Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces 101 Horizontal force, F, acting on the gate is WATER, SURFACE A F, = pgAhi = Force on projected area of curved surface ‘ACB on vertical plane = Force on vertical area AOB where A = Area of AOB = 4.0 x 8.0 = 32.0 m? Ti = Depth of C.G. of AOB = 4/2 = 2.0 m 7 F, = 1000 x 9.81 x 32.0 x 2.0 = 627840 N. Fig. 3.31 Vertical force, F, is given by . F, = Weight of water enclosed or supported (actually or imaginary) by the curved surface ACB = pg x Volume of portion ACB = pg x Area of ACB x! = 1000 x 9.81 x Fay x 8.0 = 9810 x Fayx 8.0 = 493104 N It will be acting in the upward direction. Resultant force, F= Fi +F> = {627840 + 493104 = 798328 N. Ans. 5, Direetion of resultant force is given by tan @= = “83104 _ 9.7953 F, 627840 oe = 31° 8’. Ans. Problem 3.25 Find the horizontal and vertical component of water pressure acting on the face of a tainter gate of 90° sector of radius 4 m as shown in Fig. 3.32. Take width of gate unity. Solution. Given : Radius of gate, R=4m Horizontal component of force acting on the gate is F, = Force on area of gate projected on vertical plane = Force on area ADB = pak where A= AB x Width of gate =2xADXI : AB = 2AD) Fig. 3.32 = 2x 4x sin 45° = 8 x .707 = 5.656 m* AD = 4 sin 45°) i F, = 1000 x 9.81 x 5.656 x 2.828 N = 156911 N. Ans. Vertical component F, = Weight of water supported or enclosed by the curved surface = Weight of water in portion ACBDA = pg x Area of ACBDA x Width of gate = 1000 x 9.81 x [Area of sector ACBOA — Area of ABO] x 111:28 PMO @ > will tll & Ge € solucoes-chapter-2-w... & Solution: The horizontal force is ica Ay (624) 2828YS.657%8) 7887 Wt located at Yor Area ARC (34K —E4in 5) 4566 82 Thus F,~7Volaye = (62-4¥8)4.566)~ 2280100 Theresa Found tbe Fy =[(1987} + (2280)') BOO IBE acting at 0=159° through the center, Ans 7299 Themepesnmgnum elinder in Fig. P2.99 as a homiaphericl bot and » Deteine (the rz and (the veri {is pressurized with arto 75 KPa hydrostatic forces onthe hemisphere, in bt. om: Since the problem aks for BG wns, ‘conver the air presture fo BG: 75,000 Pa 47.88= 156610" Chaptr2 + Pome Dotter Fad 197 {) By symmetry, the net horizontal fore om the hemisphere is 2er0, Ane) (©) The vertal force is the sum ofthe ar pressure ter plus the weight of he water shove: F = Pate Ante * Fear tr : (see P69? + ons Bian en 365 y6 1 = 177000257 + 113,000787 = 290,000 57 Ans) 12100. Pressurized water fills the tank in Fig P2.100. Compute the hydrostatic Frce ‘on the conieal surface ABC. Solution: The gage pressure i equivalent to a fttous water level = ply = 150000/9790 = 15.32 m above the gage or 832 m above AC. Then the vestial Force fon te cone equals the weight of fetitous Water above ABC: aaa ra] ora Zor] B © 4d134 Solutions Manual » Fluid Mechanics, Fifth Editon 2.96 Curved panel BC is a 60° arc, perpendicular to the bottom at C. If the panel is 4 m wide into the paper, estimate the resultant hydrostatic force of the water on the panel. Solution: The horizontal force is, Fi =rbcoAs Fig. P2.96 =(9790 N/m?)[2+0.5(3sin 60°) m] x[(3sin60°)m(4 m)] = 335,650 N A,=3.0m* The vertical component equals the weight of water above the gate, which is the sum a= L133 2? of the rectangular piece above BC, and the curvy triangular piece of water just above arc BC _see figure at right. (ihe curvy- 65/116 triangle calculation is messy and is not shown here.) Fy = VOD none = (9790 Nim? )[(3.0+ 1.133 m?)(4 m)] = 161,860 N The resultant force is thus, Fp =[(335,650)? + (161,860)"]'? = 372,635 N= 373 KN Ans. This resultant force acts along a line which passes through point O at 0 = tan"!