' Level Statistics, Probabilities and Numerical Methods - 1

Comprehensive revision questions in a’ level statistiCs, probabilities and
numerical methods.
Statistics.
1. The information below shows the test marks of 11 students.

52,61,78,49,47,79,54,58,62,73,72
Find;
a) Median
b) Mean
c) Lower quartile
d) Upper quartile
e) Interquartile range
f) Semi-interquartile range
(Answer: a) 61 , b) 62.273, c) 52, d)73, e)21, f) 10.5
2. The information below shows the test marks of 11 students.

5, 6, 7, 4, 4, 7, 5, 4, 5, 8, 6, 2, 7, 3, 7
Find;
i) Median
ii) Mean
iii) Lower quartile
iv) Upper quartile
v) Interquartile range
vi) Semi-interquartile range
(Answer: i) 6.875 , ii) 6.50 , iii) 6, iv) 3.609, v) 1.90, vi) 3
3. Given the information below showing the test marks of 8 students.

8, 10,7,6,4,5,6,9
Find:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Variance
e) Standard deviation
f) Interquartile range
(Answer:a) 10.857 , ii) 12 , iii) 6, iv) 3.609, v) 1.90, vi) 3
4. Given the marks below of 7 students marked out of 15

10, 12, 13,15,8,12,6
Calculate:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Variance
e) Standard deviation
f) Semi-interquartile range
5. For a particular set of observations n = 20, εx 2 = 16143, εx = 563.
Find the values of the mean and the standard deviation.
6. For a given frequency distribution ε(x − x̅)2 = 182.3, εx 2 = 1025, n = 30
Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution. (ans; x̅ = 5.297, δ = 6.11)
7. For a set of 9 numbers ε(x − x̅)2 = 60 and εx 2 = 285. Find the mean of the number.
8. The mean of 10 numbers is 8. If an eleventh number is now included in the results,
the mean becomes 9. What is the value of the eleventh number?
9. The mean of the numbers 3, 6, 7, a, 14 is 8. Find the standard deviation of the set of
numbers.
10. The numbers a, b, 8,5,7 have mean 6 and variance 2. Find the values of and b , if a >
b. Hence find the semi interquartile range.
11. Given the information below showing the test marks.
Marks 10 15 20 22 23
Number of 1 5 12 2 4
students
Calculate:
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Mode
d) Semi interquartile range.
( ans:
12. The table below shows the test marks of a French paper marked out of 6.
Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number 10 15 12 38 13 12
of
students
Calculate:
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Standard deviation
d) Interquartile range
(Ans:
13. Given the table below
Height 2 4 5 7 10 16
(m)
No. of 8 4 3 5 4 8
trees
Calculate:
a) Mean
b) Variance
c) Mode
d) Semi-interquartile range
( Ans:
GROUPED DATA
14. Given the table showing the heights(cm) of 400 children in a certain school
Height <100 <110 <120 <130 <140 150 <160 <170
(cm)
Cumulative 0 27 85 215 320 370 395 400
frequency
a) Calculate:
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Variance
v. Interquartile range
vi. 4th decile and 7th decile
vii. 60% percentile
viii. Middle 70% percentile
ix. Middle 20% percentile
x. 10 to 90 percentile range
b) Draw a cumulative frequency curve and use it to estimate the median and semi
interquartile range.
15. The masses measured to the nearest kilogram of 50 boys are noted as below
Mass (kg) <59.5 <64.5 <69.5 <74.5 <79.5 <84.5 <89.5
Cumulative 0 4 16 40 68 88 100
% of
frequency
a) Draw a histogram and use it to estimate the mode
b) Represent the above information on an orgive and use it to estimate
i. Median
ii. Interquartile range
iii. Middle 60% percentile
c) Calculate :
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. Mode
iv. Variance
v. Interquartile range
vi. 4th decile and 7th decile
vii. 60% percentile
viii. Middle 70% percentile
ix. Middle 20% percentile
x. 10 to 90-percentile range.
16. Given the information below showing the performance of students in a given test.
Marks( X) Number of student.
20 – 29 5
30 – 38 7
39 6
40 – 44 4
45 – 60 8
61 – 80 2
a) Calculate the mean, median and mode.
b) Calculate the approximate 56% confidence range for the mean marks of all students.
c) Represent the above information on an ogive and use it to estimate the semi inter
quartile range.
17. Given the information below showing the heights of different trees in a certain
forest.
Height( X) Number of trees.
- 25 10
- 38 8
- 58 12
- 60 10
- 63 6
- 83 15
a) Calculate the variance hence determine the standard deviation.
b) Estimate the 98% confident interval for the mean height of tree.
c) Represent the above information on a histogram and use it to estimate the mode.
18. Given the information below is showing the mass of different students in a certain
class.
Mass( X) Number of trees.

- 25 10
- 38 8
- 58 12
- 60 10
- 63 6
- 83 15
-95 0
(a) Calculate the inter quartile range.
(b) Estimate the 99% confident interval for the mean height of tree.
(c) Represent the above information on a histogram and use it to estimate the
mode.
19. Given the information below showing the heights of different trees in a certain
forest.
Height( X) Number of trees.

20 - 10
25 - 22
40 - 38
50 - 50
60 - 66
75 - 80
(a) Calculate the mean and variance.
(b) Estimate the 95% confidence limits for the mean height of trees.
(c) Represent the above information on a histogram and use it to estimate the
mode.
20. Given the information below.
Temperature 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 30 30 - 50 50 - 55 55 – 60
Frequency 1 2.4 3.0 2.0 2.2 0.2
density
a) Calculate the mode and variance.
b) Estimate the 88% confidence limits for the mean temperature.
c) Represent the above information on the cumulative frequency curve hence use it
to estimate the middle 60% percentile.
21. The table shows the marks obtained by 100 candidates of one school in the national
examination.
Marks 20 - 40 - 45 - 55 - 60 - 70 - 75 - 80 - 90
Frequency 8 12 20 25 16 10 5 4
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation.

b) Represent the above information on a histogram hence use it to estimate the mode.
c) Construct 88% confidence interval for the mean mark of all candidates in the
whole country.
22. The weight of students of a certain class in a certain school are as indicated in the
data below.
Weight Number of students
50 – 53 3
54 – 57 8
58 – 61 12
62 – 65 18
66 – 69 11
70 – 73 5
74 – 77 2
78 – 81 1
(a) Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the students’ weight
(b) Construct the cumulative frequency curve and estimate
(i) The median
(ii) The number of students who weigh between 58.9Kg and 66.7Kg.
23. Below are the marks of students of a certain school in the national mathematics
contest.
Marks Number of student.

10 – 15 2
15 – 25 8
25 – 30 17
30 – 35 26
35 – 45 24
45 – 50 16
50 – 60 6
60 – 80 1
(a) Draw a histogram for the above data
(b) Calculate the;
(i) Modal mark,
(ii) Median mark,
(iii) Number of students who passed, given that the pass mark
was 39.
C) Draw a cumulative frequency curve and use it to estimate the;;
i) range of marks of the middle 80% of the students,
ii) number of students who got 37 and above ,
iii) passmark if 30% of the students failed,
iv) number of students who got between 22% and 54%
v) probability that a student has a mark betwwen 24% and 38%
d) Use this school to estimate the 95% confidence limits for the mean mark of all
students in the country.
24. Given the information below.
Temperature 10 – 18 18 – 20 20 – 34 34 - 50 50 - 55 55 – 60
Frequency 2.0 2.6 3.2 1.8 2.0 0.1
density
a) Calculate the mode and variance.
b) Estimate the 80% confidence limits for the mean temperature.
c) Represent the above information on the histogram hence estimate the mode.
25. The table below shows the amount of current (I) at which the electric fuses blow
when it passed through them.
Current(I) 25- <28 <29 < 30 < 31 < 32 < 33 < 34 < 35 < 40
No. of 6 12 27 30 18 14 9 4 5
fuses
a) Determine the;
(i) Mean
(ii) Median
(iii) Standard deviation
(iv) p85
b) Draw a histogram for the data and use it to estimate the mode
c) Draw an orgive and use it to estimate the inter quartile range.
26. Given the table below showing the weights of different patients in a certain hospital
in the given month.
Weight(W) Cumulative frequency
0 ≤ w < 19 30
20 ≤ w < 29 46
30 ≤ w < 39 70
40 ≤ w < 49 102
50 ≤ w < 59 130
60 ≤ w < 69 142
70 ≤ w < 79 150
a) Draw a histogram for the data and use it to estimate the mode
b) Draw an orgive and use it to estimate t
i) The semi inter quartile range.
ii) The number of patients who weigh between 24.5kg and 54.5k
27. Given the table below showing the marks obtained in an interview of a certain job
Weight(W) Cumulative frequency
0 ≤ x < 15 33
16 ≤ x < 20 46
21 ≤ x < 39 77
40 ≤ x < 49 100
50 ≤ x < 59 132
60 ≤ x < 69 142
70 ≤ x < 89 154
a) Draw a histogram for the data and use it to estimate the mode
b) Draw an orgive and use it to estimate t
i) The semi inter quartile range.
ii) The number of students who obtained between 18 kg and 80.5 kg.
CORRELATION AND SCATTER DIAGRAMS
28. The course work grades ranging from A to G and examination marks of 8 candidates
are given below.
Course work Examination marks
A 92
C 75
D 63
B 54
F 48
C 45
G 34
E 18
a) Calculate:
i) The spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
ii) Comment on your answer at 5% level of significance whether there
correlation between the two ways of awarding.
29. The table below shows the original marks of six candidates in two examinations.
Candidate A B C D E F
English (x) 38 62 56 42 59 48
History 64 85 84 84 64 69
(y)
a) Calculate:
i) The spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and comment on your
answer.
ii) Represent the above data on a scatter diagram. Draw a line of best fit and
hence estimate x when y=90 and y when x=80
30. The price of Matooke is found to depend on the distance (d) the market is away
from the nearest town. The table below gives the average price of Matooke for
markets around Kampala city.
d(km) 40 8 17 20 24 30 10 28 16 28
P(sh.) 120 160 140 130 135 125 150 130 145 125
i) Plot this data on a scatter diagram.
ii) Draw a line of best fit on your diagram.
iii) Find the equation of your line in the form of p = a + Bd where a and B are
constants. Hence estimate the price of matooke when d = s.
31. In a certain commercial institution, a speed and error typing examination was
administered to 12 randomly selected candidates A,B,C……L of the institution. The
table below shows their speeds(y) in seconds and number of errors in the typed
script (x)
A B C D E F G H I J K L
X 12 24 20 10 32 30 28 15 18 40 27 35
Y 130 136 124 120 153 160 155 142 145 172 140 157
i) Plot the data on a scatter diagram.
ii) Draw the line best fit on your diagram and comment on the likely association
between speed and error made.
iii) Determine the equation of your line in the form y = xk + b where k and b are
constants.
iv) By giving Rank 1 to the fastest student and the student with the fewest
errors, rank the above data and use it to calculate the correlation coefficient.
Comment on your results.
32. The weighing scales from three different stalls W,X and Y in Owino market were
used to weigh 10 bags of beans A,B,C………J and the results (in Kgs) were as given in
the table below.
A B C D E F G H I J
Scale. 65 68 70 63 64 62 73 75 72 78
W
Scale. X 63 68 68 60 65 60 72 70 70 66
Scale. Y 63 74 78 73 64 73 79 67 67 79
a) Determine the rank correlation, for the performance of scale
i) w and x
ii) x and y
b) Which of the three scales: W, X and Z were in good working conditions.
33. Given the information below showing the preferences of senior six boys and girls
with respect to the meals they want to take during lunch
Girls B A D F E C G
Boys F A B E C G D
Calculate the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and comment on your
answer.
34. Given the information below showing the preferences of secondary school boys and
girls with respect to the meals, they want to take during the dinner.
Girls G A D B G E G
Boys D G B F C A E
answer
girls with respect to the meals, they want to take during the dinner.
Girls G B D A G E G
Boys D G B F C A E
answer.
36. The table below the percentage of sand in soil (𝑦) at different depth ( 𝑥 ) in cm
Soil depth 35 65 55 25 45 75 20 90 51 60
(𝑥)
Percentage 86 70 84 92 79 68 96 58 86 77
of sand (𝑦)
a) (i) Calculate the rank correlation coefficient between the two variables
(ii) Comment on the significance at 5% level.
b) (i) Draw a scatter diagram for the data and comment on your result.
(ii) Draw the line of best fit hence estimate the;
 Percentage of sand in the soil at the depth of 30cm,
 Depth of soil with 54% sand.
girls with respect to the examination body, they should do.
Girls M T S P K G A
Boys K M A S T G P
answer.
girls with respect to the examination body, they should do.
Girls Q T V P Z G A
Boys Z V A Q T G P
answer.
Number index.
39. In April 2010, the price of a kilogram of sugar was shs. 4300. In April 2013, the price
was shs. 5500. Taking 2010 as the base year, find the price relative and comment on
your answer.
40. In August 2011, the price of a kilogram of salt was shs. 600. In April 2015, the price
was shs. 500. Taking 2011 as the base year, find the price index and comment on
your answer.
41. The table indicates the price of one house has changed over the year 2010, 2012and
2013
Year 2010 2012 2013
Price( euro) 70,100 100,000 68,000
Taking 2010 as the base year, calculate the simple price indices for 2008 and 2009.
42. The table indicates the price of one company has changed over the year 2007, 2011
and 2015
Year 2007 2011 2015
Price( shs.) 700,00 1,000,000 1,300,000
Taking 2010 as the base year, calculate the simple price indices for 2011 and 2015 an
comment on your answers.
43. In 2005, the price index of a commodity using 2001 as the base year was 112. In
2011, the index using 2005 as the base year was 85. What would have been the
index in 2011, using 2001 as the base year? ( ans; 95.2)
44. In 2007, the price index of sugar using 2004 as the base year was 120. In 2012, the
index using 2007 as the base year was 90. What would have been the index in 2012,
using 2004, as the base year? ( ans; )
45. In 2006, the price index of sugar using 2003 as the base year was 88. In 2010, the
index using 2006 as the base year was 130. What would have been the index in
2010, using 2003, as the base year? ( ans; )
46. The 2011 price index for a pair of shoes was 120 taking 2007 as the base year.
Calculate the 2007 index taking 2011 as the base year.
47. The 2016 price index for a pair of shoes was 150 taking 2013 as the base year.
Calculate the 2013 index taking 2016 as the base year.
48. The price relative of the commodity in 2001 using 2002 as the base year was 105.
The price relative of the same commodity in 2002, using 2001 as the base year was
95. Given that the cost of the commodity in 2000 was 50,000, find its cost in 2002.
49. The below shows the price of items in Uganda shillings of some commodities as
shown below;
Item 2008 price 2010 price
Rice( 1 kg) 2500 3100
Sugar( 1kg) 3000 3400
Eggs ( 1 dozen) 4000 4500
Groundnuts 2100 2600
Taking 2008 as the base year, Calculate;
a) The price index of each commodity,
b) Simple aggregate price index and comment on your answer.
50. The below shows the price of items in shillings of some commodities as shown
below;
Item 2008 price 2010 price
Rice( 1 kg) 2500 2000
Sugar( 1kg) 3000 2950
Eggs ( 1 dozen) 4000 3600
Groundnuts 2100 1960
Taking 2008 as the base year, Calculate;
c) The price index of each commodity,
d) Simple aggregate price index and comment on your answer.
51. Given the table below showing the price relatives and their corresponding weights.
Price relative Weight

