Electromagnetic Induction

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
———————————————————————————————————
1. FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
(i) When magnetic flux passing through a loop changes with time or magnetic lines of force are cut by a
conducting wire then an emf is produced in the loop or in that wire. This emf is called induced emf.
If the circuit is closed then the current will be called induced current.
magnetic flux =  B.ds
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux w.r.t. time in case of loop. In case of
a wire it is equal to the rate at which magnetic lines of force are cut by a wire
d
E=–
dt
(–) sign indicates that the emf will be induced in such a way that it will oppose the change of flux.
SI unit of magnetic flux = Weber.

Example 1. A coil is placed in a constant magnetic field .The magnetic field is

parallel to the plane of the coil as shown in figure. Find the emf B
induced in the coil.
Solution :  = 0 (always) since area is perpendicular to magnetic field.  emf = 0
Example 2. Find the emf induced in the coil shown in figure. The magnetic field Area=A
is perpendicular to the plane of the coil and is constant.
Solution : = BA (always) B
= const.  emf = 0
Example 3. Find the direction of induced current in the coil shown in figure.
Magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of coil and it is increasing
with time.

Solution : Inward flux is increasing with time. To opposite it outward magnetic field should be induced.
Hence current will flow anticlockwise.
Example 4. Figure shows a coil placed in decreasing magnetic field applied
perpendicular to the plane of coil .The magnetic field is decreasing at
a rate of 10T/s. Find out current in magnitude and direction

dB
Solution :  = B.A  emf = A . = 2 × 10 = 20 v
dt
      i = 20/ 5 = 4 amp. From Lenz’s law direction of current will be anticlockwise.
Example 5. Figure shows a coil placed in a magnetic field decreasing at a rate of
10T/s. There is also a source of emf 30 V in the coil. Find the
magnitude and direction of the current in the coil.

Solution :

Induce emf = 20V

equivalent i = 2A clockwise

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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 6. Figure shows a long current carrying wire and two rectangular loops moving with velocity v.
Find the direction of current in each loop.

constant i (i)

(ii)

Solution : In loop (i) no emf will be induced because there is no flux change.
In loop (ii) emf will be induced because the coil is moving in a region of decreasing magnetic
field inward in direction. Therefore to oppose the flux decrease in inward direction, current will
be induced such that its magnetic field will be inwards. For this direction of current should be
clockwise.

2. LENZ’S LAW (CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE)
According to this law, emf will be induced in such a way that it will oppose the cause which has
produced it.
Figure shows a magnet approaching a ring with its north pole towards the ring.

N S

We know that magnetic field lines come out of the north pole and magnetic field intensity decreases
as we move away from magnet. So the magnetic flux (here towards left) will increase with the
approach of magnet. This is the cause of flux change. To oppose it, induced magnetic field will be
towards right. For this the current must be anticlockwise as seen by the magnet.
If we consider the approach of North pole to be the cause of flux change, the Lenz’s law suggests that
the side of the coil towards the magnet will behave as North pole and will repel the magnet. We know
that a current carrying coil will behave like North pole if it flows anticlockwise. Thusas seen by the
magnet, the current will be anticlockwise.
If we consider the approach of magnet as the cause of the flux change, Lenz’s law suggest that a force
opposite to the motion of magnet will act on the magnet, whatever be the mechanism.
Lenz’s law tells that if the coil is set free, it will move away from magnet, because in doing so it will
oppose the ‘approach’ of magnet.
If the magnet is given some initial velocity towards the coil and is released, it will slow down .It can
be explained as the following.
The current induced in the coil will produce heat. From the energy conservation, if heat is produced
there must be an equal decrease of energy in some other form, here it is the kinetic energy of the
moving magnet. Thus the magnet must slow down. So we can justify that the Lenz’s law is
conservation of energy principle.

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Electromagnetic Induction
3. MOTIONAL EMF
We can find emf induced in a moving rod by considering the number of lines cut by it per sec
assuming there are ‘B’ lines per unit area. Thus when a rod of length moves with velocity v in a
magnetic field B, as shown, it will sweep area per unit time equal to v and hence it will cut B  v lines
per unit time.

Hence emf induced between the ends of the rod = Bv

Also emf = d/dt. Here denotes flux passing through the area, swept by the rod.The rod sweeps an
d B vdt
area equal to  vdt in time interval dt.Flux through this area = B vdt. Thus = = Bv
dt dt
If the rod is moving as shown in the following figure, it will sweep area per unit time = vsin and
hence it will cut B v sin lines per unit time.
Thus emf = Bvsin.

3.1 EXPLANATION OF EMF INDUCED IN ROD ON THE BASIS OF MAGNETIC FORCE:

If a rod is moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B ,as shown , the free electrons in a rod will
experience a magnetic force in downward direction and hence free electrons will accumulate at the
lower end and there will be a deficiency of free electrons and hence a surplus of positive charge at the
upper end. These charges at the ends will produce an electric field in downward direction which will
exert an upward force on electron. If the rod has been moving for quite some time enough charges will
accumulate at the ends so that the two forces qE and qvB will balance each other. Thus E = v B.
qE
P

E V ×B -

Q
qvB
VP – VQ= VB
The moving rod is equivalent to the following diagram, electrically.

Figure shows a closed coil ABCA moving in a uniform magnetic field B with a velocity v. The flux
passing through the coil is a constant and therefore the induced emf is zero.
A

C V

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Electromagnetic Induction
Now consider rod AB, which is a part of the coil. Emf induced in the rod =B L v
Suppose the emf induced in part ACB is E, as shown.
A
C
E VBL

Since the emf in the coil is zero, Emf (in ACB) + Emf (in BA) = 0
or – E + vBL = 0 or E = vBL
Thus emf induced in any path joining A and B is same, provided the magnetic field is uniform. Also the
equivalent emf between A and B is BLv (here the two emf’s are in parallel)

Example 7. Figure shows an irregular shaped wire AB moving with velocity v, as shown.
V
A

×B 

B

Find the emf induced in the wire.
Solution : The same emf will be induced in the straight imaginary wire joining A and B , which is Bv sin 

A A
 V
 ×B 
×B
B B

Example 8. A rod of length l is kept parallel to a long wire carrying constant current i. It is moving away from
the wire with a velocity v. Find the emf induced in the wire when its distance from the long wire
is x.
0il v
Solution : E=BlV=
2x
OR
Emf is equal to the rate with which magnetic field lines are cut. In dttime the area swept by the
0il vdt
rod is l v dt. The magnetic field lines cut in dt time =B l vdt= .
2x

t
B
i l V
Const
x

0il v
      The rate with which magnetic field lines are cut =
2x

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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 9. A rectangular loop, as shown in the figure, moves away from an infinitely long wire carrying a
current i. Find the emf induced in the rectangular loop.

L v
i
b
x

0i 0i 0iLbv

Solution : E = B1 LV – B2Lv = Lv  Lv =
2x 2  x  b  2x  x  b 

B1LV B2LV

Aliter :
Consider a small segment of width dy at a distance y from the wire.
Let flux through the segment be d  
dy

y L V
Constant
current i
x

x b
i  iL  iL
      d = 0 L dy
2 y
  0
2 
dy
y
= 0
2
 n  x  b  nx 
x

d 0iL  1 dx 1 dx  0ibLv
Now   v=
dt 2  x  b dt x dt  2x  x  b 
0ibLv
 induced emf =
2x  x  b 
Example 10. A rod of length l is placed perpendicular to a long wire carrying current i. The rod is moved
parallel to the wire with a velocity v. Find the emf induced in the rod, if its nearest end is at a
distance ‘a’ from the wire.

Solution : Consider a segment of rod of length dx , at a distance x from the wire. Emf induced in the
segment
a
0i 0ivdx  iv   a 
dE =
2 x
dx.v   E= 
a
2x
= 0 n
2  a 


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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 11. A rectangular loop is moving parallel to a long wire carrying current i with a velocity v. Find the
emf induced in the loop, if its nearest end is at a distance ‘a’ from the wire. Draw equivalent
electrical diagram.

Const i 

b
a

Solution : emf = 0 ;
 0 iv  a  b 
n 
2  a 

 0 iv  a  b 
n  
2  a 
———————————————————————————————————
4. INDUCED EMF DUE TO ROTATION
4.1 ROTATION OF THE ROD
Consider a conducting rod of length l rotating in a uniform magnetic field.

Emf induced in a small segment of length dr, of the rod = v B dr = rB dr

1
   
 emf induced in the rod = B rdr  B 2
0 2
equivalent of this rod is as following

r
B  /2
2

d
or 
dt
d flux through the area swept by the rod in time dt
 
dt dt
1
B 2dt 1
= 2 = B 2
dt 2

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Electromagnetic Induction

Example 12. A rod PQ of length 2 is rotating about one end P in a uniform magnetic field B which is
perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the rod. Point M is the mid point of the rod. Find the
induced emf between M & Q if that between P & Q = 100V .
B=uniform

Q
P M
2

Solution : EMQ + EPM = EPQ

2
Bw
EPM = = 100
2

2
 
B  
2 B 2
3 3
EMQ + =  EMQ = B2 = ×100 V = 75 V
2 2 8 4

Example 13. A rod of length  and resistance r rotates about one end as shown in figure. Its other end
touches a conducting ring a of negligible resistance. A resistance R is connected between
centre and periphery. Draw the electrical equivalence and find the current in the resistance R.
There is a uniform magnetic field B directed as shown.
×B

Solution :

E
r
O r
A
O r
1
A Bw2 i
2
1 2 R 
Bw D R
2
R
E
D C
C
1
B 2
current i = 2
R r

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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 14. Solve the above question if the length of rod is 2L and resistance 2r and it is rotating about its
centre. Both ends of the rod now touch the conducting ring
E
×B

O
D A
L
R

C
Solution :
E r

r/2

C,E,A O
r
E
  

R R
1
BL2

i  2
r r
R R
2 2

Example 15. A rod of length l is rotating with an angular speed  about its one end which is at a distance ‘a’
from an infinitely long wire carrying current i. Find the emf induced in the rod at the instant
shown in the figure.

i 
a

Solution : Consider a small segment of rod of length dx, at a distance x from one end of the rod. Emf
induced in the segment

x 
a
i
dx
x

0i 0i 0i    a 

dE =
2(x  a)
(xdx  E=  2(x  a)
0
(xdx =
2 
  a. n  a   .
 

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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 16. A rod of mass m and resistance r is placed on fixed, resistanceless, t=0
smooth conducting rails (closed by a resistance R) and it is projected ×B
with an initial velocity u .Find its velocity as a function of time.  u R
m,r

Solution : Let at an instant the velocity of the rod be v .The emf induced in the rod will be vBl. The
electrically equivalent circuit is shown in the following diagram.
i

r R

B v
      Current in the circuit i =
R r
At time t
Magnetic force acting on the rod is F = iB, opposite to the motion of the rod.

dV
iB = – m ...(1)
dt
B v
i= ...(2)
R r
Now solving these two equation
B2 2 V dV
=–m.
R r dt
B2 2 dV
– . dt =
(R  r)m V
B2 2
let =k
(R  r)m
dV
– K . dt =
V
v t
dV

u
V
=  K.dt
0
–Kt
V = ue
u

t
v
ln   = – Kt
u
V = ue–Kt
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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 17 In the above question find the force required to move the rod with constant velocity v, and also
find the power delivered by the external agent .
Solution : The force needed to keep the velocity constant
B2 2 v
Fext = iB =
R r
B2 2 v 2 2
Power due to external force = = = i2(R+r)
R r R r
Note that the power delivered by the external agent is converted into joule heating in the
circuit. That means magnetic field helps in converting the mechanical energy into joule heating.
Example 18 In the above question if a constant force F is applied on the rod. Find the velocity of the rod as
a function of time assuming it started with zero initial velocity.

Solution :

dv B v
m = F – i B ....(1) i= ....(2)
dt R r
dv B2 2 v
m =F–
dt R r
v t
B2 2 dV dt
let K =
R r
 
0
F  Kv
= m
0

V t  F  kV  Kt
–  n(F – KV)0   n   =–m
m  F 
F
F – KV = F ekt / m  V= (1 – ekt / m )
K
Example 19. A rod PQ of mass m and resistance r is moving on two fixed, resistanceless, smooth
conducting rails (closed on both sides by resistances R1 and R2) .Find the current in the rod at
the instant its velocity is v.
P

r
R1 × B V R2

Q
B V
Solution : i=
RR
r 1 2
R1  R 2
this circuit is equivalent to the following diagram.

Blv
R1 R2
r

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Electromagnetic Induction

———————————————————————————————————
4.2. EMF INDUCED DUE TO ROTATION OF A COIL

Example 20. A ring rotates with angular velocity  about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the ring
passing through the center of the ring. A constant magnetic field B exists parallel to the axis.
Find the emf induced in the ring
V


B×

Solution : Flux passing through the ring  = B.A is a constant here, therefore emf induced in the coil is
zero. Every point of this ring is at the same potential, by symmetry.

Example 21. A ring rotates with angular velocity  about an axis in the plane of the ring and which passes
through the center of the ring. A constant magnetic field B exists perpendicular to the plane of
the ring. Find the emf induced in the ring as a function of time.

Solution : At any time t ,  = BA cos  = BA cos t

Now induced emf in the loop

EMF
NBA

d
e= = BA  sin t
dt
If there are N turns
emf = BAN sin t
BA N is the amplitude of the emf
e = em sin t
e e
i= = m sin wt = im sin wt
R R
em
im =
R
The rotating coil thus produces a sinusoidally varying current or alternating current. This is also
the principle used in generator.

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Electromagnetic Induction
Example 22. Figure shows a wire frame PQSTXYZ placed in a time varying magnetic field given as B=t,
where is a positive constant. Resistance per unit length of the wire is Find the current
induced in the wire and draw its electrical equivalent diagram.
Y Z
b

×B b>a

T S
X

a
×B

P a Q
Solution : Induced emf in part PQST =  a (in anticlockwise direction, from Lenz’s Law)
2

Similarly Induced emf in part TXYZ =  b2 (in anticlockwise direction, from Lenz’s Law)
Total resistance of the part PQST =4a.
Total resistance of the part TXYZ = 4b. The equivalent circuit is as shown in the following
diagram.
4b

b
2

i i

a
2
i

4a
writing KVL along the current flow
     b2 –a2 – 4ai –4bi = 0

i= (b – a)
4
———————————————————————————————————
4.3 EMF INDUCED IN A ROTATING DISC :
Consider a disc of radius r rotating in a magnetic field B.
Consider an element dx at a distance x form the centre. This element is moving with speed v = x.
  Induced emf across dx
= B(dx) v = Bdxx = Bxdx
 emf between the centre and the edge of disc.
B

x 
dx
r
Br 2
= 
0
Bxdx 
2

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Electromagnetic Induction
5. FIXED LOOP IN A VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD
Now consider a circular loop, at rest in a varying magnetic field. Suppose the magnetic field is directed
inside the page and it is increasing in magnitude. The emf induced in the loop will be
d d dB d dB
= – . Flux through the coil will be  = –r2 B ; = – r2 ; = – =r2
dt dt dt dt dt
dB r dB
 E 2r = r2 or E =
dt 2 dt
Thus changing magnetic field produces electric field which is non conservative in nature. The lines of
force associated with this electric field are closed curves.

