of advantageous tasks, including the creation of charcoal-activated carbon and other things.
Considering that coconut shells have acceptable qualities that are comparable to those of
traditional coarse aggregates, using coconut shells as aggregate in concrete offers a possible
solution to the problems associated with managing coconut shells. It is fastest depleting natural
resources but also provide the solution for the disposal of coconut shell waste in India. It is used
for the high production of high strength light weight concrete.

The coconut shells were collected from local oil mill. Coconut shells was broken manually by
hammer. This project deals with the partial replacement of coconut shells with coarse aggregate
at 10%. The coconut shells are broken into smaller pieces upto 20mm. The coconut shell
aggregate is passed through 20mm size sieve and retain on 16mm size sieve.

1.4.1 Properties of coconut shell:

 Coconut shell has high potential material due to its high strength and modulus properties.
 Coconut shell has low cellulose content due to which it absorbs less moisture
 Coconut shells exhibits admirable properties compared to other materials such as high
specific strength and low density

1.4.2 Advantages of coconut shell:

 Coconut shell aggregate concrete can be classified as light-weight concrete.

 Producing economic concrete by reducing the cost of material.
 Coconut shell is a renewable resource and it is environmental friendly.
 Coconut shell is a waste material generated by agricultural waste.

1.5 SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBER:

Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous residue of juice removed in sugarcane industry. The waste
obtained from sugarcane during the process of producing sugar is known as bagasse. Bagasse is
known as sugarcane pulp. Bagasse is a by-product of the sugarcane industry. Sugarcane bagasse
fiber is a kind of waste material that comes from the sugar industry. The structure of sugarcane is
a bit different than other cellulosic fibers. It has a stalk part, which is quite strong, but the stalk
part contains of segment called joints and each joint has a node and inter node isweaker.

1.5.1 Properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber:

 Bagasse consists of three components namely, pith, fibre and rind mixed in different
proportions.
 Bagasse fiber can increase crack control.
 The extracted fiber can show quite good mechanical properties.

1.5.2 Advantages of sugarcane bagasse fiber:

 The bagasse is pure waste material.

 Bagasse can be utilized in any application even after a few simple pre-treatments, the
process still produces a very economical product.
 The product is a biodegradable.
  Usage of sugarcane bagasse in construction can reduce of environmental pollution.

1.6 NEED OF THE PRESENT STUDY:

The major quantity of agricultural waste are sugarcane bagasse , paddy and wheat straw and jute
fibers, groundnut shells , coconut husk etc.

Experiment has been conducted by waste materials like sugarcane bagasse fiber, coconut shells,
kitchen waste water etc. So we can use in the mix of concrete. The use of waste materials saves
the natural resources and dumping ground and helps to maintain a clean environment. The
current concrete construction is sustainable. In the present research work, using coconut shells as
aggregates, it conserves granite but also provide the solution for the disposal of coconut shell
waste.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
 2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Charpe AU, et al. (2019): The bio-cementation can replace chemical admixtures and other
harmful materials for the environment, it will be a sustainable option. Soil as source of bacteria
for Bio-cementation. It improves the mechanical properties of concrete. The cost reduced by
using lentil seed powder as protein source for bacterial growth instead of peptone and sugar as
carbon source for bacterial growth instead of glucose. Compressive strength of the concrete mix
after 28 days of curing is 30-35 N /mm². The term bio-concrete refers to concrete that has been
enhanced with the ability of microorganisms to precipitate calcium carbonate (MICCP), which
aids in sealing the concrete's fissures and gives it a self-healing quality.

2.2 Achal V and Mukherjee. A. (2015):Concrete's mechanical and durability characteristics,

such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability, influence the production of
micro-cracks and shorten the material's usable life. As a result, bio-concrete is regarded as an
environmentally beneficial construction material because it emits less CO2 and reduces the need
for maintenance and repairs. Three components make up bio-concrete: calcium ions, bacteria
with MICCP capabilities, and nutrients that produce cementitious materials.