Food 118 40
Rent 102 8
Clothing 114 12
Fuel 120 10
Other 110 30
Calculate the weighted price index and comment on your answer.
52. Given the information below;
Item 2007price(euro) 2009(euro) weight
Food 55 60 4
Housing 48 52 2
Transport 16 20 1
Calculate;
a) Price relative for each commodity.
b) Weighted price relatives ( composite index)
c) Average weighted price index
53. The table below shows the expenditure of restaurant on four items and their simple
index numbers for 2017
Item Price Price Index Weight

2015 2017 numbers
Milk( per litre) 1000 A 130 0.5
Eggs (per tray) B 9000 125 1
Sugar (per kg) 3000 3800 C 2
Blue band 7000 D 130 1
(a) Determine the values of a, b, c and d.

(b) Calculate the weighted aggregate price index for 2017. Comment on your result.
(c) In 2017, the restaurant spent shs. 43,000 on buying these items, how much money
the restaurant could have spent in 2015.
54. The average cost of living (in ‘000s of shillings per month) in 1998 was:
Item Cost (‘000s Ug

Sh.)
Water 10.0
Fuel 12.0
Clothing 43.0
Transport 55.0
School fees 300.0
Medical 30.0
Food 100.0
Miscellaneous 50.0
Saving 100.0
a) Taking water as the base item, calculate the cost of living index of other items in
1998
b) If the family income increased by shillings 100000, while the ratio of their
budget remained the same in 1999, construct a table to show the monthly cost of
living for 1999
55. The table below shows retail prices of clothing and foot wear (in ‘000s Ug Sh) for
may 1996, june 1997 and price relatives for july 1998
Item May-96 Jun-97 Price relatives for

july 1998(may
1996 as base)
Men’s clothing 70.0 70.0 1.2
Women’s clothing 60.0 80.0 1.5
Children’s clothing 30.0 130.0 1.5
Foot wear 50.0 35.0 0.8
School fees 300.0 60.0 0.8
i) Using children’s clothing as the base, find the indices of other clothing and foot
wear for May 1996
ii) Using June 1997 as the base year, calculate the retail prices for 199
56. Given the table below showing price of different items as shown below.
Item Price in Price in Amount

2010 2016 consumed
Sugar ( 1 kg) $2 $3 4
Salt( 1kg) Ug. Sh. 400 Ug. Sh. 600 1
Maize flour(1 $0.5 $1 7

kg)
Calculate the weighted aggregate price index
57. Given the table below showing price of different items as shown below.
Item Price in Price in Amount

2010 2016 consumed
Rice ( 1 kg) $3 $6 4
Salt( 1kg) Ug. Sh. 500 Ug. Sh. 700 2
Maize flour(1 $0.5 $2 2

kg)
Calculate the weighted aggregate price index.
BEGINNING PROBABILITIES AND PROBABILITY THEORY.

1. Events A and B are such that P(A) = 0.35, P(B) = 0.7 and P(AnB′ ) = 0.15. find the:
i) P(A⁄B)
ii) P(A/B′ )
iii) P(A′ /B′ )
𝟐
(Answer: i) 𝟕 ii) 𝟎. 𝟓 iii) 𝟎. 𝟓)
2. In a certain school, the probability that a boy chosen randomly belongs to the
football team is 0.6 and that f chess is 0.5. The probability that he belongs to at least
one of the teams is 0.9. Find the probability that he belongs to either football team
or the chess team but not both. ( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫. 𝟎. 𝟕)
3. a) Given that A and B are independent events and that A′ and B′ are respectively
their complements.
i) Prove that A′ and B′ are also independent.
ii) If P(A)=0.5 and P(B)=0.4, find the P(A′ nB′ )
c) Bag A contains 4 red and 6 green sweets. Bag B contains 3 red and 7 green
sweets. Bag A is twice as likely to be picked as bag B. A bag is randomly selected
and from it, a sweet is picked randomly and put into the other bag. A sweet is
then picked from the latter bag. Find the probability the sweet picked from the
bag is red.
𝟑𝟕
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫. 𝐚𝐢𝐢. 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐛). )
𝟏𝟏𝟎
1
4. A and B are two independent events with A twice as likely to occur as B. if P(A)=2,
find the:
i) P (A or B but not both)
ii) P (A⁄B′ )
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫. 𝐢. 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟓 )
5. One bag of chocolates contains contains five hard centered and three soft centered
chocolates. Another bag of chocolates contains eight hard centered and seven soft
centered. A chocolate is chosen at random from either of the bags. Find the
probability that a soft centered chocolate came from the first bag.
𝟑
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫. 𝟏𝟔 )
6. A′ and B′ are intersecting sets as shown in the venn diagram below
P(𝐴′ ) P(B’)
)
a b
Given that A′ and B′ are complements of A and B respectively and that P(A)=0.8, P(B)=0.6
and P( either A′ or B′ but or both)=0.45. find the values of a and b.
( Answer: a = 0.475,
7. A man travelling from Masaka to Kampala by private car goes through three police
check points. The probability that he is delayed by checking point A is 0.3, for
checking point B and C is about 0.5 and 0.7 respectively. Find the probability that;
i) He is not delayed at all.
ii) He is delayed at only one checking point.
( Answer: i) 0.105, ii) 0.250)
1 5
8. Events A and B are such that P(A⁄B) = 3 , P(B⁄A′ ) = 8 , p( B) = 0.1 and P(A′ ∩ B′ ) =
3
. Find ;
20
i) P(A ∩ B′ )
ii) P(A′⁄ )
B′
19 1
( Answer: i) , ii) )
40 6
9. A box contains 6 black, 5 red and 4 green balls. Three balls are picked at random one
at a time without replacement. Find the probability that;
i) All the balls picked are of the same color.
ii) The third ball picked is the second black ball to be picked.
34 18
( Answer: i) , ii) )
455 91
10. If events X and Y are independent.

a) Show that even X ′ and Y are also independent.
3 2
b) Find P(X∩ Y ′ ) given that P(X ′ ) = 4 a and P(Y)=5.
3
( Answer: b) )
20
11. Dan’s probabilities of passing Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics are 0.6, 0.75 and
0.8 respectively.
a) Find the probability that he will pass at least two subjects.
b) If it is known that he passed at least two subjects, what is the probability that he
failed chemistry?
( Answer: a) 0.45 b) 0.2)
4 1 5
12. Events A and B are such that P(A)=7 , P(A ∩ B′ ) = 3 and P(A⁄B) = 14. Find ;
i) P(A ∩ B)
ii) P(B)
iii) P(A U B)
iv) P(A′ U B′)
v) P(A′ ∩ B′)
5 2 16
( Answer: i) , ii) 3 , iii 1, iv) , v) 0 )
21 21
13. Given that p(A⁄B) = 0.4, p (A⁄ ) = 0.5 and P(A) = 0.3. Find P(A) and P(A U B).
B′
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐩(𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐩( 𝐀 𝐔 𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟔)
14. Given that p(A⁄B) = 0.5, p (A⁄ ) = 0.35 and P (A) = 0.38. Find P(A) and P(A U B).
B′
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐩(𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝐩( 𝐀 𝐔 𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖)
15. Given that p(B⁄A) = 0.4, p (B⁄ ) = 0.55 and P (B) = 0.45. Find P(A) and P(A U B).
A′
𝟐
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐩(𝐁) = 𝐩( 𝐀 𝐔 𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)
𝟑
16. Given that p(B⁄A) = 0.6, p (B⁄ ) = 0.5 and P (B) = 0.55. Find P(A) and P(A U B).
A′
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐩(𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐩( 𝐀 𝐔 𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 )
17. A and B are two independent events. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 1⁄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐵) = 1⁄4
Find
(i)𝑃( Au𝐵1 )
(ii)P (𝐴𝑛𝐵⁄𝐴)
18. In a car assembly plant, machines A,B and C produce 37%, 42% and 21%
respectively of the total production. If 0.6% of the production form A is defective
and that from B and C are 0.4% and 1.2%, find the probability that a car selected at
random from the plant;
i) Is defective
ii) Came from C given that it is defective.
𝟒𝟐
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟐, 𝐢𝐢) )
𝟏𝟎𝟕
7
19. Two events A and B are independent such that P(A)=0.75P(B), P(A ∪ B) = 10,
calculate the;
i) P(A)
ii) P( AnB)
iii) P(B⁄A)
( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟓 , 𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏, 𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟔)