6. SELF INDUCTION
Self induction is induction of emf in a coil due to its own current change.Total flux Npassing through a
coil due to its own current is proportional to the current and is given as N= Li where L is called
coefficient of self induction or inductance.The inductance L is purely a geometrical property i.e., we can
tell the inductance value even if a coil is not connected in a circuit. Inductance depends on the shape
and size of the loop and the number of turns it has.
If current in the coil changes by  in a time interval t, the average emf induced in the coil is given as
(N) (LI) LI
 =   .
t t t
d(N) d(LI) LdI
The instantaneous emf is given as  =   
dt dt dt
S.I Unit of inductance is wb/amp or Henry(H)
L - self inductance is +ve quantity .
L depends on : (1) Geometry of loop
(2) Medium in which it is kept. L does not depend upon current.
L is a scalar quantity.

6.1 SELF INDUCTANCE OF SOLENOID

Let the volume of the solenoid be V, the number of turns per unit length be n.
Let a current I be flowing in the solenoid.Magnetic field in the solenoid is given as B=0ni.The magnetic
flux through one turn of solenoid = 0 niA.
The total magnetic flux through the solenoid = N = N0ni A = 0n2i A 

    L = 0 n2 A = 0 n2 V   = µ0 n i r2 (n)  L= = µ0 n2 r2.
i
Inductance per unit volume = µ0n2.
Self inductance is the physical property of the loop due to which it opposes the change in current that
means it tries to keep the current constant.Current can not change suddenly in the inductor.

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Electromagnetic Induction
7. INDUCTOR :
It is represent by
L
electrical equivalence of loop

R
 L

If current i through the inductor is increasing the induced emf will oppose the increase in current and
hence will be opposite to the current.If current i through the inductor is decreasing the induced emf will
oppose the decrease in current and hence will be in the direction of the current.
i i(decreasing) L
(increasing) L
i

Induced emf induced emf

Over all result
i
A > B
+ –
L di
dt
di
VA  L  VB
dt
Note : If there is a resistance in the inductor (resistance of the coil of inductor) then :
A B A B
L, R L R

Example 23. A B is a part of circuit. Find the potential difference v A – vB if

i 2

A B
1H 5volt
(i) current i = 2A and is constant
(ii) current i = 2A and is increasing at the rate of 1 amp/sec.
(iii) current i = 2A and is decreasing at the rate 1 amp/sec.
di di
Solution : L = 1
dt dt
writing KVL from A to B
2i
+ –
B
A + – + –
1H 5volt
di
VA – 1 – 5 – 2i = VB.
dt
di
(i) Put i = 2, =0
dt
VA – 5 – 4 = VB  VA – VB = 9 volt

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di
(ii) Put i = 2, = 1 ; V A – 1 – 5 – 4 = VB or VA – VB = 10 V0
dt
di
(iii) Put i = 2 , = – 1 ; VA + 1 – 5 – 2 × 2 = V B or VA = 8 volt.
dt

———————————————————————————————————
7.1 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR:
If current in an inductor at an instant is i and is increasing at the rate di/dt, the induced emf will oppose
the current. Its behaviour is shown in the figure.
working as a load

i,increasing i
 di/dt L di/dt
di
Power consumed by the inductor = i L
dt
di
Energy consumed in dt time = i L dt
dt

1 2 1 2 1
    total energy consumed as the current increases from 0 to I =  iLdi =
0
2
L =
2
Li U =
2
L 2

Note : This energy is stored in the magnetic field with energy density

dU B2 B2
 
dV 2 20r

B2
Total energy U =  20 r
dV

Example 24. A circuit contains an ideal cell and an inductor with a switch. Initially the switch is open .It is
closed at t = 0.Find the current as a function of time.

i i
di
Solution : =L
dt
  dt =  Ldi
0 0

t
t = Li  i =
L

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Electromagnetic Induction
di3
Example 25. In the following circuit, the switch is closed at t = 0. Find the currents i1, i2, i3 and at t = 0
dt
and at t = . Initially all currents are zero.
R i1 B i3 C
A
t=0 i2 L

R

F E D
Solution : At t = 0
i3 is zero ,since current cannot suddenly change due to the inductor.
      i1 = i2 (from KCL)

applying KVL in the part ABEF we get i1= i2= .
2R
At t = 
i3 will become constant and hence potential difference across the inductor will be zero.It is just
like a simple wire and the circuit can be solved assuming it to be like shown in the following
diagram.
R i1 B i3 C
A
t=0 i2

R R

F E D
 2
i2 = i3 = , i1 = .
3R 3R
Example 26. In the circuit shown in the figure, S1 remains closed for a long time and S2 remains open. Now
S2 is closed and S1 is opened. Find out the di/dt just after that moment.
s1 R s2 2R i

L 4


Solution : Before S2 is closed and S1 is opened current in the left part of the circuit =
. Now when S2
R

closed S1 opened, current through the inductor can not change suddenly, current will
R
continue to move in the inductor.
R 2R -4
/R
Ldi 4
dt i=/R
R 1

Applying KVL in loop 1.

di 
L + (2R) + 4 = 0
dt R
di 6
=–
dt L
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———————————————————————————————————
7.2 GROWTH OF CURRENT IN SERIES R–L CIRCUIT :
Figure shows a circuit consisting of a cell, an inductor L and a resistor R, connected in series. Let the
switch S be closed at t=0.Suppose at an instant current in the circuit be i which is increasing at the rate
di/dt.

di
Writing KVL along the circuit, we have  – L –iR=0
dt
Rt

On solving we get, i = (1  e L )
R
The quantity L/R is called time constant of the circuit and is denoted by .The variation of current with
time is as shown.


Note : 1. Final current in the circuit = , which is independent of L.
R
2. After one time constant, current in the circuit = 63% of the final current (verify yourself)
3. More time constant in the circuit implies slower rate of change of current.
4. If there is any change in the circuit containing inductor then there is no instantaneous effect on the
flux of inductor.
L1 i1 = L2 i2

Example 27. At t = 0 switch is closed (shown in figure) after a long time suddenly the inductance of the
L
inductor is made  times lesser ( ) then its initial value, find out instant current just after the

operation.
R L

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Solution : Using above result (note 4)

L1 i1 = L2 i2  i2 =
R
———————————————————————————————————
DECAY OF CURRENT IN THE CIRCUIT CONTAINING RESISTOR AND INDUCTOR:
Let the initial current in the circuit be I0. At any time t, let the current be i and let its rate of change at this
di
instant be .
dt
i
+ –
L(di/dt) iR
– +

di di iR
L. + iR = 0, = 
dt dt L
i t Rt
di R  i  Rt

0
i
=–
0

L
.dt ln   = –

 0 L
or i = I0 e L

Current after one time constant : i = I0 = 0.37% of initial current.

Example 28 In the following circuit the switch is closed at t = 0. Intially there is no current in inductor. Find
out current the inductor coil as a function of time.
R R

t=0
R L

Solution :

At any time t
 + i1R – (i – i1) R = 0
 + 2i1R – iR = 0
iR   di
i1 = Now,  + i1R + iR + L. =0
2R dt
 iR    di  3iR di
 +   + iR + L . =0  – + = –L .
 2  dt 2 2 dt

   3iR  dt di
  dt = –L . di  – =
 2  2L   3iR
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t i
dt di t 1    3iR 
– 
0
2L
=    3iR
0
 –
2L
=
3R
ln 
  


 
3Rt 
   3iR  3Rt 
– ln   = 2L  i=+  1  e 2L 
   3R  
 

Example 29. Figure shows a circuit consisting of a ideal cell, an inductor L and a resistor R, connected in
series. Let the switch S be closed at t = 0. Suppose at t = 0 current in the inductor is i 0 then
find out equation of current as a function of time
R L
i0
C

B S A

Solution : Let an instant t current in the circuit is i which is increasing at the R L

rate di/dt. C
di
Writing KVL along the circuit , we have  – L –iR=0 i
dt
i t
di di dt
 L
dt
   iR  
i0
  iR
 L
0
B S A

   iR  Rt   (  i0R)e Rt / L
 ln   =–   – iR = ( – i0R) eRt / L  i=
   i0 
R L R

———————————————————————————————————
Equivalent self inductance :
i
A > B
+ –
L di
dt
VA  VB
L ..(1)
di / dt
Series combination
i
>
A + – + – B
L1 L2
di di
VA – L1 – L2 = VB ....(2)
dt dt
from (1) and (2)
L = L1 + L2 (neglecting mutual inductance)
Parallel Combination :
A i
+ +
> i1 i2
>

>

L1 L2

B – –

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di1 di
From figure VA – VB = L1 = L2 2 ..... (3)
dt dt
also i = i1 + i2
di di1 di2 VA  VB V  VB V  VB
or   or = A + A
dt dt dt L L1 L2
1 1 1
  (Neglecting mutual inductance)
L L1 L2

8. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

1
2
2
1

Consider two arbitrary conducting loops 1 and 2. Suppose that 1 is the instantaneous current flowing
around loop 1. This current generates a magnetic field B1 which links the second circuit, giving rise to a
magnetic flux 2 through that circuit. If the current 1doubles, then the magnetic field B1 doubles in
strength at all points in space, so the magnetic flux 2 through the second circuit also doubles.
Furthermore, it is obvious that the flux through the second circuit is zero whenever the current flowing
around the first circuit is zero. It follows that the flux 2 through the second circuit is directly proportional
to the current 1 flowing around the first circuit. Hence, we can write 2=M211 where the constant of
proportionality M21 is called the mutual inductance of circuit 2 with respect to circuit 1. Similarly, the flux
2 through the first circuit due to the instantaneous current 2 flowing around the second circuit is
directly proportional to that current, so we can write 1=M122 where M12is the mutual inductance of
circuit 1 with respect to circuit 2. It can be shown that M21= M12 (Reciprocity Theorem). Note that M is a
purely geometric quantity, depending only on the size, number of turns, relative position, and relative
orientation of the two circuits. The S.I. unit of mutual inductance is called Henry (H). One Henry is
equivalent to a volt-second per ampere.
Suppose that the current flowing around circuit 1 changes by an amount 1 in a small time interval t.
The flux linking circuit 2 changes by an amount 2=M1in the same time interval. According to

Faraday’s law, an emf 2   2 is generated around the second circuit due to the changing magnetic
t
I
flux linking that circuit. Since, 2 = M1, this emf can also be written 2  M 1 .
t
Thus, the emf generated around the second circuit due to the current flowing around the first circuit is
directly proportional to the rate at which that current changes. Likewise, if the current 2 flowing around
the second circuit changes by an amount 1in a time interval t then the emf generated around the first
I
circuit is 1  M 2 Note that there is no direct physical connection(coupling) between the two circuits:
t
the coupling is due entirely to the magnetic field generated by the currents flowing around the circuits.
Note : (1) M L1L2
(2) For two coils in series if mutual inductance is considered then
Leq = L1 + L2 ± 2M

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Example 30. Two insulated wires are wound on the same hollow cylinder, so as to form two solenoids
sharing a common air-filled core. Let  be the length of the core, A the cross-sectional area of
the core, N1 the number of times the first wire is wound around the core, and N2 the number of
turns the second wire is wound around the core. Find the mutual inductance of the two
solenoids, neglecting the end effects.
Solution : If a current I1 flows around the first wire then a uniform axial magnetic field of strength
0N1I1
B1= is generated in the core. The magnetic field in the region outside the core is of

negligible magnitude. The flux linking a single turn of the second wire is B 1A. Thus, the flux
linking all N2 turns of the second wire is
0N1N2 AI1 0N1N2 A
    2= N2B1 A = =M1   M=

As described previously, M is a geometric quantity depending on the dimensions of the core

and the manner in which the two wires are wound around the core, but not on the actual
currents flowing through the wires.

Example 31. Find the mutual inductance of two concentric coils of radii a1 and a2 (a1 << a2) if the planes of
coils are same.

a2
a1

Solution : Let a current i flow in coil of radius a2.

0i
Magnetic field at the centre of coil = a12
2a 2

0i 0  a12
or Mi = a12 or M=
2a 2 2a 2

Example 32. Solve the above question, if the planes of coil are perpendicular.
Solution : Let a current i flow in the coil of radius a1. The magnetic field at the centre of this coil will now
be parallel to the plane of smaller coil and hence no flux will pass through it, hence M = 0.

Example 33. Solve the above problem if the planes of coils make  angle with each other.
Solution : If i current flows in the larger coil, magnetic field produced at the centre will be perpendicular to
the plane of larger coil.
Now the area vector of smaller coil which is perpendicular to the plane of smaller coil will make
an angle  with the magnetic field.
0i 0 a12 cos 1
Thus flux = B.A  .a12 .cos  or M
2a2 2a2

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Example 34. Find the mutual inductance between two rectangular loops, shown in the figure

a
Solution :
a

b
^
i x b
^i
c
dx

Let current i flow in the loop having -by long sides. Consider a segment of width dx at a
distance x as shown flux through the regent
c b
 i 0 i   0 i 0i  0ib  c  b abc
d =  0   b dx 
 2x 2(x  a) 
=   2x  2(x  a)  bdx 
c
2  n
c
 n
a  c 
.

Example 35. Figure shows two concentric coplanar coils with radii a and b (a << b). A current i = 2t flows in
the smaller loop. Neglecting self inductance of larger loop

(a) Find the mutual inductance of the two coils

(b) Find the emf induced in the larger coil
(c) If the resistance of the larger loop is R find the current in it as a function of time
Solution : (a) To find mutual inductance, it does not matter in which coil we consider current and in which
flux is calculated (Reciprocity theorem) Let current i be flowing in the larger coil. Magnetic field
 i
at the centre = 0 .
2b
i 
flux through the smaller coil = 0 a2  M  0 a2
2b 2b
 di     a2
(b) emf induced in larger coil  M   in smaller coil  0 a2 (2)  0
 dt   2b b

0 a2
(c) current in the larger coil  .
b R

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Example 36. If the current in the inner loop changes according to i = 2t2 then, find the current in the capacitor
as a function of time.

0 2
Solution : M a
2b
 di   0 2 2 a2 t
emf induced in larger coil  M   in smaller coil  e  a (4t)  0
 dt   2b b
Applying KVL :-
q
+e – – iR = 0
c
20 a2t q
  iR  0
b c
differentiate wrt time :-
20 a2 i di
  R0
b c dt
on solving it
20 a2C 
i= 1  e t / RC 
b  

———————————————————————————————————
9. LC OSCILLATIONS

Q0 Q0


At t = 0 At t = t
When capacitor C is completely charged upto Q0 and connected to an inductor L at t = 0 then at t = t

d Q d2Q Q d2 Q
L – = 0, –L – = 0, Q = – LC
dt C dt 2 C dt 2

d2 Q 1
2
+ Q = 0 therefore charge Q oscillates with Q = Q0 cos t
dt LC
 1
Hence initial phase of oscillation is and angular frequency  =
2 LC
One can prove that the energy in the system remains conserved.
Q02 Q2 1 2 1 2
Therefore +0 =  L  L0 + 0
2C 2C 2 2

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Example 37. Consider a L – C oscillation circuit. Circuit elements has zero resistance. Initially at t = 0 all the
energy is stored in the form of electric field and plate-1 is having positive charge :

at time t = t1 plate-2 attains half of the maximum +ve change for the first time. Value of t 1 is :
2  4
(A) LC (B) LC (C) LC (D)  LC
3 3 3
Solution : q1 = q0 sin (t + /2)
q0
at t = t1 q1 = –
2


t1 = 3 = 2 = 2 LC
 3 3

Problem 1. Find the emf induced in the rod in the following cases. The figures are self explanatory.
V
B

×B
(a) (b) (c) V

Solution : (a) here v || B so v  B  0 emf =  (v  B)  0

(b) here v || so emf =  (v  B)  0

(c) here B || so emf =  (v  B)  0

Problem 2. A circular coil of radius R is moving in a magnetic field B with a velocity v as shown in the figure.

