Chapter 1

Function

Definition
Solved examples
Function is defined as a rule or a manner or a mapping or
a correspondence f which maps each and every element of
set A with a unique element of set B. It is denoted by: Example 1
f
f: A → B or A  → B we read it as ‘f is a function
Which of the following correspondences can be called a
from A to B’.
function?
Example (A) f (x) = x3; {–1, 0, 1} → {0, 1, 2, 3}
f maps A to B (B) f (x) = ± x {0, 1, 2} → {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(C) f (x) = x; {0, 1, 4} → {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(D) f (x) = − x; {0, 1, 4} → {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

Solution
f (x) in (C) and (D) are functions as definition of function
is satisfied. While in case of (A) the given relation is not a
Figure 1 function, as f (–1) ∉ co-domain. Hence, definition of func-
tion is not satisfied. While in case of (B), the given relation
is not a function, as f (1) = ±1 and f (4) = ±2 i.e., element 1
as well as 4 in domain are related with two elements of co-
domain. Hence, definition of function is not satisfied.

Example 2
If X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {p, q, r, s, t} then which of
Figure 2
the following subset(s) of X × Y is/are a function from X to
Figure 2 does not represent a function because Y.
conversion is allowed (Figure 3), but diversion is not (A) {(a, r) (b, r) (b, s) (d, t) (e, q) (c, q)}
allowed. (B) {(a, r) (b, p) (c, t) (d, q)}
(C) {(a, p) (b, t) (c, r) (d, s) (e, q)}
(D) {(a, r) (b, r) (c, r) (d, r) (e, r)}

Solution
Let us check every option for the two conditions of the
function
Figure 3 (A) ∵ b has two output (images) namely r and s,
therefore, not a function
1.2  Function

(B) ∵ e ∈ X does not have any image, therefore, not Domain, Co-domain and Range of
a function A Function
(C) ∵ every element of X has one and only one
output, therefore, it is a function Let f: A → B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and
(D) ∵ every element’s output is r, therefore, it is a the set B is known as co-domain of f. If a member ‘a’ of A
function is associated to the member ‘b’ of B, then ‘b’ is called the
Hence, correct options are (C) and (D). ■ f-image of ‘a’ and we write b = f (a). Further ‘a’ is called a
pre-image of ‘b’. The set {f (a): a ∈ A} is called the range
of f and is denoted by f (A). Clearly f (A) ⊆ B.
‘Function’ as an Ordered Pair
If only expression of f (x) is given (domain and
f: A →B co-domain are not mentioned), then domain is set of those
f: {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x)} values of ‘x’ for which f (x) is real, while co-domain is
⇒ f ⊂A × B considered to be (–∞, ∞) (except in ITFs).
A function whose domain and range are both subsets
where A × B is the Cartesian product of two set A and B
of real numbers is called a real function.
= {(1, x), (2, x), (3, x), (1, y), (2, y), (3, y)} Algebraic Operations on Functions: If f and
g are real valued functions of x with domains A and B
respectively, then both f and g are defined in A ∩ B. Now
we define f + g, f − g , ( f ⋅ g) and (f /g) as follows:
1. ( f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x) domain in each case is A ∩ B
2. ( f ⋅ g) (x) = f (x) ⋅ g (x) 
 f  f ( x)
3.   (x) = domain is {x  x ∈ A ∩ B and
g g ( x)
Remarks g (x) ≠ 0}.
1.  ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
Every function from A to B satisfied the following
2.  ‘2’ is the only even prime number.
Relation:
3. Two distinct prime numbers are always co-prime but
1. f ⊂ A × B Solved examples
converse need not be true.
2. Notation: ∀ a ∈ A ∃ b ∈ B | b = f ( a)
4.  Consecutive numbers are always co-prime numbers.
↓ ↓ ↓
(for all) (there exist) (such that) Example 3
3. (a, b) ∈ f and (a, c) ∈ f ⇒ b = c Find the domain of definition of the function
4. In a graphical representation of a function x−5 3
y = f (x). y = log10 − x + 5.
x 2 − 10 x + 24
If vertical line cuts the curve more than once
Solution
then it is not a function. It is called vertical line test.
For y to be defined
x−5
1. 2 >0
Example x − 10 x + 24
When x – 5 = 0, x = 5 and when x2 – 10x + 24 = 0, x =
x−5
4, 6 sign scheme for 2 is as follows.
x − 10 x + 24

=0
Put x
It is not a function as vertical line touches curve at more x−5
∴ > 0 ⇒ 4 < x < 5 or x > 6 (1)
than one point. ■ x 2 − 10 x + 24

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 Function 1.3

2. (x + 5)1/3 is defined for all x (2)

Combining Equation (1) and (2), we get
6 < x < ∞ or 4 < x < 5
∴ Domain = ]4, 5 [U] 6, ∞[.

Example 4
Find the domain of the function Example 5
2
f (x) = x − x − 6 + 6 − x. Find the domain of given function
Solution f (x) = 3 x − x 3
x2 – x – 6 ≥ 0 and 6 – x ≥ 0
Solution
(x – 3) (x + 2) ≥ 0
3x – x3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x3 – 3x ≤ 0
x ≤ 6
⇒ x (x2 – 3) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ( x − 3 ) ( x + 3 ) ≤ 0
x ≥ 3 or x ≤ –2
∴ x ∈ ( −∞, − 3 ) ∪ [0, 3 ]
x ∈ (–∞, 6]
x ∈ (–∞, –2] ∪ [3, ∞)
∴ x ∈ (–∞, –2] ∪ [3, 6].
■

Important Type of Functions

1. Trigonometric function:

Function Domain Range Curve

(a) f (x) = sin x x∈R y ∈ [–1, 1]

(b) f (x) = cos x x∈R y ∈ [–1, 1]

π
(c) f (x) = tan x x ∈ R – (2n + 1)= , y∈R
2
n∈I

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1.4  Function

Function Domain Range Curve

(d) f (x) = cot x x ∈ R – nπ, n ∈ I y∈R

y ∈ (−∞, –1]
(e) f (x) = cosec x x ∈ R –nπ, n∈ I
∪ [1, ∞)

x ∈ R – (2n + 1) y ∈ (−∞, –1]

(f) f (x) = sec x π
, n∈I ∪ [1, ∞)
2

2. Polynomial Function: Example

f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + .... + an
where a0, a1, a2 ..., an ∈ R;  n ∈ W. ( x 5 + 5 x 2 )3 / 5
f (x) = + 3 x 2 + 5 x + 6 + ln x
If a0 ≠ 0, then f (x) is called nth degree polynomial x3
and Domain x ∈ R. → transcendental function.
3. Algebraic Function: A function is called an
algebraic function. If it can be constructed using Example
algebraic operations such as additions, subtractions,
x+7
multiplication, division taking roots, etc. f (x) = x 2 + 7 + e ln x +
All polynomial functions are algebraic but converse x2 + 7
is not true. → algebraic function.
4. Rational Function: It is a function of form
Example g ( x)
f (x) = ,
f (x) = x 4 + 5 x 2 + x + (x3 + 5)3/5, h ( x)
f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + x + 5. where g (x) and h (x) are polynomial function and
h (x) ≠ 0.
Remark
Example
1.  ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
Function which are not algebraic are called Trans-
2.  ‘2’ is thefunctions.
cendental only even pri x 4 − 3x 2 + 2
f (x) = ⋅
x2 − 4

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 Function 1.5

5. Logarithmic function: f (x) = loga x, where x > 0,

a > 0, a ≠ 1
a → base, x → number or argument of log.
Case I: 0 < a < 1
f (x) = loga x
Domain: x ∈ (0, ∞)
Range: y ∈R 8. Signum function:
⎧ 1; x > 0 ⎧ x
⎪ ⎪ ; x≠0
y = sgn (x) = ⎨ 0; x = 0 sgn( x ) = ⎨ x
⎩⎪ −1; x < 0 ⎩⎪ 0; x = 0
Domain: x ∈ R; Range: y ∈ {–1, 0, 1}

Case II: a > 1

f (x) = loga x

9. Greatest integer function (step-up function):

 x ; x∈I

y = f (x) = [ x ]  Greatest Integer
;
 less than x
6. Exponential function: f (x) = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1
a → Base x → Exponent Domain: x ∈ R; Range: y ∈ I
Case I: 0 < a < 1; a = 1/2
x
1
f (x) =  
2
Domain: x ∈R
Range: y ∈ (0, ∞)

Example
= 2, [5] = 5, [–2.3] = –3.
[2.3]
Properties:
(a) [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1
Case II: a > 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m; m ∈ I

(c) [x] + [–x] = { 0; x ∈ I

−1; x ∉ I
10. Fractional part function:
y = f (x) = {x} = x – [x]
Domain: x ∈ R; Range: [0, 1)
7. Absolute value function (Modulus function):

y =
− {
x; x ≥ 0
x; x < 0
Domain: x ∈ R; Range: y ∈ R+ ∪ {0}.

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1.6  Function

Example Hence, the range is

2.3 = 2 + 0.3 → fractional part  1 1 
y ∈  , ⋅
       ↓ 2 + 2 2 − 2 
    Integer part x2 + 1 1
2. We have =1−
Properties: 2
x +2 x +22

(a) Fractional part of any integer is zero. Now, we have 2
2 ≤ x + 2 < ∞
(b) {x + n} = {x}, n ∈ I.
1 ≥ 1 >0

{
0; x ∈ I i.e., 2
(c) {x} + {–x} = ⋅ 2 x +2
1; otherwise
−1 ≤ −1 < 0
i.e., 2
2 x +2
1 1
i.e., 1− ≤1− 2 <1
Solved examples 2 x +2
2
1 ≤ x +1 <1
i.e., 2
Example 6
2 x +2
Find the range of the following functions:
1 ≤ sin −1  x + 1  < sin −1 1
2

1 i.e., sin −1  2 
1. y =
2
 x + 2
2 + sin 3 x + cos 3 x
π π
 x2 + 1  gives = ≤ y<
2. y = sin −1  2  6 2
 x + 2 Hence, the range is
π π 
Solution y ∈ , ⋅
1 6 2 
1. We have y =
2 + sin 3 x + cos 3 x Example 7
1 Find the range of following functions:
i.e., sin 3x + cos 3x = − 2
y 1. y = ln (2x – x2) 2. y = sec–1 (x2 + 3x + 1)

π 1 Solution

i.e., 2 sin  3 x +  = y − 2 1. Using maxima-­minima, we have
 4
(2x – x2) ∈ (–∞, 1]
 π 1 1  For log to be defined accepted values are
i.e., sin  3 x +  =  y − 2
 4 2  2x – x2 ∈ (0, 1] {i.e., domain (0, 1]}
ln (2x – x2) ∈ (–∞, 0]
 π ∴ Range is (–∞, 0]
Since, sin  3 x +  ≤ 1, therefore, we have
 4 2. y = sec–1 (x2 + 3x + 1)
1 Let t = x2 + 3x + 1 for x ∈ R
− 2 =≤ 2
y

