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Module 2

The document discusses three stages in the flexural analysis of beams: [1] uncracked concrete stage with small loads where stresses are below the modulus of rupture; [2] cracked concrete-elastic stage with moderate loads where cracks develop and stresses are computed using transformed area method; [3] cracked concrete-ultimate strength stage where reinforcing bars yield and stresses are no longer linear with strain. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating cracking moment and solving for the neutral axis.

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Azeezan Alessa
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Module 2

The document discusses three stages in the flexural analysis of beams: [1] uncracked concrete stage with small loads where stresses are below the modulus of rupture; [2] cracked concrete-elastic stage with moderate loads where cracks develop and stresses are computed using transformed area method; [3] cracked concrete-ultimate strength stage where reinforcing bars yield and stresses are no longer linear with strain. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating cracking moment and solving for the neutral axis.

Uploaded by

Azeezan Alessa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

2/5/2019

Module 2:
Flexural Analysis of Beams

Introduction

Gradually load a simply supported beam until


it fails

Three behavior stages:


(a) Concrete uncracked
(b) Concrete cracked – elastic stresses
(c) Concrete cracked – Ultimate strength

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Stage 1
Uncracked Concrete Stage
Tensile stresses in concrete are less than
modulus of rupture

Entire beam cross-section resists bending

Compression on one side and tension on the


other

Stage 1
Uncracked Concrete Stage – Small Loads

(compression) (compression)

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Stage 1
Uncracked Concrete Stage – Small Loads
Stresses Elastic and
Section Uncracked

Stresses are below modulus of rupture


CE432 5

Cracking Moment

Effect of reinforcement is negligible


until concrete is cracked
Stress in the beam may
be calculated using:

ACI Section 9.5.2.3 – cracking


moment is calculated using
ACI equation 9-9:

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Cracking Moment
yt is the distance from the centroidal
axis to the extreme tension fiber
Cracking stress – ACI
Equation 9-10:

Example 1

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Example 2

Example 2

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Example 3

If f’c = 28MPa psi and


normal weight concrete is
used, what is the maximum
uniformly distributed load the
beam can carry if it is used as
a simple beam with 5 m span
without exceeding the modulus
of rupture of the concrete?

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Example 3

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Stage 2-
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses -
Moderate Loads

Cracks develop on tension side of beam

Moment at which cracks begin – cracking


moment (Mcr)

Cracks spread toward the neutral axis

Neutral axis moves upward (for positive


moment)
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Stage 2-
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses -
Moderate Loads

Cracked concrete cannot resist tension

Tensile stress must be resisted by steel

This stage continues until concrete stresses


are about one-half concrete compression
strength and steel stress is less than yield

Stress varies linearly with strain

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Stage 2-
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses -
Moderate Loads

ec (compression) fc (compression)

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Stage 2-
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses -
Moderate Loads

This is the stage occurring under


service-load conditions

Stresses are computed using the transformed


area method

Service or working loads are considerably


higher than the cracking load

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Elastic Stresses - Cracked


Concrete
All concrete in the tensile zone is
cracked and is neglected

Perfect bond between the tension steel


and concrete – stains in two materials
are equal

Stresses are not equal because of


differences in moduli

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Elastic Stresses - Cracked


Concrete
Ratio of the steel to concrete stress
is given by the modular ratio

Transformed area

Area of tension steel (As) is equivalent to


an equivalent concrete area of nAs

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Stage 2-
Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses -
Moderate Loads
The neutral axis for a concrete beam is found by solving the
quadratic equation

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Example 4

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Stage 3 –
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate Strength Stage

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Stage 3 –
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate Strength Stage

Tensile cracks and neutral axis move


upward (for positive moment)

Stresses are no longer linearly related to


strain

Reinforcing bars yield

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Moment-Curvature Relationship

q is the angle change of a beam section


over a length

e is the strain at distance y from NA

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Moment-Curvature Relationship

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