V B
A B
Find the emf across the diametrically opposite points A and B.
Solution : emf = BVleffective
= 2RvB

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Problem 3. Find the emf across the points P and Q which are diametrically opposite points of a
semicircular closed loop moving in a magnetic field as shown.Also draw the electrical
equivalent circuit of each branch.

× B
V
P a Q

Solution : Here v ||
P Q
so emf =  (v  B)  0 P Q
Induced emf = 0

Problem 4. Find the emf across the points P and Q which are V

diametrically opposite points of a semicircular closed

×B
loop moving in a magnetic field as shown. Also draw Q
P
the electrical equivalence of each branch. a

Solution : Induced emf = 2Bav

Problem 5. Figure shows a rectangular loop moving in a uniform magnetic field .Show the electrical
equivalence of each branch.

Solution :

Problem 6. Figure shows a rod of length l and resistance r moving on two rails Moving
Rod R
shorted by a resistance R.A uniform magnetic field B is present B
l V
normal to the plane of rod and rails .Show the electrical equivalence
of each branch.
Fixed conducting
thick rails

Solution :

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Problem 7. A rod PQ of length 2 is rotating about its mid point C, in a uniform magnetic field B which is

perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the rod. Find the induced emf between P Q and PC.

Draw the circuit diagram of parts PC and CQ.

Q
P C
2

B 2
Solution : emf PQ = 0 ; emf PC =
2

Problem 8. A rod of length  is rotating with an angular speed  about its one

end which is at a distance ‘a’ from an infinitely long wire carrying

current i. Find the emf induced in the rod at the instant shown in the

figure.

0i
Solution : E=  2 (a  r cos )
× (r) . (dr)

0 i r 0i   a  cos   
 a  r cos 
a
E= dr  E = 
2 cos   cos   
n
2 a 
0

Problem 9.

Find the velocity of the moving rod at time t if the initial velocity of the rod is zero and a constant

force F is applied on the rod. Neglect the resistance of the rod.

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Solution : At any time t, let the velocity of the rod be v .
Applying Newtons law: F – ilB = ma ... (1)
q
Also B l v = i1R =
c
dq B V d B V
Applying Kcl, i = i1+ = + BlvC  or i= + BC a
dt R dt R
B2 2 V dv
Putting the value of i in eq (1), F – = (m + B22C)a = (m + B22C)
R dt
2 2 dv
(m + B  C) = dt
B2l 2 v
F
R
 
tB2 2 
FR  R(mCB2 2 ) 
Integrating both sides, and solving we get v = 2 2 1  e
 
B  
 

Problem 10. A rod PQ of length  is rotating about end P, with an angular
Q
velocity . Due to centrifugal forces the free electrons in the rod P
×

move towards the end Q and an emf is created. Find the induced 
emf.
Solution : The accumulation of free electrons will create an electric field which will finally balance the
centrifugal forces and a steady state will be reached. In the steady state m e2x = e E.
x
me 2 x m 2 2
VP–VQ = 
x 0
E.dx = 
0
e
dx = e
2e

Problem 11. Which of the two curves shown has less time constant.

Solution : Curve1
Problem 12. Find the mutual inductance of a straight long wire and a rectangular loop, as shown in the
figure
a

0i
Solution : d = × bdr
2 r
x a
0i
= 
x
2 r
× bdr

M = /i
0b  a
M= ln  1  
2  x

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3. Consider a circular coil of wire carrying constant current I, forming a magnetic dipole. The magnetic flux
through an infinite plane that contains the circular coil and excluding the circular coil area is given by i .
The magnetic flux through the area of the circular coil area is given by 0 . Which of the following option
is correct ?
(1) i > 0 (2) i < 0 (3*) i = –0 (4) i = 0
Sol. As magnetic field lines always form a closed loop, hence every magnetic field line creating magnetic
flux in the inner region must be passing through the outer region. Since flux in two regions are in
opposite direction,
 i = – 0

8. At time t = 0 magnetic field of 1000 Gauss is passing perpendicularly through the area defined by the
closed loop shown in the figure. If the magnetic field reduces linearly to 500 Gauss, in the next 5 s, then
induced EMF in the loop is:
16 cm

4 cm 2 cm

(1) 28 V (2) 36 V (3) 48 V (4*) 56 V

d AdB
Sol. = –  –
dt dt
1000 – 500 
= .(16 × 4 – 4 × 2)  10–4  10–4
5
500
= 56 × × 10–8 = 56 × 10–6 V
5
25. In a fluorescent lamp choke (a small transformer) 100 V of reverse voltage is produced when the choke
current changes uniformly from 0.25 A to 0 in a duration of 0.025 ms. The self–inductance of the choke
(in mH) is estimated to be ………
Ans. 10

L(0.25)
Sol. 100 =  103
0.025

 L = 100 × 10–4 H

= 10 mH

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Electromagnetic Induction

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Flux and Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
A-1. If flux in a coil changes by , and the resistance of the coil is R, prove that the charge flown in the coil
during the flux change is /R. (Note : It is independent of the time taken for the change in flux)

A-2. The north pole of a magnet is brought down along the axis of a horizontal circular
coil (figure). As a result the flux through the coil changes from 0.4 Weber to
N
0.9 Weber in an interval of half of a second. Find the average emf induced during
this period. Is the induced current clockwise or anticlockwise as you look into the coil
from the side of the magnet?

A-3. The flux of magnetic field through a closed conducting loop of resistance 0.4  changes with time
according to the equation 0.20t2 + 0.40t + 0.60 where t is time in seconds. Find (i) the induced emf
at t = 2s. (ii) the average induced emf in t = 0 to t = 5 s. (iii) charge passed through the loop in t = 0 to
t = 5s (iv) average current in time interval t = 0 to t = 5 s (v) heat produced in t = 0 to t = 5s.
(i) 1.2 Volt (ii) 1.4 volt (iii) 17.5 C (iv) 3.5 A
(v) 86/3 joule.

A-4. (a) The magnetic field in a region varies as shown in figure. Calculate the average induced emf in a
conducting loop of area 10–3 m2 placed perpendicular to the field in each of the 10 ms intervals shown.
(b) In which interval(s) is the emf not constant? Neglect the behavior near the ends of 10 ms intervals.

A-5. A conducting loop confined in a plane is rotated in its own plane with some angular velocity. A uniform
and constant magnetic field exist in the region. Find the current induced in the loop.
A-6. A metallic ring of area 25 cm2 is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.2T. It is removed from the
field in 0.2 s. Find the average emf produced in the ring during this time.
A-7. A solenoid has a cross sectional area of 6.0×10–4 m2, consists of 400 turns per meter, and carries a
current of 0.40 A. A 10 turn coil is wrapped tightly around the circumference of the solenoid. The ends
of the coil are connected to a 1.5  resistor. Suddenly, a switch is opened, and the current in the
solenoid dies to zero in a time 0.050 s. Find the average current in the coil during this time.
A-8. A heart pacing device consists of a coil of 50 turns & radius 1 mm just inside the body with a coil of
1000 turns & radius 2 cm placed concentrically and coaxially just outside the body. Calculate the
average induced EMF in the internal coil, if a current of 1A in the external coil collapses in
10 milliseconds.
A-9. Figure illustrates plane figures made of thin conductors which are located in a uniform magnetic field
directed away from a reader beyond the plane of the drawing. The magnetic induction starts
diminishing. Find how the currents induced in these loops are directed.

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A-10.
A uniform magnetic field B exists in a cylindrical region of radius 1 cm as
shown in figure. A uniform wire of length 16 cm and resistance 4.0  is
bent into a square frame and is placed with one side along a diameters of
the cylindrical region. If the magnetic field increases at a constant rate of
1 T/s find the current induced in the frame.

A-11.A coil ACD of N turns & radius R carries a current of I Amp & is placed on a
horizontal table. K is a very small horizontal conducting ring of radius r placed at a
distance Y0 from the centre of the coil vertically above the coil ACD. Find an
expression for the EMF established when the ring K is allowed to fall freely.
Express the EMF in terms of instantaneous speed v & height Y.

A-12. A closed circular loop of 200 turns of mean diameter 50 cm & having a total resistance of 10  is
placed with its plane at right angle to a magnetic field of strength 102 Tesla. Calculate the quantity of
electric charge passed through it when the coil is turned through 180º about an axis in its plane.
A-13. Figure shows a square loop of resistance 1  of side 1 m being moved
towards right at a constant speed of 1 m/s. The front edge enters the 3 m
wide magnetic field (B = 1 T) at t = 0. Draw the graph of current induced in
the loop as time passes. (Take anticlockwise direction of current as
positive)

A-14. Find the total heat produced in the loop of the previous problem during the interval 0 to 5 s

Section (B) : Lenz’s Law

B-1. Two straight long parallel conductors are moved towards each other. A constant current i is flowing
through one of them. What is the direction of the current induced in other conductor? What is the
direction of induced current when the conductors are drawn apart.

Section (C) : induced EMF in a moving rod in uniform magnetic field

C-1. A metallic wire PQ of length 1 cm moves with a velocity of 2 m/s in a direction
perpendicular to its length and perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.2 T. Find the emf induced between the ends of the wire. Which end will
be positively charged.

C-2. A right angled triangle abc, made of a metallic wire, moves at a uniform speed v in
its plane as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field B exists in the
perpendicular direction of plane of triangle. Find the emf induced (a) in the loop
abc, (b) in the segment bc, (c) in the segment ac and (d) in the segment ab.

C-3. A metallic metre stick translates in a direction making an angle of 60º with its length. The plane of
motion is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T that exists in the space. Find the emf
induced between the ends of the rod if the speed of translation is 0.2 m/s.
C-4 The two rails, separated by 1m, of a railway track are connected to a voltmeter. What will be the
reading of the voltmeter when a train travels on the rails with speed 5 m/s. The earth’s magnetic field at
the place is 4 × 10–4 T, and the angle of dip is 30º.
C-5. A circular conducting-ring of radius r translates in its plane with a constant velocity v. A uniform
magnetic field B exists in the space in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Consider
different pairs of diametrically opposite points on the ring. (a) Between which pair of points is the emf
maximum? (b) Between which pair of points is the emf minimum? What is the value of this minimum
emf ?
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C-6. A wire bent as a parabola y = kx 2 is located in a uniform magnetic field of y
B
induction B, the vector B being perpendicular to the plane xy. At the moment a +

t = 0 a connector starts sliding translation wise from the parabola apex with a
constant acceleration a (figure). Find the emf of electromagnetic induction in
the loop thus formed as a function of y.
0 x

Section (D) : Circuit Problems and Mechanics

D-1. A square frame of wire abcd of side 1 m has a total resistance of 4 . It is
pulled out of a magnetic field B = 1 T by applying a force of 1 N (figure). It is
found that the frame moves with constant speed. Find (a) this constant speed,
(b) the emf induced in the loop, (c) the potential difference between the points
a and b and (d) the potential difference between the points c and d.

D-2. Consider the situation shown in figure. The wire CD has a

negligible resistance and is made to slide on the three rails with
a constant speed of 50 cm/s. Find the current in the
10  resistor when the switch S is thrown to (a) the middle rail
(b) bottom rail. (Neglect resistance of rails)

D-3. Figure shows a smooth pair of thick metallic rails connected across a
battery of emf  having a negligible internal resistance. A wire ab of
length  and resistance r can slide smoothly on the rails. The entire
system lies in a horizontal plane and is immersed in a uniform vertical
magnetic field B. At an instant t, the wire is given a small velocity 
towards right. (a) Find the current in the wire at this instant. (b) What is
the force acting on the wire at this instant. (c) Show that after some time
the wire ab will slide with a constant velocity. Find this velocity.
D-4. Figure shows a wire of resistance R sliding on two parallel, conducting
fixed thick rails placed at a separation . A magnetic field B exists in a
direction perpendicular to the plane of the rails. The wire is moving with a
constant velocity v. Find current through the wire

D-5. A long U-shaped wire of width  placed in a perpendicular uniform and

× × × × × × ×
constant magnetic field B (figure). A wire of length is slid on the U-
shaped wire with a constant velocity v towards right. The resistance of all × × × × × × ×
the wires is r per unit length. At t = 0, the sliding wire is close to the left  v
× × × × × × ×
edge of the fixed U-shaped wire. Draw an equivalent circuit diagram at
time t, showing the induced emf as a battery. Calculate the current in the × × × × × × ×
circuit.

D-6. Consider the situation of the previous problem. (a) Calculate the force needed to keep the sliding wire
moving with a constant velocity v. (b) If the force needed just after t = 0 is F0, find the time at which the
force needed will be F0/2.

× × C× ×
D-7. A wire of mass m and length  can slide freely on a pair of fixed, smooth, vertical
rails (figure). A magnetic field B exists in the region in the direction perpendicular to × × × ×
the plane of the rails. The rails are connected at the top end by an initially × × × ×
uncharged capacitor of capacitance C. Find the velocity of the wire at any time (t) × × × ×
after released. Neglecting any electric resistance. (initial velocity of wire is zero)
× × × ×

× × × ×

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Section (E) : EMF Induced in a rod or loop in non uniform magnetic field
E-1. Figure shows a fixed square frame of wire having a total resistance r placed a
coplanarly with a long, straight wire. The wire carries a current i given by i = i0 cos
(2t/T). Find (a) the flux of the magnetic field through the square frame, (b) the emf i
induced in the frame and (c) the heat developed in the frame in the time interval
b
0 to 10 T.

B0 ˆ
E-2. The magnetic field in a region is given by B = xk , where L is a fixed length. A conducting rod of
L
length L lies along the X-axis between the origin and the point (L, 0, 0). If the rod moves with a velocity
v  v0 ˆj , find the emf induced between the ends of the rod.

E-3. A straight wire with a resistance of r per unit length is bent to form an angle 2.
A rod of the same wire perpendicular to the angle bisector (of 2) forms a closed
triangular loop. This loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B.
Calculate the current in the wires when the rod moves at a constant speed V.

