JAVA EXCLUSIVE NOTES HIMANSHU KUMAR

JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

PLACEMENT PREPARATION [EXCLUSIVE NOTES]

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Curated By- HIMANSHU KUMAR(LINKEDIN)

https://www.linkedin.com/in/himanshukumarmahuri

TOPICS COVERED-
PART-1 :-
➢ Introduction to Java and Features
➢ Writing First Program and Basic Input/Output in Java
➢ Identifiers in Java
➢ Variables in Java
➢ Data Types in Java
➢ Operators in Java
➢ Sample Problems|Operators, Data Type, Input/Output
➢ Decision Control Statements
(If,Else,Switch,Break,Continue)

PART -2 :- (UPCOMING)

➢ Loops in Java
➢ Methods in Java
➢ Sample Problems|(Decision, Loops,Arrays & Strings)
➢ Arrays in Java
➢ Strings in Java

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➢ Immutable Strings in Java

➢ BigInteger Class in Java
➢ ArrayList in Java

PART-1 :-
1.Introduction to Java and Features-
Getting started with any programming language should be purposeful,
we must understand the features and power of the programming
language to develop a deep interest in it.
Java was developed after the C and C++ around 1991. We can consider
Java as a complete package for software developers to play with it for
a variety of applications they want to build.

Java is currently the most used programming language worldwide. The

biggest tech giants such as Amazon, Google, TCS, Wipro, etc., have a
huge percentage of code in Java.

Java is power-packed with ample of features. Here are some of the

most important features of Java Programming Language:

• Simple - Java was designed for professional developers to learn

and use easily . If you are aware of basic programming principles,
then Java is not a hard nut to crack.
• Secure - Java achieves security by confining Java Programs to
Java Execution Environment and not allowing Java programs to
access other parts of the computer system.
• Portable - Portable code must run on a variety of operating
systems, CPU’s, and browsers. When a Java program is compiled,
a Bytecode is generated, this bytecode can be executed on any
platform using JVM ( Java Virtual Machine ). We will discuss JVM
details in the latter part of the tutorial.

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• Object-Oriented - Java provides a clean, usable, and pragmatic

approach to objects. It was designed on the principle that
“Everything under the sun is an Object.”
• Robust -The robustness of the program is the reliable execution
on a variety of systems. To better understand this, consider one of
the main reasons for program failure is memory management. In
C/C++, a programmer must manually allocate and free dynamic
memory. There are cases where programmers forgot to free up
the dynamic memory which may cause program failure. Java
virtually solves this problem as unused objects are garbage
collected automatically.
• Architecture Neutral - The central issue for Java Designers was
that of code longevity and portability. One of the main problems
for programmers was that there was no guarantee that the
program running perfectly fine today will run tomorrow because
of the system upgrades, processor upgrades, or changes in core
system resources. Java Designers made several hard decisions
and designed the Java Virtual Machine to solve this problem.
Their goal was “write once, run anywhere, any time, forever“.
• Distributed - Java is designed for distributed environment
because it handles TCP/IP protocol. It is very much useful in
building large scale distributed computing based applications.
Java also supports Remote Method Invocation. This feature
enables a program to invoke methods across a network.
• Dynamic - Java programs have run time meta information to verify
and resolve accesses of the objects at runtime. This makes it
possible to dynamically link code in a safe and secure
environment. It also gives us the feature to update small
fragments of bytecode, dynamically updated on a running system.

Java Program Compilation - Java program compilation converts a java

program file to a highly optimized class file which is called bytecode.

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Java Program Execution - Java program execution is completed with

the help of the following tools.

• Classloader - It loads the class file for JVM execution.

• Bytecode Verifier - It verifies the bytecode and restrict the
objects for illegal access of other parts of the system.
• Interpreter - It read the bytecode instructions and execute them
line by line.

Java program Execution Flow:

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Java Virtual Machine ( JVM)

JVM is called an abstract virtual machine because it does not exist
physically, but it is a kind of specification that provides a secure runtime
environment to execute the bytecode generated through the compiler,
JVM actually invokes the main( ) method present in the Java program.
JVM is a part of the JRE(Java Runtime Environment).
Java applications are called WORA (Write once, run anywhere). This
means a programmer can develop Java code on one system and can
expect it to run on any other Java-enabled system without any
adjustment. This is all possible because of JVM.

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

JRE stands for “Java Runtime Environment” and may also be written as
“Java RTE.” The Java Runtime Environment provides the minimum
requirements for executing a Java application; it consists of the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), core classes, and supporting files.

• A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is

specified. But implementation provider is independent to choose
the algorithm. Its implementation has been provided by Sun and
other companies.
• An implementation is a computer program that meets the
requirements of the JVM specification
• Runtime Instance Whenever you write a java command on the
command prompt to run the java class, an instance of JVM is
created.

Java Development Kit (JDK)

Java Development Kit (in short JDK) is a Kit that provides the
environment to develop and execute. The JDK contains a private Java
Virtual Machine (JVM), interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an
archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc), etc. to complete the
development of a Java Application.