2.3 Anuja U. Charpe, et al. (2017):When compared to the control specimen, the compressive
strength of bio-OPC increased by about 23%, with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and a 15%
reduction in water absorption. Sugar, lentil seeds, and materials for bacterial solutions are
nutrients that are very cost-effective. The price of lentil seed powder is around 53 times less than
that of peptone. Compared to glucose, sugar is 12 times more affordable.

2.4 Amarnath Yerramala, Ramachandrudu. C (2012):Coconut shells were used in place of

certain aggregate in concrete, and their properties were investigated. Coconut shells were used
to replace 10–20% of the coarse aggregate used in control concrete, which also contained
normal aggregate. The strength of concrete made with coconut shells is reduced when they are
added, whereas it is increased when fly ash is added, either as a replacement for cement or as
an aggregate. Lower concrete densities were achieved with an increase in the percentage of
coconut shells. As the percentage of coconut shells increased so did the growth in 7-days
strength and the strength of the 28-days curing.
2.5 Mandal Bharat, et al. (2018):The physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete
reinforced with coconut fibre and coarse aggregates, some of the coarser aggregate particles
having been replaced with coconut shells, are the primary subject of this work. Coconut shells
(CS) were substituted for coarse aggregates (CA) by volumes of 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14%
while designing M20 concrete using the American Concrete Institute (ACI) method.Coconut
fibres were added at levels of 3%, 4%, and 5% of cement content for each substitution of CA
for CS. Concrete manufacturing was justified in employing substitutes when it was found that
the compressive strength of particular mixes compared to the characteristic strength. The
mixture that focused on tensile strength, which was really the one with 10% of CA replaced
by CS in terms of volume and 3% of coconut fibre added, would therefore be the ideal one for
the final concrete. The study unequivocally shows a reduction in the total density of the
concrete.
2.6 Tomas Ucol Ganiron, et al. (2017):By creating products from agricultural waste and
providing an alternative building material, this initiative aims to lessen social and
environmental issues.Additionally, this made it possible to substitute coconut fibre and shells
for conventional aggregates for making concrete hollow blocks. This study provides a
summary of the findings regarding the workability and compressive strength of concrete made
with various percentages of coconut shell in place of a specific aggregate. There were tests for
compressive strength and workability. The results demonstrate that workable concrete with
enough strength may be produced when suitable coconut shell content is replaced. When
compared to the traditional concrete mixture, the strength of the concrete was increased by
using coconut shell, making it the strongest.
2.7 Shrikanth M.Harle (2017):Coconut shell is very durable, possess high resistance to
abrasion, and doesn’t degenerate easily. Also mentioned was the possibility of using coconut
shells as a lightweight aggregate while creating lightweight concrete (LWC). This report also
says about the primary treatment of coconutshells and also observed the absorption percentage
by coconut shells andanalysis of SEM images .This paper reviews that the use of coconut
shells in cement concrete can help inwastereduction.Itanalysisthepercentageincreasein
strengthwiththecorresponding28 days curingstrength.
2.8 Cerqueira D.A.(2007):Sugarcane is cultivated in considerable quantities in tropical
countries. It is used in sugar mills and alcohol mills. But it cannot be consumed entirely by
those mills as about 30% pulpy fibrous residue is produced after being utilized in those mills.
These residues are called bagasse.
2.9 Loh Y.R. (2013):It is generally a kind of waste, which may have some particular uses.
Since it contains quite a fair amount of cellulose, this cellulose can be extracted, and that
cellulose can have different applications. The fibrous materials may also be used as fiber in
the textile and civil engineering sector, too though they may need some unique treatments
before being used. More specifically, this bagasse can be used to reinforce composite
materials for creating a totally new type of material. The bagasse is used in various
applications, including paper industries, as feedstock, as biofuel, etc.
2.10Faisal Sheikh Khalid, et al. (2017): Compressive strength of the concrete were
decreased when the amount of sugarcane fiber increased. The optimum percentage that give
the higher compressive strength is 0.5% either for normal concrete or lightweight concrete
and this is not far from the strength of concrete control.Tensile strength of the concrete were
increased when the amount of sugarcane fiber increase especially for normal concrete since
1.5% volume of sugarcane is the highest compared with the tensile strength of concrete
control. However, optimum tensile strength of the lightweight with sugarcane fibre is
0.5% .However, the incrementof sugarcane fibre in the lightweight concrete reduce the tensile
strength of the lightweightconcrete. Overall, volume fiber content of 0.5% of sugarcane
bagasse was the significantlyfor mix design for normal concrete and lightweight concrete
containing sugarcane.
2.11Himanshu Madhwani, et al. (2020): Natural fibers, Sugarcane bagasse fibre which is a
by-product of the sugar industry. In this study is to ascertain the mechanical strength and
durabilityof the sugarcane fibre reinforced foam concrete. In this study, foam concrete was
prepared with inclusionof bagasse fibre in different percentages of 0% (CS or controlled
specimen), 1%, 3% and 5% with respect tocement by weight. The experimental results
indicate improvement of the strength properties with theuse of bagasse fibers. Effects of fibers
on water absorption rate, drying shrinkage were also studied.Development of micro-cracks is
well restricted by a low fiber content (1%) sample than 3% and 5% in foam concrete which is
why 1% samples have shown improved strength than the other blends (3% and 5%) as the
higher content of fibers creates more air voids and results in decrease of the strength.
2.12 U.K. Gollapudi, et al. (1995): From the literature demonstrated that there was no calcite
formation when microorganisms were absent, indicating that CaCO 3 deposition was accelerated
by microbial activity rather than chemical action.