Section (F) : Induced emf in a rod, Ring, Disc rotating in a uniform magnetic field
F-1. A metal rod of length 15 × 10–2 m rotates about an axis passing through one end with a uniform angular
velocity of 60 rad s–1. A uniform magnetic field of 0.1 Tesla exists in the direction of the axis of rotation.
Calculate the EMF induced between the ends of the rod.
F-2. In the figure there are two identical conducting rods each of length ‘a’
rotating with angular speed  in the directions shown. One end of each
rod touches a conducting ring. Magnetic field B exists perpendicular to
B B
the plane of the rings. The rods, the conducting rings and the lead wires
are resistanceless. Find the magnitude and direction of current in the
D
resistance R. C R
F-3. A bicycle is resting on its stand in the east-west direction and the rear wheel is rotated at an angular
speed of 50 revolutions per minute. If the length of each spoke is 30.0 cm and the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field is 4 × 10–5 T, find the emf induced between the axis and the
outer end of a spoke. Neglect centripetal force acting on the free electrons of the spoke.
F-4. A thin wire of negligible mass & a small spherical bob constitute a simple pendulum of effective length
. If this pendulum is made to swing through a semi-vertical angle , under gravity in a plane normal to
a uniform magnetic field of induction B, find the maximum potential difference between the ends of the
wire.
F-5. A conducting disc of radius R is rolling without sliding on a horizontal surface with
a constant velocity 'v'. A uniform magnetic field of strength B is applied normal to
the plane of the disc. Find the EMF induced between (at this moment)
(a) P & Q (b) P & C (c) Q & C
(C is centre, P&Q are opposite points on vertical diameter of the disc)

F-6. A closed coil having 50 turns is rotated in a uniform magnetic field B = 2 × 10–4 T about a diameter
which is perpendicular to the field. The angular velocity of rotation is 300 revolutions per minute. The
area of the coil is 100 cm 2 and its resistance is 4  Find (a) the average emf developed in half a turn
from a position where the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field, (b) the average emf in a full turn,
(c) the net charge flown in part (a) and (d) the emf induced as a function of time if it is zero at t=0 and is
increasing in positive direction. (e) the maximum emf induced. (f) the average of the squares of emf
induced over a long period

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Section (G) : Fixed loop in a time varying magnetic field & Induced electric field
G-1. A circular loop of radius 1m is placed in a varying magnetic field given as B = 6t Tesla, where t is time
in sec.
(a) Find the emf induced in the coil if the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(b) Find the electric field in the tangential direction, induced due to the changing magnetic field.
(c) Find the current in the loop if its resistance is1/m.
G-2 The current in an ideal, long solenoid is varied at a uniform rate of 0.01 A/s. The solenoid has
2000 turns/m and its radius is 6.0 cm. (a) Consider a circle of radius 1.0 cm inside the solenoid with its
axis coinciding with the axis of the solenoid. Write the change in the magnetic flux through this circle in
2.0 seconds. (b) Find the electric field induced at a point on the circumference of the circle. (c) Find the
electric field induced at a point outside the solenoid at a distance 8.0 cm from its axis.
G-3. A uniform field of induction B is changing in magnitude at a constant rate dB/dt. You are given a mass
m of copper which is to be drawn into a wire of radius r & formed into a circular loop of radius R. Show
that the induced current in the loop does not depend on the size of the wire or of the loop. Assuming B
m dB
perpendicular to the loop prove that the induced current i = , where  is the resistivity and 
4   dt
the density of copper.

Section (H) : Self induction, Self inductance self induced emf & Magnetic energy density
H-1. The figure shows an inductor of 2 H through which a current increasing at the i, increasing with the rate 5A/sec
rate of 5A/sec, is flowing. Find the potential difference VX – VY.
x L=2H y

H-2. Figure shows a part of a circuit. Find the rate of change of 5V 3V

2
the current, as shown.
10V 2A 10H 20V

H-3. In the circuit shown find (a) the power drawn from the cell, (b) the 1A
2H
power consumed by the resistor which is converted into heat and (c) 5V 3
the power given to the inductor.

H-4. Find the energy stored in the magnetic field inside a volume of 1.00 mm3 at a distance of 10.0 cm from
a long wire carrying a current of 4 A.
H-5. What is the magnetic energy density (in terms of standard constant & r) at the centre of a circulating
electron in the hydrogen atom in first orbit. (Radius of the orbit is r)
H-6. Suppose the EMF of the battery, the circuit shown varies with time t so the R I
current is given by i (t) = 3 + 5 t, where i is in amperes & t is in seconds. Take
R = 4 , L = 6 H & find an expression for the battery EMF as a function of time.  L

H-7. The network shown in Fig. is a part of a complete circuit. What is the potential
difference VB – VA, when the current  is 5A and is decreasing at a rate of
103 (A/s)?

Section () : Circuit containing inductance, Resistance & battery, Growth and decay Of
Current in a circuit containing inductor
 -1. A coil having resistance 20  and inductance 2 H is connected to a battery of emf 4.0 V. Find (a) the
current at 0.20 s after the connection is made and (b) the magnetic field energy in the coil at this
instant.

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2. A solenoid of resistance 50  and inductance 80 Henry is connected to a 200 V battery. How long will
the current take to reach 50 % of its final equilibrium value? Calculate the maximum energy stored.

I-3. A solenoid has an inductance of 10 Henry and a resistance of 2. It is connected to a 10 volt battery.
How long will it take for the magnetic energy to reach 1/4th of its maximum value?

-4. A coil of resistance 4  is connected across a 0.4 V battery. The current in the coil is 63 mA. 1sec after
the battery is connected. Find the inductance of the coil. [e–1  0.37]

-5. A coil of negligible resistance and inductance 5H, is connected in series with a 100  resistor and a
battery of emf 2.0 V. Find the potential difference across the resistor 20 ms after the circuit is switched
on. (e–0.4 = 0.67)

-6. An LR circuit has L = 1.0 H and R = 20 . It is connected across an emf of 2.0 V at t = 0. Find di/dt and
Ldi/dt at t = 50 ms.

-7. An inductor-coil of inductance 20 mH having resistance 10  is joined to an ideal battery of emf 5.0 V.
Find the rate of change of the magnitude of induced emf at (a) t = 0, (b) t = 10 ms.
8. Consider the circuit shown in figure. (a) Find the current through the R2

battery a long time after the switch S is closed. (b) Suppose the switch
is opened at t = 0. What is the time constant of the decay circuit? R1 L

(c) Find the current through the inductor after one time constant.

 S

9. A superconducting loop of radius R has self inductance L. A uniform & constant magnetic field B is
applied perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Initially current in this loop is zero. The loop is rotated
about its diameter by 180º. Find the current in the loop after rotation.

-10.In figure,  = 100 V, R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 30  and L = 2 H. Find

i1 & i2.
 (a) immediately after switch Sw is closed
(b) a long time after
(c) immediately after Sw is opened again
(d) a long time later.


-11. In the circuit shown S1 & S2 are switches. S2 remains closed for a long
time and S1 open. Now S1 is also closed. Just after S1 is closed. The
di
potential difference (V) across R and (with sign) in L.
dt


 -12. Show that if two inductors with equal inductance L are connected in parallel then the equivalent
inductance of the combination is L/2. The inductors are separated by a large distance.

-13. Two inductances L1 & L2 are connected in series & are separated by a large distance
(a) Show that their equivalent inductance is L1 + L2.
(b) Why must their separation be large?


Section (J) : Mutual Induction & Mutual inductance

J-1. The average emf induced in the secondary coil is 0.1 V when the current in the primary coil changes
from 1 to 2 A in 0.1 s. What is the mutual inductance of the coils?


J-2. The mutual inductance between two coils is 0.5 H. It the current in one coil is changed at the rate of
5 A/s, what will be the emf induced in the other coil?


J-3. A small square loop of wire of side  is placed inside a large square loop of wire of side L(L >> ). The
loops are co  planar and their centres coincide. Find the mutual inductance of the system.
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Section (K) : LC Oscillations
K-1. An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 50F capacitor with an initial charge of 10 mC. The
resistance of the circuit is negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.
(a) What is the total energy stored initially? Is it conserved during LC oscillations?
(b) What is the natural frequency of the circuit?
(c) At what time is the energy stored
(i) Completely electric (i.e., stored in the capacitor)? (ii) Completely magnetic (i.e., stored in the
inductor)?
(d) At what times is the total energy shared equally between the inductor and the capacitor?


K-2. The circuit shown in figure is in the steady state with switch S 1 closed. At t = 0, S1 is opened and switch
S2 is closed.

Find the first instant t, when energy in inductor becomes one third of that in capacitor

K-3. A radio can tune over the frequency range of a portion of MW broadcast band: (800 kHz to 1200 kHz).
If its LC circuit has an effective inductance of 200 H, what must be the range of its variable capacitor?
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Section (A) : Flux and Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
A-1. The radius of the circular conducting loop shown in figure is R. Magnetic field is decreasing at a
constant rate . Resistance per unit length of the loop is . Then current in wire AB is (AB is one of the
diameters)
x x x x

x x x x
A B
x x x x
x x x x
R R 2R
(A) from A to B (B) from B to A (C) from A to B (D) Zero
2 2 


A-2. Consider the conducting square loop shown in fig. If the switch is closed and after some time it is
opened again, the closed loop will show

(A) a clockwise current-pulse

(B) an anticlockwise current-pulse
(C) an anticlockwise current-pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(D) a clockwise current-pulse and then an anticlockwise current-pulse

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Electromagnetic Induction
A-3. Solve the previous question if the square loop is completely enclosed in the circuit containing the
switch.
(A) a clockwise current-pulse
(B) an anticlockwise current-pulse
(C) an anticlockwise current-pulse and then a clockwise current-pulse
(D) a clockwise current-pulse and then an anticlockwise current-pulse

A-4. A small, circular loop of wire is placed inside a long solenoid carrying a current. The plane of the loop
contains the axis of the solenoid. If the current in the solenoid is varied, the current induced in the loop
is -
(A) anticlockwise (B) clockwise (C) zero
(D) clockwise or anticlockwise depending on whether the resistance in increased or decreased.
A-5. Some magnetic flux is changed in a coil of resistance 10 ohm. As a result an i (amp)

induced current is developed in it, which varies with time as shown in figure. The 4
magnitude of change in flux through the coil in Webers is (Neglect self
inductance of the coil)
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 8 0.1
t(s)


Section (B) : Lenz’s Law

B-1. A horizontal solenoid is connected to a battery and a switch (figure). A conducting ring is placed on a
frictionless surface, the axis of the ring being along the axis of the solenoid. As the switch is closed, the
ring will

(A) move towards the solenoid

(B) remain stationary
(C) move away from the solenoid
(D) move towards the solenoid or away from it depending on which terminal (positive or negative) of the
battery is connected to the left end of the solenoid.
A B
B-2. Two circular coils A and B are facing each other as shown in figure. The
current i through A can be altered
(A) there will be repulsion between A and B if i is increased
(B) there will be attraction between A and B if i is increased
(C) there will be neither attraction nor repulsion when i is changed
(D) attraction or repulsion between A and B depends on the direction of i
current. It does not depend whether the current is increased or decreased.
~

B-3. Two identical conductors P and Q are placed on two frictionless fixed conducting P Q B
rails R and S in a uniform magnetic field directed into the plane. If P is moved in
× × ×
the direction shown in figure with a constant speed, then rod Q
R
(A) will be attracted towards P v
× × ×
(B) will be repelled away from P S
(C) will remain stationary × × ×
(D) may be repelled or attracted towards P

B-4. Two identical coaxial circular loops carry a current i each circulating in the same direction. If the loops
approach each other
(A) the current in each loop will decrease
(B) the current in each loop will increase
(C) the current in each loop will remain the same
(D) the current in one loop will increase and in the other loop will decrease
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D
B-5. A square coil ACDE with its plane vertical is released from rest in a horizontal C
L
uniform magnetic field B of length 2L. The acceleration of the coil is A E
× × × × B
(A) less than g for all the time till the loop crosses the magnetic field completely
(B) less than g when it enters the field and greater than g when it comes out of × × × ×
2L
the field
(C) g all the time × × × ×

(D) less than g when it enters and comes out of the field but equal to g when it is
within the field
B-6. In the figure shown, the magnet is pushed towards the fixed ring along
the axis of the ring and it passes through the ring.
(A) when magnet goes towards the ring the face B becomes south pole A B N S
and the face A becomes north pole
B & A are right & left
(B) when magnet goes away from the ring the face B becomes north faces respectively
pole and the face A becomes south pole
(C) when magnet goes away from the ring the face A becomes north
pole and the face B becomes south pole
(D) the face A will always be a north pole.
B-7. A metallic ring with a small cut is held horizontally and a magnet is allowed to fall vertically through the
ring then the acceleration of the magnet is :
(A) always equal to g
(B) initially less than g but greater than g once it passes through the ring
(C) initially greater than g but less than g once it passes through the ring
(D) always less than g
B-8. A and B are two metallic rings placed at opposite sides of an infinitely long straight
conducting wire as shown. If current in the wire is slowly decreased, the direction of
induced current will be :
(A) clockwise in A and anticlockwise in B
(B) anticlockwise in A and clockwise in B
(C) clockwise in both A and B
(D) anticlockwise in both A & B

Section (C) : induced EMF in a moving rod in uniform magnetic field

C-1. A wire of length  is moved with a constant velocity  in a magnetic field. A potential difference appears
across the two ends
(A) if    (B) if   B  (C) if  B (D) none of these

C-2. In the given arrangement, the loop is moved with constant velocity v in a
uniform magnetic field B in a restricted region of width a. The time for which
the emf is induced in the circuit is:
2b 2a
(A) (B)
 
(a  b) 2(a  b)
(C) (D)
 

C-3. A uniform magnetic field exists in region given by B  3iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ . A rod of length 5 m is placed along
y- axis is moved along x-axis with constant speed 1 m/sec. Then induced e.m.f. in the rod will be:

(A) zero (B) 25 v (C) 20 v (D) 15 v

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C-4. The resistanceless wire AB (in figure) is slid on the fixed rails with a
constant velocity. If the wire AB is replaced by a resistanceless
semicircular wire, the magnitude of the induced current will
(A) decrease
(B) remain the same
(C) increase
(D) increase or decrease depending on whether the semicircle bulges towards the resistance or away
from it.

C-5. A thin semicircular conducting ring of radius R is falling with its plane vertical in a
horizontal magnetic induction B . At the position MNQ the speed of the ring is v
then the potential difference developed across the ring is:
Bv  R 2
(A) zero (B) and M is at higher potential
2
(C)  RBV and Q is at higher potential (D) 2 RBV and Q is at higher potential.

Section (D) : Circuit Problems with dynamics

D-1. A constant force F is being applied on a rod of length '' kept at rest on two parallel
conducting rails connected at ends by resistance R in uniform magnetic field B as
shown.
(A) the power delivered by force will be constant with time
(B) the power delivered by force will be increasing first and then it will decrease
(C) the rate of power delivered by the external force will be increasing continuously
(D) the rate of power delivered by external force will be decreasing continuously before becoming zero.

D-2. Figure shows a square loop of side 1 m and resistance 1 . The magnetic field on
left side of line PQ has a magnitude B = 1.0T. The work done in pulling the loop out
of the field uniformly in 1 s is
(A) 1 J
(B) 10 J
(C) 0.1 J
(D) 100 J
D-3. AB and CD are fixed conducting smooth rails placed in a vertical plane and joined
by a constant current source at its upper end. PQ is a conducting rod which is free
to slide on the rails. A horizontal uniform magnetic field exists in space as shown.
If the rod PQ is released from rest then :
(A) The rod PQ may move downward with constant acceleration
(B) The rod PQ may move upward with constant acceleration
(C) The rod will move downward with decreasing acceleration and finally acquire a constant velocity
(D) either A or B.
D-4. Fig. shows a conducting loop being pulled out of a magnetic field with a constant speed v. Which of the
four plots shown in fig. may represent the power delivered by the pulling agent as a function of the
constant speed v.