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Difference between Java and C++

Comparison
C++ Java
Metric

Java is mainly used for

Domain and C++ is mainly used for
building desktop, web, and
Usage system programming.
Mobile Applications.

In Java , program once

In C++ program is
compiled converted into
only compiled and
bytecode ,then interpreter
Compiler and converted into
read the bytecode stream to
Interpreter machine code. That is
execute line by line through
why it is platform
JVM. That is why it is
dependent.
platform independent.

C++ supports pointers

Java supports pointer
for memory allocation
Pointers internally , however you can
, You can write pointer
not write pointer programs.
programs.

Java don’t have these ,

Structure and C++ have Structures
however you can implement
Union and Unions.
this using classes.

C++ don’t have inbuilt

thread support , you Java has built in thread
Thread Support
have to use third party support.
library.

C++ don’t have Java have documentation

Documentation
documentation comment , which is useful
Comment
comment. for maintaining the code.

C++ supports both call

Call by value Java supports only call by
by value and call by
and reference value.
reference.

Operator C++ supports operator Java don’t have support for

Overloading overloading. operator overloading.

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2.Writing First Program and Basic

Input/Output in Java-
First Program - "Hello World"

The below-given program is the simplest program of Java,

printing "Hello World" to the screen. Let us try to understand
every bit of the code step by step.

// This is a simple Java program.

class HelloWorld
{
// Your program begins with a call to main().
// Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window.
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}

Output:

Hello, World

The "Hello World!" program consists of three primary components: the

HelloWorld class definition, the main method, and the source code
comments. The following explanation will provide you with a basic
understanding of the code:

1. Class definition:This line uses the keyword class to declare that a

new class is being defined.

class HelloWorld

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HelloWorld is an identifier that is the name of the class. The entire

class definition, including all of its members, will be between the
opening curly brace { and the closing curly brace } .

2. main method: In Java programming language, every application

must contain a main method whose signature is:

public static void main(String[] args)

public: So that JVM can execute the method from anywh
ere.
static: Main method is to be called without object.
The modifiers public and static can be written in eit
her order.
void: The main method doesn't return anything.
main(): Name configured in the JVM.
String[]: The main method accepts a single argument:
an array of elements of type String.

Like in C/C++, main method is the entry point for your application
and will subsequently invoke all the other methods required by
your program.

3. The next line of code is shown here. Notice that it occurs inside
main( ).

System.out.println("Hello, World");

This line outputs the string "Hello, World" followed by a new line
on the screen. Output is actually accomplished by the built-in
println( ) method. System is a predefined class that provides
access to the system, and out is the variable of type output
stream that is connected to the console.

4. Comments: They can either be multi-line or single line comments.

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/* This is a simple Java program.

Call this file "HelloWorld.java". */

This is a multiline comment. This type of comment must begin

with /* and end with */. For single line you may directly use // as in
C/C++.

Important Points :

• The name of the class defined by the program is HelloWorld,

which is the same as the name of the file(HelloWorld.java). This is
not a coincidence. In Java, all codes must reside inside a class and
there is at most one public class which contains the main()
method.
• By convention, the name of the main class(a class which contain
the main method) should match the name of the file that holds
the program.

Java Basic Console Input/Output

In Java, there are three different ways of reading input from the user in
the command line environment(console).

1.Using Buffered Reader Class

This is the classical Java method to take input, Introduced in JDK1.0.
This method is used by wrapping the System.in (standard input stream)
in an InputStreamReader which is wrapped in a BufferedReader. We
can read input from the user in the command line.
Advantages :

• The input is buffered for efficient reading.

Drawback: :

• The wrapping code is hard to remember.

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// Java program to demonstrate BufferedReader

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
//Enter data using BufferReader
BufferedReader reader =
new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Reading data using readLine

String name = reader.readLine();

// Printing the read line

System.out.println(name);
}
}

Note: To read other types, we use functions such as Integer.parseInt(),

Double.parseDouble(). To read multiple values, we use split().

2. Using Scanner Class

This is probably the most preferred method to take input. The main
purpose of the Scanner class is to parse primitive types and strings
using regular expressions; however, it can also be used to read input
from the user in the command line.

Advantages:

• Convenient methods for parsing primitives (nextInt(), nextFloat(),

…) from the tokenized input.

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• Regular expressions can be used to find tokens.

Drawback:

• The reading methods are not synchronized.

// Java program to demonstrate working of Scanner in Java

import java.util.Scanner;

class GetInputFromUser
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Using Scanner for Getting Input from User
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

String s = in.nextLine();
System.out.println("You entered string "+s);

int a = in.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered integer "+a);

float b = in.nextFloat();
System.out.println("You entered float "+b); }}

3. Using Console Class

It has been becoming a preferred way for reading user’s input from the
command line. In addition, it can be used for reading password-like
input without echoing the characters entered by the user; the format
string syntax can also be used (like System.out.printf()).
Advantages:

• Reading password without echoing the entered characters.

• Reading methods are synchronized.
• Format string syntax can be used.

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Drawback:

• Does not work in non-interactive environment (such as in an IDE).