1
i.e., − 2 ≤ −2≤ 2
y
1
i.e., 2 − 2 =≤ ≤ 2 2
y

1 1
i.e., ≤ y≤
2+ 2 2− 2

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 Function 1.7

 5  mx + n − 3
t ∈ − , ∞ 
then f (x) = 3 +
 4  1 + x2
but y = sec–1 (t) mx + n − 3
y =3+ for y to lie in [–4, 3)
 5  1 + x2
⇒ t ∈  − , −1 ∪ [1, ∞)
 4  mx + n – 3 < 0 ∀ x ∈ R

from graph range is this is possible only if m = 0, when, m = 0 then
 π   5  n−3
y ∈  0,  ∪  sec −1  −  , π  ⋅ y =3+
 2   4  1 + x2
note that n – 3 < 0 (think !)
Example 8 n < 3 if x → ∞, ymax → 3–
now ymin occurs at x = 0 (as 1 + x2 is minimum)
Find the range of y =  ln (sin −1 x 2 + x + 1)  ⋅
ymin = 3 + n – 3 = n ⇒ n = –4
so, m2 + n2 = 16.
Solution
2
 1 3
We have x2 + x + 1 =  x +  + which is a positive Example 10
 2 4
quantity whose minimum value is 3/4. Find the domain and range of

Also, for the function y =  ln (sin −1 x 2 + x + 1)    4 − x 2  

f (x) = sin  ln  
to be defined, we have   1 − x  
x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1
Thus, we have Solution

3 4 − x 2 is positive and x2 < 4 ⇒ –2 < x < 2

≤ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1
4 1 – x should also be positive.
3 ∴ x <1
i.e., ≤ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1
2  4 − x2 
π Thus, the domain of ln   is –2 < x < 1
π  1− x 
i.e., = ≤ sin −1 ( x 2 + x + 1) ≤
3 2 sine being defined for all values, the domain of sin
[∵ sin–1 x is an increasing function, the inequality sign
  4 − x 2  
remains same]  ln   is the same as the domain of
  1 − x  
π π
ln   ≤ ln (sin −1 x 2 + x + 1) ≤ ln  
i.e.,  4 − x2 
 3 2
ln  ⋅
Hence, the range is  1− x 
y ∈ [ln π/3, ln π/2]. 4 − x2
To study the range. Consider the function
1− x
Example 9
4 − x2
3 x 2 + mx + n As x varies from –2 to 1, varies in the open
f: R → R, f (x) = ⋅ If the range of this func- 1− x
x2 + 1
tion is [–4, 3) then find the value of (m2 + n2). 4 − x2
interval (0, ∞) and hence ln varies from –∞ to
1− x
Solution
  4 − x2  
3 ( x 2 + 1) + mx + n − 3 +∞. Therefore, the range of sin  ln    is
f (x) = ;   1 − x 
1 + x2 [–1, 1].

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1.8  Function

Example 11 Example 13
Find the range of the following functions:
−1 1 + x4 1. f (x) = loge (sin xsin x + 1) where 0 < x < π/2.
Find the range of the function f (x) = sin ⋅
1 + 5 x10 π
2. f (x) = loge (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1) where= ≤x
π 6
Solution ≤= ⋅
1 + x4 3
Consider g (x) = ⋅ Also g (x) is positive ∀ x ∈ R
1 + 5 x10 Solution
and g (x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and 1. 0 < x < π/2  ⇒ 0 < sin x < 1
g (0) = 1 and lim g (x) = 0 ∴ Range of loge (sin xsin x + 1) for 0 < x < π/2
x→∞
= Range of loge (xx + 1) for 0 < x < 1
⇒ g (x) can take all values from (0, 1]
 π Let h (x) = xx + 1
⇒ Range of f (x) = sin–1 (g (x)) is  0,  ⋅ x loge x
 2 =e
+1
x loge x
∴ h′ (x) = e (1 + loge x)
Example 12 ⇒ h′ (x) > 0 for x > 1/e and h′ (x) < 0 for x < 1/e
f (x) = cos–1 {log [ [ x 3 + 1]]}, find the domain and range ∴ h (x) has a minima at x = 1/e
of f (x) (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function). Also lim+ h (x)
x→0
 ln x   1/x 
lim  lim 
Solution x →0 1/x  x →0 

−1/x 2 
=1+ e
=1+ e
If cos–1 x = θ, then –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0
= 1 + e = 2 and lim− h (x) = 2

x→1
∴ –1 ≤ log [ [ x 3 + 1]] ≤ 1 1

⇒ –1 3
e ≤ [ [ x + 1]] ≤ e  1 e
∴ 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 1 +   < (xx + 1) < 2
e
≤ [ [ x 3 + 1]] ≤ 2.7
0.37

≤ [ x 3 + 1] < 3
\ 1
⇒ ≤ [ x 3 + 1] < 9
1
≤ x3 + 1 < 9
1
< [x3] < 8
0
\ 0
<x<2
∴ Domain of
f (x) = Dr is x ∈ [0, 2)  1 
Range of f (x) when   1 e 
⇒ loge  1 +   
0 ≤x<2  e 
Then 1 ≤ x3 + 1 < 9 < loge (xx +1) < loge 2
∴ 1 ≤ [x3 + 1] ≤ 8 ∴ Range of
⇒ ≤ [ x 3 + 1] ≤ 2 2
1  −1
(
f (x) =  loge 1 + e e , loge

) 
2  ⋅
⇒ ≤ [ x 3 + 1] ≤ 2.8
1
2. Let h (x) = (2 sin x + tan x – 3x +1)
Case I: 1 ≤ [ x 3 + 1] < 2 then [ [ x 3 + 1]] = 1 ⇒ h′ (x) = (2 cos x + sec2 x – 3)
Case II: 2 ≤ [ x 3 + 1] ≤ 2.8 then [ [ x 3 + 1]] = 2 2 cos3 x − 3 cos 2 x + 1
=
∴ Range in cos–1 {log 1} and cos–1 {log 2} cos 2 x
∴ Rf is (π/2, cos–1 (log 2)). ∴ h′ (x) > 0 ⇒ 2 cos3 x – 3 cos2 x + 1 > 0

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 Function 1.9

 1
(cos x – 1)2  cos x + 
 2
> 0 ∀ × ∈ [π/6, π/3]
⇒ h (x) is an increasing function of x.
⇒ h (π/6) ≤ h (x) ≤ h (π/3) Remarks
 1 π 1.  1.
‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
Any function which is entirely increasing or
⇒ loge  2 + − 
 3 2 2.  ‘2’ is the only even
decreasing in itsprime number.
domain, is one–one.
3. Two distinct prime numbers
2. If any line parallel to x-axis are cuts
always
theco-prime
graph of but
the
≤ loge h (x) ≤ loge (1 + 2 3 – π) converse need not be true.
function at most at one point, then the function
∴ Range of f (x) is 4.  Consecutive numbers are always co-prime numbers.
is one–one.
  1 π 
 loge  2 + −  , log(1 + 2 3 − π)  ⋅
  3 2   2. Many–One function: A function f: A → B is said to
be a many one function if two or more elements of A
11. Equal or Identical Functions: Two functions f and have the same f image in B. Thus, f: A → B is many
g are said to be equal if: one if for x1, x2 ∈ A, f (x1) = f (x2) but x1 ≠ x2.
(a) The domain of f = The domain of g ⇒ Df = Dg Diagrammatically a many one mapping can be
(b) The range of f = The range of g ⇒ Rf = Rg shown as below.
(c) f (x) = g (x), ∀ x ∈ their common domain.

Example 14

1 x
Let f (x) = and g (x) = 2 then Df  : R – {0} and
x x Remarks
Dg: R – {0}.
∴ Df = Dg
1.  1.
‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.
A continuous function f (x) which has atleast one
⇒ Hence, both functions are identical. 2.  ‘2’ is the maximum
local only even prime number.
or local minimum, is many–one.
3. TwoIndistinct prime numbers are always
other words, if a line parallel co-prime
to x-axis cuts but
the
Example 15 converse need not be true.
graph of the function atleast at two points, then f
4.  Consecutive numbers are always co-prime numbers.
is many–one.
1
Let f (x) = sin x and g (x) = then Df : x ∈ R and 2. If a function is one–one, it cannot be many–one
cosec x
Dg: x ∈ R – {nπ}. and vice versa.
3. If f and g both are one–one, then fog and gof
∴ Df ≠ Dg would also be one–one (if they exist).
⇒ Hence, both functions are non-identical. ■

Classification Of Functions
Solved examples
1. One–One Function (Injective mapping): A func-
tion f: A → B is said to be a one–one function or
injective mapping if different elements of A have Example 16
different f images in B. Thus, for x1, x2 ∈ A and f (x1), x 2 − 8 x + 18
f (x2) ∈ B, Show that the function f (x) = is not one–one.
x 2 + 4 x + 30
f (x1) = f (x2)
⇔ x1 = x2 or x1 ≠ x2 Solution
⇔ f (x1) ≠ f (x2). Test for one–one function
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be A function is one–one if
shown as follows (see figure). f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2

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1.10  Function

Now f (x1) = f (x2)  

{ f ( x ) − 1}  f 
1
x12 − 8 x1 + 18 x22 − 8 x2 + 18 or  − 1
⇒ = 2  x 

x12 + 4 x1 + 30 x2 + 4 x2 + 30 = 0 (4)

2 2 2 2
⇒ 12 x1 x2 − 12 x1 x2 + 12 x1 − 12 x2 − 312 x1 + 312 x2 Let f (x) – 1 = g (x)
=0 1 1
⇒ f   −1 = g 
⇒ (x1 – x2) {12x1x2 + 12 (x1 + x2) – 312} x  x
=0
26 − x2 1
∴ From Equation (4), we get g (x) g   = 0 which
⇒ x1 = x2 or x1 = x
1 + x2 is only possible when
Since f (x1) = f (x2) does not imply x1 = x2 alone, f (x) g (x) = ± xn
is not a one–one function. ∴ f (x) = ± xn + 1  or f (x) = ± xn + 1
or 65 = ± 4n + 1  or 4n = 64 = (4)3
Example 17 ∴ n = 3  ∴ f (x) = x3 + 1
or f (x) – 1 = x3 (neglecting negative sign).
Let f be an injective function such that
f (x) f (y) + 2 = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) ∀ x, ■
y ∈ R. 3. Onto-function (Surjective mapping): If the
If f (4) = 65 and f (0) ≠ 2, function f: A → B is such that each element in B (co-
then show that f (x) – 1 = x3 ∀ x ∈ R. domain) is the f image of atleast one element in A,
then we say that f is a function of A ‘onto’ B. Thus,
Solution f: A → B is surjective iff ∀ b ∈ B, ∃ some a ∈ A such
Given that f (x) f (y) + 2 = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) (1) that f (a) = b.
Putting x = y = 0 in Equation (1), we get Diagrammatically surjective mapping can be
f (0) f (0) + 2 = f (0) + f (0) + f (0) shown as below:
or (  f (0))2 + 2 = 3f (0)
or (   f (0) – 2) (  f (0) – 1) = 0
or f (0) = 1 (∵ f (0) ≠ 2)  (2)
Again putting x = y = 1 in Equation (1) and repeating
the above steps, we get
( f (1) – 2) ( f (1) – 1) = 0
But f (1) ≠ 1 as f (x) is injective
∴ f (1) = 2 (3)
Now putting y = 1/x in Equation (1), we get
Note that: If range ≡ co-domain, then f (x) is onto.
1 1
f ( x ) f   + 2 = f ( x ) + f   + f (1) 4. Into function: If f: A → B is such that there exists
x  x atleast one element in co-domain which is not the
1 1 image of any element in domain, then f (x) is into.
or f ( x) f   + 2 = f ( x) + f   + 2 Diagrammatically into function can be shown as
x x
below:
1 1
or f ( x) f   = f ( x) + f  
 x x
1 1
or f ( x) f   − f ( x) − f   − 1 + 1
 x   x
=0
 1   1 
or f ( x )  f   − 1 − 1 ⋅  f   − 1
 x   x 
=0

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 Function 1.11

tion. State with reasons whether the function is injective or

Remarks
not. Also Draw the graph of the function.
1. If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice
Solution
versa.
2. If f and g are both onto, then gof or fog may or  π π 3π 
D [–1, 2), R =  , ,  f is many one
may not be onto. 4 2 4 

Thus, a function can be one of these four types:

(a) one–one onto (injective and surjective)

(b) one–one into (injective but not surjective)

Example 19
Find the linear function(s) which map the interval [0, 2]
(c) many–one onto (surjective but not injective) onto [1, 4].