(161,860/335, 650) = 25.7°) 7 Downloaded by Shahriar Parvez (sparvrzk@ gmail com)Chapter 2 + Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 133 2.95 The uniform body A in the figure has width 6 into the paper and is in static equilibrium when pivoted about hinge O. What is the specific gravity of this body when (a) h=0; and (b) h= R? Solution: ‘The water causes a horizontal and a vertical force on the body, as shown: Fy=78Rb at 4 above O, to, 4R GR ats othe left of O ‘These must balance the moment of the body weight W about O: SG -vm(3)- TM = (5)+ lS a) reRhbl 5} =0 Solve for: SGraiy = Forh=0,8G=3/2 Ans. (a), Forh=R,SG=3/5 Ans. (b). ‘Wis document eet te of chor on § studocu Downloaded by Shabviar Parver (sparvrzk@ gmail com)11:27 PM©@ © > will all & GD €_ solucoes-chapter-2-w... & ‘The moment of thee two frees shout A must eq fo moment oF the combined (12200 Nim) fore time a distance X to the ight of A 120000330 er) + (2400)25.5 em 2240020, solve for X= 29.9em dns. ‘The vertical force is 122400 Nim (down), acting at 29.9 em tothe ight oA. 2.90 The tank in Fig, P20 i¢ 120m tong into the paper, Detemin he orion and veil hydrostatic forces om the quarrel pane AB, ‘The Midis water at 20°C [Neglest atmospheric pressure. Solution: For waterat 20°C, the y= 9790 Nin. The lines in Fig. P2.90. Caleulat this as rectangle plus a squae-min sical force on A isthe weight ofthe mising wer above AB ~ se the dashed a-quaer-cice: Missing waters (LSmN0.75m)(12m) + (1/4) 0.7Sm)? = 2.16 +0145 = 2305 By = mo = (9190N im? 2305m) = 22,600N (vertical force) ‘The horizontal forces caleulsted from the vertical projection of panel AB: Fxg DONS ny O7SnK 2m) =1ESMN ret oe) 201, The hemisphere dome in Fig. P291 weighs 30 KN and is ile G44 tached the Moot by six equllyspaced bolts What 18 the fo Fequited to old the dome down? Menmmioaatimeonnn Gy studocu 130 Setons Manual «Fuser, FAM Eaton Solution: Assuming no leakage, the hyostatic fore required equals the weight af missing weer, tht the water in w 4-mdiameter cylinder, 6 m high, minis the hemisphere andthe small pipe Fig. Past Faas ™ Wieointe “Neier Whenpne 9790)r12¥ (6)=(9790)22892) ~(9790K 40.0374) = 738149 164033-78 = 574088 N Te dome materia helps with 30 KN of weigh, thus the bolts mast supply 57408830000 or $44088 N. The faves in each of 6 bolts is S4408816 or Fhe = 90700 Nn. 292A damediamoter water tank consists fof two. halPeylindors, cach. weighing 445 KN, bolted together as in Fig. F292. rte 0 © <4‘The vertical force is upward and equal to the weight of the missing water in the segment ABC shown shaded below. Reference to a good handbook will give you the geometric properties of a circular segment, and you may compute that the segment area is 3.261 m? and its centroid is 5.5196 m from point O, or 0.3235 m from vertical line AC, as shown in the figure. The vertical (upward) hydrostatic force on gate ABC is thus Fy = 7A qncunit width) = (9790)(3.261 1) = 31926 Nat 0.4804 m from B The net force is thus F=[Fy +F3]? =179100N per meter of width, acting upward to the right at an angle of 10.27° and passing through a point 1.0 m below and 0.4804 m to the right of point B. This force passes, as expected, right through point O. 2.89 The tank in the figure contains benzene and is pressurized to 200 kPa (gage) in the air gap. Determine the vertical hydrostatic force on circular-are section AB and its line of action. Solution: Assume unit depth into the paper. The vertical force is the weight of benzene plus the force due to the air pressure: Fig. P2.89 F, = £(0.6)*1.04881)9.81) + (200,000)(0.6)(1.0) = 1224008 Ans, Most of this (120,000 N/m) is due to the air pressure, whose line of action is in the middle of the horizontal line through B. The vertical benzene force is 2400 N/m and has a line of action (see Fig. 2.13 of the text) at 4R/(3z) = 25.5 em to the right or A. Downloaded by Shahviar Parver (sparvrzk@ gmail com)Fig. P28 ‘The vertical component isthe weight of the fluid above the quarter-ircle panel: Fy = W(2 by 7 rectangle)~ W(quarter-cirele) 979027 x6)~(9790\x!4)2)°(6) 822360184537 =638000N ns. (b) 286 The quarter circle gate BC P Fig. P286 is hinged at C. Find the = horizontal force P required to hold the gate ae mee stationary. The width & into the paper is 3m. Neglect the weight of the gate. c Solution: The horizontal component of Fig. Pzae wate force is By = rhiggA = (9790 Ni? Y 1 m)(2.mY3 m)]= 58,740 N ‘This force acts 2/9 of the