// Java program to demonstrate working of System.console()

// Note that this program does not work on IDEs as

// System.console() may require console

public class Sample

public static void main(String[] args)

// Using Console to input data from user

String name = System.console().readLine();

System.out.println(name);

3.Identifiers in Java-
Java Identifiers
In programming languages, identifiers are used for identification
purposes. In Java, an identifier can be a class name, method name,
variable name, or label. For example :
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 20;

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}
}

In the above java code, we have the following identifiers namely:

• Test : class name.

• main : method name.
• a : variable name.

Rules for defining Java Identifiers

There are certain rules for defining a valid Java identifier. These rules
must be followed; otherwise, we get a compile-time error. These rules
are also valid for other languages such as C, C++.

• The only allowed characters for identifiers are all alphanumeric

characters([A-Z],[a-z],[0-9]), '$'(dollar sign), and '_'
(underscore).For example "geek@" is not a valid java identifier as
it contain '@', which is a special character.
• Identifiers should not start with digits([0-9]). For example
"123geeks" is a not a valid java identifier.
• Java identifiers are case-sensitive.
• There is no limit on the length of the identifier but it is advisable
to use an optimum length of 4 - 15 letters only.
• Reserved Words can't be used as an identifier. For example "int
while = 20;" is an invalid statement as while is a reserved word.
There are 53 reserved words in Java.

Examples of valid identifiers :

MyVariable
MYVARIABLE
myvariable
x
i
x1
i1
_myvariable
$myvariable

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sum_of_array
geeks123
Examples of invalid identifiers :

My Variable // contains a space

123geeks // Begins with a digit
a+c // plus sign is not an alphanumeric character
variable-2 // hyphen is not an alphanumeric character
sum_&_difference // ampersand is not an alphanumeric chara
cter
Reserved Words
Any programming language reserves some words to represent
functionalities defined by that language. These words are called
reserved words. They can be briefly categorised into two
parts: keywords(50) and literals(3).

keywords define functionalities, and literals define a value.

MyVariable
MYVARIABLE
myvariable
x
i
x1
i1
_myvariable
$myvariable
sum_of_array

Identifiers are used by symbol tables in various analyzing phases(like

lexical, syntax, semantics) of a compiler architecture.

Note : The keywords const and goto are reserved, even though they are
not currently used. In place of const, the final keyword is used. Some
keywords like strictfp are included in later versions of Java.

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4.Variables in Java-
A variable is a name given to a memory location. It is the basic unit of
storage in a program.

• The value stored in a variable can be changed during program

execution.
• A variable is only a name given to a memory location, all the
operations done on the variable effects that memory location.
• In Java, all the variables must be declared before use.

How to declare variables?

We can declare variables in java as follows:

• Data Type: Type of data that can be stored in this variable.

• Variable Name: Name given to the variable.
• Value: It is the initial value stored in the variable.

Examples:

//Declaring float variable

float simpleInterest;
//Declaring and Initializing integer variable
int time = 10, speed = 20;

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// Declaring and Initializing character variable

char var = 'h';

Types of variables
There are three types of variables in Java:

• Local Variables
• Instance Variables
• Static Variables

Let us now learn about each one of these variables in detail.

1. Local Variables: A variable defined within a block or method or

constructor is called local variable.

o These variables are created when the block is entered or the

function is called and destroyed after exiting from the block
or when the call returns from the function.
o The scope of these variables exists only within the block in
which the variable is declared. i.e. we can access these
variable only within that block.
o Initilisation of local variable is mandatory.

public class StudentDetails

public void StudentAge()

{ //local variable age

int age = 0;

age = age + 5;

System.out.println("Student age is : " + age);

public static void main(String args[])

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StudentDetails obj = new StudentDetails();

obj.StudentAge();

Output:

Student age is : 5

In the above program the variable age is a local variable in the function
StudentAge(). If we use the variable age outside StudentAge() function,
the compiler will produce an error as shown in below program.
Sample Program 2:

public class StudentDetails

public void StudentAge()

{ //local variable age

int age = 0;

age = age + 5;

public static void main(String args[])

//using local variable age outside it's scope

System.out.println("Student age is : " + age);

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Output:

error: cannot find symbol

" + age);

1. Instance Variables: Instance variables are non-static variables

and are declared in a class outside any method, constructor or
block.

o As instance variables are declared in a class, these variables

are created when an object of the class is created and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
o Unlike local variables, we may use access specifiers for
instance variables. If we do not specify any access specifier
then the default access specifier will be used.
o Initilisation of Instance Variable is not mandatory. Its default
value is 0
o Instance Variable can be accessed only by creating objects.