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

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Section (E) : EMF Induced in a rod or loop in nonuniform magnetic field
E-1. For the situation shown in the figure, flux through the square loop is
Infinitely long wire

i
b
a

  ia   a   0ib   a   0ib   a    ia   2a 
(A)  0  n   (B)  2  n  2b  a  (C)  2  n  b  a  (D)  0  n  
 2   2a  b           2  ba
E-2. A long conductor AB lies along the axis of a circular loop of radius R. If the current in the conductor AB
varies at the rate of  ampere/second, then the induced emf in the loop is

0 R 0 R 0 R
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
2 4 2
Section (F) : Induced emf in a rod, Ring, Disc rotating in a uniform magnetic field
F-1. A conducting rod of length  rotates with a uniform angular velocity  about its perpendicular bisector. A
uniform magnetic field B exists parallel to the axis of rotation. The potential difference between the two
ends of the rod is
(A) 2B2 (B) 1/2 B2 (C) B2 (D) zero
× × × × ×
F-2. A rod of length 10 cm made up of conducting and non-conducting 3cm A
material (shaded part is non-conducting). The rod is rotated with × × × × ×
constant angular velocity 10 rad/sec about point O, in constant and × × × B ×
uniform magnetic field of 2 Tesla as shown in the figure. The induced 2cm
× × × ×
emf between the point A and B of rod will be
(A) 0.029 v (B) 0.1 v × × × × ×
(C) 0.051 v (D) 0.064 v O
× × × × ×

F-3. A semicircular wire of radius R is rotated with constant angular velocity  about an
axis passing through one end and perpendicular to the plane of the wire. There is
a uniform magnetic field of strength B. The induced e.m.f. between the ends is:

(A) B R2/2 (B) 2 B R2 (C) is variable (D) none of these

F-4. Figure shows a conducting disc rotating about its axis in a perpendicular uniform and constnat magnetic
field B. A resistor of resistance R is connected between the centre and the rim. The radius of the disc is
5.0 cm, angular speed  = 40 rad/s, B = 0.10 T and R = 1 . The current through the resistor is
× R × ×


× ×

× ×

× × × × ×
(A) 5 mA (B) 50 A (C) 5 A (D) 10 mA

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F-5. Two identical conducting rings A & B of radius r are in pure rolling over
a horizontal conducting plane with same speed (of center of mass) 
but in opposite direction. A constant magnetic field B is present pointing
inside the plane of paper. Then the potential difference between the
highest points of the two rings, is :
(A) zero (B) 2 Bvr (C) 4Bvr (D) none of these

Section (G) : Fixed loop in a time varying magnetic field & Induced electric field
G-1. A cylindrical space of radius R is filled with a uniform magnetic induction B parallel to the axis of the
cylinder. If B changes at a constant rate, the graph showing the variation of induced electric field with
distance r from the axis of cylinder is
× × ×
× × × × ×
× × × × ×
R
× × ×
E E E E

(A) (B) (C) (D)

r r r r

G-2. In a cylindrical region uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of
the figure is increasing with time and a conducting rod PQ is placed in the region. If
C is the centre of the circle then
(A) P will be at higher potential than Q.
(B) Q will be at higher potential than P.
(C) Both P and Q will be equipotential.
(D) no emf will be developed across rod as it is not crossing / cutting any line of force.
G-3. A uniform magnetic field of induction B is confined to a cylindrical region of radius R.
dB
The magnetic field is increasing at a constant rate of (Tesla/second). An
dt
electron of charge q, placed at the point P on the periphery of the field experiences
an acceleration :
1 eR dB 1 eR dB
(A) toward left (B) toward right
2 m dt 2 m dt
eR dB 1 eR dB
(C) toward left (D) zero
m dt 2 m dt
G-4. A neutral metallic ring is placed in a circular symmetrical uniform magnetic field with its plane
perpendicular to the field. If the magnitude of field starts increasing with time, then:
(A) the ring starts translating (B) the ring starts rotating about its axis
(C) the ring slightly contracts (D) the ring starts rotating about a diameter
G-5. A bar magnet is released at one end from rest coaxially along the axis of a very long fixed, vertical
copper tube. After some time the magnet
(A) will move with an acceleration g (B) will move with almost constant speed
(C) will stop in the tube (D) will oscillate
Section (H) : Self induction, self inductance self induced emF & Magnetic energy density
H-1. A wire of fixed length is wound on a solenoid of length '' and radius 'r'. Its self inductance is found to be
L. Now if another wire is wound on a solenoid of length /2 and radius r/2, then the self inductance will
be:
(A) 2 L (B) L (C) 4 L (D) 8 L

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H-2. The number of turns, cross-sectional area and length for four solenoids are given in the following table.
Solenoid Total Turns Area Length
1 2N 2A 
2 2N A 
3 3N 3A 2
4 2N 2A /2
The solenoid with maximum self inductance is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Section () : Circuit containing inductance, Resistance & battery, Growth and decay Of
Current in a circuit containing inductor
-1. Two inductors L1 and L2 are connected in parallel and a time varying current i flows as shown. The ratio
of currents i1/i2 at any time t is
L1

i1

i i

i2
L2
L21 L22
(A) L1/L2 (B) L2/L1 (C) (D)
(L1  L2 )2 (L1  L2 )2
-2. In an LR circuit current at t = 0 is 20 A. After 2s it reduces to 18 A. The time constant of the circuit is
(in second):
 10  2  10 
(A) ln   (B) 2 (C) (D) 2 ln  
 9   10   9 
ln  
 9
-3. In the given circuit find the ratio of i 1 to i2. Where i1 is the initial (at t = 0) current, and i 2 is steady state
(at t = ) current through the battery :
6 2mH

4 4

10 V

(A) 1.0 (B) 0.8 (C) 1.2 (D) 1.5

-4. In a series L–R growth circuit, if maximum current and maximum induced emf in an inductor of
inductance 3mH are 2A and 6V respectively, then the time constant of the circuit is :
(A) 1 ms. (B) 1/3 ms. (C) 1/6 ms (D) 1/2 ms
-5. A solenoid having an iron core has its terminals connected across an ideal DC source and it is in steady
state. If the iron core is removed, the current flowing through the solenoid just after removal of rod

(A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains unchanged (D) nothing can be said


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-6. Two inductor coils of self inductance 3H and 6H respectively are connected with a resistance 10 and
a battery 10 V as shown in figure. The ratio of total energy stored at steady state in the inductors to that
of heat developed in resistance in 10 seconds at the steady state is (neglect mutual inductance
between L1 and L2) :

(A) 1/10 (B) 1/100 (C) 1/1000 (D) 1


-7. The battery shown in the figure is ideal. The values are  = 10 V, R = 5, L = 2H. Initially the current in
the inductor is zero. The current through the battery at t = 2s is

(A) 12 A (B) 7 A (C) 3 A (D) none of these



-8. When induced emf in inductor coil is 50% of its maximum value then stored energy in inductor coil in
the given circuit at that instant will be

(A) 2.5 mJ (B) 5mJ (C) 15 mJ (D) 20 mJ


-9. An inductor coil stores energy U when a current i is passed through it and dissipates heat energy at the
rate of P. The time constant of the circuit when this coil is connected across a battery of zero internal
resistance is :
4U U 2U 2P
(A) (B) (C) (D)
P P P U


Section (J) : Mutual Induction & Mutual Inductance

J-1. Two coils are at fixed locations. When coil 1 has no current and the current in coil 2 increases at the
rate 15.0 A/s the e.m.f. in coil 1 in 25.0 mV, when coil 2 has no current and coil 1 has a current of 3.6 A,
flux linkage in coil 2 is
(A) 16 mWb (B) 10 mWb (C) 4.00 mWb (D) 6.00 mWb

J-2. A rectangular loop of sides ‘a’ and ‘ b ‘ is placed in xy plane. A very long wire is also placed in xy plane
such that side of length ‘a’ of the loop is parallel to the wire. The distance between the wire and the
nearest edge of the loop is ‘ d ‘. The mutual inductance of this system is proportional to:
(A) a (B) b (C) 1/d (D) current in wire


J-3. Two coils of self inductance 100 mH and 400 mH are placed very close to each other. Find the
maximum mutual inductance between the two when 4 A current passes through them
(A) 200 mH (B) 300 mH (C) 100 2 mH (D) none of these

J-4. A long straight wire is placed along the axis of a circular ring of radius R. The mutual inductance of this
system is
R  R 
(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 0
2 2 2

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Section (K) : LC Oscillations
K-1. The frequency of oscillation of current in the inductor is:

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 LC 6 LC LC 2 LC
K-2. In the given LC circuit if initially capacitor C has charge Q on it and 2C has charge 2Q .The polarities
are as shown in the figure. Then after closing switch S at t = 0
C
+ -
t=0
S
L

+ -
2C
(A) energy will get equally distributed in both the capacitor just after closing the switch.
(B) initial rate of growth of current in inductor will be 2 Q/3 C L
(C) maximum energy in the inductor will be 3 Q2/2 C
(D) none of these

K-3. A circuit containing capacitors C1 and C2 as shown in the figure are in steady state with key K1 closed.
At the instant t = 0, if K1 is opened and K2 is closed then the maximum current in the circuit will be :

(A) 1 A (B) A (C) 2 A (D) None of these

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. The magnetic field in the cylindrical region shown in figure increases at a constant rate of 10.0 mT/s
Each side of the square loop abcd and defa has a length of 2.00 cm and resistance of 2.00  .
Correctly match the current in the wire 'ad' in four different situations as listed in column-I with the
values given in column-II.

Column-I Column-II
(A) The switch S1 is closed but S2 is open (p) 5 × 10–7 A, d to a
(B) S1 is open but S2 is closed (q) 5 × 10–7 A, a to d
(C) Both S1 and S2 are open (r) 2.5 × 10–8 A, d to a
(D) Both S1 and S2 are closed. (s) 2.5 × 10–8 A, a to d
(t) No current flows
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2. A square loop of conducting wire is placed symmetrically near a long straight current carrying wire as
shown. Match the statements in column-I with the corresponding results in column-II.

Column-I Column-II
(A) If the magnitude of current I is increased (p) Current will induce in clockwise direction
in the loop
(B) If the magnitude of current I is decreased (q) Current will induce in anticlockwise direction
in the loop
(C) If the loop is moved away from the wire (r) wire will attract the loop
(D) If the loop is moved towards the wire (s) wire will repel the loop
(t) loop will rotate when current changes.

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. As shown in the fig. P and Q are two coaxial conducting loops separated by some distance. When the
switch S is closed, a clockwise current IP flows in P (as seen by E) and an induced current IQ1 flows in
Q. The switch remains closed for a long time. When S is opened, a current I Q2 flows in Q. Then the
directions of IQ1 and IQ2 (as seen by E) are [JEE 2002 (Screening) 3/90, –1]

(A) respectively clockwise and anti-clockwise (B) both clockwise

(C) both anti-clockwise (D) respectively anti-clockwise and clockwise.
2. A close loop is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. Electrical power is dissipated due to the current
induced in the coil. If the number of turns were to be quadrupled and the wire radius halved keeping the
radius of the loop unchanged, the electrical power dissipated would be:
(A) halved (B) the same (C) doubled (D) quadrupled
3. Loop A of radius r(r << R) moves towards loop B with a constant velocity V in such a way that their
planes are always parallel. What is the distance between the two loops (x) when the induced emf in
loop A is maximum
B

r R

V
A x

R R  1 
(A) R (B) (C) (D) R  1  
2 2  2

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4. A magnetic field (B), uniform between two magnets can be determined measuring the induced voltage
in the loop as it is pulled through the gap at uniform speed 20 m/sec. Size of magnet and coil is
2cm × 1cm × 2cm and 4cm × 6cm as shown in figure. The correct variation of induced emf with time is :
Assume at t = 0, the coil enters in the magnetic field) :

1cm
4cm N

1cm
6cm
S
1cm

(A) (B)
3000 3500
3000 3500

(C) (D)
3000 3500 3000 35000

5. Radius of a circular ring is changing with time and the coil is placed in uniform magnetic field
perpendicular to its plane. The variation of ' r ' with time ' t ' is shown in the figure. Then induced e.m.f. 
with time will be best represented by :

(A) (B) (C) (D)

6. A triangular loop as shown in the figure is started to being pulled out at

t = 0 from a uniform magnetic field with a constant velocity v. Total
resistance of the loop is constant and equals to R. Then the variation of
power produced in the loop with time will be:
(A) linearly increasing with time till whole loop comes out
(B) increases parabolically till whole loop comes out
(C) P  t3 till whole loop come out
(D) will be constant with time

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7. A metal rod of resistance 20  is fixed along a diameter of conducting ring of radius 0.1 m and lies in
x-y plane. There is a magnetic field B  (50T) kˆ . The ring rotates with an angular velocity  = 20 rad/s
about its axis. An external resistance of 10  is connected across the centre of the ring and rim. The
current through external resistance is
1 1 1
(A) A (B) A (C) A (D) zero
4 2 3

8. Earth is a spherical conductor with a uniform surface charge density . It rotates about its axis with
angular velocity . Suppose the magnetic field due to Sun at Earth at some instant is a uniform field B
pointing along earth’s axis. Then the emf developed between the pole and equator of earth due to this
field is. (Re = radius of earth)
1 3
(A) BRe2 (B) BRe2 (C) BRe2 (D) zero
2 2
9. A non conducting ring of radius R and mass m having charge q uniformly distributed over its
circumference is placed on a rough horizontal surface. A vertical time varying uniform magnetic field
B = 4t2 is switched on at time t = 0. The coefficient of friction between the ring and the table, if the ring
starts rotating at t =2 sec, is :

4qmR 2qmR 8qR qR

(A) (B) (C) (D)
g g mg 2mg

10. A uniform magnetic field, B = B0 t (where B0 is a positive constant), fills a cylindrical volume of radius R,
then the potential difference in the conducting rod PQ due to electrostatic field is :

2
(A) B0 R2  2
(B) B0 R2  (C) B0 R2  2
(D) B0R R2  2
4

11. A conducting disc of radius R is placed in a uniform and constant magnetic field B parallel to the axis of
the disc. With what angular speed should the disc be rotated about its axis such that no electric field
develops in the disc. (The electronic charge and mass are e and m)

eB eB 2 m m
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2m m eB eB
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12. When the current in a certain inductor coil is 5.0 A and is increasing at the rate of 10.0 A/s, the of
potential difference across the coil is 140 V. When the current is 5.0 A and decreasing at the rate of
10.0 A/s, the potential difference is 60 V. The self inductance of the coil is :
(A) 2H (B) 4H (C) 10H (D) 12H
13. Rate of increment of energy in an inductor with time in series LR circuit getting charge with battery of
e.m.f. E is best represented by: [Inductor has initially zero current]

(A) (B) (C) (D)

14. When the current in the portion of the circuit shown in the figure is 2A and increasing at the rate of 1A/s,
the measured potential difference Va – Vb = 8V. However when the current is 2A and decreasing at the
rate of 1A/s, the measured potential difference Va – Vb = 4V. The values of R and L are :
i
a >

i
b <
(A) 3 ohm and 2 Henry respectively (B) 2 ohm and 3 Henry respectively
(C) 10 ohm and 6 Henry respectively (D) 6 ohm and 1 Henry respectively
15. In the circuit shown switch S is connected to position 2 for a long time and then joined to position 1.
The total heat produced in resistance R1 is :

