MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Definitions
1. Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.
2. Substance : A material which is made up of same kinds of particles.
3. Fluidity: Tendency of the matter to flow.
4. Rigidity: Property of a substance to resist change in their shape under
the action of small force.
5. Density: Mass per unit volume of a substance.
Density =

Classification of matter
Modern scientists have classified matter in two ways:
i) On the basis of their appearance ( physical properties)
ii) On the basis of their composition (chemical properties)

Particulate nature of matter

Characteristics of particles of matter

1) Matter is made up of very small particles which can be seen only

with an electron microscope.
2) Particles of matter have space between them called intermolecular
space.
3) Particles of matter attract each other with a force called
intermolecular force of attraction. It decreases with an increase in
the intermolecular spaces.
4) Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e they have kinetic
energy. The kinetic energy of the particles increases with an increase
in temperature.

Note: Support the characteristics of the particles with the activities given in
the text book.
Comparison between the three states of matter

PARAMETER SOLID LIQUID GASEOUS

Intermolecular least More maximum
space
Intermolecular maximum less least
force
Shape fixed no no

Volume fixed fixed no

Kinetic energy least More than maximum
solids
Fluidity cannot Can flow Can flow easily in all
flow directions
Rigidity Very rigid Not rigid Not rigid

Compressibility negligible negligible Very high

Density high Lesser than Very low

solids
Diffusion Do not Diffuses Diffuses easily
diffuse easily
Examples Ice, glass, Kerosene, Oxygen, helium,
metals, petrol, oil, carbon dioxide,
wood. water. chlorine.

Give reasons:
 1. A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
In gaseous state the particles are loosely packed with lot of inter particle
space and very less inter particle force of attraction. Hence a gas moves
freely in all directions and occupies the entire place in the vessel in
which it is kept
2. A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
In gaseous state the particles move about randomly at high speed. These
randomly moving particles hit each other and the walls of the container.
Pressure is exerted by gas particles acting per unit area on the walls of
the container.
3. A wooden table is called a solid.
A wooden table is called a solid because it is rigid and maintains its
shape. It has a definite mass and volume. It is incompressible
4. Ice floats on water even though it is known that liquids have lower
density as compared to solids.
When water freezes it expands because particles form a cage like
structure with empty space between them. So the density of ice is less
than that of water. Hence, ice floats even though it is known that liquids
have lower density as compared to solids.

Inter-conversion of states of matter

Matter changes from one state to another state and back to the original state, on
altering the conditions of

Definitions

1. Melting /fusion: The process due to which a solid changes into a liquid
state at melting point by absorption of heat energy at atmospheric
pressure

2. Freezing/solidification: The process of due to which a liquid changes

into a solid state at the freezing point by giving out heat energy at
atmospheric pressure

3. Melting point: The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

state at the atmospheric pressure
4. Freezing point: The temperature at which the liquid changes into the
solid state at atmospheric pressure.
Note: The numerical value of melting and freezing point is same.
E.g.: Melting point of ice is 0°Centigrade (C) or 273 Kelvin (K).
Freezing point of water is 0°C or 273 K)

5. Boiling/Vaporization: The process due to which a liquid changes into a

gaseous state at boiling point by absorbing heat energy at atmospheric
pressure

6. Condensation/ liquefaction: The process due to which a gas changes

into a liquid state at condensation point by giving out heat energy at
atmospheric pressure

7. Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gaseous

state at atmospheric pressure.

8. Liquefaction point: The temperature at which a gas change into its

liquid state at atmospheric pressure.
Note : The numerical value of boiling point and condensation point
is same. e.g.: Boiling point of water is 100°C and 373 K
Condensation point of steam is also 100°C or 373 K
9. Latent heat: The heat energy hidden in the molecules during the
change of state of matter.

10.Latent heat of fusion: The amount of energy required to change 1kg of

solid at its melting point into liquid state, at atmospheric pressure

11.Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of energy required to change

1kg of liquid at its boiling point into gaseous state, at atmospheric
pressure

12.Sublimation: The process due to which a solid directly changes into

gaseous state on heating, without changing first into liquid state and vice
versa is known as sublimation.

13.Sublime: A gaseous form of matter directly formed from a solid on

heating is known as sublime.
 14.Sublimate: The solid state of matter formed directly from its gaseous
state on cooling is known as sublimate.

