Mechanical Engineering

Lab Report 02

1ST SEMESTER

Submitted To: Engr. Ali Hassan

Class: ME-13 B Group: N/A
Submitted By
Sr.No Name (Roll.no) Data Viva Total
Presentation
1 Muhammad
Usama Tariq
(366451)

School Of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Objectives :
1. Introduction to different data types.
2. Introduction to Classes.
3. Difference b\w “Char” and “string”.
4. Usage of a Different Preprocessing derective

Theory :
1. Structure of C++ Program
2. Introduction to classes in C++
3. Difference b/w “char” and “string”

1. Structure of C++ Program :

• Preprocessing Directives :
They give instructions before the
program is compiled.
It begins with #include and then file name
inside < > signs such as
#include<file name>

Example :
#include<iostream> is a preprocessing directive
to give additional statements regarding input/output.

<cmath> is used to give statements regarding

maths.
 They are of 2 types :

#include“filename”
#include<filename>

• Directives :
Tells compiler to use library names declared in
namespace .
Example:
std (standard namespace) has C++ defined components.

• Main Function :
Every C++ Program contains set of instructions
which constitute the main program called the main function.

Example :
int main shows that function will return integer value to
the system after execution.
The main function is always enclosed inside braces { } called code
blocks.

• Declarations :
Before storing data inside a variable, we have to
first allocate it a memory location that will be used by it to store input
user data, this task is performed by writing statement called
Declaration.
Example :
int a ;
float b ;
Here “int a” means that variable a can only store integer values, and
“float b” means b can store values that are in decimal points.

• Assignment Statements :
Such statements that are written to
assign values to variables are called assignment statements.
These values can be a character, an integer or result of a program.
Example :
a=b
t=0
x = y = z = ans
• Arithmatic Operators :
They are the mathematical characters
used for different math functions i.e + - / * etc .
• Data Types :
They are the strings which tell us which type of data
will be stored in the variable.
The common C++ data types are
int : stores only integer values, takes up the size of 4 bytes.
float : stores data in decimal values, takes up the size of 4 bytes.
char : stores data in form of single character(letter or number);
takes up the size of 1 byte.
bool : stores data in form of Boolean variables (True/False)
double : similar data type as float with higher storage capacity
i.e 8 bytes.

2. Introduction to Classes :

• Definition :
Classes are mainly used to define user defined data
types. Classes make the new data easily accessible and can be
implemented to other functions without much effort,
• Declaration :

1. Class definition should be written in code blocks.

2. Members may include variables and functions.
3. Commands like public, private and protected tell about the data
access.
4. A semi colon must follow closing bracket i.e };

• Implementation :
The constructor file must include block of
every method declared in class. They have the same name as that
of the class.
In this way, a single class can give rise to multiple
objects (programs), as different programs may use the data of the
class according to their needs.
3. Difference b/w string and char :
A char is just a letter, an alphabet that may also be a number.
While on the other hand, a string is an array of chars i.e it can be
a full name unlike char.
 1. In char, you can only take one character at a time while in string
you can store a complete word in the defined variable.

Lab Work (10) :

1. Code to calculate distance b/w two points.
2. Code to enter values in an algebraic formula.

1. Code to calculate distance :

#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
float px,py,qx,qy,ans;//declaring all variables

float dist;
cout<<"Please put in Px :";//input and printing of variables
cin>>px;
cout<<"Please put in Py :";
cin>>py;

cout<<"Please put in Qx :";

cin>>qx;

cout<<"Please put in Qy :";

cin>>qy;

dist=(px-qx)*(px-qx)+(py-qy)*(py-qy);//formula to calculate distance

ans=sqrt(dist);

cout<<"Your answer is ="<<ans;//print answer

cout<<"\n Mission Passed Respect+";
}
 2. Code for algebraic formula :
3. #include<iostream>
4. #include<cmath>
5.
6. using namespace std;
7. int main(){
8.
9. float x,ans;
10. cout<<"Please enter value of x ";
11. cin>>x;
12.
13. ans=(x*x+x)/3;
14. cout<<"Your answer is "<<ans;
15.
16. }