Sample Program:

import java.io.*; {

class Marks public static void main(String args[])

{ { //first object

//These variables are instance Marks obj1 = new Marks();

variables.
obj1.engMarks = 50;
//These variables are in a class and
are not inside any function obj1.mathsMarks = 80;

int engMarks; obj1.phyMarks = 90;

int mathsMarks; //second object

int phyMarks; Marks obj2 = new Marks();

} obj2.engMarks = 80;

class MarksDemo obj2.mathsMarks = 60;

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obj2.phyMarks = 85; System.out.println("Marks for

second object:");
//displaying marks for first object

System.out.println("Marks for System.out.println(obj2.engMarks);

first object:");

System.out.println(obj2.mathsMarks);
System.out.println(obj1.engMarks);

System.out.println(obj2.phyMarks);
System.out.println(obj1.mathsMarks);
}

System.out.println(obj1.phyMarks); }

//displaying marks for second

object

Output:

Marks for first object:

50
80
90
Marks for second object:
80
60
85

As you can see in the above program the

variables, engMarks , mathsMarks , phyMarks are instance variables. In
case we have multiple objects as in the above program, each object will
have its own copies of instance variables. It is clear from the above
output that each object will have its own copy of instance variable.

1. Static Variables: Static variables are also known as Class

variables.

o These variables are declared similarly as instance variables,

the difference is that static variables are declared using the

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static keyword within a class outside any method,

constructor, or block.
o Unlike instance variables, we can only have one copy of a
static variable per class irrespective of how many objects we
create.
o Static variables are created at the start of the program
execution and are destroyed automatically when the
execution ends.
o Initilisation of Static Variable is not mandatory. Its default
value is 0
o If we access the static variable like Instance variable
(through object), compiler will show the warning message
and it wont hault the program. Compiler will replace the
object name to class name automatically.
o If we access the static variable without classname, the
compiler will automatically append the class name.

To access static variables, we need not create any object of that

class, we can simply access the variable as:

class_name.variable_name;

Sample Program:

import java.io.*;

class Article {

// static variable salary

public static double rating;

public static String name = "Variables Declaration";

public class ArticleDemo

public static void main(String args[]) {

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//accessing static variable without object

Article.rating = 4.5;

System.out.println(Article.name + "'s rating:" + Article.rating);

output:

Variables Declaration's rating:4.5

Instance variable Vs Static variable

• Each object will have its own copy of instance variable whereas
We can only have one copy of a static variable per class
irrespective of how many objects we create.
• Changes made in an instance variable using one object will not be
reflected in other objects as each object has its own copy of
instance variable. In case of static variable, changes will be
reflected in other objects as static variables are common to all
object of a class.
• We can access instance variables through object references and
Static Variables can be accessed directly using class name.
• Syntax for static and instance variables:

class Example
{
static int a; //static variable
int b; //instance variable
}

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5.Data Types in Java-

Java Data Types
There are majorly two types of languages. The first one is Statically
typed language where each variable and expression type is already
known at compile time. Once a variable is declared to be of a certain
data type, it cannot hold values of other data types. Example: C,C++,
Java. The Other one is Dynamically typed languages: These languages
can receive different data types over time. Example: Ruby, Python.

Java is a statically typed and also a strongly typed language because

in Java each type of data (such as integer, character, hexadecimal,
packed decimal, and so forth) is predefined as part of the programming
language and all constants or variables defined for a given program
must be described with one of the data types.

Java has two categories of data:

• Primitive data (e.g., number, character)

• Object data (programmer created types)

Primitive data
Primitive data are only single values; they have no special capabilities.
There are 8 primitive data types

Type Description Default Size Examples

1
boolean true or false false true, false
bit

two's
8
byte complement 0 (none)
bits
integer

unicode 16
char \u0000 'a','\n','\u0041'
character bits

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two's
16
short complement 0 (none)
bits
integer

two's
32
int complement 0 -1,0,1
bits
integer

two's
64
long complement 0 -1L,0L,1L
bits
integer

IEEE 754
32
float floating 0.0 -1.23e100f,2.45e100f
bits
point

IEEE 754
64 -
double floating 0.0
bits 3.45e300d,4.56e245d
point

Let us look at each of these types in detail:

• boolean: boolean data type represents only one bit of

information, either true or false . Values of type boolean are not
converted implicitly or explicitly (with casts) to any other type;
however, the programmer can easily write the conversion code.

// A Java program to demonstrate boolean data type

Class DEMO

public static void main(String args[])

boolean b = true;

if (b == true)

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System.out.println("Hi DEMO");

• Output:

Hi DEMO

• byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement

integer. The byte data type is useful for saving memory in large
arrays.

o Size: 8-bit
o Value: -128 to 127

// Java program to demonstrate byte data type in Java

class DEMO

public static void main(String args[])

byte a = 126;

// byte is 8 bit value

System.out.println(a);

a++;

System.out.println(a);

// It overflows here because

// byte can hold values from -128 to 127

a++;

System.out.println(a);

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// Looping back within the range

a++;

System.out.println(a);

Output:

126
127
-128
-127

• short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement

integer. Similar to byte, use a short to save memory in large
arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.

o Size: 16 bit
o Value: -32,768 to 32,767 (inclusive)
• int: It is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.

o Size: 32 bit
o Value: -231 to 231-1

Note: In Java SE 8 and later, we can use the int data type to
represent an unsigned 32-bit integer, which has value in the
range [0, 232-1]. Use the Integer class to use int data type as an
unsigned integer.

• long: The long data type is a 64-bit two's complement integer.

o Size: 64 bit
o Value: -263 to 263-1.