Solution
Let f (x) = ax + b
3
(d) many–one into (neither surjective nor injec- f (0) = 1 and f (2) = 4  ⇒ b = 1 and a =
tive) 2
or f (0) = 4 and f (2) = 1  ⇒ b = 4
3
and a =−
2
3x 3x
Remarks Ans.: f (x) = + 1 or f (x) = 4 − ⋅
2 2
1. If f is both injective and surjective, then it is
called a Bijective function. Bijective functions Example 20
are also named as invertible, non-singular or 1. Find whether f (x) = x + cos x is one–one.
biuniform functions. 2. Identify whether the function f (x) = –x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 4;
2. If a set A contains n distinct elements then the R → R is ONTO or INTO.
number of different functions defined from A→ A 3. f (x) = x2 – 2x + 3; [0, 3] → A. Find whether f (x) is
is nn and out of it n! are one–one. injective or not. Also find the set A, if f (x) is surjective.
3. The composite of two bijections is a bijection
i.e., if f and g are two bijections such that gof is Solution
defined, then gof is also a bijection. 1. The domain of f (x) is R.
f ′ (x) = 1 – sin x.
∴ f ′ (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ complete domain
and equality holds at discrete points only
Solved examples ∴ f (x) is strictly increasing on R.
Hence, f (x) is one–one.
2. As co-domain ≡ range, therefore, given function is
Example 18 ONTO
A function is defined as f: D → R, f (x) = cot −1 (sgn x) 3. f ′ (x) = 2 (x – 1); 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
+ sin −1 (x − {x}) (where {x} denotes the fractional part
function). Find the largest domain and range of the func-
∴ f ′ (x) =

{
− ve ; 0 ≤ x < 1
+ ve ; 1 < x < 3

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1.12  Function

Case II: When

1 + x    1 
φ (x) =   , x ≠ 1  φ  φ    = – x.
1 − x    x 
In both cases,
| φ (φ (x)) + φ (φ (1/x)) |
1
= x+
x
2
 1 
(where x > 0) =  x−  + 2 ≥ 2. ■
∴ f (x) is a non-monotonic continuous function.  x
Hence, it is not injective.
For f (x) to be surjective, A should be equal to its Functional Equation
range.
Functional Equation is an equation where the unknown is
From graph, range is [2, 6]
a function. On solving such an equation we obtain one or
∴ A ≡ [2, 6].
more functions as solutions. If x, y are independent vari-
ables, then:
Example 21
1. f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) ⇒ f (x) = k ln x or f (x) = 0
If f and g be two linear functions from [–1, 1] onto [0, 2] 2. f (xy) = f (x) ⋅ f (y) ⇒ f (x) = xn, n ∈ R
f ( x) 3. f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅ f (y) ⇒ f (x) = akx, a > 0
and φ: R+ – {1} → R be defined by φ (x) = then show 4. f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ⇒ f (x) = kx, where k is a
g( x)
  1  constant.
that φ (φ ( x )) + φ  φ    ≥ 2.
  2 

Solution
Solved examples
Let h be a linear function from [–1, 1] onto [0, 2].
Let h (x) = ax + b, then h′ (x) = a
If a > 0, then h (x) is an increasing function and Example 22
h (–1) = 0 and h (1) = 2
1. If f (x + y + 1) = ( f ( x ) + f ( y )) 2 and f (0) = 1 ∀ x,
⇒ –a + b = 0
y ∈ R. Determine f (x).
and a + b = 2  ⇒ a = 1 and b = 1
2. Let f: R – {2} → R function satisfying the following
Hence, h (x) = x + 1. functional equation,
If a < 0, then h (x) is a decreasing function and
 2 x + 29 
h (–1) = 2 and h (1) = 0  ⇒ –a + b = 2 2f (x) + 3f   = 100x + 80, ∀ x ∈ R – {2}.
and a + b = 0  x −2 
⇒ a = –1 and b = 1. Determine f (x).
Hence, h (x) = 1 – x
Solution
Now according to the question
f (x) = 1 + x and g (x) = 1 – x 1. Given f (x + y + 1) = ( f ( x ) + f ( y )) 2
or f (x) = 1 – x and g (x) = 1 + x Putting x = y = 0, then
f ( x) 1 − x 1+ x f (1) = ( f (0) + f (1)) 2
∴ φ (x) = = or
g ( x ) 1 + x 1− x = (1 + 1)2 = 22
Case I: When Again putting x = 0, y = 1, then
1 − x    1  1 f (2) = ( f (0) + f (0)) 2
φ (x) =   , x ≠ −1; φ  φ    =
1 + x    x  x = (1 + 2)2 = 32

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 Function 1.13

and for x = 1, y = 1; Solution

2
f (3) = ( f (1) + f (1)) Given f (1) + 2f (2) + 3f (3) + ... + nf (n)
= (2 + 2) = 4 2 2 = n (n + 1) f (n) (1)
Similarly, f (x) = (x + 1)2. Replacing n by (n + 1) then
2. We have, f (1) + 2f (2) + 3f (3) + ... + nf (n)
3  2 x + 29  + n (n + 1) f (n + 1)
f (x) = − f  + 50 x + 40 (1)
2  x − 2  = (n +1) (n + 2) f (n + 1) (2)
2 x + 29 Subtracting Equation (1) from (2) then, we get
Replacing x by in the given functional
x−2 (n + 1) f (n + 1)
equation we get,
= (n + 1) (n + 2) f (n + 1) – n (n + 1) f (n)
 2 x + 29  ⇒ nf (n) = (n + 1) f (n + 1)
f 
 x−2  From which we conclude that
  2 x + 29   2f (2) = 3f (3)
 2  + 29 
3  x−2  = 4f (4)
=− f 
2  
  2 x + 29   = ... = nf (n)
  x−2  − 2 
    Substituting the value of 2f (2), 3f (3), ... in terms of
nf (n) in Equation (1), we have
 2 x + 29 
+ 50   + 40 f (1) + (n – 1) nf (n)
 x−2 
= n (n + 1) f (n)
 2 x + 29 
⇒ f  ⇒ f (1) = 2n f (n)
 x−2 
f (1) 1
3  2 x + 29  ∴ f (n) = = (∵ f (1) = 1)
= − f ( x ) + 50  + 40 (2)
2  x − 2 
2n 2n
1 1
Putting Equation (2) in (1), we get, ⇒ f (1994) = = ⋅ ■
2 . 1994 3988
9  2 x + 29 
f (x) = f (x) – 75  
4  x−2 
Composite Functions
– 60 + 50x + 40
9 Let f: X → Y1 and g: Y2 → Z be two functions and the set
⇒ f (x) – f (x)
4 D = {x ∈ X: f (x) ∈ Y2}. If D ≠ φ, then the function h
 2 x + 29  defined on D by h (x) = g{f (x)} is called composite func-
= 20 – 50 x + 75 

 x−2  tion of g and f and is denoted by gof. It is also called func-
tion of a function.
5  2 x + 29 
⇒ f (x) = 20 – 50x + 75   Remark
4  x−2 
( 2 x + 29) Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain
⇒ f (x) = 16 – 40x + 60 ⋅
( x − 2) of f  ). Range of gof is a subset of the range of g. If D = X,
then f (X) ⊆ Y2.

Example 23
Properties of composite functions:
Let f be a function from the set of positive integers to the
1. The composite of functions is not commutative i.e.,
set of real numbers i.e., f: N → R such that
gof ≠ fog.
1. f (1) = 1; 2. The composite of functions is associative i.e., if f, g,
2. f (1) + 2f (2) + 3f (3) + ... + nf (n) = n (n + 1) f (n) for h are three functions such that fog (oh) and (  fog) oh
n ≥ 2 then find the value of f (1994). are defined, then fo (goh) = (  fog) oh.

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1.14  Function

f 4 = f { f 3 (x)}
Solved examples x +1
−1
f 3 ( x) − 1
= 3 = x −1 = x,
f ( x) + 1 x + 1 + 1
Example 24 x −1

Let f (x) = ex; R+ → R and g (x) = sin–1 x; [–1, 1] → x +1
f 5 (x) = f {  f 4 (x)} = = f (x)
 π π  Find domain and range of fog (x). x −1
− 2 , 2  ⋅
  Thus, we can see that f k (x) repeats itself at intervals
of k = 4.
Solution Hence, we have
 π π −1
Domain of f (x): (0, ∞), Range of g (x):  − ,  f 1998 (x) = f 2 (x) = [∴ 1998 = 499 × 4 + 2]
 2 2 x
The values in range of g (x) which are accepted by
Example 26
 π
f (x) are  0,  Let g: R → R be given by g (x) = 3 + 4x. If gn (x)
 2 = gogo ... og (x), show that f  n (x) = (4n – 1) + 4n x if
π g–n (x) denotes the inverse of gn (x).
⇒ 0 < g (x) ≤=
2
π Solution
0 < sin–1 x ≤ 0<x≤1
2  Since g (x) = 3 + 4x
Hence, domain of fog (x) is x ∈ (0, 1] ∴ g2 (x) = (gog) (x) = g {g (x)} = g (3 + 4x)
= 3 + 4 (3 + 4x)
or g (x) = 15 + 42 x = (42 – 1) + 42 x
2

Now g3 (x) = (gogog) x = g {g2 (x)}

= g (15 + 42 x)
= 3 + 4 (15 + 42 x)
= 63 + 43 x
Therefore, Domain: (0, 1], Range: (1/eπ/2]. = (43 –1) + 43 x
Similarly we get
Example 25
gn (x) = (4n – 1) + 4nx
x −1 2 Now let gn (x) = y
Let f (x) = , f (x) = f { f (x)}, f 3 (x) = f { f 2 (x)}, ...,
x +1 ⇒ x = g–n (y) (1)
f k+1 (x) = f { f k (x)}, for k = 1, 2, 3, ... Find f 1998 (x). ∴ y n n
= (4 – 1) + 4 x
Solution or x = (y + 1 – 4n) 4–n (2)
x −1 From Equation (1) and (2) we get
f (x) = ,
g–n (y) = (y + 1 – 4n) 4–n
x +1
x −1 Hence, g–n (x) = (x + 1 – 4n) 4–n.
−1
2 f −1 x +1 −1
f (x) = f { f (x)} = = = ,
f +1 x −1 x Example 27
+1
x +1 If f (x) = || x – 3 | – 2|; 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 and g (x) = 4 – |2 – x|;
3
f   (x) = f {f (x)} –1 ≤ x ≤ 3 then find fog (x).
−1
−1 Solution
f 2 ( x) − 1
x +1
= 2

= x =
f ( x ) + 1 −1 + 1 x − 1
x
g (x) =

6−x 2≤x≤3 {
2 + x −1 ≤ x < 2

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 Function 1.15

general definition
1. Identity function: A function f: A → A defined by
f (x) = x ∀ x ∈ A is called the identity of A and denoted
by IA.