3 3
20. A and B are independent events with P(A) = 8 and P(A′ ∪ B) = 4. Find;
i) P(B)
ii) P(A ∪ B)
1 7
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) 𝑖𝑖)
3 12
21. A box P contains 1 red, 3 green and 1 blue beads. A box Q contains 2 red, 1 green,
and 2 blue bead. A balance die is thrown and if the throw shows a six, box P is
chosen otherwise box Q is chisen. A bead is drawn at random from the chosen box.
Given that a green bead is drawn, find the probability that it came from box P?
3
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 8
3 ′ 2
22. A and B are mutually exclusive. If P(A ∪ B) = 4 and P (A ⁄B′ ) = 3; find;
i) P(A)
ii) P(B)
5 5
8 8
23. A bag contains 5 black marbles and 3 white marbles. A second bag contains 3 black
marbles and 5 white marbles. A marble is drawn at random from the first bag and
placed in the second bag. A marble is then drawn at random from the second bag
and placed in the first.Find the probability that each bag now contains;
i) 4 black and 4 white marbles
ii) Exactly the same number of each colour as it did initially.
25 19
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) 𝑖𝑖) .
72 36
24. Bag 𝐴 contains 6 black marbles and 7 white marbles. A second bag 𝐵 contains
4 black marbles and 8 white marbles. A marble was drawn at random from bag 𝐴
and placed in 𝑩. A marble was then drawn at random from 𝐵 into 𝐴.
a) Find the probability that 𝐴 contains exactly the same number of marbles as it
had initially.
b) Find the probability of picking a black marble now from 𝐴
c) Find the probability of picking a white marble now from 𝐴
25. A bag contains 4 white balls and 1 black ball. A second bag contains 1 white ball and
4 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the first bag and put into the second
bag, then a ball is taken from the second bag and put into the first bag.
a) Find the probability that the first bag is containing the same number as it had
before.
b) Find the probability that a white ball will be picked when a ball is selected from
the first bag.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑎) 𝑏) 0.7
26. A bag contains 5 red balls and 4black ball. A second bag contains 4 red ball and
7 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the first bag and put into the second
bag, then from a ball from ball is taken from the second bag and put into the first
bag.
c) Find the probability that the first bag is containing the same number of ball as it
had before.
d) Find the probability that a red ball will be picked when a ball is selected from the
first bag.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑎) 𝑏)
27. A box 𝐴 contains 3 red balls and 4 black balls while box 𝐵 contains 3 red and 2 black
balls. One box is selected at random and from it, one ball is selected at random.
a) Find the probability that the ball is red,
b) The probability that the ball came from box 𝐴, given that it is red,
c) The probability that the ball came from box 𝑩, given that it is red,
28. A box 𝐴 contains 6 red balls and 5 black balls while box 𝐵 contains 4 red and 3 black
balls. One box was selected at random and from it, two balls were selected at
random.
i) Find the probability that the balls are of the same color,
ii) The probability that the ball came from box 𝐴, given that second ball is
red,
iii) The first ball is red given that the second is black,
iv) The first is black given that the second is also black.
29. A box 𝐴 contains 5 red balls and 5 green balls while box 𝐵 contains 4 red and 3
green balls. One box was selected at random and from it, two balls were selected at
random. Given that the probability of selecting box 𝐴 is twice that of selecting of 𝐵.
a) Find the probability that the balls are of different color,
b) The probability that the ball came from box 𝐵, given that second ball
is red,
c) The first ball is red given that the second is green,
d) The first is green given that the second is also green.
30. A box 𝐴 contains 7 red balls and 5 green balls while box 𝐵 contains 4 red and 4
random. Given that the probability of selecting box 𝐴 is thrice that of selecting of 𝐵.
i) Find the probability that the balls are of different color,
ii) The probability that the ball came from box 𝐵, given that second ball is green,
iii) The first ball is red given that the second is green,
iv) The first is green given that the second is also red.
31. A box 𝑃 contains 7 red balls and 5 green balls while box 𝑄 contains 4 red and 4
random. Given that the probability of selecting box 𝑄 is thrice that of selecting of 𝑃.
a) Find the probability that the balls are of same color,
b) The probability that the ball came from box 𝑃, given that second ball is
green,
c) The first ball is green given that the second is red,
d) The first is red given that the second is also red.
32. Given that 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.4, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3, 𝑃(𝐶) = 0.5, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩
𝐶) = 0.003. if A and B as well as B and C are mutually exclusive, find the probability
of obtaining;
i) A or B or C,
ii) A or B,
iii) B or C.
𝐶) = 0.1. if A and B are independent while B and C are mutually exclusive, find the
probability of obtaining;
i) A or B or C,
ii) A or B,
iii) B or C.
𝐶) = 0.1. if A and B are independent while B and C are mutually exclusive, find the
probability of obtaining;
a) A or B or C,
b) A or B,
c) B or C.
35. A bag contains 5 green, 10 blue and 6 red marbles. Three marbles were picked at
random without replacement. Find the probability that;
i) The first marble is blue and the third marble is green.
ii) The first marble is green and the third marble is green.
iii) The first marble is blue and the third marble is red.
iv) The first marble is red and the third marble is green.
36. A bag contains 20 black, 30 blue and 50 red marbles. Three marbles were picked at
a) The first marble is blue and the third marble is black.
b) The first marble is red and the third marble is black.
c) The first marble is blue and the third marble is red.
d) The first marble is red and the third marble is black.
37. A bag contains 7 green, 15 blue and 6 red marbles. Three marbles were picked at
i) The first marble is blue and the third marble is green.
ii) The first marble is green and the third marble is green.
iii) The first marble is blue and the third marble is red.
iv) The first marble is red and the third marble is green.
38. A bag contains 4 black marbles and 10 white marbles. A second bag contains 5 black
marbles and 4 white marbles. A marble is drawn at random from the first bag and
placed in the second bag. Given that, the probability of choosing the first bag is
thrice that of the second bag.
a) Find the probability that the first bag contains the same number of marbles as it
had initially.
b) Find the probability of picking a white marble now.
39. Events A and B are such that P(A⁄B) = 0.4, P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.25. find;
i) P(A ∩ B)
ii) P(A ∪ B)
′
iii) P(A ⁄B)
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) 0.1 𝑖𝑖) 0.350 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0.60
1
40. Events X and Y are independent such that P(X)=0.75 and P(X ∪ Y)′ = 6. Calculate;
i) P(Y)
ii) P(X or Y but not both)
1 7
3 12
2
41. Given that S and T are mutually exclusive events with P(S) =3 and P (T) =0.2.
find;
i) P(S ∩ T ′ )
ii) P(S ′ ∪ T ′ )
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) 𝑖𝑖) 1
3
42. a) Prove that for any two events A and B; P (A/B) +P (A’/B) =1.
9 1 4
c) Find P(A ∩ B), given that P(A) = 35 , P(B) = 15 and P(A ∪ B) = 15
2
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
35
1 1 1
43. Two events A and B are such that P(A) = 3 , P(B) = 2 and P(A ∩ B) = 8 . find:
i) P (A’/B’)
ii) P(A ∪ B)
7 17
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) , 𝑖𝑖)
12 24
44. Events A and B are such that P(A)=0.7, P(B)=0.2 an P(A⁄B) = 0.1, find the
probability that;
a) Both of the events will occur
b) Exactly one of the events occur.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎) 0.02, 𝑏) 0.86
1
45. The probability that it will be foggy on the November morning is 3 . The probability
1 4
that Mr. John will be late for work if it is not foggy is 8 otherwise it is 5.
a) Find the probability that he is late.

b) If on a particular November morning Mr. Jones is late, find the probability that it
is foggy.
7 16
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎) 𝑏)
20 21
46. Three boys; Paul, Robert and Maurice aim at a target. The probability of them hitting
the target are 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6 respectively. Find the probability that;
i) All the three hit the target,
ii) Exactly two of them hit the target.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑖) 0.336 𝑖𝑖) 0.452
4 1 4
47. Events A and B are such that P(A) = 7 , P(AnB′ ) = 3 and P(A⁄B) = 5. Find;
a) P(B)
b) P(A’nB’)
25 31
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) 𝑏)
84 84
48. Events A,B and C are such that P(A) = x, P(B) = y and P(C) = x + y. If P(A ∪ B) =
0.6 and P(A⁄B) = 0.2 .
i) Show that 5x + 4y = 3
ii) Given B and C are mutually exclusive and that P(B ∪ C) = 0.9, determine the
values of x and y
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
49. According to the firm’s internal survey, of those Employees living more than 2 miles
from work, 90% travel to work by car, of the remaining employees, only 50% travel
to work by car. It is known that 75% of the employees live more than 2 miles from
work.
Determine;
i) The overall proportion of employees who travel to work by car.
ii) The probability that an employee who travels to work by car lives more than
2 miles from work.
iii) The probability that an employee who lives more than 2 miles travels to
work by car.
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟗 𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟖
2 1 1
50. If P(A⁄B) = 5 , P(B) = 4 , P(A) = 3,find;
i) P(A/B’)
ii) P(A′ ∪ B′ )
14 9
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖) , 𝑖𝑖)
45 10
51. A company has four production lines A, B, C and D producing large numbers of a
certain item. Of the total daily production, 40% are produced by A, 20% by B, 15%
by C and the rest by D.it is known that 2% of the items produced by A are defective.
The corresponding proportions for B,C and D are 3%,4% and 1% respectively. One
item is chosen from the day’s total output.
i) Find the probability that it is not defective.
ii) Given that it is defective, find the probability that it was produced by A.
𝟏𝟔
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝐢𝐢) 𝟒𝟓
52. Given that X and Y are independent events and that X’ and Y’ are respectively there
complements,
i) Prove that X’ and Y’ are also independent.
ii) If P(X)=0.5 and P(Y)=0.4, find P(X’nY)
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟐
53. The staff employed by a certain school is classified as Academic, Administrative or
Support. The table below shows the numbers employed in these categories and
there sex
Male Female
Academic 70 10
Administrative 8 2
Support 29 6
If a member of staff is selected randomly, find the probability that;
i) She is female
ii) The staff member is either female or Academic but not both
iii) The administrative staff member selected is male.
54. (a) Given events A and B are independent such that 3P (A∪ B)=5P (B)=4P (A). find
i. P(A)
ii. P(A∪ B′)
(b) Given events A and B are such that P(A∪ B) = 0.8, P(A⁄B) = 0.3 and P(A′ ∩ B) =
0.4. find;
i. P(A∩ B)
ii. P(B)
iii. P(A1 )
iv. P(A⁄ )
B′
7 7
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑖) 𝑎𝑖𝑖)
12 9
55. Jane, Joan and James are playing a game in turns with Joan first followed by Jane and
James respectively. The probabilities of Jane Joan and James winning are 0.1, 0.3 and
0.15 respectively. Find the probability of that
i. Jane wins on the second chance.
ii. James wins.
56. John is out of school and his probability of coming back is 0.4. The probability that is
back and his team win the game is 0.82 otherwise its 0.35. Find the probability that
they lose, given that he is a round.
57. A, B and C are three events completing all together with their respective
probabilities of winning as 0.4, 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.7 . Find the probability that;
a) All of them win,
b) Only one wins,
c) Only two win,
d) None of them wins.
58. P, Q and C are three events completing all together with their respective
probabilities of winning as 0.1, 0.35 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.45. Find the probability that;
i) All of them win,
ii) Only one wins,
iii) Only two win,
iv) None of them wins.
59. A, B and C are three events completing all together with their respective
1 2 2
probabilities of winning as 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5. Find the probability that;
3
a) All of them win,

b) Only one wins,
c) Only two win,
60. A, B, C and D are four events completing all together with their respective
1 2 1 2
probabilities of winning as 2 , , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . Find the probability that;
3 6 5
i) All of them win,

ii) Only one wins,
iii) Only two win,
iv) Only three win,
v) None of them wins
61. A, B and C are three events completing all together with their probabilities of not
winning are 0.8, 0.88 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that;
a) All of them win,
b) Only one wins,
c) Only two win,
62. A, B and C are three events completing in turns with their respective probabilities of
winning as 0.4, 0.6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.7. Given that A starts first followed by B and finally C, find
the probability that;
a) B wins in the first trial,
b) C wins on the second trial,
c) A wins on the third trial,
d) A wins,
e) B wins.
winning as 0.12, 0.66 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.78. Given that C starts first followed by A and finally B,
find the probability that;
i) C wins on the second trial,
ii) A wins on the four trial,
iii) B wins.
64. A, B, C and D are three events completing in turns with their respective probabilities
of winning as 0.12, 0.66 0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.78. Given that D starts first followed by A , then C
and finally B, find the probability that;
a) C wins on the second trial,
b) A wins,
c) B wins.
1 2 1
not winning are 4 , 5 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3. Given that B starts first followed by A and finally C, find
the probability that;

iv) C wins on the second trial,
v) A wins on the four trial,
vi) B wins.
66. Mr Jacob is the senior inspector in an electronics-manufacturing firm. One of his
roles is to inspect in coming lots of memory sticks produced by two terminals daily
and determine their effectiveness. In a tray containing 12 sticks, four were found to
be defective. He randomly selects three sticks for inspection. Form a probability
distribution showing the number of defective sticks. Hence, find;
i. Probability that at most two of the three is non-defective
ii. The expected number of non-defective sticks
(b) A petrol station served three times as many men as women on a certain day. Two
types of fuel are available, leaded (L) and unleaded (U). Customers pay by cheque or
by cash. 40% of the men and 80% of the women buy the leaded type. Of the men
buying L 60% pay by cheque and of the men buying U, 70% pay by cheque. Of the
women buying L, half pay by cheque while those buying U, 30% pay by cheque. Find
the probability that a customer;
i. Buys leaded fuel.

ii. Pays by cheque
iii. Who pays by cheque for L is a man.
67. The table below shows the number of apples in boxes A, B and C
Apples A B C
Green 5 7 4
Blue 6 5 4
A box is randomly selected and two apples are randomly selected from it without
replacement. Box A is thrice as likely to be picked as B while A and C have the same
chance of being selected.
(a) Determine the probability that;

(i) All apples are of different colors,
(ii) From box A given that they are of the same color.
(b) If X is the number of green apples taken, draw a probability distribution table for X.
hence calculate the mean and standard deviation of X.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑖) 0.556 𝑎𝑖𝑖) 0.429 𝑏) 1.021, 0.666
68. The table below shows the number of apples in boxes A, B and C
Apples M N F
Red 3 6 5
Blue 6 5 4
A box is randomly selected and two apples are randomly selected from it without
replacement. Box M is twice as likely to be picked as N while M and F have the same
chance of being selected.
a) Determine the probability that;