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Note: In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the long data type to
represent an unsigned 64-bit long, which has a minimum value of
0 and a maximum value of 264-1. The Long class also contains
methods like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc., to support
arithmetic operations for unsigned long.

• Floating point Numbers : float and double

float: The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE
754 floating point. Use a float (instead of double) if you need to
save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers.

o Size: 32 bits
o Suffix : F/f Example: 9.8f

double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE

754 floating point. For decimal values, this data type is generally
the default choice.

Note: Both float and double data types were designed especially
for scientific calculations, where approximation errors are
acceptable. If accuracy is the most prior concern then, it is
recommended not to use these data types and
use BigDecimal class instead.

• char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. A

char is a single character.

o Value: '\u0000' (or 0) to '\uffff' 65535

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// Java program to demonstrate primitive data types in Java

Class DEMO // larger than short range

{ // short s1 = 87878787878;

public static void main(String args[]) // by default fraction value is double in

java
{
double d = 4.355453532;
// declaring character

char a = 'G';
// for float use 'f' as suffix
// Integer data type is generally
float f = 4.7333434f;
// used for numeric values
System.out.println("char: " + a);
int i=89;
System.out.println("integer: " + i);
// use byte and short if memory is a
constraint System.out.println("byte: " + b);

byte b = 4; System.out.println("short: " + s);

// this will give error as number is System.out.println("float: " + f);

// larger than byte range System.out.println("double: " + d);

// byte b1 = 7888888955; }

short s = 56; }

// this will give error as number is

Output:

char: G
integer: 89
byte: 4
short: 56
float: 4.7333436
double: 4.355453532

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6.Operators in Java-
Java provides many types of operators, which can be used according to the need.
They are classified based on the functionality they provide. Mostly used operators
are discussed below :

1. Arithmetic Operators: They are used to perform simple arithmetic

operations on primitive data types.
o * Multiplication
o / : Division
o % : Modulo
o + : Addition
o - : Subtraction

// Java program to illustrate System.out.println("x + y = "+x + y);

// arithmetic operators // * and / operator

public class operators System.out.println("a * b = "+(a * b));

{ System.out.println("a / b = "+(a / b));

public static void main(String[] args) // modulo operator gives remainder

{ // on dividing first operand with second

int a = 20, b = 10, c = 0, d = 20, e = 40, f = System.out.println("a % b = "+(a % b));

30;
// if denominator is 0 in division
String x = "Thank", y = "You";
// then Arithmetic exception is thrown.
// + and - operator
// uncommenting below line would throw
System.out.println("a + b = "+(a + b));
// an exception
System.out.println("a - b = "+(a - b));
// System.out.println(a/c);
// + operator if used with strings
}
// concatenates the given strings.
}

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Output:

a+b = 30
a-b = 10
x+y = ThankYou
a*b = 200
a/b = 2
a%b = 0

Unary Operators: Unary operators need only one operand. They are used to
increment, decrement, or negate a value.

o - :Unary minus is used for negating the values.

o + :Unary plus is used for giving positive values. Only used when
deliberately converting a negative value to a positive value.
o ++ :Increment operator is used for incrementing the value by 1. There
are two varieties of increment operator.
▪ Post-Increment : Value is first used for computing the result,
and then it is incremented.
▪ Pre-Increment : Value is incremented first, and then the result
is computed.
o -- : Decrement operator is used for decrementing the value by 1.
There are two varieties of decrement operator.
▪ Post-decrement : Value is first used for computing the result,
and then it is decremented.
▪ Pre-Decrement : Value is decremented first, and then the
result is computed.
o ! : Logical not operator is used for inverting a boolean value.

// Java program to illustrate

// unary operators

public class operators

public static void main(String[] args)

int a = 20, b = 10, c = 0, d = 20, e = 40, f = 30;

boolean condition = true;

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// pre-increment operator

// a = a+1 and then c = a;

c = ++a;

System.out.println("Value of c (++a) = " + c);

// post increment operator

// c=b then b=b+1

c = b++;

System.out.println("Value of c (b++) = " + c);

// pre-decrement operator

// d=d-1 then c=d

c = --d;

System.out.println("Value of c (--d) = " + c);

// post-decrement operator

// c=e then e=e-1

c = e--;

System.out.println("Value of c (e--) = " + c);

// Logical not operator

System.out.println("Value of !condition =" + !condition);

Output:

Value of c (++a) = 21
Value of c (b++) = 10
Value of c (--d) = 19
Value of c (e--) = 40
Value of !condition =false

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1. Assignment Operator : '=' Assignment operator is used to assign a value to

any variable. It has a right to left associativity, i.e., the value given on the
right hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left;
therefore, right hand side value must be declared before using it or it should
be a constant.
General format of assignment operator is,

variable = value;

In many cases assignment operator can be combined with other operators to

build a shorter version of statement called Compound Statement. For
example, instead of a = a+5 , we can write a += 5.

o +=, for adding left operand with right operand and then assigning it to
variable on the left.
o -=, for subtracting left operand with right operand and then assigning
it to variable on the left.
o *=, for multiplying left operand with right operand and then assigning
it to variable on the left.
o /=, for dividing left operand with right operand and then assigning it to
variable on the left.
o %=, for assigning modulo of left operand with right operand and then
assigning it to variable on the left.

int a = 5;
a += 5; //a = a+5;

// Java program to illustrate

// assignment operators

public class operators

public static void main(String[] args)

int a = 20, b = 10, c, d, e = 10, f = 4, g = 9;

// simple assignment operator

c = b;

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System.out.println("Value of c = " + c);

// This following statement would throw an exception

// as value of right operand must be initialised

// before assignment, and the program would not

// compile.