way down or 1.333 m down ftom the surface (0.667 m up from C). The vertical force is the weight of the quarter-circle of water above gate BC: Fy = 7(VO) ge =(9790 Nim )[(HH4}2 my m)]= 92,270 N Fy acts down at (4/32) = 0.849 m to the left of C. Sum moments clockwis point C: about ows y Sa Panes gue gnc) ‘Chaplr 2» Prestre Diatbutonin a Fit 7 Mc = 0= (2 m)P—(58740 N}(0.667 m)~(92270 NY(0.849 m)=2P 117480 Solve for P=58,700N=S8.7 KN Ans. 287 The botile of champagne (SG = (096) in Fig P2.87 is under pressure as shown by the mercury manometer reading, Compute the net force on the 2-in-radius ‘hemispherical end cap atthe bottom ofthe boil Solution: Firs, fom the manometer, com pte the gage pressure at section AA inthe champagne 6 inches above the botiom: ou t09605.5(26)-1356026( 48) St0 ‘or: Pay =272 IbOM? (gage) ‘Then the force onthe botiom end cap is vertical only (due to symmetry) and equals the force at section AA plus the weight ofthe champagne below AA: F Fy =Pau(Atea)an+ Won otate~ Weiter (272) (4N2} + (0.96 x62.4)x(2N2) (612) (0.96 62.442H15)22)° 23,74+261-0.58=2581b¢ Ans. 288 Circulrare Tainter gate ABC pivots about point O. For the position shown, determine (a) the hydrostatic force a © 4Chaptor 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fiuid 125 P2.84 Panel AB is a parabola with its maximum at point A. It is 150 em wide into the paper. Neglect atmospheric pressure. Find (a) the vertical and (b) horizontal water forces on the panel. 75cm parabola \ cm Fig 56/116 (6) The horizontal force is calculated from the vertical proje. A down to the bottom). This is a rectangle, 75 cm by 150 em, and its centroid is 37.5 cm below A, or (25 + 37.5) = 62.5 cm below the surface. Thus Fig = Poot Aprojeced = 19790-%(0.625m)}[0.75m(1.50m)] = 6880. N Ans.(b) m (a) The vertical force is the weight of water above the panel. This is in two parts (1) the weight of the rectangular portion above the line AC; and (2) the little curvy piece above the parabola and below line AC. Recall from Ex. 2.8 that the area under a parabola is two-thirds of the enclosed rectangle, so that little curvy piece is one-third of the rectangle. Thus, finally, F y= (9790)(0.25)(0.4)(1.5) + e790) y0. 75)(0.4)(1.5) = = 1469N + 1469N ~ 2940 N Ans.(a) 2.85 Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force on the quarter-circle panel at the bottom of the water tank in Fig. P2.85. ‘his ocuatis abe rowel charge on 6 studocu Downloaded by Shahriar Parvez (sparvrzk@qmail com)104 Fluid Mechanics Fx or 184914 x Fy, X 8488 ~ Fy, x .8488 123276 x .8488 ~ 61638 x .8488 = .8488 [123276 - 61638] = 523184 523184 = 0.2829 m from AOC. 184914 (iv) Least welght of cylinder. The resultant force in the upward direction is F,= 184914 N ‘Thus the weight of cylinder should not be less than the upward force F,. Hence least weight of cylinder should be at least. = 184914 N. Ans. Problem 3.28 Fig. 3.35 shows the cross-section of a tank full of water under pressure. The length of the tank is 2 m. An empty cylinder lies along the length of the tank on one of its corner as shown. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the force acting on the curved surface ABC of the cylinder. Solution, Radius, Length of tank, Pressure, Im 0.2 kattent 0.2 x 9.81 Nicm? p=0.2 kgffem? 1.962 x 10* Nim? 1,962. Nom’ + Pressure head, ——~ = (000 x 9.81 ++ Free surface of water will be at a height of 2 m from the top of the tank. ++ Fig, 3.36 shows the equivalent free surface of water. (® Horizontal Component of Force F, = pgAh where A = Area projected on vertical plane = 15% 2.0= 3.0m? Ls ha2+ 275 2 F, = 1000 x 9.81 x 3.0 x 2.75 80932.5 N. Ans, (i Vertical Component of Force F, = Weight of water enclosed or supported actually or imaginary by curved surface ABC = Weight of water in the portion CODE ABC = Weight of water in CODFBC — Weight of water in AEFB But weight of water in CODFBC = Weight of water in [COB + ODFBO] ig- 3.36 2 =pg [+ 20x00] = 1000 «981 | xi? +10%25] x2 64458.5 N = pg [Area of AEFB] x 2.0 Weight of water in AEF!