L E2 L E2 L E2 L E2 (R1  R2 )2
(A) 2
(B) 2
(C) (D) 2 2
2R 2 2R1 2R1R 2 2R1 R2

16. Two identical coils each of self-inductance L, are connected in series and are placed so close to each
other that all the flux from one coil links with the other. The total self-inductance of the system is :
(A) L (B) 2L (C) 3L (D) 4L
17. A neutral metal bar moves at a constant velocity v to the right through a region of uniform magnetic field
directed out the page, as shown. Therefore,

(A) positive charges accumulate to the left side and negative charges to the right side of the rod
(B) negative charges accumulate to the left side and positive charges to the right side of the rod.
(C) positive charges accumulate to the top end and negative charges to the bottom end of the rod
(D) negative charges accumulate to the top end and positive charges to the bottom end of the rod

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PART - II : NUMERICAL VALUE
1. A plane spiral with a great number N of turns wound tightly to one another is located in a uniform
magnetic field perpendicular to the spiral’s plane. The outside radius of the spiral’s turns is equal to ‘a’
and inner radius is zero. The magnetic induction varies with time as B = B0 sin t, where B0 and  are
1
constants. The amplitude of emf induced in the spiral is im = a2 N B0. Find out value of x.
x
2. In the figure, CDEF is a fixed conducting smooth frame in vertical plane. A
conducting uniform rod GH of mass ‘m’ = 1 g can move vertically and smoothly
without losing contact with the frame. GH always remains horizontal. It is given
velocity ‘u = 1 m/s’ upwards and released. Taking the acceleration due to gravity as
‘g’ and assuming that no resistance is present other than ‘R’. Time taken by rod to
n10
reach the highest point is equal to second. Find out value of x.
x
3. Two parallel vertical metallic rails AB and CD are separated by 1 m. They are connected at the two
ends by resistance R1 and R2 as shown in the figure. A horizontal metallic bar L of mass 0.2 kg slides
without friction, vertically down the rails under the action of gravity. There is a uniform horizontal
magnetic field of 0.6T perpendicular to the plane of the rails. It is observed that when the terminal
velocity is attained, the power dissipated in R1 and R2 are 0.76 W and 1.2 W respectively. If the terminal
velocity of bar L is x m/s and R1 is y  and R2 is Z then find the value of x + 76y + 10z. (g = 9.8 m/s2)
[JEE - 1994]

4. Two parallel long smooth conducting rails separated by a distance = 10 cm are connected by a
movable conducting connector of mass m = 4mg. Terminals of the rails are connected by the resistor
R = 2 & the capacitor C = 1F as shown. A uniform magnetic field B = 20T perpendicular to the plane
of the rails is switched on. The connector is dragged by a constant force F=10N. The speed of the
connector as function of time if the force F is applied at t = 0 is equal to v  5(1  e x10 t
4
) m/s .Find the
value of x.

F B
R  B C

5. A long straight wire carries a current 0. At distance a and b = 3a from it there are two other wires,
parallel to the former one, which are interconnected by a resistance R (figure). A connector slides
without friction along the wires with a constant velocity v. Assuming the resistances of the wires, the
connector, the sliding contacts, and the self-inductance of the frame to be negligible ;

The point of application (distance from the long wire) of magnetic force on sliding wire due to the long
2a
wire is from long wire. Then findout value of x.
nx
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6. A square metallic loop of side  is placed near a fixed long wire carrying a
current i (figure). The loop is moved towards right perpendicular to the wire
with a speed v in the plane containing the wire and the loop. The emf induced
in the loop when the rear end of the loop is at a distance a = 2 from the wire
 iv
is 0 . Find out value of x.
x
7. A wire loop enclosing a semi-circle of radius a = 2cm is located on the boundary
of a uniform magnetic field of induction B=1T (Figure). At the moment t = 0 the
loop is set into rotation with a constant angular acceleration  = 2 rad/sec2
about an axis O coinciding with a line of vector B on the boundary. The emf
induced in the loop as a function of time t is [x × 10–4 (–1)n × t] volts, where
n = 1, 2, .... is the number of the half-revolution that the loop performs at the
given moment t. Find the value of x. (The arrow in the figure shows the emf
direction taken to be positive, at t = 0 loop was completely outside)

8. A square wire frame (initially current is zero) with side a and a straight conductor
carrying a constant current  are located in the same plane (figure). The
inductance and the resistance of the frame are equal to L and R respectively.
The frame was turned through 180° about the axis OO' separated from the
current-carrying conductor by a distance b = 2a. The total electric charge having
 a
flown through the frame if i = 0 at t = 0 in the loop is equal to 0 nx . Find the
2R
value of x.

9. A -shaped conductor is located in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the )

dB XB
plane of the conductor and varying with time at the rate = 0.10 T/s. A
dt
conducting connector starts moving with a constant acceleration w = 10 cm/s2 )
along the parallel bars of the conductor.
The length of the connector is equal to  = 20 cm. Find the emf induced (in mV) in the loop t = 2.0 s
after the beginning of the motion, if at the moment t = 0 the loop area and the magnetic induction (B)
are equal to zero. The self inductance of the loop is to be neglected.
10. In the circuit diagram shown in the figure the switches S1 and S2 are
closed at time t = 0. After time t = (0.1) n 2 sec, switch S2 is opened.
x
The current in the circuit at time, t = (0.2) l n 2 sec is equal to amp.
32
Findout value of x.

11. A closed circuit consists of a source of constant emf E and a choke coil of inductance L connected in
series. The active resistance of the whole circuit is equal to R. It is in steady state. At the moment
t = 0 the choke coil inductance was decreased abruptly 4 times. The current in the circuit as a function
of time t is E/R [1 + xe–4tR/L]. Findout value of x.

12. A very small circular loop of radius ‘a’ is initially coplanar & concentric with a much larger circular loop
of radius b (>> a). A constant current I is passed in the large loop which is kept fixed in space & the
small loop is rotated with constant angular velocity  about a diameter. The resistance of the small loop
is R & its inductance is negligible. The induced emf in the large loop due to current induced in smaller
2
1  a20  I cos 2t
loop as a function of time is equal to   . Findout value of x.
x  b  R

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13. In the figure shown two loops ABCD & EFGH are in the same plane. The
smaller loop carries time varying current  = bt, where b is a positive
constant and t is time. The resistance of the smaller loop is r and that of the
larger loop is R : (Neglect the self inductance of large loop)
02 ab 4
The magnetic force on the loop EFGH due to loop ABCD is n .
x R 2
3
Findout value of x.
14. A solenoid of length 1 m, area of cross-section 4.0 cm2 and having 4000 turns is placed inside another
solenoid of 2000 turns having a cross-sectional area 6 cm 2 and length 2 m. The mutual inductance
between the solenoids is x  × 10–5 H. Findout value of x.

15. Initially the 900 F capacitor is charged to 100 V and the 100
F capacitor is uncharged in the figure shown. Then the switch
S2 is closed for a time t1, after which it is opened and at the
same instant switch S1 is closed for a time t2 and then opened.
It is now found that the 100 F capacitor is charged to
300 V. If t1 and t2 minimum possible values of the time
intervals, then findout t1/t2.
16. In the circuit shown switches S1 and S3 have been closed for 1 sec
and S2 remained open. Just after 1 second is over switch S2 is
closed and S1, S3 are opened. The charge on the upper plate of the
capacitor as function of time taking the instant of switching on of S2
and switching off all the switches to be t = 0 is q = x × 10–2
   1
cos  t   . Findout value of x. (Given  1   2  0.89 )
 4  e

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. A resistance R is connected between the two ends of the
parallel smooth conducting rails. A conducting rod lies on these
fixed horizontal rails and a uniform constant magnetic field B
exists perpendicular to the plane of the rails as shown in the
figure. If the rod is given a velocity v and released as shown in
figure, it will stop after some time, which option are correct:
(A) The total work done by magnetic field is negative.
(B) The total work done by magnetic field is positive.
(C) The total work done by magnetic field is zero.
(D) loss in kinetic energy of conducting rod is equal to heat generate between R.

2. A conducting rod of length  is moved at constant velocity ‘v 0’ on two parallel,

conducting, smooth, fixed rails, that are placed in a uniform constant magnetic V0
XB
field B perpendicular to the plane of the rails as shown in figure. A resistance R R
X
is connected between the two ends of the rail. Then which of the following x
is/are correct :
(A) The thermal power dissipated in the resistor is equal to rate of work done by external person pulling
the rod.
(B) If applied external force is doubled than a part of external power increases the velocity of rod.
(C) Lenz’s Law is not satisfied if the rod is accelerated by external force
(D) If resistance R is doubled then power required to maintain the constant velocity v 0 becomes half.
3. A conducting ring is placed in a uniform magnetic field with its plane perpendicular to the field. An emf
is induced in the ring if
(A) it is rotated about its axis (B) it is translated
(C) it is rotated about a diameter (D) it is deformed

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4. A conducting loop rotates with constant angular velocity about its fixed diameter in a uniform magnetic
field in a direction perpendicular to that fixed diameter.
(A) The emf will be maximum at the moment when flux is zero.
(B) The emf will be '0' at the moment when flux is maximum.
(C) The emf will be maximum at the moment when plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field
(D) The phase difference between the flux and the emf is /2
× × ×
5. A copper wire ab of length , resistance r and mass m starts sliding at t = 0 down a
smooth, vertical, thick pair of connected condcuting rails as shown in figure. A × × ×
uniform magnetic field B exists in the space in a direction perpendicular to the
plane of the rails which opctions are correct. × × ×
(A) The magnitude and direction of the induced current in the wire when speed of a b
× × ×
vB
the wire v is , a to b
r
× × ×
B2 2
(B) The downward acceleration of the wire at this instant g – v.
mr × × ×
 gt / vm mgr
(C) The velocity of the wire as a function of time v m(1 – e ), (where v m = 2 2 )
B
2
vm  gt / vm mgr
(D) The displacement of the wire as a function of time vmt – (1 – e ), (where v m = 2 2 )
g B

6. A super conducting loop having an inductance 'L' is kept in a magnetic field which is varying with
respect to time. If  is the total flux,  = total induced emf, then:
(A)  = constant (B) I = 0 (C)  = 0 (D)  0
7. An LR series circuit with a battery is connected at t =0. Which of the following quantities are zero just
after the connection ?
(A) current in the circuit (B) magnetic field energy in the inductor
(C) power delivered by the battery (D) emf induced in the inductor

8. An LR series circuit has L = 1 H and R = 1 . It is connected across an emf of 2 V. The maximum rate
at which energy is stored in the magnetic field is :
(A) The maximum rate at which energy is stored in the magnetic field is 1W
(B) The maximum rate at which energy is stored in the magnetic field is 2W
(C) The current at that instant is 1 A
(D) The current at that instant is 2 A

9. In figure a bar magnet is moved along the axis of a copper ring, an

anticlockwise (as seen from the side of magnet) current is found to be
induced in the ring. Which of the following may be true ?
(A) The north pole faces the ring and the magnet moves away from it.
(B) The north pole faces the ring and the magnet moves towards it
(C) The south pole faces the ring and the magnet moves away from it.
(D) The south pole faces the ring and the magnet moves towards it

10. Two different coils have self-inductance L1 = 8 mH, L2 = 2 mH. The current in one coil is increased at a
constant rate. The current in the second coil is also increased at the same rate. At a certain instant of
time, the power given to the two coils is the same. At that time the current, the induced voltage and the
energy stored in the first coil are i 1, V1 and W 1 respectively. Corresponding values for the second coil at
the same instant are i2, V2 and W 2 respectively. Then
i 1 i W V 1
(A) 1  (B) 1  4 (C) 2  4 (D) 2 
i2 4 i2 W1 V1 4

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PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION-1.
Figure shows a conducting rod of negligible resistance that can slide on smooth U-shaped rail made of
wire of resistance 1/m. Position of the conducting rod at t = 0 is shown. A time t dependent magnetic
field B = 2t Tesla is switched on at t = 0.

 = 20cm
Conducting
Rod
= 40cm
1. The current in the loop at t = 0 due to induced emf is
(A) 0.16 A, clockwise (B) 0.08 A, clockwise
(C) 0.08 A, anticlockwise (D) zero
2. At t = 0, when the magnetic field is switched on, the conducting rod is moved to the left at constant
speed 5 cm/s by some external means. The rod moves remaining perpendicular to the rails. At t = 2s,
induced emf has magnitude.
(A) 0.12 V (B) 0.08 V (C) 0.04 V (D) 0.02 V
3. Following situation of the previous question, the magnitude of the force required at the same instant
t = 2s to move the conducting rod at constant speed 5 cm/s, is equal to
(A) 0.16 N (B) 0.12 N (C) 0.08 N (D) 0.06 N
COMPREHENSION 2
An inductor having self inductance L with its coil resistance R is connected across a battery of emf .
When the circuit is in steady state at t = 0 an iron rod is inserted into the inductor due to which its
inductance becomes nL (n > 1).
L, R
A B


4. After insertion of rod which of the following quantities will change with time ?
(1) Potential difference across terminals A and B.
(2) Inductance.
(3) Rate of heat produced in coil
(A) only (1) (B) (1) & (3) (C) Only (3) (D) (1), (2) & (3)

5. After insertion of the rod, current in the circuit :

(A) Increases with time (B) Decreases with time
(C) Remains constant with time (D) First decreases with time then becomes constant

6. When again circuit is in steady state, the current in it is :

(A)  < /R (B)  > /R (C)  = /R (D) None of these

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 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Paragraph for Question No. 1 to 2
Electrical resistance of certain materials, known as superconductors, TC (B)
changes abruptly from a nonzero value to zero as their temperature is
lowered below a critical temperature TC (0). An interesting property of TC (0)
superconductors is that their critical temperature becomes smaller than
TC (0) if they are placed in a magnetic field, i.e., the critical temperature
TC (B) is a function of the magnetic field strength B. The dependence of O B
TC (B) on B is shown in the figure.
1. In the graphs below, the resistance R of a superconductor is shown as a function of its temperature T
for two different magnetic fields B1 (solid line) and B2 (dashed line). If B2 is larger than B1, which of the
following graphs shows the correct variation of R with T in these fields? [JEE 2010' 3/163, –1]
R R B2

B1
(A) B2 B1 (B)

O T O T
R R
B1

(C) B1 B2 (D) B2

O T O T
2. A superconductor has TC (0) = 100 K. When a magnetic field of 7.5 Tesla is applied, its TC decreases to
75 K. For this material one can definitely say that when : [JEE 2010' 3/163, –1]
(A) B = 5 Tesla, TC (B) = 80 K (B) B = 5 Tesla, 75 K < TC (B) < 100 K
(C) B = 10 Tesla, 75 K < TC (B) < 100 K (D) B = 10 Tesla, TC (B) = 70 K

3. A long circular tube of length 10 m and radius 0.3 m carries a current  along its curved surface as
shown. A wire-loop of resistance 0.005 ohm and of radius 0.1 m is placed inside the tube with its axis
coinciding with the axis of the tube. The current varies as  = 0 cos (300 t) where 0is constant. If the
magnetic moment of the loop is N 0 0 sin (300 t), then ‘N’ is [JEE 2011' 4/160]

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4. Which of the field patterns given below is valid for electric field as well as for magnetic field?
[JEE 2011' 3/160, –1]

(A) (B) (C) (D)

5. A circular wire loop of radius R is placed in the x-y plane centered at
the origin O. A square loop of side a (a << R) having two turns is
placed with its center at z = 3 R along the axis of the circular wire
loop, as shown in figure. The plane of the square loop makes an angle
of 45° with respect to the z-axis. If the mutual inductance between the
0 a 2
loops is given by , then the value of p is
2p / 2 R
[IIT-JEE-2012, Paper-1; 4/70]

6. A current carrying infinitely long wire is kept along the diameter of a circular wire loop, without touching
it. The correct statement (s) is (are) : [IIT-JEE-2012, Paper-2; 4/66]
(A) the emf induced in the loop is zero if the current is constant.
(B) The emf induced in the loop is finite if the current is constant.
(C) The emf induced in the loop is zero if the current decreases at a steady rate.
(D) The emf induced in the loop is finite if the current decreases at a steady rate.

