CE 432 2/5/2019

Reinforced Concrete; Materials

Self Reading

CE 432

Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Concrete: Composite material composed of
Portland cement, fine aggregate (sand),
coarse aggregate (gravel/stone), and water;
with or without other additives.

Hydration: Chemical process in which the

cement powder reacts with water and sets
and hardens into a solid mass, bonding the
aggregates together

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning

Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
In the design of concrete mixes, three principal
requirements for concrete are of importance:
 Quality and Durability, strength,
and uniform appearance of hardened
concrete.
 Workability of freshly mixed
concrete.
 Economy

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning

Types of Cement
 Type I: General Purpose

 Type II: Lower heat of hydration than

Type I
 Type III: High Early Strength

 Higher heat of hydration

quicker strength (7 days vs. 28 days for
Type I)
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Types of Cement

 Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration

 Gradually heats up, less distortion
(massive structures).
 Type V: Sulfate Resisting
 For footings, basements, sewers, etc.
exposed to soils with sulfates.

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ACI

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Workability is the property that determines
the ease with which freshly mixed concrete
can be placed and finished without
segregation.
Workability is difficult to measure but ready-
mix companies usually have experience in
determining the proper mix.
Therefore, it is important to accurately
describe what the concrete is to be used for,
and how it will be placed.
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Economical takes into account effective use
of materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.
 Proportioning should minimize the amount of cement
required without sacrificing quality.
 Quality depends on the amount of cement and the water-
cement ratio.
 Hold the water content to a minimum to reduce the cement
requirement.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
The influence of ingredients on properties
of concrete.

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Curing
Concrete that has been specified,
batched, mixed, placed, and finished
"letter-perfect" can still be a failure if
improperly or inadequately cured.
Curing is usually the last step in a
concrete project and, unfortunately, is
often neglected even by professionals.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Workability
 Workability measured by Slump test - The measurement
of the consistency of the mix is done with the slump-cone test.
The recommend consistency for various classes of concrete
structures
slump
12”

1 2 3 4
1. Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes
2. Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes
3. Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes
4. Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.)
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Workability

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Shrinkage
Microcracks are the
initial shrinkage cracks
due to carbonation
shrinkage, hydration
shrinkage, and drying
shrinkage.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Bond Microcracks
are extensions of
shrinkage micro-cracks,
as the compression
stress field increases,
the shrinkage micro-
cracks widen but do
not propagates into the
matrix. Occur at 15-20
% ultimate strength of
concrete. 20

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Matrix Microcracks - are
micro-cracks that occur in
the matrix. The propagate
from 20% fc. Occur up to
30-45 % ultimate strength
of concrete. Matrix micro-
cracks start bridge one
another at 75%. Aggregate
micro-cracks occur just
before failure (90%).
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Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in
Compression
fc Ec
f’c 12”

0.45f’c 6”

εo εu εc
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Concrete Properties
The standard strength test generally uses a
cylindrical sample. It is tested after 28 days to test
for strength, fc. The concrete will continue to
harden with time and for a normal Portland cement
will increase with time as follows:

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Concrete Properties
 Compressive Strength, f’c
 Normally use 28-day strength for design
strength fc Ec
 Poisson’s Ratio, n f’c
 n ~ 0.15 to 0.20 0.45f’
c
 Usually use n = 0.17

εo εu εc

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Concrete Properties

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ACI 2008

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Concrete Properties

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Concrete Properties
 Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
 Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 f’c
 ACI 318-08 (Sec. 8.5.1):

where w = unit weight (lb/ft3 or kg/m3)

90 pcf (1500 kg/m3)< wc <155 pcf (2500 kg/m3)

For normal weight concrete (wc  145 pcf, 2300 kg/m3)

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Concrete Properties
 Concrete strain at max. compressive stress,
εo
 For typical ε curves in compression
 εo varies between 0.0015-0.003
 For normal strength concrete, εo ~ 0.002
fc
f’c Ec

0.45f’c

εo εu
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Concrete Properties
 Maximum useable strain, εu
 ACI Code: εu = 0.003
 Used for flexural and axial compression
fc
f’c Ec

0.45f’c

εo εu

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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
 Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f’c
 Modulus of Rupture, fr (ASTM C 78)
 For calculations, use: ACI Eq. 9-5.2.3
deflection calculations strength calculations

P unreinforced
 Test: concrete beam

fr
Mmax = P/2*a
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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
 Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
 Split Cylinder Test
P
Concrete Cylinder
Poisson’s
Effect

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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)

(Not given
in ACI
Code)

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Concrete Properties

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Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
 Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere
(volume loss).
 Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still
“wet” (hot day, flat work, etc.)
 Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
 Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80%
within one year).
 Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as
environment changes.
 Reinforcement restrains the development of
shrinkage.