2.13 Shannon Stocks-Fischer, et al. (1999): In porous media, microbial mineral plugging is a
typical natural process. They investigated the physical and biochemical properties of CaCO3
precipitation carried on by the alkalophilic soil microorganism Bacillus pasteurii.Stocks-Fischer
S et. Al.(1999)We investigated the physical and biochemical characteristics of CaCO3
prepipitation brought on by the alkalophilic soil baccterium Bacillus pasteurii. The mineral
deposit in the sand was quantified using X-ray diffraction examination, and the CaCO3 crystal
was recognized as calcite. SEM analysis 37 yealed the presence of bacteria acting as nucleation
sites in the midst of the calcite crystals. The rate of microbiological CaCO3 precipitation was
substantially higher than that of chemical precipitation and linked with cell development. To
comprehend the kinetics of the microbiological process, the biochemical characteristics of urease
(urea amidohydrolase, E.C. 2.1.5) from B. pasteurii that was indirectly engaged in CaCO3
precipitation were studied. With a Km of 41.6 mM and a Vmax of 3.55mM min-1 mg-1 protein,
B. pasteurii urease has a comparatively low affinity for urea at pH 7.0 and improved affinity with
a Km of 26.2 mg, and a Vmax of 1.72 mM min1 mg1 protein at pH 7.7. The results of kinetic
tests show that at the pH where calcite precipitation is ad2ntageous, urease activity and its
affinity to urea are notably high. Our research also raises the possibility of using the microbial
calcite precipitation mechanism to clean up porous media’s surface and subsurface

2.14 P. Ghosh, et al. (2005): In this review, a method for strengthening cement-sand mortar
using microbiologically induced mineral precipitation is described. With the water used for
mixing, a thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms is added at various cell concentrations.
According to the study, adding around 105 cells/ml of mixing water increased the compressive
strength of cement mortar by 25% after 28 days.

2.15 V Achal, et al. (2009): The mutant (Bp M-3) shown increased urease activity, calcite
precipitation, and survival at higher pH, which could be exploited in the repair of cracks in
building materials.

2.16 Kim Van Tittelboom, et al. (2010): Water permeability decreased as a result of the
biological treatment used to seal cracks. However, it was shown that using autoclaved bacteria in
place of actual bacteria also caused the water flow to decrease. Bacteria were able to precipitate
CaCO3 crystals inside the fissures, according to thermogravimetric measurements. Pure bacteria
cultures were found to be unable to fill the gaps. However, fractures were entirely filled when
bacteria were protected in silica gel.