Home Task :
1. Program to convert Miles into kilometers:
2. //**************************Convert Miles into
Kilometres****************************//
3. #include<iostream>
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main(){
7. float mil,km;
8. cout<<"Enter the value in Miles :";
9. cin>>mil;
10. cout<<"The value in Miles is "<<mil<<" mil.";
11. km=0.62137*mil;
12. cout<<"\nConverting into Kilometres........";
13. cout<<"\nThe value in Kilometres is "<<km<<" km.";
14.
2. Program to convert Meters into Miles:
3. //**************************Convert Metres into
Miles****************************//
4. #include<iostream>
5. using namespace std;
6.
7. int main(){
8. float mil,m;
9. cout<<"Enter the value in Metres :";
10. cin>>m;
11. cout<<"The value in Metres is "<<m<<" m.";
12. mil=0.00062137*m;
13. cout<<"\nConverting into Miles........";
14. cout<<"\nThe value in Miles is "<<mil<<" mil.";
15. }

3. Program to convert Pounds to kilograms:

4. //**************************Convert Pounds into
Kilograms****************************//
5. #include<iostream>
6. using namespace std;
7.
8. int main(){
9. float kg,lb;
10. cout<<"Enter the value in Pounds :";
11. cin>>lb;
12. cout<<"The value in Pounds is "<<lb<<" lb.";
13. kg=0.45359*lb;
14. cout<<"\nConverting into Kilograms........";
15. cout<<"\nThe value in Kilograms is "<<kg<<" kg.";
16. }
4. Program to convert newtons to pounds:
5. //**************************Convert newtons into
Pounds****************************//
6. #include<iostream>
7. using namespace std;
8.
9. int main(){
10. float nt,lb;
11. cout<<"Enter the value in Newtons :";
12. cin>>nt;
13. cout<<"The value in Newtons is "<<nt<<" N.";
14. lb=0.2248*nt;
15. cout<<"\nConverting into Pounds........";
16. cout<<"\nThe value in Pounds is "<<lb<<" lb.";
17. }

5. Program to convert Fahrenheit to Rankines;

6. //**************************Convert Fahrenheit into
Rankines****************************//
7. #include<iostream>
8. using namespace std;
9.
10. int main(){
11. float fah,rk;
12. cout<<"Enter the value in Fahrenheit :";
13. cin>>fah;
14. cout<<"The value in Fahrenheit is "<<fah<<" *F.";
15. rk=(fah+459.67);
16. cout<<"\nConverting into Rankines........";
17. cout<<"\nThe value in Rankines is "<<rk<<" degrees rankine.";
18. }

6. Program to convert Celcius into Rankines:

//**************************Convert Celcius into
Rankines****************************//
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
float cel,rk;
cout<<"Enter the value in Celcius :";
cin>>cel;
cout<<"The value in Celcius is "<<cel<<" *C.";
rk=1.8*(cel)+491.67;
cout<<"\nConverting into Rankines........";
cout<<"\nThe value in Rankines is "<<rk<<" degrees rankine.";
}

7. Program to convert kelvin into Fahrenheit:

8. //**************************Convert Kelvin into
Fahrenheit****************************//
9. #include<iostream>
10. using namespace std;
11.
12. int main(){
13. float fah,kel;
14. cout<<"Enter the value in Degree Kelvin :";
15. cin>>kel;
16. cout<<"The value in degree Kelvin is "<<kel<<" K.";
17. fah=((kel-273.15)*1.8+32);
18. cout<<"\nConverting into Fahrenheit........";
19. cout<<"\nThe value in Fahrenheit is "<<fah<<" *F.";
20. }
Practice Problems :
1. Program to calculate Distance travelled:
2. //**************************Calculate Distance
Travelled****************************//
3. #include<iostream>
4. using namespace std;
5.
6. int main(){
7.
8. float dis,v,a,t;
9. cout<<"Enter the value of Initial Velocity :";
10. cin>>v;
11.
12. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Acceleration :";
13. cin>>a;
14.
15. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Time :";
16. cin>>t;
17.
18. dis=(v*t+(0.5)*(a*t*t));
19. cout<<"\nUsing formula to calculate Distance";
20. cout<<"\nThe value of Distance is = "<<dis;
21. }