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Concrete Properties
Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen

* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year

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Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
 W/C ratio (high water content reduces amount of
aggregate which restrains shrinkage)
 Aggregate type & content (modulus of Elasticity)

 Volume/Surface Ratio

 Type of cement (finely ground…)

 Admixtures

 Relative humidity (largest for relative humidity of

40% or less).
 Typical magnitude of strain: (200 to 600) * 10-6

or (200 to 600 micro-strain)

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Concrete Properties
 Creep
 Deformations (strains) under sustained loads.
 Like shrinkage, creep is not completely
reversible.

P
dL, elastic
dL, creep
L

P
ε=dL/L

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Concrete Properties
 Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all
the above that affect shrinkage, plus
 magnitude of stress

 age at loading

 Creep strain develops over time…

 Absorbed water layers tend to become
thinner between gel particles that are
transmitting compressive stresses
 Bonds form between gel particles in their
deformed position.
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Concrete Properties
 Tri-axial Compression
 Confined Cylinder
 Improved strength and ductility versus
uniaxial compression σ1
 Example: spiral reinforced

σ3
where,
σ1 = longitudinal stress at failure
σ1
σ3 = σ2 =lateral pressure

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Concrete Properties
Tri-axial Compression

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Steel Reinforcement
1. General
 Standard Reinforcing Bar Markings

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Steel Reinforcement
1. General
 Most common types for non-prestressed
members:
 hot-rolled deformed bars
 welded wire fabric

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Steel Reinforcement
 Areas, Weights, Dimensions

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Steel Reinforcement
2. Types
 ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for
Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars
 Grade 60: fy = 60 ksi, #3 to #18
 most common in buildings and bridges

 Grade 40: fy = 40 ksi, #3 to #6

 most ductile

 Grade 75: fy = 75 ksi, #6 to #18

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Steel Reinforcement

2. Types

 ASTM A616 - Rail-Steel Bars

 ASTM A617 - Axle-Steel Bars
 ASTM A706 - Low-Alloy-Steel Bars
 more ductile GR60 steel
 min. length of yield plateau = sh/y = 5

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Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
 Stress-Strain curve
for various types of
steel reinforcement
bar.

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Steel Reinforcement
Es = Initial tangent GR 60 (less ductile)
modulus = 29,000
ksi (all grades) GR 40
Stress
Es
Note: 1
GR40 has a
0.20
longer yield
Strain
plateau

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Building codes
The design and construction of buildings are
regulated by municipal bylaws called building codes
to protect the public’s health and safety
Prior to the year 2000, three building codes were
commonly used: Uniform Building Code, Standard
Building Code , Basic Building Code
They cover requirements for use and occupancy, fire
, heating and ventilation, and structural design
In year 2000, these three codes were replaced by the
International Building Code (IBC)
Jordan Building Code and the ACI Code are
commonly used in Jordan.
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Design Specifications
ACI Code → American Concrete
Institute
 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and commentary (ACI-318-05)

BS Code → British Code

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Strength Design Method (ACI)

Multiply Member Strength (resistance) (Rn)
by a strength (resistance) factor () to
account for strength (resistance)
uncertainties
Multiply Loads (Qi) by load (safety) factors
(i) to account for load uncertainties
For a particular member (beam, column,….)