Example
f: R+ → R+; f (x) = eln x and f: R → R; f (x) = ln ex.
Every Identity function is a bijection.
2. Constant function: A function f: A → B is said to be
constant function. If every element of set A has the
same functional image in set B i.e., f: A → B; f (x)
1 − g ( x ) 0 ≤ g ( x ) < 1 = c ∀ x ∈ A and c ∈ B is called constant function.

∴ fog (x) =  g ( x ) − 1 1 ≤ g ( x ) < 3 3. Homogeneous function: A function is said to be
5 − g ( x) 3 ≤ g ( x) ≤ 4
 homogeneous w.r.t. any set of variables when each of
its term is of the same degree w.r.t. those variables.
1 − g ( x ) for no value 4. Bounded Function: A function y = f (x) is said to

=  g ( x ) − 1 −1 ≤ x < 1
be bounded if it can be expressed in the form of
 5 − g ( x ) 1≤ x ≤ 3
a ≤ f (x) ≤ b where a and b are finite quantities.
 2 + x − 1 −1 ≤ x < 1
 Example
= 5 − (2 + x) 1 ≤ x < 2
 5 − (6 − x ) 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ {x} < 1; –1 ≤ sgn (x) ≤ 1 but ex is not
bounded.
 x + 1 −1 ≤ x < 1

= 3 − x 1 ≤ x < 2 ⋅ Example
 x − 1 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 Any function having singleton range like constant function.

5. Implicit function and Explicit function: If y has
Example 28
been expressed entirely in terms of ‘x’ then it is
called an explicit function.
Prove that f (n) = 1 – n is the only integer valued function If x and y are written together in the form of an
defined on integers such that equation then it is known as implicit equation
1. f (  f (n)) = n for all n ∈ Z and corresponding to each implicit equation there can be
2. f (  f (n + 2) + 2) = n for all n ∈ Z and one, two or more explicit function satisfying it.
3. f (0) = 1.
Example
Solution
y = x3 + 4x2 + 5x → Explicit function.
The function f (n) = 1 – n clearly satisfies conditions (1), (2)
and (3). Conversely, suppose a function f: Z → Z satisfies Example
(1), (2) and (3). Applying f to (2) we get, f (  f (  f (n + 2) + 2)))
= f (n) and this gives because of (1), x + y = 1 → Implicit equation.
f (n + 2) + 2 = f (n), (1) Example
for all n ∈ Z. Now using Equation (1) it is easy to Prove by y = 1 – x → Explicit function.
induction on n that for all n ∈ Z,

f (n) =
f{f (0) − n if n is even
(1) + 1 − n if n is odd
Even and Odd Functions
Function must be defined in symmetric interval [–x, x].
Also by (3), f (0) = 1. If f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f  ’ then f is
Hence, by (1), f (1) = 0. said to be an even function.
Hence, f (n) = 1 – n for all n ∈ Z. ■ e.g., f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3.

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1.16  Function

If f (−x) = −f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f  ’ then f is Alternatively

said to be an odd function. (A) f (x) = sgn (x) + x2000 = O + E = neither E nor O
e.g., f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x. (B) g (x) = E – O = neither E nor O
(C) h (x) = O × O = E
Remarks
(D) f (–x) = O × O = O
1. f (x) − f (−x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) is even and f (x) + f (−x) ∴ (D) is the correct option.
= 0 ⇒ f (x) is odd.
2. A function may be neither even nor odd. Example 30
3. Inverse of an even function is not defined.
3 7
4. Every even function is symmetric about the f (x) = (tan x5) e x sgn x is
y-axis and every odd function is symmetric (A) an even function
about the origin. (B) an odd function
5. A function (whose domain is symmetric about (C) neither even nor odd function
origin) can be expressed as a sum of an even and (D) none of these
an odd function. e.g.,
f ( x) + f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x) Solution
f (x) = + 3 7
2 2 f (x) = (tan ( x 5 )) e x sgn ( x )
Even Odd
   ↓  ↓   ↓  ↓  ↓
6. The only function which is defined on the entire
number line and is even and odd at the same time is    O  (O)  eo  ×   o (o)
f (x) = 0. = O × eO × O = O × eE = O × E = O.
7. If f and g both are even or both are odd then the
function f ⋅ g will be even but if any one of them Example 31
is odd and other even then f ⋅ g will be odd. Let f: [–2, 2] → R be a function if
⎧ π
⎪ x tan x, 0 < x ≤ 2
f (x) = ⎨ ⋅
π π
Solved examples ⎪ [ x ], <x≤2
⎩ 2 2
Define f for x ∈ [–2, 0] so that
Example 29 1. f is an odd function
2. f is an even function (where [*] denotes the greatest
Which of the following functions is odd? integer function)
(A) sgn x + x2000 (B) | x | – tan x
3
(C) x cot x (D) cosec x55 Solution

Solution ⎧ π
⎪ x tan x, 0 < x ≤ 2
Let’s name the function of the parts (A), (B), (C) and (D) as f (x) = ⎨
Since
π π
f (x), g (x), h (x) and φ (x) respectively. Now ⎪ [ x ], <x≤2
⎩ 2 2
(A) f (–x) = sgn (–x) + (–­x)2000 = –sgn x + x2000 ≠ f (x) and
≠ –f (x)  π
∴ f is neither even nor odd.  ( − x ) tan( − x ), 0<x≤
2
∴ f (–x) = 
(B) g (–x) = | –x | – tan (–x) = | x | + tan x  π [− x ], π
< −x ≤ 2
∴ g is neither even nor odd.  2 2
(C) h (–x) = (–x)3 cot (–x) = –x3 (–cot x) = x3 cot x = h (x)
 π
∴ h is an even function.  x tan x, − 2 ≤ x < 0
(D) φ (–x) = cosec (–x)55 = cosec (–x55) = –cosec x55 or f (–x) = 
= – φ (x)  π [− x ], −2 ≤ x < − π
∴ φ is an odd function. 2 2

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 Function 1.17

1. If f is an odd function then

3. if f (x) has a period T then f (ax + b) has a period
 π
 − x tan x, − 2 ≤ x < 0 T/a (a > 0).
f (x) = –f (–x) =  4. If f (x) has a period T1 and g (x) also has a
 − π [− x ], −2 ≤ x < − π f ( x)
 2 2 period T2 then period of f (x) ± g (x) or
g( x)
2. If f is an even function
is L.C.M of T1 and T2 provided their L.C.M.
 π exists. However, that L.C.M. (if exists) need
 x tan x, − 2 ≤ x < 0 not to be fundamental period. If L.C.M. does
∴ f (x) = f (–x) =  ⋅
 π [− x ], −2 ≤ x < − π not exists then f (x) ± g (x) or f (x) ⋅ g (x)
2 2 f ( x)
or is non-periodic e.g. |  sin x | has the
g( x)
Example 32 period π, | cos x | also has the period π.
Let f (x) = ex + sin x be defined on the interval [–4, 0]. Find ∴ | sin x | + | cos x | also has a period π. But the
the odd and even extension of f (x) in the interval [–4, 4]. fundamental period of | sin x | + | cos x | is π/2.
5. If g is a function such that gof is defined on the
Solution domain of f and f is periodic with T, then gof
is also periodic with T as one of its periods.
Odd Extension: Let g0 be the odd extension of f (x), then
Further if:
g0 (x) =
− {
f ( x ) ; x ∈ [−4, 0]
f ( − x ) ; x ∈ [0, 4]
# g is one–one, then T is the period of gof
# g is also periodic with T as the period and
 e x + sin x ; x ∈ [−4, 0] the range of f is a subset of [0, T], then T is the
=  −x period of gof.
 −e + sin x ; x ∈ [0, 4] 6. Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
Even Extension: Let ge be the even extension of
f (x), then
ge (x) =

{ f ( x ) ; x ∈ [−4, 0]
f ( − x ) ; x ∈ [0, 4]
Solved examples
 e x + sin x ; x ∈ [−4, 0]
=  −x ⋅ ■
 e − sin x ; x ∈ [0, 4]

Example 33

Periodic Function Find period of the following functions:

x x
A function f (x) is called periodic if there exists a positive 1. f (x) = sin + cos
2 3
number T (T > 0) called the period of the function such
that f (x + T) = f (x), for all values of x and x + T within the 2. f (x) = {x} + sin x
domain of f (x). The least positive period is called the prin- 3. f (x) = cos x ⋅ cos 3x
cipal or fundamental period of f. 3x x 2x
e.g., the function sin x and cos x both are periodic 4. f (x) = sin – cos – tan ⋅
2 3 3
over 2π and tan x is periodic over π.

Remarks Solution

1. Period of sin x/2 is 4π while period of cos x/3 is 6π.

1. A constant function is always periodic, with no
Hence, period of sin x/2 + cos x/3 is 12π {L.C.M. or
fundamental period.
4 and 6 is 12}.
1
2. If f (x) has a period p, then and f ( x ) 2. Period of sin x = 2π; Period of {x} = 1; but L.C.M. of
f ( x)
also has a period p. 2π and 1 is not possible
∴ It is aperiodic.

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1.18  Function

3. f (x) = cos x ⋅ cos 3x; Period of f (x) is L.C.M. of  7 

2π  f (–3) + 2 | f (–1) |  +  f    + f (0) + arc cos

 2π, 3  = 2π   8 
  ( f (–2)) + f (–7) + f (20).
But 2π may or may not be the fundamental period.
2π
The fundamental period can be= , where n ∈ N.
n
Hence, cross-checking for n = 1, 2, 3, ... we find π to
be fundamental period
f (π + x) = (–cos x) (–cos 3x)
= f (x)
2π 2π π
4. Period of f (x) is L.C.M. of= , ,
3/2 1/3 3/2
4π 2π
= L.C.M. of=
, 6 π, = 12π.
3 3
Solution
Example 34 f (–3) = f (3) = 2 [ f (x) is an even function
If f (x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is ∴ f (– x) = f (x)]
a rational number. again f (–1) = f (1) = – 3
∴ 2 |  f (–1) | = 2 |  f (1) |  = 2 |  –3 |  = 6
Solution 7
from the graph, – 3 < f   < – 2
Given f (x) = sin x + cos ax 8
2π   7 
∵ Period of sin x = ∴
1
 f  8  = – 3
  
2π
and period of cos ax = f (0) = 0 (obviously from the graph)
a cos–1 ( f (–2)) = cos–1 ( f (2)) = cos–1 (1) = 0
Hence, period of f (x) f (–7) = f (–7 + 8) = f (1) = –3
 2π 2π  [ f (x) has period 8]
= L.C.M. or  , 
 1 a  f (20) = f (4 + 16) = f (4)
L.C.M. of {2π, 2π} 2π = 3 [ f (nT + x) = f (x)]
= = sum = 2 + 6 – 3 + 0 + 0 – 3 + 3 = 5.
H.C.F. of {1, a} k

where k = H.C.F. of 1 and a.
Example 36
1
∴ = integer = q (say), (≠ 0) and Check whether the function defined by
k
a f (x + λ) = 1 + 2 f ( x ) − f 2 ( x ) ∀ x ∈ R,
= integer = p (say)
k is periodic or not, if periodic, then find its period.
a/k p p
∴ = ⇒a= Solution
1/k q q
The given function is true if
∴ a = rational number. 2f (x) – f 2 (x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f (x) [ f (x) – 2] ≤ 0
⇒ 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 2 (1)
Example 35 Also from the given function, it is clear that
Given below is a partial graph of an even periodic function, f (x + λ) ≥ 1 ⇒ f (x) ≥ 1 (2)
f whose period is 8. If [*] denotes greatest integer function From Equation (1) and (2), we conclude that
then find the value of the expression. 1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 2