// c = d;

// instead of below statements,shorthand

// assignment operators can be used to

// provide same functionality.

a = a + 1;

b = b - 1;

e = e * 2;

f = f / 2;

System.out.println("a,b,e,f = " + a + "," + b + "," + e + "," + f);

a = a - 1;

b = b + 1;

e = e / 2;

f = f * 2;

// shorthand assignment operator

a += 1;

b -= 1;

e *= 2;

f /= 2;

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System.out.println("a,b,e,f (using shorthand operators)= " +

a + "," + b + "," + e + "," + f);

Output :

Value of c =10
a,b,e,f = 21,9,20,2
a,b,e,f (using shorthand operators)= 21,9,20,2

1. Relational Operators : These operators are used to check for relations such
as equality, greater than, less than. They return boolean result after the
comparison and are extensively used in looping statements as well as in
conditional if else statements. General format is,

variable relation_operator value

Some of the relational operators are:

o == , Equal to : returns true of left hand side is equal to right hand side.
o != , Not Equal to : returns true of left hand side is not equal to right
hand side.
o < , less than : returns true of left hand side is less than right hand
side.
o <= , less than or equal to : returns true of left hand side is less than or
equal to right hand side.
o > , Greater than : returns true of left hand side is greater than right
hand side.
o >= , Greater than or equal to: returns true of left hand side is greater
than or equal to right hand side.

// Java program to illustrate

// relational operators

public class operators {

{ int a = 20, b = 10;

public static void main(String[] args) String x = "Thank", y = "Thank";

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int ar[] = { 1, 2, 3 }; System.out.println("a != b :" + (a

!= b));
int br[] = { 1, 2, 3 };
// Arrays cannot be compared
boolean condition = true; with

//various conditional operators // relational operators because

objects
System.out.println("a == b :" + (a
== b)); // store references not the value

System.out.println("a < b :" + (a < System.out.println("x == y : " + (ar

b)); == br));

System.out.println("a <= b :" + (a

<= b));

System.out.println("a > b :" + (a > System.out.println("condition==true :"

b)); + (condition == true));

System.out.println("a >= b :" + (a }

>= b));
}

Output :

a == b :false
a < b :false
a <= b :false
a > b :true
a >= b :true
a != b :true
x == y : false
condition==true :true

Logical Operators : These operators are used to perform "logical AND" and "logical
OR" operations, i.e., the function similar to AND gate and OR gate in digital
electronics. One thing to keep in mind is that the second condition is not evaluated
if the first one is false, i.e., it has short-circuiting effect. It is used extensively to test
for several conditions for making a decision.
Conditional operators are:

o && , Logical AND : returns true when both conditions are true.
o || , Logical OR : returns true if at least one condition is true.

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// Java program to illustrate

// logical operators

public class operators // Check if user-name and

password match or not.
{
if ((uuid.equals(x) &&
public static void main(String[] args) upwd.equals(y)) ||

{ (uuid.equals(y) &&
upwd.equals(x))) {
String x = "Sher";
System.out.println("Welcome
String y = "Locked"; user.");

Scanner s = new } else {

Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Wrong uid
System.out.print("Enter or password");
username:");
}
String uuid = s.next();
}
System.out.print("Enter
password:"); }

String upwd = s.next();

Output :

Enter username:Sher
Enter password:Locked
Welcome user.

Ternary operator : Ternary operator is a shorthand version of if-else statement. It

has three operands, and hence the name ternary. General format is:

condition ? if true : if false

The above statement means that if the condition evaluates to true, then execute the
statements after the '?' else execute the statements after the ':'.

// Java program to illustrate

// max of three numbers using

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// ternary operator.

public class operators

public static void main(String[] args)

int a = 20, b = 10, c = 30, result;

//result holds max of three

//numbers

result = ((a > b) ? (a > c) ? a : c : (b > c) ? b : c);

System.out.println("Max of three numbers = "+result);

Output :

Max of three numbers = 30

Bitwise Operators : These operators are used to perform manipulation of individual

bits of a number. They can be used with any of the integer types. They are used
when performing update and query operations of Binary indexed tree.

o & , Bitwise AND operator: returns bit by bit AND of input values.
o | , Bitwise OR operator: returns bit by bit OR of input values.
o ^ , Bitwise XOR operator: returns bit by bit XOR of input values.
o ~ , Bitwise Complement Operator: This is a unary operator which
returns the one's compliment representation of the input value, i.e.,
with all bits inversed.