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Strength Reduction Factor ()

Flexure or Combined Flexure
 Tension-controlled sections =0.90
 Compression-controlled sections:
 Members with spiral reinforcement =0.70
 Other compression-controlled sections =0.65

Other actions
 Shear and torsion =0.75
 Bearing on concrete =0.65
 Strut-and-Tie Models =0.75

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Loads
D = Dead Loads
F = Loads due to the weight and pressure of fluids
T = Total effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage
L= Live Loads
H=loads due to weight and lateral earth pressure
of soils,
Lr = roof live loads
S = Snow Loads
R = Rain Loads
W = Wind Loads
E = Earthquake Loads
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Load Factors
U=1.4(D+F) ACI Eq. 9-1
U=1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R) ACI Eq. 9-2
U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) ACI Eq. 9-3
U=1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(Lr or S or R) ACI Eq. 9-4
U=1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S ACI Eq. 9-5
U=0.9D+1.6W+1.6H ACI Eq. 9-6
U=0.9D+1.0E+1.6H ACI Eq. 9-7
U =Total Factored Load

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Example
The axial loads for a building have been estimated as
follows D = 150 kN, Lr= 60 kN, L = 300 kN, W=70 kN
(compression load), W = -60 kN (tensile load), E1=+50 kN
(compression load), E2= -40 kN(tensile load). Determine the
factored design load using the ACI specifications.
U1 = 1.4 (150 + 0) = 210 kN
U2 = 1.2 (150 + 0 + 0) + 1.6(300+0)+0.5(60) = 690 kN
U3a = 1.2(150)+1.6(60)+1.0(300) = 576 kN
U3b= 1.2(150)+1.6(60)+0.8(70) = 332 kN
U3c = 1.2(150) +1.6(60)+0.8(-60) = 228 kN
U4a = 1.2(150) + 1.6(70)+1.0(300)+0.5(60) = 622 kN
U4b = 1.2(150) + 1.6(-60) +1.0(300)+0.5(60) = 414 kN

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Example - continued
U5a = 1.2(150) + 1.0(50)+1.0(300) + 0.2 (0) = 530 kN
U5b = 1.2(150) + 1.0(-40) + 1.0(300) + 0.2(0) = 440 kN
U6a = 0.9(150) + 1.6(70) + 1.6(0) = 247 kN
U6b = 0.9(150) + 1.6(-60) + 1.6(0) = 39 kN
U7a = 0.9(150) + 1.0 (50) + 1.6(0) = 185 kN
U7b = 0.9(150) + 1.0(-40) + 1.6(0) = 95 kN

Answer: U = 690 kN and there is no risk of uplift.

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Slab thickness = 200 mm

Beam width = 250 mm; beam height = 500 mm
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Flooring = 1.5 kN/m2
Residential building, Live load = 2 kN/m2
Question: Determine the total load on beams B1, B2, B3,
and B4
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Load Distribution in One-Way Slabs

Slab S1 is a one-way slab because

The slab S1 is supported by Beams 1 and 3

only.
All the loads on slab S1 will be transferred to
Beams 1 and 3.
No loads are transferred to Beams 2 and 4
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Dead Loads on Beams 1 and 3

Dead loads:
 Concrete slab own weight (24 kN/m3)
 Slab weight = 6.6*1.50*0.200 *24= 47.5 kN
 Slab weight/unit length of beam = 47.5/6.6=7.2 kN/m
 Concrete flooring (1.5 kN/m2)
 Total flooring = 1.5 * 6.6 * 1.50 = 14.9 kN
 Total flooring /unit length of beam = 14.9/6.6 =2.3
kN/m
 Beam own weight (24 kN/m3)
 Total beam weight = 6.6*0.25*0.5*24=19.8 kN
 Total beam weight/unit length of beam = 19.8/6.6 =
3.0 kN/m
 Total Dead Load= 7.2 + 2.3 + 3.0 = 12.5 kN/m
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Live and Total Loads on Beams 1 and 3

Live Loads
 Total live load = 6.6*1.5*2 = 19.8 kN/m
 Total live load/beam unit length =19.8/6.6 = 3.0
kN/m
Total Loads:
 U1 = 1.4 * 12.5 = 17.5 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 12.5 + 1.6*3.0 = 19.8 kN/m
 U2U1, therefore select U = U2 = 19.8 kN/m