2. Program to calculate Tension in a cord:

3. //**************************Calculate Tension in a
cord****************************//
4. #include<iostream>
5. using namespace std;
6.
7. int main(){
8.
9. float n,m,t,g;
10. cout<<"Enter the value of Mass 1 :";
11. cin>>m;
12.
13. cout<<"Enter the value of Mass 2 :";
14. cin>>n;
15. g=9.80665;
16. cout<<"The value of g is "<<g;
17.
18. t=((2*m*n)/(m+n))*g;
19.
20. cout<<"\nUsing formula to calculate Tension";
21. cout<<"\nThe value of Tension in the cord is = "<<t;
22. }

3. Program to calculate Pressure at end of pipe:

4. //**************************Calculate Fluid Pressure at end of the
pipe****************************//
5. #include<iostream>
6. using namespace std;
7.
8. int main(){
9.
10. float p,q,rho,a,b,v,ans,an;
11. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Pressure at start of pipe(Initial Prssure)
:";
12. cin>>p;
13. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Velocity :";
14. cin>>v;
15. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Coefficient of viscousity :";
16. cin>>rho;
17. cout<<"\nEnter the value of area at start of pipe :";
18. cin>>a;
19.
20. cout<<"\nEnter the value of area at end of the pipe :";
21. cin>>b;
22.
23. ans=(rho*v*(b*b-a*a));
24. an=p+ans;
25. q=an/(2*a*a);
26. cout<<"\nUsing formula to calculate Pressure at end of pipe(Final
Pressure) ";
27. cout<<"\nThe value of Final Pressure is = "<<q;
28. }
4. Program to calculate Gravitational Centripetal Acceleration:
5. //**************************Calculate Centripetal
Acceleration****************************//
6. #include<iostream>
7. using namespace std;
8.
9. int main(){
10.
11. float ans,ac,pi,t,rad;
12. cout<<"Enter the value of Radius :";
13. cin>>rad;
14. pi=3.142857;
15.
16. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Time Period :";
17. cin>>t;
18.
19. ans=(4*pi*pi*rad);
20. ac=ans/(t*t);
21. cout<<"\nThe value of Centripetal Acceleration is :"<<ac;
22. }

5. Program to calculate Gravitational Potential Energy:

6. //**************************Calculate Change in Potential
Energy****************************//
7. #include<iostream>
8. #include<cmath>
9. using namespace std;
10.
11. int main(){
12.
 13. float pe,G,m,M,rad,k;
14. cout<<"Enter the value of Mass of Object :";
15. cin>>m;
16. M=6*pow(10,24);
17. cout<<"\nEnter the value of Radius :";
18. cin>>rad;
19. G=6.673*pow(10,-11);
20. k=-G*m*M;
21. pe=k/(rad);
22. cout<<"\nThe value of Gravitational Potential Energy is :"<<pe;
23. }

Basic class structure:

class P
{
//Type declaration statements
//Data members
private:
double xCoord, yCoord, ;//Class attributes
public:

//Declaration of statements for class methods

//constructors for point class

P(); //Default constructor

P(double x, double y);//parametrized constructor
};

Class Implementation:
/*------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Class implementation for Point */
/* filename: Point.cpp */
#include "Point.h" //Required for Point
#include <iostream> //Required for cout
using namespace std;
//Parameterized constructor
P:: P(double x, double y)
{

//input parameters x,y

cout << " Constructing Point object, parameterized: \n" ;
cout << " input parameters: " << x << " ," << y << endl;
xCoord = x;
yCoord = y;
}
//Default constructor
P::P()
{
cout << " Constructing Point object, default: \n" ;
cout << " initializing to zero" << endl;
xCoord = 0.0;
yCoord = 0.0;
}
int main()
{
//Declare and initialize objects.
cout << " In main, declare p1..." << endl;
P p1;
cout << " \nIn main, declare p2..." << endl;
P p2(1.5, -4.7);
cout << " \nIn main, declare ORIGIN..." << endl;
const P ORIGIN(0.0, 0.0);
return 0;
}