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1664473609-Unit 5 - Database Management - MongoDB

MongoDB is a document-based NoSQL database that stores data in JSON-like documents within collections. It features high performance, scalability, and flexibility in data modeling. MongoDB provides CRUD operations, indexing, replication, and aggregation capabilities. It uses a CAP approach focusing on consistency and availability. Key-value pairs provide dynamic schemas unlike relational databases that require predefined schemas.

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124 views23 pages

1664473609-Unit 5 - Database Management - MongoDB

MongoDB is a document-based NoSQL database that stores data in JSON-like documents within collections. It features high performance, scalability, and flexibility in data modeling. MongoDB provides CRUD operations, indexing, replication, and aggregation capabilities. It uses a CAP approach focusing on consistency and availability. Key-value pairs provide dynamic schemas unlike relational databases that require predefined schemas.

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UNIT 5

MongoDB
Objective
• What is MongoDB
• What is Document based storage?
• Key Features of MongoDB
• Organizations that use MongoDB
• MongoDB: CAP approach
• CRUD operations
• MongoDB vs SQL Databases
• Aggregated & Map reduce functionality
• Indexing in MongoDB
• Replication of data
• Consistency of data
What is MongoDB?
• MongoDB is a NoSQL database which stores the data in form of key-value
pairs. It is an Open Source, Document Database which provides high
performance and scalability along with data modelling and data management
of huge sets of data in an enterprise application.
• MongoDB also provides the feature of Auto-Scaling. Since MongoDB is a cross
platform database and can be installed across different platforms like Windows,
Linux etc.
What is Document based storage?
• A Document is nothing but a data structure with name-value pairs like in JSON. It
is very easy to map any custom Object of any programming language with a
MongoDB Document. For example : Student object has attributes name, roll
no and subjects, where subjects is a List.
• Document for Student in MongoDB will be like:
{
name : "Stduytonight",
rollno : 1,
subjects : ["C Language", "C++", "Core Java"]
}
Key Features of MongoDB
• Apart from most of the NoSQL default features, MongoDB does bring in some more,
very important and useful features :
MongoDB provides high performance. Input/Output operations are lesser than relational databases due to
support of embedded documents(data models) and Select queries are also faster as Indexes in MongoDB
supports faster queries.

MongoDB has a rich Query Language, supporting all the major CRUD operations. The Query Language
also provides good Text Search and Aggregation features.

Auto Replication feature of MongoDB leads to High Availability. It provides an automatic failover
mechanism, as data is restored through backup(replica) copy if server fails.
Key Features of MongoDB
• Apart from most of the NoSQL default features, MongoDB does bring in some more,
very important and useful features :

Sharding is a major feature of MongoDB. Horizontal Scalability is possible due to sharding.

MongoDB supports multiple Storage Engines. When we save data in form of documents(NoSQL) or
tables(RDBMS) who saves the data? It's the Storage Engine. Storage Engines manages how data
is saved in memory and on disk.
Organizations that use MongoDB
• Below are some of the big and notable organizations which are using
MongoDB as database for most of their business applications.
Overview of MongoDB
• MongoDB consists of a set of databases. Each database again consists of
Collections. Data in MongoDB is stored in collections. The below figure
depicts the typical database structure in MongoDB.

MongoDB

Collections

Document
Database in MongoDB
• Database in MongoDB is nothing but a container for collections. We will
learn how to create a new Database, drop a Database and how to use an
existing Database in the coming lessons.

Collections in MongoDB
• Collection is nothing but a set of MongoDB documents. These documents
are equivalent to the row of data in tables in RDBMS. But collections in
MongoDB do not relate to any set schema as compared to RDBMS.
Collections are a way of storing related data. Being schemaless, any type
of Document can be saved in a collection, although similarity is
recommended for index efficiency. Documents can have a maximum size
of 4MB.
Document in MongoDB
• Document in MongoDB is nothing but the set of key-value pairs. These
documents will have dynamic schema which means that the documents in
the same collection do not need to possess the same set of fields.
MongoDB: CAP approach
C
Focus on Consistency and Partition tolerance
• Consistency
• all replicas contain the same version of the data

• Availability
• system remains operational on failing nodes

• Partition tolerance A P
• multiple entry points
• system remains operational on system split
CRUD operations
CRUD operations create, read, update, and delete documents.