(i) All apples are of different colors.
(ii) From box N given that they are of the same color
b) If X is the number of blue apples taken, draw a probability distribution table for X.
hence calculate;
i) The expected number of blue apples (X),
ii) The most likely number of blue apples,
iii) The variance of blue apples,
iv) If the cost of each apple is y = 100X + 200, find var(y).
263 45 106
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑖) 𝑎𝑖𝑖) 𝑏𝑖) 𝑏𝑖𝑖) 1 𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0.464 𝑏𝑖𝑣) 4640.
495 232 99
69. The discrete random variable X has p.d.f P(X = x) for x = 1,2,3.
X 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.2 0.3 0.5
Find:
a) E(X)
b) E(X 2 )
c) Var(X)
d) Var( 4x + 5)
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) 2.3, 𝑏) 5.9, 𝑐) 0.61, 𝑑) 9. 76)
70. The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution specified in the
following table.
X -1 0 1 2
P(X=x) 0.25 0.10 0.45 0.20
a) Find P(−1 ≤ X < 1)
b) Find E(2X + 3)
c) Sketchf(x) and F(x).
d) Find F(x) hence use it to find;
i) P(0 ≤ X ≤ 1)
ii) p(X < 1)
iii) p(X > 1)
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) 0.35, 𝑏) 4.2, 𝑑𝑖) 0.55, 𝑑𝑖𝑖) 0.35 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖) 1.0 )
71. The random variable X has p.d.f P(X = x) as shown in the table
X -2 -1 0 1 C
P(X=x) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1
Find the value of c(a) if E(X) = 0.3, (b) if E(X 2 ) = 1.8
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) 3, 𝑏) 3 )
72. Given p(X ≤ x) = β(x + 1), for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Find:

a) The value of β
b) Var(2x − 90).
1
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) , 𝑏) 8 )
5
73. The discrete random variable X has a probability function given by

1 x
( ) x = 1,2,3,4,5
P(x) = { 2
c x=6
0 otherwise
Where c is a constant.
a) Determine the value of c and hence the mode and mean of X
b) Median
c) Sketch of f(x) and F(x).
1 63
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑎) , 1, 𝑏) 1 )
32 32
74. The discrete random variable X has a p.d.f
P(X = x) = k|x|
Where x takes the values -3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3.
Find:
a) The value of the constant k
b) E(X)
c) Var(x) and the standard deviation of X
d) p(|x| ≤ 1)
e) p(|x| ≥ 1)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
(Answer: a) 𝟏𝟐 b) 𝟎 c) 6, √𝟔 𝒅) 𝟔 , 𝒆) 𝟔
)
75. The discrete random variable X has a distribution function F(x) where
1
F(x) = 1−(1 − 4 x)x for x=1, 2, 3, 4.
63 3
a) Show thatF(3) = 64 and F(2) = 4.
b) Obtain the probability distribution of X

c) Find E(X) and Var(X)
d) Find P(X > E(X))
𝟏 𝟏
(Answer: c) 𝟐 𝟔𝟒 , 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟕 d) )
𝟒
76. A discrete random variable X has a probability mass function
Kx, x = 1, 2, 3, … , n
f(x) = {
0, otherwise
Where K is a constant
2
a) Show that K = ,
n(n+1)
b) Find in terms of n, the mean of X

c) Find the variance of X if n is 5
(2𝑛 + 1) 14
( 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝑏) , 𝑐) )
3 9
βx, x = 1, 2, 3, … , n
f(x) = {
0, otherwise
Where K is a constant and mean is 3
a) Find the values of β and n
b) Find the variance of X.
𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝜷 = , 𝒃) 𝟏 )
𝟏𝟎
αx, x = 1, 2, 3, … , n
f(x) = {
0, otherwise
a) Find the values of α and n
𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎, α= ,
𝟓𝟓
hx, x = 1, 2, 3, … , n
f(x) = {
0, otherwise
i) ind the values of h and n
ii) Find the variance of X.
𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒊) 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝜷 = , 𝒊𝒊) )
𝟗𝟏
80. For a discrete random variable X has the cumulative distribution function is given
x2
by F(X) = For x = 1,2,3
9
a) Find F(2)
b) Find P(X = 2)
c) Write down the probability distribution of X
d) Find E(2X − 3)
𝟒 𝟏 𝟐𝐱−𝟏 𝟏𝟕
(Answers: a) b) 𝟑 c) 𝐩(𝐗 = 𝐱) = , 𝐱 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 d) )
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
81. The discrete random variable X has probability function

kx
, x = 2,3
(x 2 + 1)
P(X = x) = 2kx
2
, x = 4,5
(x − 1)
{ 0, otherwise
20
a) Show that the value of k is 33
b) Find the probability that X is less than 3 or greater than 4

c) Find F(3.2)
d) Find i) E(X), ii) Var(X)
𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟖
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) , 𝒄) 𝒅𝒊) 𝟑 , 𝒊𝒊) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 )
𝟗𝟗 𝟑𝟑 𝟗𝟗
82. X is a discrete random variable such that. P(X ≤ x) = k(X + 1). for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6.
Find.
i. The pdf of x
ii. Variance of x
iii. Sketchf(x)andF(x).
iv. If y = (4x − 3), find variance of y.
𝟔𝟑
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒊𝒊) , 𝒊𝒗) 𝟔𝟑 )
𝟏𝟔
83. X is a discrete random variable such that. P(X ≤ x) = μ(x 2 ). for x = 1, 2, 3.
a) Find the value of μ
b) Find the variance of X
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) μ = , 𝒃) )
𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟔
84. A biased tetrahedron has faces numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. If the die is tossed, the probability
of the face is inversely proportional to the number on the face. If x is the random variable
the number on the face the die lands on, determine:
i. Probability distribution for x
ii. Var (x)
iii. P(|𝑥 − 1| ≤ 1)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟖
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒊) 𝒑( 𝑿 = 𝒙) = , 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒. , 𝒊𝒊) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝒊𝒊𝒊) )
𝟐𝟓𝒙 𝟐𝟓
85. Anne plays a game in which a fair six-sided die is thrown once. If the score is 1,2 or
3, Anne loses ϵ10. If the score is 4 or 5, Anne wins ϵx. If the score is 6, Anne wins ϵ2x.
2
a) Show that the expectation of Anne’s profit is ϵ(3 x − 5) in a single game.
b) Calculate the value of x for which, on average, Anne’s profit is zero.

c) Given that x = 12, calculate the variance of Anne’s profit in a single game.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝟕. 𝟓, 𝒄) 𝟏𝟖𝟓 )
86. A biased die has faces numbered 1, 2, 3 and 6. If this die is tossed, the
probability of the face is directly proportional to the square of the number on the
face. If x is the random variable the number on the face the die lands on, determine;
i. The probability distribution for x .
ii. Varx
iii. P(|x − 3| ≤1)
𝟐𝟎 𝟑
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒊𝒊) , 𝒄) )
𝟗 𝟕
87. A discrete random variable X can take only the values 0, 1,2 or 3, and its probability
distribution is given by P(X = 0) = k, P(X = 1) = 3k, P(X = 2) = 4k, P(K = 3) = 5k,
where k is a constant. Find
a) The value of k
b) The mean and variance of X
𝟏 𝟏𝟐
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) , 𝒃) 𝟐, )
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
88. The random variable X is 𝐵( 6, 0.42 ).find

a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
b) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
c) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎 , 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 )
89. An unbiased die is thrown seven times. Find the probability of throwing at least 5
sixes
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎)
90. A fair coin is tossed six times. Find the probability of throwing at least four heads.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟎)
91. Assuming that a couple are equal likely to produce a boy or a girl, find the
probability that in a family of five children there are more boys than girls.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎)
92. X is 𝐵( 4, 𝑝) and 𝑝(𝑋 = 4) = 0.0256. find 𝑝(𝑋 = 2)
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔)
93. X~ 𝐵( 𝑛, 0.3). find the least possible value of 𝑛 such that 𝑃( 𝑋 ≥ 1) = 0.8
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟓 )
94. The variable X is 𝐵( 𝑛, 0.6) and 𝑃( 𝑋 < 1) = 0.0256. Find the value of 𝑛.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟒 )
95. X is 𝐵( 𝑛, 𝑝) with mean 3 and standard deviation 2. Find the values of 𝑛 and 𝑝.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓 )
96. The random variable X is B(10, p) where p < 0.5. The variance of X is 1.875. find
a) The value of p
b) E(X)
c) P(X = 2)
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟐 )

97. In a certain African village, 80% of the villagers are known to have a particular eye
disorder. Twelve people are waiting to see the nurse.
a) What is the most likely number to the disorder?
b) Find the probability that fewer than half have the eye disorder.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟏𝟎, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟗 )
98. In a bag, there are six red counters, eight yellow counters and six green counters. An
experiment consists of taking a counter at random from the bag, noting its color and
then replacing it in the bag. This procedure is carried out ten times in all. Find
a) The expected number of red counters drawn,
b) The most likely number of green counters drawn,
c) The probability that no more than four yellow counters are drawn.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟑, 𝒃) 𝟑 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟑 )
99. The random variable X is distributed binomially with mean 2 and variance 1.6. find
a) The probability that X is less than 6,
b) The most likely value of X.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟒, 𝒃) 𝟐 )
100. A continuous random variable has p.d.f f(x) = kx 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
a) Find the value of the constant k
b) find P1 ≤ X ≤ 3)
𝟑
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒌 = , 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟑 )
𝟔𝟒
101. the continuous random variable X has a p.d.f f(x) where
k(x + 2)2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
1
f(x) = { 4k, 0≤x≤1
3
0 otherwise
a) Find the value of the constant k
b) Sketch y = f(x)
c) Find P(−1 ≤ X ≤ 1)
d) Find P(X > 1)
𝟏 𝟏𝟗 𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒌 = , 𝒄) , 𝒅) )
𝟖 𝟐𝟒 𝟔
102. Given a continuous random variable X such that;
4x( 1 − x 2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f(x) = { 0 otherwise
a) Show that X is a random variable. I.e. a p.d.f

b) Find the cumulative distribution function of X
c) Find the median
d) Sketch the cumulative distribution function.
103. the continuous random variable X has p.d.f f(x) where f(x) = k(x + 2)2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
a) find the value of the constant k
b) find P(0 ≤ X ≤ 1) and hence find P(X > 1)
𝟑 𝟏𝟗 𝟑𝟕
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒌 = , 𝒃) , )
𝟔𝟓 𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟔

k, 0≤x<2
f(x) = {k(2x − 3), 2≤x≤3
0 otherwise
a) find the value of the constant k
b) sketch y = f(x)
c) find P(X ≤ 1)
d) find P(X > 2.5)
e) find P(1 ≤ X ≤ 2.3
𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒌 = , 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓, 𝒆) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟓 )
𝟒
kx, 0≤x<1
k, 1≤x<3
f(x) = {
k(4 − x), 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
0 otherwise
a) Draw a sketch for y = f(x)

b) Find k
c) Find E(X)
𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝒌 = , 𝒄) 𝟐 )
𝟑
106. A random variable X has a probability density function f given by
cx(5 − x), 0≤x≤5
f(x) = {
0, otherwise
6
Show that c = 125 and find the mean X
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟐. 𝟓. )
107. The mass, X kg, of a particular substance produced in an hour in a chemical
process is modelled by a continuous random variable with probability density
function given by,
3
f(x) = 32 x 2 , 0 ≤ x < 2,
3
f(x) = 32 (6 − x), 2 ≤ x ≤ 6
f(x) = 0, otherwise
a) sketch a graph of f
b) find P(X < 4)
c) find the mean mass produced per hour
d) the substance is sold at ε100 per kilogram and the running cost of the process is
ε20 per hour. Taking εY as the profit made in each hour, express Y in terms of X
e) find the expected value of Y
𝟏𝟑 𝟕 𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝒌 = , 𝒄) 𝟐 𝒅) 𝒀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑿 − 𝟐𝟎, 𝒆) 𝟐𝟔𝟕 )
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐
108. a continuous random variable X has a p.d.f f(x) where
kx, 0≤x<1
f(x) = {k(2 − x), 1≤x≤2
0 otherwise
Find:
a) the value of the constant k
b) E(X)
c) Var(X)
3 1
d) P(4 ≤ X ≤ 1 2)
e) The mode
𝟏 𝟏𝟗
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝒃) 𝟏 𝒄) 𝒅) 𝒆) 𝟏)
𝟔 𝟑𝟐
109. A continuous random variable X has a probability density function f given by
k
f(x) = 1≤x≤3
x(4 − x)
f(x) = 0 otherwise
2
a) Show that k = In 3
b) Calculate the mean and variance of X
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟎)
110. The random variable X has cumulative distribution function

0, x<0
F(x) = {x 4 , 0≤x≤1
1 x≤1
Find:
a) P(0.3 < X < 0.6)
b) The median m
c) The value of a such that P(X > a) = 0.4
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟏 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟎 )

111. The continuous random variable X has continuous p.d.f f(x) where
x 2
− , 2≤x≤3
3 3
f(x) = α, 3≤x≤5
2 − βx, 5 ≤ x ≤ 6
{ 0 otherwise
Find;
(a) α and β,
(b) F(x) and sketch y = F(x)
(c) P(2 ≤ X ≤ 3.5),
(d) P(X ≥ 5.5)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) , 𝒄) 𝒅) )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟒
112. A continuous random variable X has a c.d.f given as
2β(x − 1)2 , 1≤x<3

P(X ≤ x) = { 2
β(14x − x − 25 ), 3≤x <7
1 ,x ≥ 7
Determine the
(a) Value of β,
(b) Median of x
(c) Pdf of x. sketch the pdf
113. Given the continuous random variable, X has a pdf f(x) as
tx, 0≤x <2

f(x) = {t(4 − x), 0 ≤x <4
0 , elsewhere
(a) Find the pdf.