CONVERSION OF STATE WITH CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

Temperature Conversion scale

To convert Celsius temperature to Kelvin, we add 273 (K =0C +273)

To convert Kelvin temperature to Celsius, we subtract 273 (0C =K - 273)
A. Conversion of solid into liquid state

 When a solid is heated, its particles absorb heat energy and the
kinetic energy of the particles increases. With the increase in the
kinetic energy the particles start moving with a greater speed and this
in turn increases the inter particular spaces and weakens the inter
particular forces.
 When the kinetic energy of the particles becomes more than inter-
particular forces, the particles start interchanging their positions and
the solid changes into liquid state.
 During melting, the temperature remains constant. The heat
energy supplied does not increase the kinetic energy of the particles
but is used up to weaken inter particle forces of attraction and
increase inter- particle spaces.

B. Conversion of liquid into gaseous state

 When a liquid is heated, its particles absorb heat energy and the
kinetic energy of the particles increases. With the increase in the
kinetic energy the particles start moving with a greater speed and this
in turn increases the inter particular spaces and weakens the inter
particular forces.
 When the kinetic energy of the particles becomes more than inter-
particle forces, the energetic particles rapidly leaves the liquid and
change into gaseous state.
 During boiling, the temperature remains constant. The heat
energy supplied does not increase the kinetic energy of the particles
but is used up to weaken inter- particle forces of attraction and
increase the inter particle spaces.
 Importance of melting point and boiling point:

1. Melting point/Boiling point is a constant and can be used for identifying the
purity of the substance
2. Melting point/Boiling point of a solid /liquid is a good indicator of the
strength of the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the
solid/liquid. i.e Greater the melting/boiling point , more will be the
magnitude of intermolecular forces.

NOTE:

1. The physical state of matter at room temperature can also be determined by

the m.p and b.p
 If the m.p and b.p is above room temperature ( taken as 25°C) it is a solid.
 If the m.p and b.p is below room temperature it is a gas.
 If the m.p is below and b.p is above room temperature it is a liquid.
2. During the process of melting or boiling the temperature does not change
after the melting/boiling point has been reached until the conversion of the
state is complete even though we heat the container continuously.
3. The heat energy supplied gets used up in changing the state by overcoming
the force of attraction between the particles. The heat energy supplied does
not increase the kinetic energy of the particles so temperature remains
constant but is used up to weaken the inter- particle forces of attraction and
increase the inter particle spaces.
During the process of melting or boiling, the heat energy which absorbed by
the substance and stored (hidden) in the particles without showing any rise in
temperature, is known as latent heat.

C. Direct interconversion of a solid into gaseous state

1. Solids like ammonium chloride,

camphor, iodine, naphthalene, solid
carbon dioxide , on heating,
directly change into the gaseous
state without first changing into the
liquid state. Conversely the
gaseous state, on cooling, changes
back into the solid state without
changing into the liquid state. This
 process is known as sublimation. Sublimation. The gaseous form of
matter directly formed from a solid on heating is known as sublime.
The solid state of matter formed directly from its gaseous state on
cooling is known as sublimate.

Gas and vapour mean the same thing yet, they are different.
The term vapour is used to describe most gases that usually exist as liquid at
room temperature. E.g.:- Water exists as a liquid at room temperature thus
water in its gaseous state is called water vapour.
Similarly alcohol, diesel, perfume, kerosene are liquids at room
temperature. Thus these gases are known as vapour.
The term gas is used to describe the gases that usually do not exist as a
liquid at room temperature. E.g.:-Oxygen does not exist as a liquid at room
temperature. Thus the gaseous state of oxygen is called gas. Similarly
hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and carbon dioxide gases are gases.

CONVERSION OF STATE WITH CHANGE IN PRESSURE

Pressure Conversion scale

Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by gas. The pressure

at sea level is 1 atmosphere and is regarded as normal atmospheric pressure
1 atmosphere (atm) = 76 cm or 760 mm
1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.01 x 105Pa

States of matter can be altered with application of pressure.

At high pressure, the particles of a gas get compressed i.e the particles come
closer so the inter particle space decreases and the inter particle force of
attraction increases. On increasing the pressure continuously, the gas will
change into a liquid and further into a solid.
Thus applying pressure and reducing the temperature we can liquefy gases.
Conversely, if the pressure is reduced, the liquid can change to gaseous state
Solid carbon dioxide or dry ice

Carbon dioxide gas can be liquefied or solidified at low temperature and under
high pressure. Solid CO2 is called as dry ice as it resembles ice but does not
wet things. If the pressure on dry ice is reduced to 1 atmosphere, it directly
changes to vapour state without passing through the liquid state.