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 Function 1.19

Again, we have g: B → A such that f (x) = y ⇔ g (y) = x, ∀ x ∈ A and

{ f (x + λ) – 1}2 y ∈ B. Then g is said to be inverse of f. Thus,
= 2f (x) – f 2 (x) ⇒ { f (x + λ) – 1}2 g = f  −1: B → A = {( f (x), x)  (x, f (x)) ∈ f }.
= – {( f (x) – 1)2} + 1 (3) Properties of inverse function:
Replacing x by x + λ in above equation, we get 1. The inverse of a bijection is unique, and it is also a
{f (x + 2λ) – 1}2 bijection.
= – { f (x + λ) – 1}2 + 1 (4) 2. If f: A → B is a bijection and g: B → A is the inverse
From Equation (4)-(3), we get of f, then fog = IB and gof = IA, where IA and IB are
{ f (x + 2λ) – 1}2 identity functions on the sets A and B respectively.
= { f (x) – 1)}2 ⇒ f (x + 2λ) = f (x) 3. The graphs of f and g are the mirror images of each
⇒ f is periodic function with period 2λ. other in the line y = x.
4. Normally points of intersection of f and f –1 lie on the
Example 37 straight line y =x. However, it must be noted that f (x)
If the periodic function f (x) satisfies the equation and f –1 (x) may intersect otherwise also.
5. In general fog (x) and gof (x) are not equal. But if
f (x + 1) + f (x –1) = 3 f (x) ∀ x ∈ R either f and g are inverse of each other or atleast one
then find the period of f (x). of f, g is an identity function, then gof = fog.
6. If f and g are two bijections f: A → B , g: B → C then
Solution
the inverse of gof exists and (gof  )−1 = f  −1 o g−1.
We have f (x + 1) + f (x – 1) = 3 f (x) ∀ x ∈ R (1)
Replacing x by x – 1 and x + 1 in Equation (1) then
f (x) + f (x – 2) = 3 f (x – 1) (2) Solved examples
and f (x + 2) + f (x) = 3 f (x + 1) (3)
Adding Equation (2) and (3), we get
Example 38
2f (x) + f (x – 2) + f (x + 2) = 3 ( f (x – 1)
Find the inverse of the function f (x) = ln (x2 + 3x +1);
+ f (x + 1))
x ∈ [1, 3] and assuming it to be an onto function.
⇒ 2f (x) + f (x – 2) + f (x + 2) = 3 ⋅ 3 f (x)
[From Equation (1)] Solution
∴ f (x + 2) + f (x – 2) = f (x) (4) Given f (x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1)
Replacing x by x + 2 in Equation (4) then 2x + 3
f (x + 4) + f (x) = f (x + 2) (5) ∴ f  ′ (x) = 2 > 0 ∀x ∈ [1, 3]
( x + 3 x + 1)
Adding Equations (4) and (5), we get
which is a strictly increasing function. Thus, f (x) is injec-
f (x + 4) + f (x – 2) = 0 (6)
tive, given that f (x) is onto. Hence, the given function f (x)
Again replacing x by x + 6 in Equation (6) then is invertible. Now let y = f (x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1) then
f (x + 10) + f (x + 4) = 0 (7) x = f  –1 (y) (1)
Subtracting Equation (6) from (7), we get 2
and y = ln (x + 3x + 1)
f (x + 10) – f (x – 2) = 0 (8)
⇒ e = x 2 + 3x + 1 ⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 – ey = 0
y
Replacing x by x + 2 in Equation (8) then
f (x + 12) – f (x) = 0 or f (x + 12) = f (x) −3 ± 9 − 4.1.(1 − e y )
∴ x =
Hence, f (x) is periodic function with period 12. ■ 2
−3 ± (5 + 4e y )
=
Inverse Of A Function 2
Let f: A → B be a one–one and onto function, then their −3 + (5 + 4e y )
exists a unique function. = (∴ x ∈ [1, 3] (2)
2

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1.20  Function

From Equation (1) and (2), we get  y, y <1


−3 + (5 + 4e y ) f–1 (y) =  y , 1 ≤ y ≤ 16
f–1 (y) =  y 2 / 64,
2 y > 16

−3 + (5 + 4e x ) [From Equation (1)]
f–1 (x) =
Hence, ⋅
2 ⎧ x, x <1
⎪
–1
f (x) = ⎨ x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 16 ⋅
Hence,
⎪ x 2 / 64, x > 16
Example 39 ⎩
Find the inverse of the function
Example 40
 x, x <1
 3  7 
f (x) =  x 2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 A function f:  , ∞  →  , ∞  defined as, f (x)
 
8 x , x>4  2    4
2 −1
= x − 3 x + 4. Then compute f (x) and find the solution of
 

Solution the equation, f (x) = f −1 (x).

 x, x <1
 Solution
Given f (x) = f (x) =  x 2 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
8 x , f (x) = y = x2 − 3 x + 4
 x>4 2
⇒ x − 3 x + (4 − y) = 0
Let f (x) = y
⇒ x = f  –1 (y) (1) 3 ± 9 − 4 (4 − y)
x =
2
 y, y <1

∴ x =  y , 1 ≤ y ≤ 4 3 + 4y − 7
=
 2 2 2
 y / 64, y / 64 > 4
4x − 7
 y, y <1 f  −1 (y) = 3 +
   2
=  y , 1 ≤ y ≤ 16 −1
 y 2 / 64, graphs of f (x) and f (x) intersect each other at
 y > 16
y = x ⇒ f (x) = x
2
⇒ x − 3 x + y = x ⇒ x = 2. ■

Exercises

JEE Main
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x ≤ 1
− log0.3 ( x − 1)
1. The domain of the function f (x) = (C) x ≥ 1 (D) null set
x2 + 2x + 8
is 3. If q2 – 4pr = 0, p > 0, then the domain of the function,
(A) (1, 4) (B) (–2, 4) f (x) = log (px3 + (p + q) x2 + (q + r) x + r) is
(C) (2, 4) (D) [2, ∞)
 q 
2. The domain of the function (A) R −  − 
 2p
  1  
f (x) = log1/2  − log 2  1 + 4  − 1 
  x    q 
(B) R −  ( −∞, −1] ∪ − 
is   2 p 

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 Function 1.21

 11. The sum

 q 
(C) R −  ( −∞, −1] ∩  −  1 1 1  1 2 
  2 p   2  +  2 + 2000  +  2 + 2000 
(D) none of these      
4. Find domain of the function 1 3   1 1999 
+ +  + ... +  2 + 2000 
 2 2000   
 2x − 1 
f (x) = − log x + 4  log 2 is equal to
 3 + x  (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)
2
(A) (–4, –3) ∪ (4, ∞) (A) 1000 (B) 999
(B) (–∞, –3) ∪ (4, ∞) (C) 1001 (D) none of these
(C) (–∞, –4) ∪ (3, ∞) 12. Which of the following represents the graph of
(D) none of these f (x) = sgn ([x + 1])?
5. The domain of the function log1/ 3 log 4 ([ x ]2 − 5)
is (where [x] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) (–3, –2) ∪ (3, 4)
(B) (–3, –2) ∪ (2, 3) (A)
(C) R – (–2, 3)
(D) R – [–3, 3]
6. Range of f (x) = 4x + 2x + 1 is
(A) (0, ∞) (B) (1, ∞)
(C) (2, ∞) (D) (3, ∞)
7. Range of f (x) = log 5
{ 2 (sin x − cos x ) + 3} is
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 2] (B)
 3
(C)  0,  (D) none of these
 2
8. The range of the function
f (x) = log 2 (2 – log2 (16 sin2 x + 1)) is
(A) (–∞, 1) (B) (–∞, 2)
(C) (–∞, 1] (D) (–∞, 2]
9. Range of the function (C)
x
cos 1 1
2
x x
f (x) = 1 cos − cos is
2 2
x
− cos 1 −1
2
(A) [0, 2] (B) [0, 4] (D)

(C) [2, 4] (D) [1, 3]

2
sin x + 4 sin x + 5
10. If f (x) = , then range of f (x) is
2 sin 2 x + 8 sin x + 8 13. If f (x) = 2 sin2 θ + 4 cos (x + θ) sin x ⋅ sin θ + cos
1  5  π 
(A)  , ∞  (B)  , 1  (2x + 2θ) then value of f 2 (x) + f 2  − x  is
2  9  4 
5  5  (A) 0 (B) 1
(C)  , 1 (D)  , ∞  (C) –1 (D) x2
9  9 

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1.22  Function

14. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are rational and 22. Let ‘f  ’ be a function from R to R given by
f: Z → Z, where Z is the set of integers. Then a + b is x2 − 4
(A) a negative integer f (x) = 2 ⋅ Then f (x) is
x +1
(B) an integer
(A) one–one and into
(C) non-integral rational number
(B) one–one and onto
(D) none of these
(C) many–one and into
15. Which one of the following pair of functions are (D) many–one and onto
identical?
+  π
(A) e (ln x)/2 and x 23. If f (x) = cot–1 x: R →  0,  and g (x) = 2x
(B) tan–1 (tan x) and cot–1 (cot x)  2
2
(C) cos2 x + sin4 x and sin2 x + cos4 x – x : R → R. Then the range of the function f (g (x))
wherever defined is
|x|
(D) and sgn (x) where sgn (x) stands for signum  π  π
x (A)  0,  (B)  0, 
function.  2   4
16. The function f: [2, ∞) → Y defined by
π π  π
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 (C)  ,  (D)  
is both one–one and onto if 4 2  4
(A) Y = R (B) Y = [1, ∞)  −1 if x < 0

(C) Y = [4, ∞) (D) Y = [5, ∞) 24. Let g (x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) =  0 if x = 0
 1 if x > 0
17. Let f: R → R be a function defined by
then ∀ x, fog (x) equals
2x2 − x + 5 (where [*] represents greatest integer function).
f (x) = 2 then f is
7 x + 2 x + 10 (A) x (B) 1
(A) one–one but not onto (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
(B) onto but not one–one
25. Let f ⋅ [0, 1] → [1, 2] defined as f (x) = 1 + x and
(C) onto as well as one–one
g: [1, 2] → [0, 1] defined as g (x) = 2 – x then the
(D) neither onto nor one–one
composite function gof is
18. Let f: R → R be a function defined by
(A) injective as well as surjective
f (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then f is
(B) surjective but not injective
(A) one–one and onto (B) one–one and into
(C) many one and onto (D) many one and into (C) injective but non-surjective
(D) neither injective nor surjective
4a − 7 3
19. If f (x) = x + (a – 3) x2 + x + 5 is a one–one
3 26. Let f and g be two functions both being defined from
function, then x + |x|
R → R as follows f (x) = and
(A) 2 ≤ a ≤ 8 (B) 1 ≤ a ≤ 2 2
(C) 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 (D) none of these  x for x < 0
g (x) =  2 ⋅ Then
20. Let f  : (e, ∞) → R be defined by f (x) = ln (ln (ln x)),  x for x ≥ 0
then (A) fog is defined but gof is not
(A) f is one one but not onto (B) gof is defined but fog is not
(B) f is onto but not one–one (C) both fog and gof are defined but they are unequal
(C) f is one–one and onto (D) both gof and fog are defined and they are equal
(D) f is neither one–one nor onto 27. If (y) = f (x) satisfies the condition
21. The function f: R → R defined by f (x) = 6x + 6|x| is  1 1
(A) one–one and onto f  x +  = x 2 + 2 ( x ≠ 0) then f (x) equals
(B) many–one and onto  x x
(C) one–one and into (A) –x2 + 2 (B) –x2 – 2
(D) many–one and into (C) x2 + 2 (D) x2 – 2