(b) Determine the mode of x
(c) Calculate the standard deviation of x.
114. The random variable X is B (6, 0.42). Find

a) P(X=5), b) P(x=3) c) P(x≤ 2)
115. An unbiased die is thrown seven times. Find the probability of throwing at least 5
fives.
116. A fair coin is tossed six times. Find the probability of throwing at least four tails.
117. X is B (4,ρ) and P(X=4) =0.0256. find P(X=2)
118. A coin is biased so that it is twice as likely to show heads as tails. The coin is tossed
five times. calculate the probability that
a) Exactly three heads are obtained ,
b) More than three are obtained.
119. The probability that a target is hit is 0.3. Find the least number of shots, which
should be fired if the probability that a target is hit at least once is greater than 0.85.
120. In a test, there are ten multiple-choice questions. For each question of five
answers, only one of which is correct. A student guesses each of the answers.
a) Find the probability that he gets more than seven correct.
He needs to obtain over half marks to pass and each question carries equal
weight.
b) Find the probability that he passes the test.
121. A continuous random variable has a p.d.f. f(x) = 3x k for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Where k is a

positive integer. Find
a) the value of the constant k.
b) The mean of X
c) The value of 𝑥 such that 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥) = 0.5
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟐 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟒 )
122. The continuous random variable X has a cumulative distributive function F(x)
given by
0 x≤0
F(x) = {2x − 𝑥 2 0≤x≤1
1 x≥1
1 3
a) Show that 𝑃 (𝑋 < )=
2 4
b) Sketch y = f(x)
c) Find the inter quartile range of X
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟏 )
123. The continuous random variable X has a p.d.f. f given by

cx(5 − x) 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
f(x) = {
0 otherwise
6
Show that c = 125 and find the mean of X.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝒃) 𝒅) )
124. A random variable X has a probability density function
f(x) = Ax(6 − x)2 0 ≤ x ≤ 6
=0 elsewhere.
a) Find the value of the constant A
b) Calculate
i) The mean,
ii) The mode
iii) The variance
iv) The standard deviation of X.
125. The monthly supply for petrol in thousands of units for a company is continuous
random variable x with a probability density of the form;
2 (d
f(x) = {ax − x); 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
0 . elsewhere
(a) Given that the average supply per month is 600 units, determine the value of a and
d.
(b) Find P(0.9<x<1)
k𝑥 2 0≤x≤1
126. A continuous random variable X has p.d.f. given by f(x) = {k(2 − x) 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
0 otherwise
Find
a) The value of the constant k,
b) E(X)
c) Var (X)
3 1
d) P (4 ≤ X ≤ 1 2),
e) The mode.
127. The random variable X has cumulative distribution function

0 x<0
F(x) = {x 4
0≤x≤1
1 x≥1
Find:
a) P(0.3 < X < 0.6),
b) The median m
c) The value of a such that P(X > a) = 0.
128. The cumulative distribution function F(x0 is defined by
2x − 2x 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25
F(x) = {a + x; 0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.5
1 x ≥ 0.5
i. Find the values of a and b

ii. Sketch the p.d.f of f(x) and hence find p(x ≤ 0.35/x > 0.1)
129. The continuous random variable X has (cumulative) distribution function given by
1+x
−1≤x≤0
8
1+3x
F(x) = 0≤x≤2
8
5+x
{ 2≤x≤3
8
Where F(x) = 0 for x < −1, and F(x) = 1 for x > 3.

a) Sketch the graph of the p.d.f. f(x).
b) Determine the expectation of X and the variance of X.
c) Determine P(3 ≤ 2X ≤ 5).
𝟓
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝟏, 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 )
𝟔
130. The random variable X has probability density function

k
f(x) = {4x 0≤x≤1
o Otherwise
Where k is a positive integer.
Find
a) The value of k
b) The mean of X
c) The value , x such that P(X≤ x) = 0.5.
131. The continuous random variable X has a probability density function f(x) where
ax 0≤x ≤1
a 1≤x ≤3
f(x) = {
a(4 − x) 3≤x ≤4
0 otherwise
a) Sketch the function f(x), hence, the value a
b) Determine cumulative probability function F(X). Hence, find the median of X.
c) Sketch F(X).
132. On any day , the amount of time ,measured in hours, that Mr. Google spends
watching television is a continuous random variable T, with cumulative distribution
function given by
0 t≤0
F(t) = {1 − k(15 − t)2 0 ≤ t ≤ 15
1 t ≥ 15
Where k is a constant
1
a) Show that k = 225 and find P(5 ≤ T ≤ 10)
b) Show that ,for 0 ≤ t ≤ 15 , the probability density function of T is given by

2 2
f(t) = 15 − 225 t.
c) Find the median of T.

( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒄) 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟑 )
133. The continuous random variable X has probability density function f(x) defined by
c
x < −1
x4
f(x) = {c(2 − x 2 ) −1≤x≤1
c
x>1
x4
1
a) Show that c = 4.
b) Determine the cumulative distribution function F(x).

c) Determine the expected value of X and the variance of X.
𝟏𝟏
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒄) 𝟎, )
𝟏𝟓
134. Given the cumulative distribution function F(X) as follow

0 x < −2
1
(2 + x) −2≤x≤0
12
1
F(x) = ( 1 + x) 0≤x<4
6
1
(6 + x) 4≤x<6
12
{ 1 x≥6
a) Sketch F(x).
b) Find the p.d.f of X and hence sketch it.
c) Find the mean and median.
d) Find the semi interquartile range.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒄) 𝟐, 𝒅) )
135. A continuous variable X is distributed at random between the values x = 0 and x =

2 and has a probability density function of 𝐚x 2 + 𝐛x. The mean is 1.25.
3
a) Show that 𝐛 = 4, and the value of 𝐚

c) Verify that the median value of X is approximately 1.3
d) Find the mode
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒅) 𝟐 )
136. The continuous random variable X has probability density function given by
cx 2 0≤x≤2
f(x) = {2c(4 − x) 2≤x≤4
0 otherwise
a) Show that c = 0.15

b) Find the mean of X.
c) Find the lower quartile of X.
d) Find the probability that a single observation of X lies between the lower
quartile and the mean.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒃) 𝟐. 𝟐 𝒃) 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏, 𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒 )
137. A random variable X has a cumulative distribution function give as

0 x<0
𝑥2
0≤x≤1
4
F(x) = ( ax + b) 1≤x<2
1
(5 − x)(x − 1) 2≤x<3
4
{ 1 x≥3
Where a and b are constant; find;
(i) The values of a and b
(ii) Hence from F(x), find 𝑃( 1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.5 )
(iii) The probability density function
(iv) 𝐸(𝑋) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟( 𝑋)
(v) Sketch 𝑓(𝑋) and F(x).
3
138. X has p.d.f defined by f(x) = ( 2 + x)( 4 − x), for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. Find the mode and
80
median of X
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝟏, … … … … … )
139. The marks obtained by the students are uniformly distributed with between 35%
and 82%.
a) Write down the probability distribution of the marks (X)
b) The mean and variance of the distribution
c) Find F(x) hence use it to find p( 50 < X < 75)
d) Find (i) p( X ≥ 48) and (ii) p( X ≤ 66).
140. The marks obtained by the students from the mock paper are uniformly
distributed with between 40% and 69%.
e) Write down the probability distribution of the marks (X)
f) The mean and variance of the distribution
g) Find F(x) hence use it to find p( 51 < X < 63)
h) Find (i) p( X ≥ 64) and (ii) p( X ≤ 59).
141. The continuous random variable Y has a rectangular distribution
1 π π
, −2≤y≤
f(y) = {π 2
0 Otherwise
a) Prove f(y) is a probability density function.

b) Find the mean and variance of Y
c) Sketch f(y)
d) Find p( Y > 0)
e) Find F(Y)
𝛑𝟐
(Answers; b) 𝟎, c) 𝟎. 𝟓 )
𝟏𝟐
142. X~N(−8, 12). Find

a) P(X < −9.8),
b) P(X > −8.2),
c) P(−7 < X < 0.5)
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟐 )
143. A random variable X is such that X~N(−5,9)

a) Find the probability that a randomly chosen item from the population will have a
positive value
b) Find the probability that out of ten items chosen at random , exactly four will
have a positive value.
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟔, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏 )
144. X~N(100,81). Find

a) P(|X − 100| < 18),
b) P(|X − 100| > 5),
c) P(12 < X−100 <15)
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟐 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟕 )
145. The life of a certain make of electric light bulb is known to be normally distributed
with a mean life of 2000 hours and a standard deviation of 120 hours. Estimate the
probability that the life of such a bulb will be
a) Greater than 2150 hours ,
b) Greater than 1910 hours
c) Within the range 1850 hours to 2090 hours
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟐 )
146. X~N( 100, δ2 ) and p(X < 106) = 0.8849.