EVAPORATION

The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapour at any temperature below

its boiling point is called evaporation.

Explanation of evaporation on the basis of kinetic theory of particles:

In a liquid, particles move randomly and have different kinetic energy. These
particles are continuously acted upon by inter particle forces and pressure due
to air. Due to random motion, they hit against one another and kinetic energy
from one particle is transferred to the other. Thus some particles become so
energetic that they completely overcome the intermolecular forces as well as
pressure due to air. In such a situation, these particles leave the liquid and
escape into the air in the form of vapour.

Evaporation causes cooling.

During evaporation, energetic particles escape from the surface of the liquid as
vapours and the particles left behind are less energetic. This means these
molecules left behind have less average kinetic energy. As the temperature is
the function of average kinetic energy of the particles, the temperature of the
liquid decreases. In other words the system cools due to evaporation.

Factors effecting the rate of evaporation

Rate of evaporation increases with:-

1. Increase in surface area.
2. Increase in the temperature of the surroundings.
3. Increase in the motion of air.
4. Decrease in humidity.
 Differences between boiling and evaporation
BOILING EVAPORATION
1. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon in 1. Evaporation is a surface
which particles from the whole phenomenon in which energetic
liquid change into the gaseous particles close to the surface
state. overcome intermolecular force
and atmospheric pressure and
change into the gaseous state.

2. Boiling takes place at a fixed 2. Evaporation takes place at all

temperature. temperature below the boiling
point of a liquid.

Give reasons for following observation:

 A desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day.
In a desert cooler when the air is blown on a wet khas(grass), rapid
evaporation takes place, thereby cooling the air. The desert cooler
cools well on a hot day because the rate of evaporation increases on
account of decreased humidity and increased temperature..

 Water kept in an earthen pot become cool during summer.

Earthen pots are porous. When the water comes out of the pores of
the earthen pot during summer, it evaporates rapidly. As cooling is
caused by evaporation, therefore, the temperature of water within
the pot falls and hence it becomes cool during summer.

 Our palm feels cold when we put some acetone, petrol or

perfume on it.
All these liquids are highly volatile and evaporate on exposure to
air. As evaporation causes cooling, our palm feels cold.
 We able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather
than a cup?
If tea is too hot to sip, we pour it in the saucer. In doing so, we
increase the surface area and the rate of evaporation. Increase rate
of evaporation causes faster cooling of the tea in a saucer

 We wear cotton clothes in summer.

During summer we perspire because of the mechanism of our
body which keeps us cool. During evaporation, the particles at
the surface of the liquid gains energy from the surroundings or
the body surface and change into vapour. The heat equal to the
latent heat of vapourisation is absorbed from the body leaving it
cool. Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing
the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation.
Thus, we must wear cotton clothes in summer.

 Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any

solid.
Naphthalene undergoes sublimation converting directly to its
gaseous form. The naphthalene vapours diffuse into the
surrounding air and are lost to the environment. Hence, the
naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.

 We get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.

Perfume is a volatile liquid so the perfume particles diffuse
quickly into the air and are spread widely by the random motion
of air molecules. Hence, we get the smell of perfume several
metres away.

 Ice at 273K more effective in cooling than water at the same

temperature?
Ice in the process of melting absorbs a lot of heat from the
surroundings as latent heat of fusion. As a result the temperature
of the surroundings is lowered and effective cooling is caused.
While water already in the liquid form, absorbs less heat from the
surrounding.
  Steam produces more severe burns than boiling water.
Steam is formed when water at its boiling point of 100 0c, absorbs
a lot of heat as latent heat of vaporisation. Therefore it has more
energy than boiling water. On account of this it produces more
severe burns as compared to boiling water.

 Water droplets are seen on the surface of a glass containing

ice.
The vapour present in the air on touching the cold surface of the glass
loses energy and gets converted to the liquid state as droplets of water.

 Water is a liquid at room temperature.

 Takes the shape of the container in which it is kept.
 Cannot be compressed.

 An iron almirah is a solid.

 It has a fixed shape, it is hard and rigid.
 Its density is very high,it is heavy.