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 Function 1.23

(A) 8 (B) 12
 1 + sin x 
28. The function f (x) = log   is (C) 24 (D) non-periodic
 1 − sin x 
(A) even (B) odd 32. Let f (x) = x (2 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. If the definition of ‘f’
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd is extended over the set, R – [0, 2] by f (x + 2) = f (x),
then ‘f  ’ is a
29. It is given that f (x) is an even function and satisfy the
(A) periodic function of period 1
xf ( x 2 )
relation f (x) = then the value of (B) non-periodic function
2 + tan 2 x ⋅ f ( x 2 ) (C) periodic function of period 2
f (10) is
(D) periodic function of period 1/2
(A) 10 (B) 100
(C) 50 (D) none of these 33. Let f (2, 4) → (1, 3) be a function defined by
30. Fundamental period of f (x) = sec (sin x) is x
f (x) = x – −   , then f –1 (x) is equal to
(A) π/2 (B) 2π 2
(C) π (D) a periodic (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)
π πx π x
31. The period of sin= [x] + cos= + cos [ x ], where (A) 2x (B) x +  
4 2 3 2
[x] denotes the integral part of x is (C) x + 1 (D) x – 1

JEE Advanced

Single Correct Option-type Questions (A) (0, 2 ] (B) (0, 2]

2
1. If domain of f (x) is (– ∝, 0] then domain of f (6 {x} (C) (0, 2 2 ] (D) (0, 2 3 ]
– 5{x} + 1) is
5. Let f be a real valued function defined by
(where {*} represents fractional part function)
e x − e −| x|
 1 1 f (x) = x
(A) ∪  n + , n +  (B) (–∞, 0) | x|
e +e
n∈I 
3 2
then the range of f (x) is
 1 
(C) ∪  n + n + 1 (D) none of these (A) R (B) [0, 1]
n∈I 
6 
 1
x−2 (C) [0, 1) (D)  0, 
2.  f: R – {3} → R – {1} defined by f (x) = ⋅ f −1
x−3  2
is equal to 6. The number of solution(s) of the equation
3x − 2 x −1 [x] + 2{–x} = 3x, is/are
(A) (B)
x − 1 x−2
3 (where [*] represents the greatest integer function
x−2 and {*} denotes the fractional part of x)
(C) (D) does not exist
x−3 (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 0
3. If [2 cos x] + [sin x] = –3, then the range of the
log10 x
function, f (x) = sin x + 3 cos x in [0, 2π] is 7. If f (x) = 2 + 8, then solution of equation f (x)
(where [*] denotes greatest integer function) = f–1 (x)
(A) [–2, –1) (B) (–2, –1] (A) 1 (B) 10
(C) (–2, –1) (D) [–2, − 3) 1
(C) 100 (D)
4. In the square ABCD with side AB = 2, two points M 10
and N are on the adjacent sides of the square such 8. If A, B, C are three decimal numbers and p = [A + B + C]
that MN is parallel to the diagonal BD. If x is the and q = [A] + [B] + [C] then maximum value of
distance of MN from the vertex A and f (x) = Area p – q is
(∆AMN), then range of f (x) is (where [*] represents greatest integer function).

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1.24  Function

(A) 0 (B) 1 14. If f (1) = 1 and f (n + 1) = 2f (n) + 1 if n ≥ 1, then

(C) 2 (D) 3 f (n) is equal to
9. If f (x) = 2 [x] + cos x, then f ⋅ R → R is (A) 2n + 1 (B) 2n
(where [*] denotes greatest integer function) (C) 2n – 1 (D) 2n–1 – 1
(A) one–one and onto (B) one–one and into
15. A function f: R → R satisfies the condition,
(C) many–one and into (D) many–one and onto
x2 f (x) + f (1 – x) = 2x – x4. Then f (x) is
10. If the real-valued function f (x) = px + sin x is a
(A) –x2 – 1 (B) –x2 + 1
bijective function, then the set of all possible values 2
of p ∈ R is (C) x – 1 (D) –x4 + 1
(A) R – {0} (B) R ax − 1
(C) (0, ∞) (D) none of these 16. If the graph of the function f (x) = is
x n ( a x + 1)
11. Let S be the set of all triangles and R+ be the set of symmetric about (y)-axis, then n is equal to
positive real numbers. Then the function, f: S → R+, (A) 2 (B) 2/3
f (∆) = Area of the ∆, where ∆ ∈ S is (C) 1/4 (D) –1/3
(A) injective but not surjective
(B) surjective but not injective  x2 + 1
17. If g: [–2, 2] → R where g (x) = x3 + tan x +  
(C) injective as well as surjective  p 
(D) neither injective nor surjective be an odd function , then the value of the parameter
12. Function f: (– ∞, 1) → (0, e5] defined by P is
2 (A) –5 < P < 5 (B) P < 5
f (x) = e −( x −3 x + 2) is
(C) P > 5 (D) none of these
(A) many one and onto (B) many one and into
(C) one one and onto (D) one one and into 18. If f (x) = sin [a] x has π as its fundamental period
+
13.  f (x) = |x – 1|, f: R → R; g (x) = ex, g: [–1, ∞) → R. then
If the function fog (x) is defined, then its domain and (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)
range respectively are (A) a = 1 (B) a = 9
(A) (0, ∞) and [0, ∞) (C) a ∈ [1, 2) (D) a ∈ [4, 5)
(B) [–1, ∞) and [0, ∞)
19. The fundamental period of function
 1 
(C) [–1, ∞) and  1 − , ∞   1  2
 e  f (x) = [x] +  x +  +  x +  – 3x + 15
 3  3
1 
(D) [–1, ∞) and  − 1, ∞  (A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
e  (C) 1 (D) non-periodic

Multiple Correct Option-type Questions

1. Let f: [–1, 1] → [0, 2] be a linear function which is 3. A function ‘f  ’ from the set of natural numbers to inte-
onto then f (x) is/are n −1
 , when n is odd
(A) 1 – x (B) 1 + x gers defined by f (n) =  2 is
(C) x – 1 (D) x + 2  − n , when n is even
 2
2. In the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to
(A) one–one (B) many–one
[–1, 1] the functions which are not bijective are
(C) onto (D) into
(A) sin (sin–1 x)
1 − x 
2 4. Let f (x) =   , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and g (x) = 4x (1 – x),
(B)= sin–1 (sin x) 1 + x 
π
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, then
(C) (sgn x) ln ex
1 − 4x + 4x2
(D) x3 sgn x (A) fog = , 0≤x≤1
1 + 4x − 4x2

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 Function 1.25

(A) periodic with fundamental period 1

1 − 4x − 4x2 1
(B) fog = , ≤x≤1 (B) even
1 + 4x − 4x2 2
(C) range is singleton
8 x (1 − x )
(C) gof = , 0≤x≤1  {x} 
(1 + x ) 2 (D) identical to sgn  sgn  −1
 {x} 
8 x (1 + x )
(D) gof = , 0≤x≤1
(1 + x ) 2 (where {*} denotes fractional part of function and
[*] denotes greatest integer function and sgn (x) is a
5. If ‘f  ’ and ‘g’ are bijective functions and gof is defined signum function)
then gof must be 9. Function f (x) = sin x + tan x + sgn (x2 – 6x + 10) is
(A) injective (A) periodic with period 2π
(B) surjective
(B) periodic with period π
(C) bijective
(D) into only (C) non-periodic
6. The period of the function f (x) = sin4 3x + cos4 3x is (D) periodic with period 4π
(A) π/6 (B) π/3 10. Which of the following functions are perio-
(C) π/2 (D) π/12 dic?
7. If f: R → [–1, 1], where f (x) = sin π/2 [x], (A) f (x) = sgn (e–x)

{
(where [*] denotes the greatest integer function) then
1 if x is a rational number
(A) f (x) is onto (B) f (x) =
0 if x is an irrational number
(B) f (x) is into
(C) f (x) is periodic 8 8
(D) f (x) is many one (C) f (x) = +
1 + cos x 1 − cos x
sin π [ x ]
8. If F (x) = , then F (x) is  1  1
{x} (D) f (x) =  x +  +  x −  + 2 [–x]
 2  2
(where {*} denotes fractional part of function and
[*] denotes greatest integer function) (where [*] denotes greatest integer function)

Comprehension-based Questions
Consider the function 2. Number of integral solution of the equation
 2 f1 (x) = f2 (x)
f (x) =  x − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 is (are)
 ln x, 1< x ≤ e
(A) 1
Let f1 (x) = f (| x |) (B) 2
f2 (x) = |  f (| x |) | (C) 3
f3 (x) = f (–x) (D) 4
Now answer the following questions: 3. If f4 (x) = log27 (  f3 (x) + 2), then range of f4 (x) is
1. Number of positive solution of the equation (A) [1, 9]
2f2 (x) – 1 = 0
1 
is (are) (B)  , ∞ 
(A) 4 3 
 1
(B) 3 (C)  0, 
(C) 2  3
(D) 1 (D) [1, 27]

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1.26  Function

Matrix Match-type Questions

1. The graph of the function (y) = f (x) is as follows.

1
D. (y) = (| f (x)|
2 S.
– f (x))

2. Column I contains functions and column II contains

Match the function mentioned in Column I with the their natural domains. Exactly one entry of column II
respective graph given in Column II. matches with exactly one entry of column I.
Column I Column II Column I Column II

–1  x + 1 
A. f (x) = sin   P. (1, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)
 x 
A. (y) = | f (x) | P.
 x 2 + 3x − 2 
B. g (x) = ln   Q. (–∞, 2)
 x +1
 

1  1
C. h( x ) = R.  −∞, − 2 
B. (y) = f (| x |) Q.  x −1  
ln  
 2 

D. φ (x) = ln ( x 2 + 12 − 2 x ) S. [–3, –1) ∪ [1, ¥)

C. (y) = f (–| x |) R.

Subjective-type Questions

1. Find the domain of each of the following functions:

x3 − 5x + 3 (g) f (x) = 1 − 1 − x 2
(a) f (x) = (h) f (x) = (x2 + x + 1)–3/2
x2 − 1
1 x−2 1− x
(b) f (x) = (i) f (x) = +
x + |x| x+2 1+ x
(c) f (x) = ex + sin x (j) f (x) = tan x − tan 2 x
1 1
(d) f (x) = + x+2 (k) f (x) =
log10 (1 − x ) 1 − cos x
 1   5x − x 2 
(e) logx log2   (l) f (x) = log1/ 4  
 x − 1/ 2   4 
(f) f (x) = 3 − 2 x − 21− x (m) f (x) = log10 (1 – log10 (x2 – 5x + 16))

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 Function 1.27

2. Find the domain of definitions of the functions (Read

the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and (r) If f (x) = x 2 − 5 x + 4 and g (x) = x + 3, then
fractional part functions respectively.) f
find the domain of ( x ).
(a) f (x) = cos 2 x + 16 − x 2 g