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// Java program to illustrate

// bitwise operators

public class operators // bitwise xor

{ // 0101 ^ 0111=0010

public static void main(String[] args) System.out.println("a^b = " + (a ^

b));
{
// bitwise and
//if int a = 010 java considers it as
octal value of 8 as number starts with // ~0101=1010
0.
System.out.println("~a = " + ~a);
int a = 0x0005;

int b = 0x0007;
// can also be combined with
// bitwise and
// assignment operator to provide
// 0101 & 0111=0101 shorthand

System.out.println("a&b = " + (a & // assignment

b));
// a=a&b
// bitwise and
a &= b;
// 0101 | 0111=0111
System.out.println("a= " + a);
System.out.println("a|b = " + (a |
b)); }}

Output :

a&b = 5
a|b = 7
a^b = 2
~a = -6
a= 5

Shift Operators :These operators are used to shift the bits of a number
left or right thereby multiplying or dividing the number by two
respectively. They can be used when we have to multiply or divide a

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number by two. General format-

number shift_op number_of_places_to_shift;

o << , Left shift operator: shifts the bits of the number to the
left and fills 0 on voids left as a result. Similar effect as of
multiplying the number with some power of two.
o >> , Signed Right shift operator: shifts the bits of the
number to the right and fills 0 on voids left as a result. The
leftmost bit depends on the sign of initial number. Similar
effect as of dividing the number with some power of two.
o >>> , Unsigned Right shift operator: shifts the bits of the
number to the right and fills 0 on voids left as a result. The
leftmost bit is set to 0.

// Java program to illustrate

// shift operators

public class operators

public static void main(String[] args)

int a = 0x0005;

int b = -10;

// left shift operator

// 0000 0101<<2 =0001 0100(20)

// similar to 5*(2^2)

System.out.println("a<<2 = " + (a << 2));

// right shift operator

// 0000 0101 >> 2 =0000 0001(1)

// similar to 5/(2^2)

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System.out.println("a>>2 = " + (a >> 2));

// unsigned right shift operator

System.out.println("b>>>2 = "+ (b >>> 2));

Output :

a2 = 1
b>>>2 = 1073741821

Precedence and Associativity of Operators

Precedence and associative rules are used when dealing with hybrid equations
involving more than one type of operator. In such cases, these rules determine
which part of the equation to consider first as there can be many different
valuations for the same equation. The below table depicts the precedence of
operators in decreasing order as magnitude with the top representing the highest
precedence and the bottom shows the lowest precedence.

Operators Associativity Type

++,-- Right to Left Unary Postfix

++,--,+,-,! Right to Left Unary Prefix

/,*,% Left to Right Multiplicative

+,- Left to Right Additive

<,<=,>,>= Left to Right Relational

==,!= Left to Right Equality

/,*,% Left to Right Multiplicative

& Left to Right Boolean Logical AND

^ Left to Right Boolean Logical XOR

| Left to Right Boolean Logical OR

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&& Left to Right Conditional AND

|| Left to Right Conditional OR

?: Right to Left Conditional

=,+=,-=,*=,/=,%= Right to Left Assignment

Interesting Questions on Operators

1. Precedence and Associativity: There is often confusion when it comes to

hybrid equations i.e, the equations having multiple operators. The problem is,
which part to solve first. There is a golden rule to follow in these situations. If
the operators have different precedence, solve the higher precedence first. If
they have the same precedence, solve according to associativity, that is either
from right to left or from left to right. Explanation of the below program is
well written in comments within the program itself.

public class operators // prints a+(b/d)

{ System.out.println("a+b/d = "+(a + b / d));

public static void main(String[] args) // if same precendence then associative

{ // rules are followed.

int a = 20, b = 10, c = 0, d = 20, e = 40, f = // e/f -> b*d -> a+(b*d) -> a+(b*d)-(e/f)
30;
System.out.println("a+b*d-e/f = "+(a + b *
// precedence rules for arithmetic d - e / f));
operators.
}
// (* = / = %) > (+ = -)
}

Output:

a+b/d = 20
a+b*d-e/f = 219

Be a Compiler: Compiler in our systems uses lex tool to match the greatest match
when generating tokens. This creates a bit of problem if overlooked. For example,
consider the statement a=b+++c;, to many of the readers this might seem to create
compiler error. But this statement is absolutely correct as the tokens created by lex

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are a, =, b, ++, +, c. Therefore this statement has similar effect of first assigning b+c
to a and then incrementing b. Similarly, a=b+++++c; would generate error as tokens
generated are a, =, b, ++, ++, +, c. which is actually an error as there is no operand
after second unary operand.

public class operators System.out.println("Value of

a(b+c),b(b+1),c = " + a + "," + b + "," + c);
{
// a=b+++++c is compiled as
public static void main(String[] args)
// b++ ++ +c
{
// which gives error.
int a = 20, b = 10, c = 0;
// a=b+++++c;
// a=b+++c is compiled as
// System.out.println(b+++++c);
// b++ +c
}
// a=b+c then b=b+1
}
a = b+++c;

Output:

Value of a(b+c),b(b+1),c = 10,11,0

Using + over (): When using + operator inside system.out.println() make sure to do
addition using parenthesis. If we write something before doing addition, then string
addition takes place, that is associativity of addition is left to right, and hence
integers are added to string first producing a string, and string objects concatenates
when using +, therefore it can create unwanted results.

public class operators

public static void main(String[] args)

int x = 5, y = 8;

// concatenates x and y

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// as first x is added to "concatenation (x+y) = "

// producing "concatenation (x+y) = 5" and then 8 is

// further concatenated.

