Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
SEMESTER 2 2022/2023
Chapter 1
• BASIC CONCEPT
Introduction to Electric Circuit
System of Units, Unit and prefix
Charge, Current, Voltage, Energy
Introduction to circuit elements, Passive
and Active Elements
Outline
Learning Outcome
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:-
4
Introduction
• is an interconnection of electrical
elements.
Elements?
number of electrons is
equal to the number of
protons.
2.0 Electric Charges
Example:
How many electrons in 1C?
• There are:
1 e = 1.602 × 10-19 C
?? = 1C 1/(1.602 × 10-19)= 6.24 x 1018 e
2.0 Electric Charges
Exercise:
How many coulombs are represented by these amounts of
electrons:
6.482 × 101717 =
6.482 × 10 = 6.482x1017 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –103.84 mC
1.24 × 1018 = 1. 24x1018 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –198.65 mC
2.46 × 10 19 = 2.46x1019 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –3.941 C
2.46 × 101920=
1.628 × 10 = 1.628x1020 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –26.08 C
1.628 × 1020 =
3.0 Current
Direct current (DC) is a current
that flows unidirectionally.
DC is produced by such sources
as batteries, solar cell and
thermocouples. Freq is 0.
• Solution
• Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
i = dq/dt dq = idt
q = it = 5x60s = 300C
• Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
300 C 21
−19
= 1 . 87 x10 electrons
1.602 x10 C/electron
3.0 Current
• Example
ii) A current of 3.2 A flows through a conductor. Calculate how much charge
passes through any cross-section of the conductor in 20 seconds.
4.0 Voltage
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
• Mathematically, (volt)
vab = dw / dq
w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).
vab = dw / dq
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between
two points when one joule of work is used to move one
coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
4.0 Voltage
• Example:
• Solution:
• Using formula
vab = dw / dq
Vab = -30/2
= -15V
Vab = -30/-6
= 5V
5.0 Power & Energy
5.0 Power & Energy
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression: p = dw = dw ⋅ dq = vi
dt dq dt
Passive sign convention is
i i
satisfied when the current
+
enters through the positive
terminal of an element and +
p = +vi.
v v
If the current enters
– through the negative
terminal, p = −vi. –
∑p=0
power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power absorbed
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to
time t is:
t t
w = ∫ pdt = ∫ vidt
t0 t0
the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)
5.0 Power & Energy
Example:
Find the power absorbed or supplied by each of
the elements in the circuit.
6.0 Circuit Elements
Two types elements in electric circuit:
1. Passive elements
2. Active elements
Leads
Passive
Components
Foil
Mica
Resistors Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica capacitor_
Mica
Foil
Capacitors
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
6.0 Circuit Elements
Passive
Components
Inductors
Transformers
6.0 Circuit Elements
Active
Components
Transistors
Integrated
Circuit (IC)
6.0 Circuit Elements
• Example
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure below for i2= 1A.
6.0 Circuit Elements
• Solution
• Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
Important Formulas