Create Operations
• Create or insert operations add new documents to a collection. If the
collection does not currently exist, insert operations will create the
collection.
• Create
• db.collection.insert( )
• db.collection.save( )
• db.collection.update( , , { upsert: true } )
CRUD operations
Read Operations
• Read operations retrieve documents from a collection; i.e. query a
collection for documents. MongoDB provides the following methods to
read documents from a collection:
• Read
• db.collection.find( , )
• db.collection.findOne( , )
CRUD operations
Update Operations

• Update operations modify existing documents in a collection. MongoDB


provides the following methods to update documents of a collection:
• Update
• db.collection.update( , , )
CRUD operations
Delete Operations
• Delete operations remove documents from a collection. MongoDB
provides the following methods to delete documents of a collection:
• Delete
• db.collection.remove( , )
MongoDB vs SQL Databases
SQL Database NoSQL Database
(MongoDB)
Relational database Non-relational database
Supports SQL query Supports JSON query
language language
Table based Collection based and key-
value pair
Row based Document based
Column based Field based
Contains schema which is Contains dynamic schema
predefined
Aggregated functionality
Aggregation framework provides SQL-like aggregation functionality
• Pipeline documents from a collection pass through an aggregation
pipeline, which transforms these objects as they pass through
• Expressions produce output documents based on calculations
performed on input documents
• Example db.parts.aggregate ( {$group : {_id: type, totalquantity : { $sum:
quanity} } } )
Map reduce functionality
• Performs complex aggregator functions given a collection of keys, value
pairs
• Must provide at least a map function, reduction function and a name of the
result set
• db.collection.mapReduce( , , { out: , query: , sort: , limit: , finalize: , scope: ,
jsMode: , verbose: } )
• db.collection.mapReduce( , , { out: , query: , sort: , limit: , finalize: , scope: ,
jsMode: , verbose: } )
Indexing in MongoDB
• Typically used for frequently used queries
• Necessary when the total size of the documents exceeds the amount of
available RAM.
• Only 1 index can be used by the query optimizer when retrieving data
• Index covers a query - match the query conditions and return the results
using only the index;
Types of Indexes in MongoDB
Index Type Description
Single field index Used to create an index on a single field and it can be a user
defined as well apart from the default _id one.
Compound index MongoDB supports the user-defined indexes on multiple fields.
Multi key index MongoDB uses multi key indexes basically to store the arrays.
MongoDB creates a separate index for each element in an array.
MongoDB intelligently identifies to create a multi key index if the
index contains elements from an array.
Geospatial index Used to support the queries required for the geospatial coordinate
data.
Text index This index is used to search for a string content in a collection
Hashed index Used for hash based Sharding
Replication of data
• Ensures redundancy, backup, and automatic failover
• Recovery manager in the RDMS
• Replication occurs through groups of servers known as replica sets
• Primary set – set of servers that client tasks direct updates to
• Secondary set – set of servers used for duplication of data
• At the most can have 12 replica sets
• Many different properties can be associated with a secondary
set i.e. secondary-only, hidden delayed, arbiters, non-voting
• If the primary set fails the secondary sets ‘vote’ to elect the new primary
set
Consistency of data
• All read operations issued to the primary of a replica set are consistent with the last
write operation
• Reads to a primary have strict consistency
• Reads reflect the latest changes to the data
• Reads to a secondary have eventual consistency
• Updates propagate gradually
• If clients permit reads from secondary sets – then client may read a previous
state of the database
• Failure occurs before the secondary nodes are updated
• System identifies when a rollback needs to occur
• Users are responsible for manually applying rollback changes
Reference
• https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/views/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mongodb-an-introduction/
• https://www.mongodb.com/developer/how-to/SQL-to-
Aggregation-Pipeline/
• https://www.mongodb.com/docs/compass/current/import-
export/#export-data-from-a-collection

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