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Loads on Beams B2 and B4

Dead Load:
 Beam own weight = 24*0.25*0.5= 3.0 kN/m
Live Load:
 No live load
Total Load:
 U1 = 1.4 * 3.0 = 4.2 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 3.0 + 1.6 * 0 = 3.6 kN/m
 Therefore, U = U1 = 4.2 kN/m

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Load Distribution in Two-Way Slabs

Slab thickness = 200 mm

Beam width = 250 mm; beam height = 500 mm
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Flooring = 1.5 kN/m2
Residential building, Live load = 2 kN/m2
Question: Determine the total load on beams B1, B2, B3,
and B4
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Load Distribution in Two-Way Slabs

Slab S2 is a two-way slab because

The slab S2 is supported by all beams.

The loads on slab S2 will be transferred to
Beams 1, 2, 3 and 4.

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Load Distribution in Two-Way Slabs

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Dead Loads on Beams 1 and 3

Dead loads:
 Concrete slab own weight (24 kN/m3)
Slab weight = 24*1.50*0.200 = 7.2 kN/m (Trapezoidal
Load)
 Concrete flooring (1.5 kN/m2)
Total flooring = 1.50 * 1.50 = 2.3 kN/m (Trapezoidal
Load)
 Beam own weight (24 kN/m3)
Total beam weight = 24*0.25*0.5=3.0 kN/m (Uniform
load)
Live loads:
 Total live load = 1.5*2 = 3.0 kN/m (Trapezoidal
load)
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Equivalent Uniformly-distributed Loads

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Total Loads on Beams 1 and 3

For moment computation, use  as follows:
 Slab own weight + flooring = (7.2 + 2.3) * 0.880 =8.4
kN/m
 Beam own weight = 3.0 kN/m
 Dead Load = 8.4 + 3.0 = 11.4 kN/m
 Live loads: = 3.0 * 0.880 = 2.6 kN/m
 Total Load:
 U1 = 1.4 * 11.4 =16.0 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 11.4 + 1.6 * 2.6 = 17.8 kN/m
  U = 17.8 kN/m

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Total Loads on Beams 1 and 3

L/2x = 5.0/3.0 = 1.667  =0.880 and =0.700
For computation of shear, use  as follows:
 Slab own weight + flooring = (7.2 + 2.3) * 0.700 =6.7
kN/m
 Beam own weight = 3.0 kN/m
 Dead Load = 8.4 + 3.0 = 9.7 kN/m
 Live loads: = 3.0 * 0.700 = 2.1 kN/m
 Total Load:
 U1 = 1.4 * 9.7 =13.6 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 9.7 + 1.6 * 2.1 = 15.0 kN/m
  U = 15.0 kN/m
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Total Loads on Beams 2 and 4

L/2x = 3.0/3.0 = 1.0  =0.667 and =0.500
For computation of shear, use  as follows:
 Slab own weight + flooring = (7.2 + 2.3) * 0.667 =6.3
kN/m
 Beam own weight = 3.0 kN/m
 Dead Load = 6.3 + 3.0 = 9.3 kN/m
 Live loads: = 3.0 * 0.667 = 2.0 kN/m
 Total Load:
 U1 = 1.4 * 9.3 =13.0 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 9.3 + 1.6 * 2.0 = 14.4 kN/m
  U = 14.4 kN/m
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Total Loads on Beams 2 and 4

L/2x = 3.0/3.0 = 1.0  =0.667 and =0.500
For computation of shear, use  as follows:
 Slab own weight + flooring = (7.2 + 2.3) * 0.5 =4.8
kN/m
 Beam own weight = 3.0 kN/m
 Dead Load = 4.8 + 3.0 = 7.8 kN/m
 Live loads: = 3.0 * 0.5 = 1.5 kN/m
 Total Load:
 U1 = 1.4 * 7.8 =10.9 kN/m
 U2 = 1.2 * 7.8 + 1.6 * 1.5 = 11.8 kN/m
  U = 11.8 kN/m

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Example
Slab thickness = 200 mm
Beam width = 300 mm; beam height = 600 mm
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Flooring = 1.5 kN/m2
Residential building, Live load = 2 kN/m2
Wall Load = 1.7 kN/m2
Question: Determine the total load on all the
beams

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Example

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