Paragraph for Questions 7 and 8

A point charge Q is moving in a circular orbit of radius R in the x-y plane with an angular velocity .
Q
This can be considered as equivalent to a loop carrying a steady current . A uniform magnetic field
2
along the positive z-axis is now switched on, which increases at a constant rate from 0 to B in one
second. Assume that the radius of the orbit remains constant. The application of the magnetic field
induces an emf in the orbit. The induced emf is defined as the work done by an induced electric field in
moving a unit positive charge around a closed loop. It is known that, for an orbiting charge, the
magnetic dipole moment is proportional to the angular momentum with a proportionally constant .
[JEE (ADV.) 2013, 3×2/60]

7. The magnitude of the induced electric field in the orbit at any instant of time during the time interval of
the magnetic field change is :
BR BR
(A) (B) (C) BR (D) 2BR
4 2

8. The change in the magnetic dipole moment associated with the orbit, at the end of the time interval of
the magnetic field change, is :
BQR 2 BQR 2
(A) –BQR2 (B)  (C)  (D) BQR2
2 2

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9. A conducting loop in the shape of a right angled isosceles triangle of height 10cm is kept such that the
90° vertex is very closed to an infinitely long conducting wire (see the figure). The wire is electrically
insulated from the loop. The hypotenuse of the triangle is parallel to the wire. The current in the
triangular loop is in counterclockwise direction and increased at a constant rate of 10 A s–1. Which of
the following statement (s) is (are) true ? [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ; P-1, 4/62, –2]

10cm
90°

 
(A) The magnitude of induced emf in the wire is  0  volt
  
 
(B) If the loop is rotated at a constant angular speed about the wire, an additional emf of  0  volt is
  
induced in the wire.
(C) The induced current in the wire is in opposite direction to the current along the hypotenuse.
(D) There is a repulsive force between the wire and the loop.

10. Two inductors L1 (inductance 1 mH, internal resistance 3 ) and L2 (inductance 2 mH, internal
resistance 4 ), and a resistor R (resistance 12 ) are all connected in parallel across a 5V battery.
The circuit is switched on at time t = 0. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum current (max / min)
drawn from the battery is : [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ; P-1, 3/62]

xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
11. A rigid wire loop of square shape having side of length xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
L and resistance R is moving along the x-axis with a xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
constant velocity v 0 in the plane of the paper. At t = 0, R xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
the right edge of the loop enters a region of length 3L L xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
x
x
where there is a uniform magnetic field B0 into the v0 xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
plane of the paper; as shown in the figure. For xx xx xx xxx xx xx xx xxx xx x
x
sufficiently large v0, the loop eventually crosses the region. 0 L 2L 3L 4L

Let x be the location of the right edge of the loop. Let v(x), (x) and F(x) represent the velocity of the
loop, current in the loop, and force on the loop, respectively, as a function of x. Counter-clockwise
current is taken as positive. [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ; P-2, 4/62, –2]
Which of the following schematic plot(s) is(are) correct? (Ignore gravity)
F(x)

(x)

x
(A) 0 L 2L 3L 4L (B)
x
0 L 2L 3L 4L

(x)

v(x)
3L 4L
x
(C) 0 L 2L (D)
x
0 L 2L 3L 4L

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12*. A circular insulated copper wire loop is twisted to form two loops of are A and × × × B ×
2A as shown in the figure. At the point of crossing the wires remain electrically × × × ×
insulated from each other. The entire loop lies in the plane (of the paper). A area A
uniform magnetic field B points into the plane of the paper. At t = 0, the loop × × × ×
starts rotation about the common diameter as axis with a constant angular
velocity  in the magnetic field. Which of the following options is/are correct ? × × × ×
[JEE (Advanced) 2017 ; P-1, 4/61, –2]
× × × ×
(A) The net emf induced due to both the loops is proportional to cos t area 2A
(B) The rate of change of the flux is maximum when the plane of the loops is
perpendicular to plane of the paper × × × ×
(C) The amplitude of the maximum net emf induced due to both the loops is 
equal to the amplitude of maximum emf induced in the smaller loop alone
(D) The emf induced in the loop is proportional to the sum of the area of the two
loops
13*. A source of constant voltage V is connected to a resistance R and two ideal inductor L1 and L2 through
a switch S as shown. There is no mutual inductance between the two inductors. The switch S is initially
open. At t = 0, the switch is closed and current begins to flow. Which of the following options is/are
correct ? [JEE (Advanced) 2017 ; P-2, 4/61, –2]
V L1 S
(A) After a long time, the current through L2 will be
R L1  L 2 R

(B) At t = 0, the current through the resistance R is V/R + V L1 L2

–
V L2
(C) After a long time, the current through L1 will be
R L1  L 2
(D) The ratio of the currents through L1 and L2 is fixed at all times (t > 0)

14*. In the figure below, the switches S1 and S2 are closed simultaneously at t = 0 and a current starts to
flow in the circuit. Both the batteries have the same magnitude of the electromotive force (emf) and the
polarities are as indicated in the figure. Ignore mutual inductance between the inductors. The current 
in the middle wire reaches its maximum magnitude max at time t = . Which of the following statements
is (are) true? [JEE (Advanced) 2018 ; P-1, 4/60, –2]

V V L 2L
(A) max  (B) max  (C)   n2 (D)   n2
2R 4R R R
 
15. A conducting wire of parabolic shape, y = x2, is moving with velocity V  V0 î in a y B

   y   L
non-uniform magnetic field B  B0 1    k̂ , as shown in figure. If V0, B0, L and
 L  
  v  v 0 î

 are positive constants and  is the potential difference developed between the
ends of the wire, then the correct statements(s) is/are : O L x

4
(1) |  | B0 V0L for  = 2 [JEE (Advanced) 2019 ; P-1, 4/62, –1]
3
(2) || remains same if the parabolic wire is replaced by a straight wire, y = x, initially, of length 2
1
(3) |  | B0 V0L for  = 0
2
(4) || is proportional to the length of wire projected on y-axis
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Electromagnetic Induction
16. A 10 cm long perfectly conducting wire PQ is moving with a velocity 1 cm/s on a pair of horizontal rails
of zero resistance. One side of the rails is connected to an inductor L = 1 mH and a resistance
R = 1 as shown in figure. The horizontal rails, L and R lie in the same plane with a uniform magnetic
field B = 1T perpendicular to the plane. If the key S is closed at certain instant, the current in the circuit
after 1 millisecond is x × 10–3A, where the value of x is _____________.
[Assume the velocity of wire PQ remains constant (1 cm/s) after key S is closed. Given : e –1 = 0.37,
where e is base of the natural logarithm] [JEE (Advanced) 2019 ; P-2, 3/62,]
B P

L
1 cm/s
R

S Q

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. A rectangular loop has a sliding connector PQ of length  and resistance R  and it is moving with a
speed v as shown. The set-up is placed in a uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper.
The three currents 1, 2 and  are : [AIEEE 2010, 8/144, –2]

B v 2B v B v 2B v
(1) 1 = – 2 = ,= (2) 1 = 2 = ,=
R R 3R 3R
B v B v B v
(3) 1 = 2 =  (4) 1 = 2 = ,=
R 6R 3R
2. A fully charged capacitor C with initial charge q0 is connected to a coil of self inductance L at t = 0. The
time at which the energy is stored equally between the electric and the magnetic fields is :
[AIEEE 2011, 1 May, 4/120, –1]

(1)  LC (2) LC (3) 2 LC (4) LC
4
3. A boat is moving due east in a region where the earth's magnetic field is 5.0 × 10 –5 NA–1m–1 due north
and horizontal. The boat carries a vertical aerial 2m long. If the speed of the boat is 1.50 ms–1, the
magnitude of the induced emf in the wire of aerial is : [AIEEE - 2011, 1 May, 4/120, –1]
(1) 1 mV (2) 0.75 mV (3) 0.50 mV (4) 0.15 mV
4. A horizontal straight wire 20 m long extending from to east to west falling with a speed of 5.0 m\s, at
right angles to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field 0.30 × 10–4 Wb/m2. The
instantaneous Value of the e.m. f. induced in the wire will be : [AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
(1) 3 mV (2) 4.5 mV (3) 1.5 mV (4) 6.0mV
5. A coil is suspended in a uniform magnetic field, with the plane of the coil parallel to the magnetic lines
of force. When a current is passed through the coil it starts oscillating; it is very difficult to stop. But if an
aluminium plate is placed near to the coil, it stops. This is due to : [AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) developement of air current when the plate is placed.
(2) induction of electrical charge on the plate
(3) shielding of magnetic lines of force as aluminium is a paramagnetic material.
(4) Electromagnetic induction in the aluminium plate giving rise to electromagnetic damping.

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Electromagnetic Induction
6. A metallic rod of length ‘l’ is tied to a string of length 2l and made to rotate with angular speed  on a
horizontal table with one end of the string fixed. If there is a vertical magnetic field ‘B’ in the region, the
e.m.f. induced across the ends of the rod is: [JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120, –1]

2Bl2 3Bl2 4Bl2 5Bl2

(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 2
7. A circular loop of radius 0.3 cm lies parallel to a much bigger circular loop of radius 20 cm. The centre
of the small loop is on the axis of the bigger loop. The distance between their centres is 15 cm. If a
current of 2.0 A flows through the smaller loop, then the flux linked with bigger loop is :
[JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120]
(1) 9.1 × 10–11 weber (2) 6 × 10–11 weber (3) 3.3 × 10–11 weber (4) 6.6 × 10–9 weber
8. In an LCR circuit as shown below both switches are open initially. Now
switch S1 is closed, S2 kept open. (q is charge on the capacitor and
 = RC is Capacitive time constant). Which of the following statement is
correct ? [JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120]
(1) Work done by the battery is half of the energy dissipated in the resistor
(2) At t = , q = CV/2
(3) At t = 2, q = CV (1 – e–2)
(4) At t = /2, q = CV (1 – e–1)

9. In the circuit shown here, the point 'C' is kept connected to point 'A' till the current flowing through the
circuit becomes constant. Afterward, suddenly point 'C' is disconnected from point 'A' and connected to
point 'B' at time t = 0. Ratio of the voltage across resistance and the inductor at t = L/R will be equal to :
[JEE (Main) 2014, 4/120, –1]

e 1– e
(1) (2) 1 (3) –1 (4)
1– e e

10. An inductor (L = 0.03H) and a resistor (R = 0.15 k) are connected in series to a battery of 15V EMF in
a circuit shown below. The key K1 has been kept closed for a long time. Then at t = 0, K1 is opened and
key K2 is closed simultaneously. At t = 1ms, the current in the circuit will be : (e5 150)
[JEE(Main) 2015; 4/120, –1]

(1) 100 mA (2) 67 mA (3) 6.7 mA (4) 0.67 mA

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Electromagnetic Induction
11. An LCR circuit is equivalent to a damped pendulum. In an LCR circuit the capacitor is charged to Q0
and then connected to the L and R as shown below : [JEE(Main) 2015; 4/120, –1]

If a student plots graphs of the square of maximum charge (Q2Max) on the capacitor with time (t) for two
different values L1 and L2(L1> L2) of L then which of the following represents this graph correctly ? (plots
are schematic and not drawn to scale)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

12. In a coil resistance 100, a current is induced by changing the magnetic flux through it as shown in the
figure. The magnitude of change in flux through the coil is : [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]

10
Current
(amp.)

Time 0.5 sec

(1) 275 Wb (2) 200 Wb (3) 225 Wb (4) 250 Wb

13. A very long solenoid of radius R is carrying current I(t) = kte–t (k > 0), as a function of time (t ).
Counter clockwise current is taken to be positive. A circular conducting coil of radius 2R is placed in the
equatorial plane of the solenoid and concentric with the solenoid. The current induced in the outer coil
is correctly, as a function of time by : [JEE (Main) 2019 April, 4/120, –1]

I I

(1) (2)
t =0 t =0
t t

I t
(3) (4)
t =0 t =0
t

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Electromagnetic Induction
14. The figure shows a square loop L of side 5 cm which is connected to a network of resistance. The
whole setup is moving towards right with a constant speed of 1 cm s–1. At some instant, a part of L is in
a uniform magnetic field of 1 T, perpendicular to the plane of the loop. If the resistance of L is 1.7, the
current in the loop at that instant will be close to : [JEE (Main) 2019 April, 4/120, –1]
• • • v =1 cm/sec
L
B 2
• • • 1
B • • • 3
A C
• • • 1 2
D
• • •
5 cm
(1) 170 µA (2) 150µA (3) 115µA (4) 60µA

15. A long solenoid of radius R carries a time(t)- dependent current I(t) = I0t(1 – t). A ring of radius 2R is
placed coaxially near its middle. During the time interval 0  t  1, the induced current (IR) and the
induced EMF(VR) in the ring change as : [JEE (Main) 2020, 07 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) Direction of IR remains unchanged and VR is zero at t = 0.25
(2) At t = 0.5 direction of IR reverses and VR is zero
(3) At t = 0.25 direction of IR reverses and VR is maximum
(4) Direction of IR remains unchanged and VR is maximum at t = 0.5
16. A loop ABCDEFA of straight edges has six corner points A(0, 0, 0), B(5, 0, 0), C(5, 5, 0), D(0, 5, 0),
 
E(0, 5, 5) and F(0, 0, 5). The magnetic field in this region is B  3iˆ  4kˆ T . The quantity of flux through
the loop ABCDEFA (in Wb) is ……. . [JEE (Main) 2020, 07 January; 4/100]
17. A planar loop of wire rotates in a uniform magnetic field. Initially at t = 0, the plane of the loop is
perpendicular to the magnetic field. If it rotates with a period of 10 s about an axis in its plane then the
magnitude of induced emf will be maximum and minimum, respectively at :
[JEE (Main) 2020, 07 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) 5.0 s and 7.5 s (2) 5.0 s and 10.0 s (3) 2.5 s and 7.5 s (4) 2.5 s and 5.0 s

18. An emf of 20 V is applied at time t = 0 to a circuit containing in series 10 mH inductor and 5  resistor.
The ratio of the currents at time t =  and at t = 40 s is close to : (Take e2 = 7.389)
[JEE (Main) 2020, 07 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) 1.46 (2) 1.06 (3) 0.84 (4) 1.15

L R

19.