a) Find the value of the standard deviation of δ.
b) Find the probability of obtaining more than the a average
c) Find the proportion of having less than 95.
(Answers; a) 𝟓𝟎, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐 )
147. A dog can jump and clear a height of 1.8m four in five attempts and a height of
1.45m one time out of ten attempts. Given that the height cleared are normally
distributed,
a) Determine the mean (μ) and standard deviation (δ) of the height.
b) The percentage of cats clearing the height greater than 1.7m
c) Assuming the number of cats that follow distribution are 14, calculate the
expected number of cats that can fail to clear 1.70m
(Answers; a) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟏, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟔 , 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝒄) 𝟔 )
148. The probability that a dog can jump and clear a height of 1.9m is 0.75 and a height
of 1.56m is 0.2. Given that the height cleared are normally distributed,
d) Determine the mean (μ) and standard deviation (δ) of the height.
e) The percentage of cats clearing the height greater than 1.3m
f) Assuming the number of cats that follow distribution are 15, calculate the
(Answers; a) 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟖, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑, 𝒃) 𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟎% 𝒄) 𝟑 )
149. A cat can jump and clear a height of 1.50m three in ten attempts and a height of
1.68m nine times out of ten attempts. Given that the height clears are normally
distributed,
g) Determine the mean (μ) and standard deviation (δ) of the height.
h) The percentage of cats clearing the height greater than 1.7m
i) Assuming the number of cats that follow distribution are 16, calculate the
(Answers; a) 1.5522, 0.0997 , 𝒃) 𝟔. 𝟗𝟏𝟕% 𝒄) 𝟎 )
150. A dog can jump and clear a height of 1.8m four in five attempts and a height of
1.45m eight times out of ten attempts. Given that the height cleared are normally
distributed,
j) Determine the mean (μ) and standard deviation (δ) of the height.
k) The percentage of cats clearing the height greater than 1.7m
l) Assuming the number of cats that follow distribution are 14, calculate the
(Answers; a) , 𝒃) 𝒄) )
151. a) The random variable Y is such that Y~N(8,25). Show that , correct to three
decimal places, P(|Y − 8| < 6.2 ) = 0. 890.
b). Three random observations of Y are made. Find the probability that exactly
two observations will lie in the interval defined by 𝑃(| Y − 8 |) < 6.2.
(Answers; 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟑
152. The marks of 500 candidates in an examination are normally distributed with a
mean of 45 marks and a standard deviation of 20 marks
a) Given that the pass mark is 41 , estimate the number of candidates who passed
the examination
b) If 5% of the candidates obtain a distinction by scoring x marks or more , estimate
the value of x.
c) Estimate the interquartile range of the distribution
(Answers; a) 𝟐𝟗𝟎, 𝒃) 𝒄) )
153. X~N(400,64).
a) Find the limits within which the central 95% of the distribution lies.
b) Find the interquartile range of the distribution.
154. The random variable X is distributed N(μ, 12) and it is known that P(X > 32) =
0.8438. find the value ofμ.
155. The random variable X is distributed N(μ, σ2 ). P(X > 80) = 0.0113 and
P(X < 30) = 0.0287.find μ and σ
156. The random variable X is N(μ, σ2 ). P(X < 35) = 0.2 and P(35 < X < 45) = 0.65.
find μ and σ. Hence, determine percentage of obtaining more than 50%.
157. The random variable X is N(μ, σ2 ). P(X < 40) = 0.3 and P(40 < X < 70) = 0.70.
find μ and σ. Hence, determine percentage of obtaining less than 80%.
158. The masses of sugar are normally distributed. In a large consignment of packets of
sugar, it is found that 5% of them have greater than 510g and 2% have masses
greater than 515g. Estimate the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
159. The marks in an examination were found to be normally distributed.
10% of the candidates were awarded a distinction for obtaining over 75.
20% of the candidates failed the examination with a mark of under 40. Find the
mean and standard deviation of the distribution of marks.
160. A farmer cuts hazel twigs to make into beanpoles to sell at the market. He says that
a stick is 240 cm long. In fact, the lengths of the sticks are normally distributed and
55% are over 240 cm long. 10% are over 250 cm long.
Find the probability that a randomly selected stick is shorter than 235 cm
161. Tea is sold in packages marked 750 g. the masses of the packages are normally
distributed with a mean of 760 g. it is known that less than 1% of packages are
under weight. What is the maximum value of the standard deviation of distribution?
162. If X ~ N( 80, 36) and p( |X − 80| < C) = 0.9
i) Value of C
ii) The limit within which the central 90% of the distribution lies.
163. Given that X is a continuous random variable which is normally distributed with
mean ( μ) standard deviation (δ) such that p(X < 30) = 0.4 and p(30 < X < 50) =
0.3, find the;
a) value of μ and δ
b) Semi inter quartile range.
164. Given that X is a continuous random variable which is normally distributed with
mean ( μ) standard deviation (δ) such that p(X < 40) = 0.35 and p(40 < X < 70) =
0.4, find the;
a) value of μ and δ
b) Inter quartile range.
165. Machine components are mass-produced at a factory. A customer requires that the
components should be 5.2 cm long but they will be acceptable if they are within
limits 5.195 cm to 5.205 cm. the customer tests the components and finds that
10.75% of those supplied are over-size and 4.95% are under-size. Find the mean
and standard deviation of the lengths of the components supplied, assuming that
they are normally distributed.
If three of the components are selected at random what is the probability that one is
under-size, one is over-size and one is satisfactory?
166. A machine dispenses peanuts into bags so that the weight of peanuts in a bag is
normally distributed.
a) Initially the mean weight of peanuts in a bag is 128.5 g and the standard
deviation is 1.5 g. find the probability that the weight of peanuts I a randomly
chosen bag exceeds 130 g.
b) The machine is given a minor overhaul that changes the mean weight, μ, of
peanuts in bag without affecting the standard deviation. Following the overhaul,
14% of bags contain more than 130 g of peanuts. Find, to 4 significant figures,
the new value of μ.
c) Later the machine requires a major repair, following which the mean weight of
peanuts in a bag is 128.3 g and 4% of bags contain less than 126 g. find, to 3 s.f.g.,
the standard deviation of the weight of peanuts in a bag after this major repair.
167. Apples imported to Uganda are in batches of 1000. The probability that a batch
contains a spoilt apple is 0.025. What is the probability that the batch has;
i. Exactly 20 spoilt apples.
ii. At least 27 spoilt apples.
iii. Less than 18 spoilt apples.
168. The masses in grams of 13 washers selected from a production line at random are;
15.4, 15.2, 14.6, 16.1, 14.8, 15.3, 15.9, 16.0, 15.4, 14.6, 15.0, 15.5, 16.1.
Calculate the 95% and 96%confidence limits for the mean mass of the washers on
this particular production lines, assuming that the masses can be modelled by a
normal distribution.
169. The masses in grams of 13 washers selected from a production line at random are;
5.4, 5.2, 4.6, 6.1, 4.8, 5.3, 5.9, 6.0, 5.4, 4.4, 5.0, 5.5, 6.6.
Calculate the 99% and 92%confidence limits for the mean mass of the washers on
this particular production lines, assuming that the masses can be modelled by a
normal distribution.
170. The height, 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 each student in the random sample of 200 students living in
Wakiso district was measured. The following results were obtained
∑ X = 35,000, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ X 2 = 6,200,000.
a) Calculate the unbiased estimate of the ean and the variance of the height of
students living in Wakiso district.
b) Determine the 90% and 76% confidence interval for the height of men living in
Wakiso district.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒂) 𝟏𝟕𝟓, 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒃) 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟐 ≤ 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝟖 ,
171. A random sample of 100 observations from a normal population with mean 𝜇 gave
the following data; ∑ X = 82,00, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ X 2 = 686,000.
a) Find a 98% confidence interval for 𝜇.
b) Find a 99% confidence limit for 𝜇.
172. A random sample of 100 taxis inspected on a road on a particular day gave the
ages, X, summarized below: ∑ X = 560, ∑ X 2 = 3286. determine the:
i. Unbiased estimate for the variance of all the taxis on the road.
ii. 91.869% Confidence limits for the mean age of all the taxis that operate on
the road.
iii. 56% Confidence interval for the mean age of all the taxis on the road.
131. A random sample of 110 taxis inspected on a road on a particular day gave
the ages, X, summarized below: ∑ fX = 580, ∑ fX 2 = 44024. determine the:
a) Estimate 95% confidence limits for the mean age of all the taxis that operate
on the road.
b) Estimate 56% confidence interval for the mean age of all the taxis on the
road.
173. A sample of 81 mangoes is taken from a large consignment of mangoes and their
masses in grams, x1, x2 , x3 , … … … . . , xn such that∑81
i=1 xi = 176.70, and
∑81
i=1 xi =424.51.
i. Calculate the unbiased estimate for the variance of the masses of mangoes in
the consignment.
ii. Determine the 98% confidence interval for the mean mass of mangoes in the
consignment
NUMERICAL METHODS.
1. The sides of a rectangle are measured as 4.00m and 7.3m, to the nearest meters.
(a) Calculate the maximum possible error in each side
(b) Calculate the maximum and minimum values of the perimeter. Hence, determine the
absolute error in the perimeter.
(c) Calculate the error in the area.
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟏 )
2. The sides of a rectangle are measured as 10.1m and 2.34m, to the nearest
meters.
a) Calculate the maximum possible error in each side
b) Calculate the maximum and minimum values of the perimeter. Hence, determine
the absolute error in the perimeter.
c) Calculate the error in the area.
d) Find the percentage error in the perimeter.
(Answers; a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒃) 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟎, 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒% )
3. If x = 2. 34 and y = 7.2, both numbers are rounded off to the given number of
decimal places. Find the maximum and minimum value of;
i) y − x,
ii) 2y + x,
x
iii) y
x−y
iv) . Hence, determine the absolute error in each expression.
x+y
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟒. 𝟗𝟓𝟎, 𝟒. 𝟖𝟎𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟒𝟓, 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟏, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒊𝒗) − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟖, −𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕
12.4 10.80
4. Given that p = − ,
2.2 5.124
i) Determine the range of values within which p lies. Hence, obtain the absolute
error in p
ii) Determine the percentage error made in approximating p.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏, 𝒊𝒊) 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟓%
5. Give that x = 4.96 and y = 2.013 each rounded off to the given number of
x
decimal places. Calculate the maximum possible error in x+y.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑
1.002 ∗1.23
6. Obtain the interval within which the exact value of 3.24 + lies. Hence,
0.9876
obtain the percentage error in made in approximating the value.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) [𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟐, 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟕] 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟓%
7. Given that y = −4.2, rounded off to the given number of decimal places. Find;
i) Limits within which y lies,
ii) The percentage error in y.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = −𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = −𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒊𝒊) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓%
8. Given that p = −3.41, rounded off to the given number of decimal places. Find;
iii) Limits within which p lies,
iv) The relative error in p.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟎𝟓, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓%
9. The value of l = 100.23m was obtained when measuring the length of the
football pitch. Given that, the percentage error in this value was 0.08%. Find the
range within which the value of l lies.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟖 ≤ 𝒍 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟐

10. The value of q = 20.78m was obtained when measuring the length of the square.
Given that, the percentage error in this value was 0.06%. Find the limits within
which the value of q lies. Hence, determine the percentage error in the area of
the square.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟓, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐%
11. Given numbers x = 2.24 and y = 4.8, with percentage errors 0.4% and 0.6%
respectively. Find the percentage error inx 3 y.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎%
12. Given numbers p = 10.0 and q = 12.11, with percentage errors 0.4% and 0.6%
respectively. Find the percentage error in p + 3q.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟖%
13. The numbers A = 12.4, B = 29.444 and C = 2.25 are each rounded off with
percentage errors 2.5%, 0.05% and 1% respectively. Find the;
A
(i) limits within which the exact value of (B−C)2 lies’
A
(iii) Percentage error made in (B−C)2
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒊𝒊) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟑𝟕%

14. A trader in phones and computers makes annual profits in phones of sh. 800
million with a margin of error of sh. 58 million and annual loss in computer of sh.
200 million with a margin error of sh. 5 million.
a) Find the limits of values corresponding to her gross income.
b) Find the percentage error in the gross income to two decimal places.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟓𝟑𝟕, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒊𝒊) 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟎%
15. A trader in books and pens makes annual profits in books of sh. 60 million with a
margin of error of sh. 600000 and annual profits in pens of sh. 20 million with a
margin error of sh. 350000.
i) Find the range of values corresponding to her gross income.
ii) Find the relative error in the gross income to three decimal places.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟎 ≤ 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 ≤ 𝟖𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐%

16. A trader in phones and computers makes annual profits in phones of sh. 800
million with a margin of error of 2.5% and annual loss in computer of sh. 200
million with a margin error of 5%.
c) Find the interval of values corresponding to her gross income.
d) Find the percentage error in the gross income.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟓𝟕𝟎 ≤ 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 ≤ 𝟔𝟑𝟎 𝒊𝒊) 𝟓. 𝟎%
17. A company had a capital of sh. 500 million. The profit in a certain year was sh.
25.8 million in section A of the company and sh. 14.56 million in section B of the
company. There was possible error of 5% in section A and an 8% error in section
B.
i) Find the maximum and minimum values of the total profit of the sections as a
percentage of the capital.
ii) Find the limits with in which the exact profits from the both companies lies.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟖. 𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟎, 𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝒊𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟐, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟖
18. A company dealing in clothes and shoes had a capital of sh. 700 million. The
profit in a certain year was sh. 50 million from clothes and sh. 43.6 million from
shoes. There was possible error of 5.5% from the clothes and 11% error from
shoes.
a) Find the maximum and minimum values of the total profit of the
departments as a percentage of the capital.
b) Find the limits with in which the exact profits from the both departments
companies lies.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊) 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟒, 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝒊𝒊) 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟒, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟔
19. The radius of the circle is measured as 4.40m to the nearest cm. calculate the
upper bound of its area correct to four significant figures. Hence, the percentage
error in approximating the area.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟔𝟎. 𝟗𝟔, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟐%
20. The radius of the circle is measured as 2.423m to the nearest cm. calculate the
lower bound of its area correct to three decimal places. Hence, the percentage
error in approximating the area.
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟑𝟕, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏%
21. The cylindrical pipe has a radius of 2.5m measured to the nearest units. If the
relative absolute error made in calculating its volume is 0.125. Find the absolute
relative error made in measuring its height. ( Answer: 0.085)
22. The cylindrical pipe has a radius of 4.65m measured to the nearest units. If the
relative error made in measuring its height. ( Answer: 0.0228 )
23. The cylindrical pipe has a height of 2.6m measured to the nearest units. If the
relative error made in measuring its radius. ( Answer: 0.0984 )
24. The cylindrical pipe has a height of 7.76m measured to the nearest units. If the
relative error made in measuring its radius. ( Answer: 0.1497)
25. Two positive decimal numbers x and y are rounded to give X and Y with ∆x and
∆y respectively. Show that the maximum relative error made in approximating
x + y by X + Y is given by
|∆x|+|∆y|
X+Y
x − y by X − Y is given by
|∆x|+|∆y|
X−Y
27. Two decimal numbers x and y are rounded to give X and Y with ∆x and ∆y
x
respectively. Show that the maximum relative error made in approximating y by
X
is given by
Y
∆x ∆y
|X|+ |Y|
respectively. Show that the maximum relative error made in approximating xy
by XY is given by
∆x ∆y
|X|+ |Y|
respectively. Show that the maximum relative error made in approximating x 2 y
by X 2 Y is given by
∆x ∆y
2| X |+ | Y |
30. Two decimal numbers X and Y are rounded to give x and y with ∆x and ∆y
respectively. Show that the maximum relative error made in approximating X 2 Y
by x 2 y is given by
∆x ∆y
2| x |+ | y |
31. Numbers X and Y were estimated with maximum possible errors of ∆x and ∆y
respectively. Show that the maximum possible relative error is the estimation of
∆x ∆y
xy2 is given by:| X |+2| Y |.
32. Given that a=1.50, b=13.3 and c=9.200, are all rounded off to the given decimal
places. Find the minimum value of;
a+b
i. c
a−c
ii. c2
1 1 1
iii. +b+c
a
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊)𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝒊𝒊) − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑 )

33. Show that the maximum relative error in the x√y as X√Y is given by
∆x 1 ∆y
[| x | + 2 | y |]. Hence, deduce the relative error in x 3 4√y where∆x and ∆y are errors in
approximating x andy respectively.
34. Given that a = 2.5, b = 6.00 are rounded off to the given number of decimal
places, determine the interval within which the exact value of
b−a
(i) ,
a+b
a− b
(ii) ,
b + a
a−b
(iii) ,
ab
a+ b
(iv) Lies. [Reference question UNEB 2010 Number 14b(ii) ]
a− b
(Answers; i) ii) iii) iv) )
35. Show that the maximum relative error in approximating x√y as X√Y is given by
∆x 1 ∆y
[| X | + 2 | Y |]. Hence, deduce the relative error in x 3 4√y where∆x and ∆y are errors in
approximating x andy respectively.