2.17 Marien P. Harkes, et al. (2010): The potential of microbially induced carbonate
precipitation as a ground reinforcement approach in fine-grained sand has been improved by the
development of a procedure to improve fixation and distribution of bacterial cells and their
enzyme activity in sand.

2.18 K. Kawaai, et al.(2022): This study investigated fracture and patch repair techniques for
concrete using Bacillus subtilis (natto). In-situ encapsulation, a newly discovered self-healing
material based on alginate, is used in this work to enhance the watertightness of cracked mortar
specimens. This is shown by the decreased water absorption measured in accordance with ASTM
C 1585. The use of Bacillus subtilis (natto) is extremely beneficial in preventing re-deterioration
due to macrocell corrosion taking place between the patch repair region and surrounding
chloride-containing concrete.

2.19 Anuja U. Charpe, M. V. Latkar (2020): In this research, the effect of MICCP using soil
as a source of bacteria on cement and concrete was observed. With the use of bacterial solution
prepared from soil, improvement of compressive strength by around 24% in cement and concrete
specimens for 28 days curing was observed as compared to control specimens. Use of lentil seed
powder as a protein source and sugar as a carbon source for bacterial growth were proved to be
cost effective when compared to commercially available peptone and glucose respectively.
MICCP or bio-cementation has been proved to be most promising and novel technique and also
maintains sustainability in an ecofriendly manner. Various studies have been going on in the
field of bio-cementation as it is a cost effective technique to strengthen structures. Further
research in this direction would help to strengthen the practicability of bio-cementation to
improve wide range of construction materials.

2.20 Abbas M. Sharaky, Naglaa S. Mohamed (2018): This research studied the effect of
different biocemented methods on sandy soil. A series of laboratory physiochemical and
mechanical experiments were conducted to quantify improvements in strength and stiffness of
siliceous sandy testing methods. The results indicated that bacteria; S. pasteurii, plays a
significant role in increasing the compressive strength of biocemented samples due to the
precipitation of calcium carbonate by the bacterial activity. The results also suggested that
deposition of calcite by bacteria activity led to the cohesion of sand grains, this increased the
resistance of sand to deterioration. Also, results of the studied properties revealed that the
biocemented are improved. The results also indicated that using a growth media without
centrifuge processes and bacteria incubation at 12 h is preferable, where this technique has many
advantages such as saving of effort, time and tools and ease the large area in the site for
improvement. Also, use non sterilization media has no negative effect on bacterial activity or
amount of calcite precipitated. Results of microstructure and mineralogical analysis using XRD
and SEM confirmed that calcite is present and increased in quantity and connect the grains.
Finally the used S. pasteurii can be used successfully commercially for the sand bio-cementation
process.

2.21 K.S.Satyanarayanan, et al. (2021): This paper is about the importance of solid waste
(coconut shells) and also explains its effective use of it. This report shows that coconut shell is
very durable, possess high resistance to abrasion, and doesn’t degenerate easily. Also stated that
coconut shells could be used as a lightweight aggregate in making lightweight concrete (LWC).
If it is crushed. This report mentioned about the primary treatment of coconut shells and also
observed the absorption percentage by coconut shells and analysis of SEM images.

2.22 Parampreet Kaur, Varinder Singh and Amit Arora (2021): This article is about
microbial concrete a sustainable solution for concrete construction. This includes an
environmentally friendly strategy that has been employed to manufacture bio-concrete usage of
microorganisms in traditional concrete and enhances its durability and compressive strength.
This article mainly studies the role of microbes in influencing the various properties of concrete
such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength by reducing the concrete
porosity and diminishing water absorption. This article highlights the impact of the usage
of microbes in conventional concrete to produce novel and eco-friendly, bio- concrete in
construction technology.

2.23 Sanjay Kumar Verma and Sagar (2019): This paper reviews that the compressive
strength of coconut shell concrete has been determined by partial replacement of natural coarse
aggregate with waste coconut shell by replacing 5% to 30% of coarse aggregate with coconut
shell.