(b) f (x) = log7 log5 log3 log2 (2x3 + 5x2 – 14x) 3. Find the domain and range of each of the following
2 functions:
(c) f (x) = ln ( x − 5 x − 24 − x − 2)
(a) f (x) = | x – 3 |
1 − 5x 1
(d) f (x) = (b) f (x) =
7− x − 7 x−5
(e) (y) = log10 sin (x – 3) + 16 − x 2 1
(c) f (x) =
 2 log10 x + 1  1+ x
(f) f (x) = log100x  
 −x  (d) f (x) = 16 − x 2
1 1
(g) f (x) = + ln x (x2 – 1) (e) f (x) =
2
4x − 1 2 − cos 3 x
x π2
(h) f (x) = log 1 2
(f) f (x) = 3 sin − x2
2
x −1 16
sin x cos x
1 (g) +
(i) f (x) = x2 − | x | + 2
9 − x2 1 + tan x 1 + cot 2 x
(h) f (x) = sin x + cos4 x
2
f (x) = ( x 2 − 3 x − 10) ⋅ ln 2 ( x − 3)
(j)
(i) 3 | sin x | – 4 | cos x |
(k) f (x) = log x (cos 2πx ) (j) f (x) = x4 – 2x2 + 5
1 x
cos x − (k) f (x) =
2 1 + x2
(l) f (x) =
6 + 35 x − 6 x 2 x2 − 2x + 4
(l) f (x) =
1 x2 + 2x + 4
(m) f (x) = + log(2{x}–5) (x2 – 3x + 10)
[ x] f (x) = 2 − x + 1 + x
(m)
1 x+4 −3
+ (n) f (x) =
1− | x | x−5
(n) f (x) = logx sin x (o) f (x) = log(cosec x–1) (2 – [sin x] – [sin x]2)
  1  4. Make the graph of the following functions:
(o) f (x) = log 2  − log1/ 2  1 + 
  x°  (a) f (x) = | x | −3
 sin  
    (b) f (x) = ln| x |
   100  
(c) f (x) = [|x|]
log10 (log10 x ) − log10 ( 4 − log10 x ) − log10 3 (d) f (x) = |{x}|

1  π
(p) f (x) = + log1 – {x} (x2–3x + 10) (e) f (x) = 3 sin  x − 
[ x]  3
1 1
+ + x8
2− | x| sec (sin x ) (f) f (x) =
x
f (x) = (5 x − 6 − x 2 ) [{ln{x}}]
(q) (g) f (x) = x + sin x
−1 (h) f (x) = (sin x)0
 7 
+ (7 x − 5 − 2 x 2 ) +  ln  − x   (i) f (x) = 3ex+5 – 7
  2  (j) f (x) = | sin x | + | cos x |

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1.28  Function

5. Check whether following pairs of functions are x2

identical or not? f (x) =
(c)
1 + x2
(a) f (x) = x 2 and g (x) = ( x ) 2 (d) f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
(b) f (x) = sec (sec–1 x) and g (x)
10. Find fog and gof, if
= cosec (cosec–1 x)
(a) f (x) = ex; g (x) = log x
1 + cos 2 x
(c) f (x) = and g (x) = cos x (b) f (x) = |x|; g (x) = sin x
2
(c) f (x) = sin–1 x; g (x) = x2
(d) f (x) = x and g (x) = eln x 1
(d) f (x) = x2 + 2; g (x) = 1 − , x≠1
4x 1− x
6.   (a) If f (x) = , then show that f (x) + f (1 – x)
4x + 2

(b)
=1
Solve the following equation for
11.  (a) Let f (x) = {1 + x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
3 − x, 2 < x ≤ 3
⋅ Find fof.

x: 2x + 3 [x] – 4 {–x} = 4 1 − x if x ≤ 0
(where [*] and {*} denotes integral and (b) f (x) =  2 and
 x if x > 0
fractional part of x)
(c) The set of real values of ‘x’ satisfying the  − x if x < 1
g (x) 
3 4 1 − x if x ≥ 1
equality   +   = 5 (where [*] denotes
x x Find ( fog) (x) and (gof  ) (x)
the greatest integer function) belongs to the (c) If f (x) = –1 + | x – 2 |, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
b
interval  a,  where a, b, c ∈ N and
b g (x) = 2 – | x |, –1 ≤ x ≤ 3
is
 c c Then find fog (x) and gof (x). Draw rough
in its lowest form. Find the value of a + b + c sketch of the graphs of fog (x) and gof (x).
+ abc. 12. Let f (x) be a polynomial function satisfying the
7. Find whether the following functions are one–one or 1 1
relation f (x) ⋅ f   = f (x) + f   ∀ x ∈ R – {0}
many–one: x x
(a) f (x) = | x2 + 5x + 6 | and f (3) = –26. Determine f  ′(1).
(b) f (x) = | log x | 13. Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on
 π π functional equation.
(c) f (x) = sin 4x, x ∈  − , 
 8 8 (a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers
1 has the property that f ( f (x)) ⋅ (1 + f (x)) = –f (x)
(d) f (x) = x + , x ∈ (0, ∞) for all x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is
x
the domain and range of f compute the value
1 
 −1  of f (3).
(e) f (x) = 1 − e x 
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying
3x 2 f (x + f (x)) = 4f (x)
f (x) =
(f) – cos πx
4π    and f (1) = 4
8. Let f: D → R where D is its domain. Find whether the Find the value of f (21).
following functions are into/onto: (c) Let ‘f  ’ be a function defined from
1 + x6 R+ → R+ ⋅ [ f (x (y))]2 = x ( f ((y)))2
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = x cos x
x3 for all positive numbers x and (y) and f (2) = 6,
1 find the value of f (50).
(c) f (x) = (d) tan (2 sin x)
sin | x | (d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties:
9. Classify the following functions f (x) defined in (i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + (y))
R → R as injective, surjective, both or none: = x + f ((y)) and
(a) f (x) = x | x | (b) f (x) = x2 (ii) f (0) = 2. Find the value of f (100).

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 Function 1.29

(e) Let f (x) be function such that f (3) = 1 and 3 2

(d) f (x) = cos x − sin x
f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the 5 7
value of f (300). (e) f (x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|
14. Examine whether the following functions are even or 1
(f) f (x) =
odd or none: 1 − cos x
(
(a) f (x) = log x + 1 + x 2 ) (g) f (x) =
sin 12 x
x 1 + cos 2 6 x
x ( a + 1)
(b) f (x) = (h) f (x) = sec2 x + cosec3 x
ax − 1
x x 17. Find the period of the following functions:
(c) f (x) = x + +1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
e −1 2 (a) f (x) = 1 − −
1 + cot x 1 + tan x
(1 + 2 x )7
(d) f (x) = (b) f (x) = log (2 + cos 3 x)
2x
π
sec x + x 2 − 9 (c) f (x) = tan= [x],
(e) f (x) = 2
x sin x where [*] denotes greatest integer function.
(f) f (x) = 1 + x + x 2 − 1 − x + x 2 (d) f (x) eln sin x + tan3 x – cosec (3 x – 5)
 x|x| , x ≤ −1 1  | sin x | sin x 
 (e) f (x) =  + 
(g) f (x) = [1 + x ] − [ x − 1] , −1 < x < 1 2  cos x | cos x | 
 −x | x | , x ≥1 x x
x
(f) f (x) = sin x + tan + sin 2 + tan 3 + ... +
2 x (sin x + tan x ) 2 2 2
(h) f (x) = , x x
 x + 2π  sin + tan
2  −3
n −1
2 2n
 π 
sin x + sin 3 x
where [*] denotes greatest integer function. (g) f (x) =
cos x + cos 3 x
 x + sin x 0 ≤ x < 1
2
15.   (a) If f (x) =  −x
then extend 18.   (a) A function f is defined for all positive integers
 x+e x ≥1 and satisfies f (1) = 2005 and f (1) + f (2) + ...
the definition of f (x) for x ∈ (–∞, 0) such that + f (n) = n2f (n) for all n > 1. Find the value of
f (x) becomes f (2004)
(i) An even function  (ii) An odd function (b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2,
(b) Prove that the function defined as, then find the smallest value of the constant L for
 1
which x 2 + ax − x 2 + bx < L for all x > 0.
f (x) =  e − |ln{ x}|
− {x} |ln{ x}|
where ever it exists (c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx; k is real number. The set of

 {x} otherwise, then values of k for which the equation f (x) = 0 and
f (x) is odd as well as even. f (f (x)) = 0 have same real solution set.
(where {x} denotes the fractional part function) (d) Let P (x) = x6 + ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f
(c) Let a and b be real numbers and let be a polynomial such that P (1) = 1; P (2) = 2;
f (x) = a sin x + b 3 x + 4, ∀ x ∈ R. P (3) = 3; P (4) = 4; P (5) = 5 and P (6) = 6 then
find the value of P (7).
If f (log10 (log310)) = 5 then find the value of
f (log10 (log10 3)) 19. Computer the inverse of the function:
16. Find the period of the following functions: (a) f (x) = ln x + ( x2 + 1 )
(where [*] denotes greatest integer function) x
(a) f (x) = 2 + 3 cos (x – 2) (b) f (x) = 2 x −1
(b) f (x) = sin 3x + cos2 x + | tan x | 10 x − 1
πx πx (c) (y) =
(c) f (x) = sin + sin 10 x + 1
4 3

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1.30  Function

Previous Years’ Questions

JEE Main (A) neither one–one nor onto
(B) one–one but not onto
1. Which of the following is not a periodic function
(C) onto but not one–one
[AIEEE-2002]
(D) one–one and onto both
(A) sin 2x + cos x (B) cos 9. The range of the function f (x) = 7–xPx–3 is
(C) tan 4x (D) log cos 2x [AIEEE-2004]
2
2. The period of sin x is [AIEEE-2002] (A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(A) π/2 (B) π (C) {1, 2,3,4} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(C) 3π/2 (D) 2π 10. If f: R → S, defined by f (x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1, is
3. The function f: R → R defined by f (x) = sin x is onto, then the interval of S is [AIEEE-2004]
[AIEEE-2002] (A) [0, 3] (B) [–1, 1]
(A) into (B) onto (C) [0, 1] (D) [–1, 3]
(C) one–one (D) many–one 11. The graph of the function (y) = f (x) is symmetrical
2+x about the line x = 2, then [AIEEE-2004]
4. The range of the function f (x) =
, x ≠ 2 is
2−x (A) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (B) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
[AIEEE-2002] (C) f (x) = f (–x) (D) f (x) = –f (–x)
(A) R (B) R – {–1}
sin −1 ( x − 3)
(C) R – {1} (D) R – {2} 12. The domain of the function f (x) = is
2
5. The function f (x) = log ( x + x + 1), is 9 − x2
[AIEEE-2003] [AIEEE-2004]
(A) neither an even nor an odd function (A) [2,3] (B) [2,3)
(B) an even function (C) [1,2] (D) [1, 2)
(C) an odd function 13. Let f: (–1, 1) → B, be a function defined by f (x)
(D) a periodic function 2x
= tan–1 , then f is both one–one and onto
6. Domain of definition of the function [AIEEE-2003] 1 − x2
3 when B is the interval [AIEEE-2005]
f (x) = + log10 (x3 – x), is
4 − x2  π  π
(A)  0,  (B)  0, 
(A) (– 1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)  2  2
(B) (1, 2)
(C) (– 1, 0) ∪ (1, 2)  π π  π π
(C)  − ,  (D)  − , 
(D) (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)  2 2  2 2
7. If f: R → R satisfies f (x + (y)) = f (x) + f ((y)), for all 14. A real valued function f (x) satisfies the functional
n
equation f (x – (y)) = f (x) f ((y)) – f (a – x) f (a + (y))
x, (y) ∈ R and f (1) = 7, then ∑ f (r) is where a is a given constant and f (0) = 1, then
r =1
[AIEEE-2003] f (2a – x) is equal to [AIEEE-2005]
7n ( n + 1) 7n (A) –f (x)
(A) (B)
2 2 (B) f (x)
7 ( n + 1) (C) f (a) + f (a – x)
(C) (D) 7n (n + 1) (D) f (–x)
2
8. A function f from the set of natural numbers to  −π π 
15. The largest interval lying in  ,  for which the
n −1 function  2 2
 , when n is odd
integers defined by f (n) =  2 is  − x2 x  
 − n , when n is even  f ( x) = 4 + cos −1  − 1  + log (cos x ) 
 2  2  
[AIEEE-2003] is defined, is [AIEEE-2007]