System.out.println("Concatenation (x+y)= " + x + y);

// addition of x and y

System.out.println("Addition (x+y) = " + (x + y));

Output:

Concatenation (x+y)= 58
Addition (x+y) = 13

7.Java Sample Problems | Operators, Data

Type, Input/Output-
The following are some basic implementation problems covering the topics
discussed until now.

• Problem 1 : Change the case of the character entered. (using operators

only).
• Problem 2 : Write a program to convert temperature given in Celsius (user input) to
Fahrenheit.
• Problem 3 : Write a program to find the area of a triangle. Take the length of sides
as user input. (Area printed should be rounded off to two decimal places).
• Problem 4 : Take user input amount of money and consider an infinite supply of
denominations 1, 20, 50 and 100. What is the minimum number of denominations
to make the change?
• CHECK IMPLEMENTATION ON GOOGLE

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8.Decision Control Statements

( If,Else,Switch,Break,Continue) in Java-
Decision Making in programming is similar to decision making in real life. In programming
too, we face some situations where we want a certain block of code to be executed when
some condition is fulfilled.
A programming language uses control statements to control the flow of execution of the
program based on certain conditions. These are used to cause the flow of execution to
advance and branch based on changes to the state of a program.
Java's Selection statements:

•if
•if-else
•nested-if
•if-else-if
•switch-case
•jump - break, continue, return

These statements allow you to control the flow of your program's execution based upon
conditions known only during the run time.

If : if statement is the most simple decision making statement. It is used to decide whether
a certain statement or block of statements will be executed or not i.e., if a certain condition
is true, then a block of statement is executed otherwise not.
Syntax:

if(condition)
{
// Statements to execute if
// condition is true
}

Here, condition after evaluation will be either true or false. if statement accepts boolean
values - if the value is true, then it will execute the block of statements under it.
If we do not provide the curly braces '{' and '}' after if( condition ), then by default if
statement will consider the immediate one statement to be inside its block. For example,

if(condition)
statement1;
statement2;

// Here if the condition is true, if block

// will consider only statement1 to be inside
// its block.

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Flow chart:

if-else: The if statement alone tells us that if a condition is true it will execute a
block of statements, and if the condition is false it won't. But what if we want to do
something else when the condition is false. Here comes the else statement. We can
use the else statement with if statement to execute a block of code when the
condition is false.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
// Executes this block if
// condition is true
}
else
{
// Executes this block if
// condition is false
}

if-else-if ladder:Here, a user can decide among multiple options. The if statements
are executed from the top to bottom. As soon as one of the conditions controlling

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the if is true, the statement associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the
ladder is bypassed. If none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement
will be executed.

if (condition)
statement;
else if (condition)
statement;
else
statement;

switch-case: The switch statement is a multiway branch statement. It provides an

easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the
expression.
Syntax:

switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}

• Expression can be of type byte, short, int char or an enumeration. Beginning

with JDK7, expression can also be of type String.
• Dulplicate case values are not allowed.
• The default statement is optional.
• The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement
sequence.
• The break statement is optional. If omitted, execution will continue on into
the next case.

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jump:J ava supports three jump statement: break, continue, and return. These
three statements transfer control to other part of the program.

1. Break: In Java, break is majorly used for the following:

o To terminate a sequence in a switch statement (discussed above).

o To exit a loop.
o Used as a "civilized" form of goto.

Using break to exit a Loop

Using break, we can force immediate termination of a loop, bypassing the

conditional expression and any remaining code in the body of the loop.
Note: Break, when used inside a set of nested loops, will only break out of

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the innermost loop.

Using break as a Form of Goto

Java does not have a goto statement because it provides a way to branch in an
arbitrary and unstructured manner. Java uses label. A Label is use to identifies a
block of code.
Syntax:
label:
{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
.

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.
}

Now, break statement can be use to jump out of target block.

Note: You cannot break to any label which is not defined for an enclosing block.
Syntax:

break label;

Continue:
Sometimes it is useful to force an early iteration of a loop. That is, you might want to
continue running the loop but stop processing the remainder of the code in its body for this
particular iteration. This is, in effect, a goto just past the body of the loop, to the loop's end.
The continue statement performs such an action.

Return:
The return statement is used to explicitly return from a method. That is, it causes a program
control to transfer back to the caller of the method.

HIMANSHU KUMAR(LINKEDIN)

https://www.linkedin.com/in/himanshukumarmahuri

CREDITS- INTERNET

DISCLOSURE- ALL THE DATA AND IMAGES ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE AND INTERNET.

pg. 48 | HIMANSHU KUMAR (LINKEDIN)