 S
As shown in the figure, a battery of emf  is connected to an inductor L and resistance R in series. The
switch is closed at t = 0. The total charge that flows from the battery, between t = 0 and t = t c (tc is the
time constant of the circuit) is : [JEE (Main) 2020, 08 January; 4/100, –1]
L  1 R L L
(1)  1  e  (2) (3) (4)
R2  eL2 R2 eR2

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Electromagnetic Induction

EXERCISE # 1 Section (D)

PART - I D-1. (a) 4 m/s (b) 4 V (c) 3 V (d) 1 V.
D-2. (a) 0.1 mA (b) 0.2 mA
Section (A)
D-3. (a) 1/r ( – vB), from b to a
A-2. 1.0 V, anticlockwise.
A-3. (i) 1.2 Volt (ii) 1.4 volt (iii) 17.5 C (iv) 3.5 A B 
(b) ( – vB) towards right (c) .
(v) 86/3 joule. r B
A-4. (a) –1 mV, –2 mV, 2 mV, 1mV Bv
D-4. zero D-5. i=
(b) 10 ms to 20 ms and 20 ms to 30 ms. 2(  vt)r
A-5. zero
B2 2 v
A-6. 2.5 mV D-6. (a) (b) /v.
2 r(  vt)
A-7. 1.6×10–5A
A-8. 493 V D-7.
mgt
m  CB2 2

A-9. Section (E)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
0ia ab
 E-1. (a)  n ;
A-10. × 10–4 A 2  b 
8
µ0i0a  a  b   2t 
3 0 R 2 r 2 NI y (b)  = n  sin  
A-11. T  b   T 

2 R2  y2 5 / 2
  5µ2 i2 a2    a  b  
2
–3 (c) heat =  0 0   n  
A-12. 25 × 10 C = 0.078 C 
 Tr    b 
B0 v 0L
E-2.
2
A-13.
E-3. (BV sin ) / r(1 + sin )
Section (F)
A-14. 2J Ba 2
F-1. 67.5 mV F-2. from C to D
R
Section (B) 
F-3. 3 × 10–6 V F-4. B g sin
B-1. Opposite direction, Same direction. 2
BR v 3 BR v
Section (C) F-5. (a) 2BR v (b) (c)
2 2
C-1. 4 mV, Q F-6. –3
(a) 2.0 × 10 V (b) zero
C-2. (a) zero (b) vB (bc), positive at b (c) 50 C (d)× 10–3 sin (10t)
(c) vB(bc), positive at a (d) zero
2
C-3. 3  10–2 V (e) mV (f)  106 V
2
C-4 1 mV
Section (G)
C-5. (a) at the ends of the diameter perpendicular
to the velocity, 2rvB (b) at the ends of the G-1. (a) 6 Volt (b)3 N/C (c) 3 A
diameter parallel to the velocity, zero. G-2 (a) 162 × 10–10 = 1.6 × 10–8 Weber
C-6. By 8a / k (b) 4 × 10–8 V/m (c) 18 × 10–8
= 5.6 × 10–7 V/m

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Electromagnetic Induction
Section (H) Section (K)
H-1. 10V K-1. (a) 1.0 J. Yes, sum of the energies stored in
H-2. 2.2 A/s, decreasing L and C is conserved if R = 0.
H-3. (a) 5 W (b) 3W (c) 2 W (b)  = 103 rads–1,  = 159 Hz
H-4. 2.55 × 10–14 J (c) q = q0 cos t
0 e 4 (i) Energy stored is completely electrical at
H-5.
12830mR5 T 3T
t  0, ,T, ,.....
H-6. 42 + 20 t volt 2 2
H-7. 15V (ii) Energy stored is completely magnetic
(i.e., electrical energy is zero) at
Section ()
T 3T 5T 1
1 t , , ......, where T   6.3ms
 -1. (a) (1  e 2 ) ~
– 0.17 A 4 4 4 
5
T 3T 5T
1 (d) At t  , , ,...., because q = q0
 (b) (1  e 2 )2 0.03 J 8 8 8
25
2. q0
(L/R) ln 2 = 1.109 s, 640 J cos t  (when energy shared equally
2
I-3. t = (L/R) n 2 = 3.47 s -4. 4.0 H
between the inductor and the capacitor).
2
-5. 2 [1 – e –0.4
] = 0.66 V -6. A/s, 2/e
e
-7. (a) –2.5× 10 3 V/s (b) –2.5× 10 3 × e–5 V/s   105
K-2. sec. K-3. 88 pF to 198 pF
3
(R1  R 2 ) L 
8. (a) (b) (c)
R1R 2 R1  R 2 R1e PART - II
Section (A)
2 B  R2
9. A-1. (D) A-2. (D) A-3. (C)
L
A-4. (C) A-5. (A)
10
-10. (a) i1 = i2 = = 3.33 A Section (B)
3
B-1. (C) B-2. (A) B-3. (A)
50 30
(b) i1 = = 4.55 A; i2 = = 2.73 A B-4. (A) B-5. (D) B-6. (C)
11 11
B-7. (A) B-8. (B)
20
(c) i1 = 0 , i2 = – = –1.82 A Section (C)
11
C-1. (D) C-2. (B) C-3. (B)
(d) i1 = i2 = 0
C-4. (B) C-5. (D)

Section (D)
-11.
, 2  -12. Leq =
L
D-1. (D) D-2. (A) D-3. (D)
3 3L 2
D-4. (B)
-13. (b) Separation is large to neglect mutual Section (E)
inductance E-1. (C) E-2. (D)
Section (J) Section (F)
J-1. 0.01 H J-2. 2.5 V F-1. (D) F-2. (C) F-3. (B)
2 20 2
F-4. (A) F-5. (C)
J-3.
L Section (G)
G-1. (A) G-2. (B) G-3. (A)
G-4. (C) G-5. (B)
Section (H)
H-1. (A) H-2. (D)
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Electromagnetic Induction
Section () PART - III
-1. (B) -2. (C) -3. (B)
1. (CD) 2. (A) 3. (CD)
-4. (A) -5. (A) -6. (B)
4. (ABCD) 5. (ABCD) 6. (AC)
-7. (A) -8. (A) -9. (C)
7. (ABC) 8. (AC) 9. (BC)
Section (J)
J-1. (D) J-2. (A) J-3. (A) 10. (ACD)
J-4. (D) PART - IV
Section (K) 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)
K-1. (B) K-2. (C) K-3. (A)
4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (C)

PART - III
1. (A) q (B) p (C) t (D) t EXERCISE # 3
2. (A) q,s (B) p,r (C) p,r (D) q,s
PART - I
EXERCISE # 2 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. 6
PART - I 4. (C) 5. 7 6. (AC)
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (AD)
4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (B)
10. (8) 11. (CD) 12. (BC)
7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (C)
10. (C) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (ACD) 14. (BD) 15. (ABD)
13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. 0.63
16. (D) 17. (D) PART - II
PART - II 1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (4)
1. 03.00 2. 90.00 3. 40.00 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (4)
4. 25.00 5. 03.00 6. 12.00 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (3)
7. 04.00 8. 03.00 9. 12.00
10. (4) 11. (1) 12. (4)
10. 67.00 11. 03.00 12. 04.00
13. 12.00 14. 64.00 15. 03.00 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (2)
16. 89.00 16. 175 17. (4) 18. (2)
19. (4)

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Electromagnetic Induction

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. In the figure, a long thin wire carrying a varying current i = i 0 sin t lies at a distance y above one edge
of a rectangular wire loop of length L and width W lying in the x-z plane. What emf is induced in the
loop.

2. In the figure shown a conducting rod of length , resistance R and

mass m is moved with a constant velocity v. The magnetic field B
varies with time t as B = 5 t, where t is time in second. At t = 0 the
area of the loop containing capacitor and the rod is zero and the
capacitor is uncharged. The rod started moving at t = 0 on the
fixed smooth conducting rails which have negligible resistance.
Find the current in the circuit as a function of time t.

3. In the figure shown a conducting rod of length , resistance R & mass m can move
vertically downward due to gravity. Other parts are kept fixed. B = constant = B 0.
MN and PQ are vertical, smooth, conducting rails. The capacitance of the capacitor
is C. The rod is released from rest. Find the maximum current in the circuit.

4. In the figure, a conducting rod of length  = 1 meter and mass m = 1 kg moves

with initial velocity u = 5 m/s. on a fixed horizontal frame containing inductor
L = 2 H and resistance R = 1 . PQ and MN are smooth, conducting wires.
There is a uniform magnetic field of strength B = 1T. Initially there is no current
in the inductor. Find the total charge in coulomb, flown through the inductor by
the time velocity of rod becomes v f = 1 m/s and the rod has travelled a distance
x = 3 meter.
5. A conducting frame ABCD is kept fixed in a vertical plane. A conducting rod EF of
mass m can slide smoothly on it remaining horizontal always. The resistance of the
loop is negligible and inductance is constant having value L. The rod is left from rest
and allowed to fall under gravity and inductor has no initial current. A uniform
magnetic field of magnitude B is present throughout the loop pointing inwards.
Determine.
(a) position of the rod as a function of time assuming initial position of the rod to be x = 0 and vertically
downward as the positive X-axis.
(b) maximum current in the circuit
(c) maximum velocity of the rod.

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Electromagnetic Induction
6. L is s smooth conducting loop of radius  = 1.0 m & fixed in a horizontal plane. A 0 L
I0
conducting rod of mass m = 1.0 kg and length slightly greater than  hinged at
the centre of the loop can rotate in the horizontal plane such that the free end B
slides on the rim of the loop. There is a uniform magnetic field of strength C
B = 1.0 T directed vertically downward. The rod is rotated with angular velocity
0 = 1.0 rad/s and left. The fixed end of the rod and the rim of the loop are
connected through a battery of e.m.f. E, a resistor of resistance R = 1.0 , and E R
initially uncharged capacitor of capacitance C = 1.0 F in series. Find :
(i) the time dependence of e.m.f. E such that the current 0 = 1.0 A in the
circuit is constant.
(ii) energy supplied by the battery by the time rod stops .
7. In the figure shown ‘PQRS’ is a fixed resistanceless conducting frame in a
uniform and constant magnetic field of strength B. A rod ‘EF’ of mass ‘m’,
length ‘’ and resistance R can smoothly move on this frame. A capacitor
charged to a potential difference ‘V0’ initially is connected as shown in the
figure. Find the velocity of the rod as function of time ‘t’ if it is released at t = 0
from rest.
8. In the figure shown a long conductor carries constant current I. A rod PQ of Q
length is in the plane of the rod. The rod is rotated about point P with
constant angular velocity  as shown in the figure. Find the e.m.f. induced
in the rod in the position shown. Indicate which point is at high potential.

9. An infinitesimally small bar magnet of dipole moment M is moving with the speed v in the X-direction. A
small closed circular conducting loop of radius 'a' and negligible self-inductance lies is the Y-Z plane
with its centre at x = 0, and its axis coinciding with the X-axis. Find the force opposing the motion of the
magnet, if the resistance of the loop is R. Assume that the distance x of the magnet from the centre of
the loop is much greater than a.
10. A square loop of side a = 12 cm with its sides parallel to x, and y-axis is moved with velocity,
V = 8 cm/s in the positive x direction in a magnetic field along the positive z-direction. The field is
neither uniform in space nor constant in time. It has a gradient  B/x = –10–3 T/cm along the
x-direction, and it is changing in time at the rate  B/t = 7T/sec in the loop if its resistance is R = 4.5 .
Find the current.
11. In the circuit shown, the switch S is shifted to position 2 from position 1 at t = 0, having been in position
1 for a long time. Find the current in the circuit as a function of time.

12. A square loop ABCD of side  is moving in xy plane

with velocity v  t ˆj . There exists a non-uniform
magnetic field B = –B0(1 + y2) k̂ (y > 0), where B0
and  are positive constants.Initially, the upper wire of
the loop is at y = 0. Find the induced voltage across
the resistance R as a function of time. Neglect the
magnetic force due to induced current.

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Electromagnetic Induction
13. A thin wire ring of radius a and resistance r is located inside a long solenoid so that their axes coincide.
The length of the solenoid is equal to , its cross-sectional radius, to b. At a certain moment the
solenoid was connected to a source of a constant voltage V. The total resistance of the circuit is equal
to R. Assuming the inductance of the ring to be negligible, find the maximum value of the radial force
acting per unit length of the ring.
14. A long cylinder of radius a carrying a uniform surface charge rotates about its axis with an angular
velocity . Find the magnetic field energy per unit length of the cylinder if the linear charge density
equals  and r = 1.

15. A long solenoid of length  = 2.0m, radius r = 0.1m and total number of turns N = 1000 is carrying a
current i0 = 20.0A. The axis of the solenoid coincides with the z-axis.
(a) State the expression for the magnetic field of the solenoid and calculate its value?
Magnetic field
(b) Obtain the expression for the self-inductance (L) of the solenoid. Calculate its value.
Value of L
(c) Calculate the energy stored (E) when the solenoid carries this current?
(d) Let the resistance of the solenoid be R. It is connected to a battery of emf e. Obtain the expression
for the current (i) in the solenoid.
(e) Let the solenoid with resistance R described in part (d) be stretched at a constant speed  ( is
increased but N and  are constant). State Kirchhoff’s second law for this case. (Note: Do not solve for
the current.)
(f) Consider a time varying current i = i 0 cos(t) (where i0 = 20.0A) flowing in the solenoid. Obtain an
expression for the electric field due to the current in the solenoid. (Note: Part (e) is not operative, i.e. the
solenoid is not being stretched.)
(g) Consider t = /2 and  = 200/ rad–s–1 in the previous part. Plot the magnitude of the electric field
as a function of the radial distance from the solenoid. Also, sketch the electric lines of force.

16. The wire loop shown in the figure lies in uniform magnetic induction
B = B0cos t perpendicular to its plane. (Given r1 = 10 cm and
r2 = 20 cm, B0 = 20 mT and  = 100 ). Find the amplitude of the
current induced in the loop if its resistance is 0.1 /m.

17. Two capacitors of capacitances 2C and C are connected in series with an

inductor of inductance L. Initially capacitors have charge such that VB  VA = 4V0
and VcVD = V0. Initial current in the circuit is zero. Find:
(a) Maximum current that will flow in the circuit.
(b) Potential difference across each capacitor at that instant.
(c) equation of current flowing towards left in the inductor.

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Electromagnetic Induction

0 i0 W cos t  L2  mg B c
1. n  2  1 2. i = 10  v c (1  e t/Rc) 3. imax =
4   m  B2 2
c
Y 
B2 2
 x  m (v f  u) g 2mg g
4. Q= R = 1C. 5. (a) x = [1  cos t] , (b) max = , (c) Vmax =
B 
2
B 

  B2 2

1 
t

1 7t 13 B C V0   RC  
6. (i)  (ii) J 7. v=  1  e 
mR

2 4 18 mB C 
2 2

 
9 0 M2a 4 v
2
0i  a  a  cos   
8.   cos  n   9.
2 cos    a  4 Rx 8

 
–Rt
2
10. 22.4 mA 11.   1–  e 
3L
R 3 
   2 t 5  0 a2 V 2
12.   B0   t   13.
 4 4rRIb2
 
0a22 2
14. 16.  ampere.
8
 6C   3 
(a) max =  (b) 3 v0, 3 vo ; (c) i = max sin t ;  = 
 L  0  2LC 
17. v ;
   

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