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 Function 1.31

 −π π  1
(A) [0, π] (B)  ,  19. The domain of the function f (x) = is
 2 2 x −x
[AIEEE-2011]
 π π  π
(C)  − ,  (D)  0,  (A) (–∞, ∞) (B) (0, ∞)
2
 4 2  (C) (–∞, 0) (D) (–∞, ∞) – {0}
16. Let f: N → Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3
where Y = | (y) ∈ N: (y) = 4x + 3 for some x ∈ N |. ⎛ 1⎞
20. If f(x) + 2f ⎜ ⎟ = 3x, x ≠ 0, and S = {x ∈ R : f(x) =
Show that f is invertible and its inverse is ⎝ x⎠
[AIEEE-2008] f(–x)}; then S: [JEE-2016]
y+3 y+3 (A) contains exactly one element
(A) g ((y)) = 4 + (B) g ((y)) (B) contains exactly two elements
4 4
3y + 4 (C) contains more than two elements
y−3
(C) g ((y)) = (D) g ((y)) = (D) is an empty set
4 3
17. For real x, let f (x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then [AIEEE-2009] ⎡ 1 1⎤ x
(A) f is one–one but not onto R 21. The function f : R → ⎢ − , ⎥ defined as f(x) = ,
⎣ 2 2⎦ 1+ x2
(B) f is onto R but not one–one is: [JEE-2017]
(C) f is one–one and onto R (A) Invertible
(D) f is neither one–one nor onto R (B) Injective but nor surjective
18. Let f (x) = (x + 1)2 –1, x > –1 [AIEEE-2009] (C) Surjective but not injective
Statement 1: The set {x: f (x) = f–1(x)} = {0, –1}. (D) neither injective nor surjective
Statement 2: f is a bijection.
22. Let a, b, c ∈ R. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is such that a +
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; State-
b + c = 3 and f(x + y ) = f(x) + f(y) + xy, ∀ x, y ∈ R, then
ment-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 10
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; State-
ment-2 is not a correct explanation for
∑ f (n) is equal to
n =1
[JEE-2017]

Statement-1 (A) 330 (B) 165

(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (C) 190 (D) 255
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

JEE Advanced
1. If the functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R → R 3. Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then the set
such that of all x satisfying (  f o g o g o f ) (x) = (g o g o f  ) (x),
f (x) =

{
0, x ∈ rational
x, x ∈ irrational
, where (  f o g) (x) = f (g (x)), is
= nπ, n ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...}
(A) ±
[JEE-2011]

g (x) =

{
0, x ∈ irrational
x, x ∈ rational
(B) ±= nπ, n ∈ {1, 2, ...}
π
then ( f – g) (x) is [JEE 2005 (Scr.), 1] (C)= + 2nπ, n ∈ {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ...}
2
(A) one–one and onto
(D) 2nπ, n ∈ {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ...}
(B) neither one–one nor onto
(C) one–one but not onto 4. The function f: [0, 3] → [1, 29], defined by
(D) onto but not one–one f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is [JEE-2012]
2. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered (A) one–one and onto
pairs of disjoint subsets of S is equal to [JEE-2010] (B) onto but not one–one
(A) 25 (B) 34 (C) one–one but not onto
(C) 42 (D) 41 (D) neither one–one nor onto

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1.32  Math Module-3

5. Let f: (–1, 1) → IR be such that [JEE-2012] ⎛π ⎛π ⎞⎞

7. Let f(x) = sin ⎜ sin ⎜ sin x ⎟ ⎟ for all x ∈ R and g(x) =
2 ⎝6 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
f (cos 4θ) = 2
2 − sec θ π
sinx for all x ∈ R. Let (fog) (x) denote f(g(x)) and
2
 π  π π (gof) (x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of the following
for θ ∈  0,  ∪  ,  ⋅
 4  4 2 is (are) true? [JEE-2015]
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤
Then the value(s) for f   is/(are) (A) Range of f is ⎢ – , ⎥
3 ⎣ 2 2⎦
3 3 ⎡ 1 1⎤
(A) 1 − (B) 1 + (B) Range of fog is ⎢ – , ⎥
2 2 ⎣ 2 2⎦
2 2 f ( x) π
(C) 1 − (D) 1 + (C) Lim =
x→0 g ( x ) 6
3 3
(D) There is an x ∈ R such that (gof)(x) = 1
 π π
6. Let f:  – ,  → R be given by [JEE-2014]
 2 2 8. Let f : R → R, g : R → R and h : R → R be differentiable
functions such that f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and
f (x) = (log (sec x + tan x))3. Then h(g(g(x))) = x for all x ∈ R. Then [JEE-2016]
(A) f (x) is an odd function
1
(B) f (x) is an one–one function (A) g′(B) = (B) h′(A) = 666
(C) f (x) is an onto function 15
(D) f (x) is an even function (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36

Answer Keys

Exercises
JEE Main
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10.
C
11. A 12.
A 13.
B 14.
B 15.
C 16.
B 17.
D 18.
A 19.
A 20.
C
21. D 22.
C 23.
C 24.
B 25.
A 26.
D 27.
D 28.
B 29.
D 30.
C
31. C 32.
C 33.
C

JEE Advanced
Single Correct Option-type Questions
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. C 10.
D
11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15.
B 16.
D 17.
C 18.
D 19.
A

Multiple Correct Option-type Questions

1. A, B 2. B, C, D 3. A, C 4. A, B, C 6. A, B, C 7. B, C, D 8. A, B, C, D 9.
A, C 5. A, D
10. A, B, C, D

Comprehension-based Questions
1. C 2. D 3. C
 Function 1.33

Matrix Match-type Questions

1. (A)–S; (B)–R; (C)–P; (D)–Q
2. (A)–R; (B)–S; (C)–P; (D)–Q

Subjective-type Questions
1   3
1. (a) R – {–1, 1} (b) (0, ∞) (c) R (d) [–2, 0) ∪ (0, 1) (e)  , 1  ∪  1,  (f) [0, 1]
2   2
 π
(g) [–1, 1] (h) R (i) f (j) ∪  nπ, nπ + 4  (k) R – {2np}, n ∈ I
n∈I
(l) (0, 1) ∪ [4, 5) (m) (2, 3)

 5π −3π  π π 3π 5π  1

  2. (a)  − , ∪ − , ∪ , (b)  − 4, −  ∪ ( 2, ∞) (c) (–∞, –3]
 4 4   4 4   4 4   2
 1   1 1 
(d) (–∞, –1) ∪ [0, ∞) (e) (3 – 2p < x < 3 – p) ∪ (3 < x < 4) (f)  0,  ∪ , 

100   100 10 

1 − 5  1 + 5 
(g) (–1 < x < –1/2) ∪ (x > 1)
(h)  ,0 ∪  ,∞ (i) (–3, –1] ∪ {0} ∪ [1,3)
 2  
   2 

 1 π   5π 
(j) {4} ∪ [5, ∞) (k) (0, 1/4) ∪ (3/4, 1) ∪ {x : x ∈ N, x ≥ 2} (l)  − ,  ∪  , 6 
 6 3  3 
(m) f
(n) 2Kp < x < (2K + 1) p but x ≠ 1 where K is non-negative integer

 5
(o) {x | 1000 ≤ x < 10000}
(p) (–2, –1) ∪ (–1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) (q) (1, 2) ∪  2, 
 2
(r) ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 1] ∪ [4, ∞)
1 
3. (a) R, [0, ∞) (b) (5, ∞), (0, ∞) (c) [0, ∞), (0, 1] (d) [–4, 4], [0, 4] (e) R,  , 1
3 
 π π  3   nπ  3 
(f)  − ,  ,  0,  (g) R −  , n ∈ z  , [−1, 1] (h) R,  , 1 (i) R, [–4, 3]

4 4  2  2   4 

 1 1 1 
(j) R, [4, ∞) (k) R,  − ,  (l) R,  , 3  (m) [–1, 2], [ 3 , 6 ]
 2 2  3 
 1  1 1
(n) [ −4, ∞ ) − {5},  0,  ∪  , 
 6  6 3

{ π π
(o) (2np, (2n + 1) p) – 2nπ + , 2nπ + , 2nπ +
2 6
5π
6
, R − {0} }
5. (a) N (b) Y (c) N (d) N
3
6. (a) 1 (b) (c) 20
2
7. (a) many–one (b) many–one (c) one–one (d) many–one (e) one–one
(f) many–one
1.34  Math Module-3

8. (a) into (b) onto (c) into (d) onto

9. (a) one–one, onto (b) many–one, into (c) many–one, into (d) many–one, onto
10. (a) fog = x, x > 0; gof = x, x ∈ R (b) | sin x |, sin | x | (c) sin–1 (x2), (sin–1 x)2
3x 2 − 4 x + 2 x 2 + 2
(d) , 2
(1 − x ) 2 x +1

 2 + x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

11. (a) ( fof ) ( j) =  2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
 4 − x, 2 < x ≤ 3

 x if x≤0  x2 if x<0
(b) (gof  ) ( j) =  − x 2 if

0 < x < 1 , ( fog ) ( x ) = 1 + x if 0 ≤ x <1
1 − x 2 if x ≥1  x if x ≥1
 
 x + 1, 0 ≤ x <1
(c) ( fog ) ( x ) =
x − 1, {
−(1 + x ), −1 ≤ x ≤ 0
0<x≤2
 3 − x,
, ( gof ) ( x ) = 
 x − 1,
1≤ x ≤ 2
2<x≤3
 5 − x, 3< x≤4
12. –3
−3
13. (a) (b) 64 (c) 30 (d) 102 (e) 5050
4
14. (a) odd (b) even (c) even (d) neither even nor odd (e) even (f) odd (g) even
(h) odd
 x 2 − sin x −1 < x ≤ 0  − x 2 + sin x −1 < x ≤ 0
15. (a) f (j) =  x
(b) f (j) =  x
(c) 3
 −x + e x ≤ −1
 x−e x ≤ −1

2π
16. (a) 2p (b) 2p (c) 24 (d) 70p (e)= (f) 2p (g) p/12 (h) 2p
3
2π
17. (a) p (b)= (c) 2 (d) 2p (e) 2p (f) 2n p (g) p
3
1
18. (a) (b) 1 (c) [0, 4) (d) 727
1002
e x − e− x log 2 x 1+ x
19. (a) (b) (c) log
2 log 2 x − 1 1− x

Previous Years’ Questions

JEE Main
1. B 2. B 3. A, D 4.
B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. A 10.
D
11. B 12.
B 13.
D 14. A 15.
D 16.
C 17.
C 18.
B 19.
C 20.
B
21. C 22.
B

JEE Advanced
1. A 2. D 3.
A 4.
B 5.
A, B 6.
A, B, C 7. A, B, C 8.
B, C