1 1
x 2 y by X 2 Y is given by
1 ∆x ∆y
|X|+ |Y|
2
3 3
√x y by √X Y is given by
1 ∆x ∆y
|X|+ |Y|
3
38. Given that Y1 and Y2 are approximations to X1 and X2 with error E1 and E2
respectively. Show that the maximum possible relative error in
E E
| Y1 | + | Y2 |
1 2
39. Given that Y and Z are measured with possible errors ∆Y and ∆Z respectively.
Z|∆Y |+Y| ∆Z|
show that the relative error in the product YZ is YZ
e e
40. (a) Show that the relative error in solving A2 B is 2 | 1 | + | 2 | where e1 and e2
a b
are errors in a and b respectively. Given that the error in c is e3 , deduce that
e1 +e3 e
the relative error in (a + c)2 b is 2| |+| b2 |, if a = 12.2, b = 4.600 and c =
a+c
−9.54 recorded to the respective decimal places, determine the absolute error in
(a + c)2 b
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟓 )
41. If p = sinx, determine the expression for the absolute error and maximum
relative error.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 ∆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙, ∆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙, )
sinx
42. If q = , determine the expression for the absolute error and maximum
cosx
relative error.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 , )
43. If y = tanθ, find the interval in which y lies given that θ = 450 ± 0. 40
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 [𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟑, 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟑] )
44. Given that y = xsinx, derive the expression for the maximum absolute
percentage error in y hence, if x = 300 , find the maximum absolute percentage
error in y to three decimal place.
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓 )
45. Given that the error in measuring an angle is 0. 50 . Find the maximum possible
cosx
error in sinx , if x = 400 .
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟔 )
46. Given that y = xcosx, derive the expression for the maximum absolute
percentage error in y hence, if x = 300 , find the maximum absolute percentage
error in y to three decimal place.
∆𝒙
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 (|∆𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + | || × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%) , 𝟒. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕%)
𝒙
47. Given that A = xysinθ where x and y. Deduce that the maximum possible relative
∆x ∆y
error in A is given by | x | + | y | + |∆θ|cotθ. Where ∆x, ∆y and ∆θ are small
numbers compared to x, y and θ respectively. Find the percentage error made in

the area if x = 2.5cm, y = 3.4cm and θ = 300
( answer 1.769% 4.98)
48. The maximum possible error in the values of sin x and cos x is±0.00005. What
are the corresponding maximum and minimum values of tan x for x = 1.05
radians? Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places).
( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟒, 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 )
49. The height and radius of a cylinder are measured as h and r with maximum
possible errors of ∆h and ∆r respectively. Show that the maximum possible error
∆h ∆r
made in calculating the volume is (| h | + 2 | r |) × 100.
√z
50. Determine the maximum absolute error in x2 y3 , given that x = 2.4, y = 5.4 and
z = 1.8 all numbers rounded off to the given number of decimal places.
( Answer 0.000123)
4
√z
51. Determine the maximum absolute percentage error in x4 y3, given that x =
2.5, y = 5.4 and z = 3.89 all numbers rounded off to the given number of decimal
places. ( Answer 0.00002468 )
3
√z
52. Determine the maximum absolute error in x3 y6 , given that x = 4.0, y = 5.4 and
z = 10.0 all numbers rounded off to the given number of decimal places.
( Answer 0.000000128 )
mz
53. Determine the maximum absolute error in x2 y3 , given that x = 2.4, y = 5.4, m =
1.09 and z = 1.8 all numbers rounded off to the given number of decimal places.
( Answer 0.000220 )
54. By plotting graphs show that there is a positive root of the equation x 3 = 3x + 3.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 )
55. Show graphically that the equation x = ln(8 − x) has root between 1 and 2.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 )
56. Show graphically that the equation x 3 = ln(8 − x) has two roots.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖, −𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 )
57. Use graphical method to find a first approximation to the real root of x 3 − 3x +
4=0
(Answers; − 𝟐. 𝟐 )
58. Use graphical method to find a first approximation to the real root of x 3 − 3x +
5=0
(Answers; −𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 )
59. Use graphical method to show that x 3 − 3x − 3 = 0 has root between -2 and -3.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟏 )
60. By plotting graphs, show that the equation ex + x − 4 = 0 has only one real root.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 )
x
61. Given the equation y = sinx − 2, show by plotting suitable graphs on the same
π 3π
axes that the root lies between 2 and .
4
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 )
62. Show that 3x = 1 + cosx has a root between 0.5 and 1.0.
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟕 )
63. Show that 2x = 3 + cosx has a root between 1.0 and 2.0
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟓)
64. Show graphically that the equation x 3 + x 2 − x = 0 has three different roots.
(Answers; − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖, 𝟎, 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 )
65. Show graphically that the equation x 3 − 4x − 9 = 0 has only one positive root.
(Answers; 𝟐. . 𝟕𝟎𝟕)
3
66. Find the value of √30 to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟕)
4
67. Find the value of √45 to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟎)
3
68. Approximate √25 to two significant figures.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝟒)
69. Locate the three roots of the equation x 3 + 5x 2 − 5 = 0
(Answers; −𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟏, −𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟖, 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗)
(Answers; −𝟑. 𝟔𝟒𝟎, −𝟑. 𝟎, 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟔)
(Answers; −𝟒. 𝟕𝟑𝟐, −𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟖, 𝟏. 𝟎)
72. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the fourth root of a number N, is
3 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
4 3x3n
c) Draw a flow chart that;

i) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
ii) Computes and prints N and its fourth root to three decimal places.
c) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 40 and x0, = 2.4
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟓)
73. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the fifth root of a number N, is
4 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
5 4x4n
a) Draw a flow chart that;

 Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
 Computes and prints the root to three decimal places.
c) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 50 and x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟕)
74. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the tenth root of a number N, is
9 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
10 9x9n
b) Draw a flow chart that;

ii) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places.
d) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 44.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟎)
75. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the seventh root of a number N, is
6 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
7 6x6n

b) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟖)
7 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
8 7x7n

d) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 70.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟓)
6 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
7 6x6n

iii) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and the
number of iteration n.
b) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54.
78. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the reciprocal of a number N, is
given by xn+1 = xn ( 2 − xn N), n = 0, 1, 2, …
ii) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
iv) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and the
e) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54 and x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 1.768, n =4 )
d) Draw a flow chart that;
iii) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
v) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and the
f) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54 x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 , 𝐧 = 𝟔)
e) Draw a flow chart that;
iv) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
vi) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and the
g) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54 x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 0.045, n = 4 )
81. Show that the Newton Rapson formula for finding the arc sine of a number N is
π
xn+1 = xn − tanxn + Nsecxn, n = 0,1,2, … Hence, find sin−1 ( 5 ). Taking x0 = 0.5
Giving your answer correct to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟗)
82. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the fourth root of a number N, is
3 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
4 3x3n

iv) Computes and prints N and the fourth root to three decimal places and
after 3 iteration.
e) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 40 and x0, = 2.4
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟓)
83. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the fifth root of a number N, is
4 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
5 4x4n

 Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
 Computes and prints the root to three decimal places with three
iteration.
h) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 50 and x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟕)
84. Show that the iterative formula for finding the tenth root of a number N, is given
9 N
by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
10 9x9n

iv) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and 3 iterations.
i) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 44.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟎)
85. ) Show that the iterative formula for finding the seventh root of a number N, is
6 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
7 6x6n

iv) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and with a
maximum of three iterations.
e) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟖)
7 N
given by xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
8 7x7n
f) Draw a flow chart that;

vii) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
viii) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and after 3
iterations.
f) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 70.
g) Reads the number N and the initial approximation x0,
iii) Computes and prints the root to three decimal places and after 3 iterations.
b) Perform the dry for the flow chart taking N = 54 x0, = 2.0
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗)
88. (a) show that the newton Raphson’s iterative formula for finding the natural
exn (xn −1)+N
logarithm of a number N is given by xn+1 = for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ….
exn
(c) Draw a flow chart that reads the initial approximation x0 and N, computes and
prints the root after 4 iterations and gives the root to three decimal places.
(d) Perform the dry run for the flow chart taking N = 10 and x0, = 2
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑)
89. (a) show that the newton Raphson’s iterative formula for finding the natural logarithm
exn (xn −1)+N
of a number N is given by xn+1 = for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ….
exn
(e) Draw a flow chart that reads the initial approximation x0 and N, computes and
(f) Perform the dry run for the flow chart taking N = 20
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟔)
90. (a) show that the newton Raphson’s iterative formula for finding the natural logarithm
exn (xn −1)+N
of a number N is given by xn+1 = for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ….
exn
(g) Draw a flow chart that reads the initial approximation x0 and N, computes and
(h) Perform the dry run for the flow chart to estimate ln22
(Answers; 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝟏)
82. (a) Derive the simplest formula based on Newton Raphson’s method to show that for
1 e3x (3xr −1)+3
the equation 3x=In 3 it satisfies xr+1 = 3 { }
e3x
(b) Draw a flow chat that:
i. Reads the initial approximate x0 ,

ii. Accepts estimations to 4 significant figures.
iii. Prints the root to 4sf.
83. (a) Derive the simplest formula based on Newton Raphson’s method to show that for
1 e3x (3xr −1)+3
the equation 3x=In3, it satisfies xr+1 = 3 { }
e3x
(b) Draw a flow chat that:
iv. Reads the initial approximate x0 ,

v. Accepts estimations to 4 significant figures and after 3 iterations.
vi. Prints the root to 4sf.
91. a) Show that the iterative formula for finding the eighth root of a number N, is
1 N 1⁄
given by xn+1 = ( 4xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, … hence, find 80 2.
8 x7n
d) Draw a flow chart that reads the number N and the initial approximation
x0, computes and prints the root to three decimal places and after 3 iteration.
(Answers; 𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟒)
92. i) Show that the root of the equation 2x − 3 cos(x⁄2) = 0 lies between 1 and
2.
iv) Use Newton Raphson’s method to find the root of the equation in (i) above.
Put your answer correct to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟕)
a) Show that the equation ex − 4sinx = 0 has two roots between x = 0 and x =
1.6. (Answers; 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟏, 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟓)
a) By using the Newton Raphson’s method to find the largest root of the
equation ex − 4sinx = 0 correct to 3 decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟓)
93. a) Show that the equation ex − 4sinx = 0 has two roots between x = 0 and x =
1.6.
a) By using the Newton Raphson’s method to find the smaller root of the
equation ex − 4sinx = 0 correct to 3 decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟏)
x
94. a)Show that the equation 3tanx + = 0 has a root between x = 2 and x = 3.2
3
c) Show that the Newton Raphson’s method for finding the root of the
x 6xn −3sin2xn
equation 3tanx + = 0 is . Hence, approximate the root to three
3 6+2cos2xn
decimal places using the answer in (a) above as the initial approximation.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟔)
95. Show graphically that the equation x + log e x = 0.7 has a positive root. Hence,
use Newton Raphson’s method to approximate the root to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟔)
96. Show that the root of the equation f(x) = ex + x 3 − 4x = 0 lies between 1
and 2. By using the N – R – M, find the root to two decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐)
97. Show that the root of the equation f(x) = ex + x − 4 = 0 lies between 0.5 and 2.
By using the N – R – M, find the root to three decimal places. Hence, illustrate
your answer on a flow chart.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)
98. Use graphical method to show that the equation f(x) = ex + x − 5 = 0 has only
one positive real root. Hence, using the N – R – M, find the root to three decimal
places. Illustrate your answer on a flow chart.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟕)
99. Use graphical method to show that the equation f(x) = ex − x − 10 = 0 has
only one positive real root. Hence, using the N – R – M, find the root to three
significant figures. Illustrate your answer on a flow chart.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟖)
100. a) Show that the equation x 2 = 3x + 3 has only two roots.

c) Use Newton Rapson Method the find the negative root correct to three decimal
places.
d) Use linear interpolation to approximate the positive root to two decimal places.
(Answers; 𝐛) − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟏 𝐜) 𝟑. 𝟕𝟗)
101. a) Show that the root of the equation x 2 = 3x − 1 lies between 2 and 3.
Hence, use linear interpolation to find the root to two decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐)
102. Show that the root of the equation x 3 + 3x − 9 = 0 lies between x = 1

and x = 2. Hence, use linear interpolation to find the root to two decimal places.
(Answers; 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓)
103. a) Show that x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 = 0 has a real root between x = 2 and x = 3.

b) Using linear interpolation, find the first approximation for the root
c) Using the newton – Rapson formula, find the value of the root correct to
4 significant figures.
(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟗 )
1 10
104. Given the iterative method xn+1 = ( xn + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
2 xn
a) State the purpose of the iterative formula.

b) Show that the iterative formula is convergent for x0 = 2.5, hence find the
root to three decimal places.
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝑻𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟎. 𝒃) 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟐)

1 15
2 xn
a) State the purpose of the iterative formula.

b) Show that the iterative formula is convergent for x0 = 3.6, hence find the
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝑻𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟓. 𝒃) 𝟑. 𝟖𝟕𝟑)
1 45
2 xn
c) State the purpose of the iterative formula.

d) Show that the iterative formula is convergent for x0 = 6.7, hence find the
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝑻𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝟎. 𝒃) 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 )
107. Given the two iterative formulae

x2n −10
xn+1 = (
2xn −8
) … … … … … … … . . ( A)
10
xn+1 = ( 8 − ) … … … … … … … … . . (B)
xn
a) Taking x0 = 1.3, use each iterative formula thrice,

b) With respect to the answers in a) above, identify the most appropriate iterative
formula. Hence, find the better approximation of the root to three decimal places.
(Answers; . 𝒃) 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝑨, 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟏)
1
108. Given the iterative method xn+1 = ( xn3 + 1), n = 0, 1, 2, … State the
3
purpose of the iterative formula. Hence, taking x0 = 0.3 find the root to three
decimal places.
(Answers; 𝑻𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟐)

109. Show that the iterative formula for approximating the root of the equation
3
x 3 − 3xn − 3 = 0 is xn+1 = (√(3xn + 3). Hence, using 2.1 as the
initial approximation, find the root to 3 dps.

(Answers; 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 )
110. Show that the iterative formula for approximating the root of the equation
1 18
x 2 = 18 is xn+1 = ( xn + ) . Hence, using 4.2 as the initial
2 xn
approximation, find the root to 3 dps.
(Answers; 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝟑 )
111. Refer to UNEB 2001 No. 11

112. Refer to UNEB 2012 No. 11
113. (a) Use the trapezium rule with 6 ordinates to approximate the value of
2
∫0 √(2 + sinx) dx correct to 3 decimal places.
114. (a) Use the trapezium rule with 5 sub intervals to estimate the value
2 4
∫1 dx of correct to 2 decimal places. Hence, determine the percentage error
x+2
in approximating the function.

(b) Suggest how the percentage error can be reduced.
1 dx
115. Estimate the value of ∫0 by trapezium rule using five interval. Give your
1+ x3
answer correct to 3 decimal places.

X2
116. If A the area under the curve y = ( 2X3+3) between the x-axis x =2 and X = 3;
(a) Estimate the valve of a using trapezium rule with five strips. Give your answer to
three significant figures.
(b) Find the exact valve of A hence;
(i) Determine the error in the estimation.
(ii) State how this error can be reduced.
4X3
117. If W the area under the curve y = ( X4 +15) between the x-axis x =1 and X =
2.2;
(a) Estimate the valve of a using trapezium rule with six sub - ordinates. Give your
answer to three decimal places.
(b) Find the exact valve of W hence;
[i]. Determine the percentage error in the estimation.
[ii]. State how this error can be reduced.
118. (i) Use the trapezium rule with 6 sub intervals to estimate the value y = 4x
between the x-axis,x = 1 and x = 1.5 correct to 4 significant figures. Hence,
determine the relative error in approximating y.
1.5
(iii) Find the exact error of ∫1 4x dx
(iv) Find the percentage error in calculations (i) and (ii) above.
119. a) Use the trapezium rule with 4 ordinates to estimate the value p = 5x
between the x-axis,x = 1 and x = 2 correct to 3 decimal places. Hence,
determine the relative error in approximating p.
2
(v) Find the exact error of ∫1 5x dx
(vi) Find the percentage error in calculations (i) and (ii) above.
120. (a) Draw a follow chart that can compute and print the sum cubes of the first
six counting numbers.
(b)The taxation on the income of employees of a certain company is given in by,
Taxable income, I (shs) Taxation rate (%)
0 – 100,000 0
100,001 - 200,000 8
200,001 - 300,000 15
300,001 and above 20

Construct a flow chart that reads the taxable income I, calculates and prints the tax
amount T and the taxable income. Hence perform a dry run for employees earning;
sh.154,000, sh. 250,000 and sh. 558,000 respectively.
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝒃) 𝟏𝟐, 𝟑𝟐𝟎, 𝟑𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 )
115. (a) Draw a follow chart that can compute and print the sum of the first ten odd
numbers.
Taxation rate
Taxable income, i (shs)
T(%)
80000 – 100,000 2
100,001 - 300,000 12
300,001 - 600,000 20
Construct a flow chart that reads the taxable income i, calculates and prints the tax
sh.154,000, sh. 400,000 and sh.1,000,000 respectively.
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝒃) 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟎, 𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )

116. (a) Draw a follow chart that can compute and print the factorial of a number N for
which N in a counting number including zero up to 7.
Taxable income, I (shs) Taxation rate (%)
30000– 100,000 2
100,001 - 200,000 8
200,001 - 300,000 15
Construct a flow chart that reads the taxable income I, calculates and prints the tax
sh.40,000, sh. 300,000 and sh. 3,000,000 respectively.
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝒃) 𝟖𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟔𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )
117. below the table gives 𝑡 and the corresponding values of 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑡 15 30 45 60
𝑔(𝑡) 1.8148 3.1624 5.0946 7.3456
Use linear interpolation and extrapolation to solve for;
(i) 𝑦 = 2.5𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(𝑡) = 6.382
(ii) 𝑔(39.5)
(iii) 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔(𝑡) = 2.992.
118. The table below shows the variation between x and y
𝑥 1.00 1.72 2.00 2.37

𝑦 2.718 9.605 14.778 25.353
(i) The value of x when y=5.678

(ii) y when x = 2.55
(iii)x when y = 12.002
119. The table below represents the variation between x and y
𝑥 -1.62 -1.51 -1.02 1.00

𝑦 37.34 33.45 20.49 2.72
(i) 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 11.98

(ii) 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
(iii)𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2.05
120. The table below shows the time and the corresponding velocity for a particle projected
vertically upwards with other factors affecting its motion.
Time in minutes 2.66 2.87 3.01 3.55

Velocity in meters 2.794 1.633 0.810 -2.733
per second
Using linear interpolation and extrapolation find;
(i) The time taken for the particle to reach the maximum height
(ii) Initial velocity of projection
(iii)Velocity of the particle when time is 174seconds after projections.
121. The table below indicates the variation between ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡.
ℎ 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

𝑡 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.5
Find the value of;
(i) ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = −1.0

(ii) 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ = 2.38
(iii)𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ = 3.5
122. The table is an extract from table of sine’s.
10. Φ 01 61 121 181 241 301

sin 10. Φ° 0.1736 0.1754 0.1771 0.1788 0.1805 0.1822
Determine;
(i) Sin 100161
(ii) Sin-10.1747
123. The table below is an extract from the table of cosine of an angle X0.
X0 50.00 50.20 50.400 50.60

Cos X0 0.6428 0.6401 0.6374 0.6347
Using linear interpolation, find
(i) Cos 50.30

(ii) Cos-10.6361
124. Given that (2.65)3 = 17.576, (2.7)3 =19.638. Using linear interpolation or extrapolation,
estimate the value of:
(i) (2.65)3
(ii) X such that x3 = 23.25.
125. The data below is of exponential function 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑒 0.30 = 1.3499 and
𝑒 0.35 = 1.4191, estimate using linear interpolation the following;
(i) 𝑒 0.32
(iii) 𝑥 for which 𝑒 𝑥 = 1.39
126. The table below shows the cost y shillings for fuel consumed by a vehicle in a
distance x kilometers.
Distance(x km) 10 20 30 40
Cost(Sh. y) 14800 15600 16400 17200
Use linear interpolation or extrapolation to calculate the;
(a) Cost of fuel consumed for a distance of 45km.

(b) Distance Kabito travelled if he put fuel of shs. 16000.
127. (a) The table below shows the cost y shillings for hiring a motor cycle for a distance x
kilometer.
Distance (𝑥 𝑘𝑚) 10 20 30 40
Cost (𝑠ℎ𝑠) 2800 3600 4400 5200
Use linear interpolation or extrapolation to calculate the;

(i) Cost of hiring the motorcycle for a distance of 45 𝑘𝑚
(ii) Distance Mukasa travelled if he paid 𝑠ℎ𝑠 4000.
(b). (i) The public mean cost from Lukaya to Kampala city is 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠12000 for a total
distance of 120 km.
(ii) If the distance from Kyengera town to Kampala is20 𝑘𝑚, how much should be
paid from Lukaya to Kyengera.
(iii) Peter was driving from Lukaya to Kampala and his car got a puncture after 60 𝑘𝑚,
how much is he supposed to pay for the remaining distance to Kampala.
128. If x1 =3.622 and x2 =1.95, determine for the range within which the exact values
of
(i) x1 x2 (x1 − x2 )
x2 −x1
(ii) x1 x2
cos q ∆x
129. (a) Given y= , show that the percentage error in y is [| x | + |tan q||∆q|] × 100%
x
where∆x and ∆q are errors in x and q respectively.
(b) If x = 6.4, q = 120°, and the percentage errors in x and q are 4 and 9 respectively,
determine the percentage error in calculating y.
f) (a) Given the following values; x = 7.6, y = 45, z = 0.35, recorded to the
given number of decimal places, find the percentage error in the expression
z
x+y
(b) Given that x = 3.57, y = −4.291 and z = 6.7955 are rounded off to the given
decimal places indicated,
i. Find the maximum possible errors in x, y and z
x
ii. Find the limits within which the exact value of the expression y−z lies.
1
129. the of a right cylinder is given by V = πr 2 h, where r is the radius and h, the
3
height of the cylinder. Derive an expression for the maximum error made in the
volume when the radius and the height change by ∆r and ∆h respectively.
b) The numbers A = 12.4, B = 29.444 and C = 2.25 are each rounded off with
percentage errors
2.5%, 0.05% and 1% respectively. Find the;
A
(i) limits within which the exact value of (B−C)3 lies’
A
(ii) Percentage error made in (B−C)3
Given that the numbers p and q are rounded off with errors ep and eq. Show that
the maximum relative error
130. The table below shows the values of the function 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.4

𝑓(𝑥) 0.532 0.484 0.436 0.384
Use linear interpolation to find;
h) 𝑓( 2.08),
ii) 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.5,
iii) 𝑓 −1 ( 0.666).
131. The table below shows an extract from the table of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
80. 𝜃 0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’

𝑐𝑜𝑠80. 𝜃 0.1736 0.1708 0.1679 0.1650 0.1622 0.1593
Determine; i) cos800 36′
a) cos−1 0.1685
b) cos−1 0.1777
c) cos800 70′
d) cos 80.1333
(Answers; 𝒂) 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟏′. 𝒃) 𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟎 , 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒅) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟒 )

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Comprehensive revision questions in a’ level statistiCs, probabilities and

1. The information below shows the test marks of 11 students.

(Answer: a) 61 , b) 62.273, c) 52, d)73, e)21, f) 10.5

2. The information below shows the test marks of 11 students.

3. Given the information below showing the test marks of 8 students.

4. Given the marks below of 7 students marked out of 15

Mass( X) Number of trees.

Height( X) Number of trees.

a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation.

Marks Number of student.

C) Draw a cumulative frequency curve and use it to estimate the;;

i) range of marks of the middle 80% of the students,

ii) number of students who got 37 and above ,

iii) passmark if 30% of the students failed,

iv) number of students who got between 22% and 54%

v) probability that a student has a mark betwwen 24% and 38%

CORRELATION AND SCATTER DIAGRAMS

Price relative Weight

Item Price Price Index Weight

(a) Determine the values of a, b, c and d.

Item Cost (‘000s Ug

Item May-96 Jun-97 Price relatives for

Item Price in Price in Amount

Salt( 1kg) Ug. Sh. 400 Ug. Sh. 600 1

Maize flour(1 $0.5 $1 7

Calculate the weighted aggregate price index

Item Price in Price in Amount

Salt( 1kg) Ug. Sh. 500 Ug. Sh. 700 2

Maize flour(1 $0.5 $2 2

Calculate the weighted aggregate price index.

BEGINNING PROBABILITIES AND PROBABILITY THEORY.

6. A′ and B′ are intersecting sets as shown in the venn diagram below

10. If events X and Y are independent.

( 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟓 , 𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏, 𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟔)

a) Find the probability that he is late.

a) All of them win,

i) All of them win,

the probability that;

i. Buys leaded fuel.

(a) Determine the probability that;

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑖) 0.556 𝑎𝑖𝑖) 0.429 𝑏) 1.021, 0.666

a) Determine the probability that;

72. Given p(X ≤ x) = β(x + 1), for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Find:

73. The discrete random variable X has a probability function given by

b) Obtain the probability distribution of X

76. A discrete random variable X has a probability mass function

b) Find in terms of n, the mean of X

78. A discrete random variable X has a probability mass function

81. The discrete random variable X has probability function

b) Find the probability that X is less than 3 or greater than 4

b) Calculate the value of x for which, on average, Anne’s profit is zero.

88. The random variable X is 𝐵( 6, 0.42 ).find

( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒃) 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒄) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟐 )

( 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓; 𝒂) 𝟏𝟎, 𝒃) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟗 )

a) Show that X is a random variable. I.e. a p.d.f

104. the continuous random variable X has a p.d.f f(x) where

a) Draw a sketch for y = f(x)