A Guvert the grammer S7AB|a8 , Az aal] eR bbA one CNFE Sl © elummak. Null productions. Nullable get = £93 $7 rg[een A =aab @ = bpAlbb ® elrmmate ant production. ey AwldbalbelaB fA-zaab 8-> bbAl bb @ Sy Alle, A[C2Ca [Cr 8 A? CC By B72 C24 Ales Ce cia Cob Neal fed) Cue S—7 AB SAB | $2023, Ca7QA Pe2aan | [e3aG | $38 $268 S—90y Cn. fo—cmemmcmre| Lon AECL, J APCICY Cu FC iey 89044 | 830, ~~Gaeigach Noval form (@Qne)— A CPA @ IS In QNF tp every preduction ts of the Pam aK a thre Qe € Ke v* Ce be nr’) amd 8—>n ts m @ IP NE LCG), when a € LG) we assume that & des not appear on the R.H.S of any producton. £2 8-yans/e A 60 Bb is im Que. C9 lemma” ot A= CV, 0.9) be a CPG. bet the set oP A productos be AVAL [AK |--- [AG |B, [Bol.--182 CB? ole not start with A), heb be a mew variable. Let G =(VUZ3,2,F,S) where Pts defined a4 follows. (iy The. get of A predluctions are A> Bi(Bo|--- [Bs A> Bz [Bsz[--» (BsZ Ui) The set of z productions ae ZG Zz]... [kz Za kildafece fy, (ii) The precluction for the other Variable are gomeasin P. Then Gy (3 & CFG amd Is eguvalent- to GB, rsa Abbly the Above lemma to A-7aRD/6d8 pale A >aglep” a A->4b0/( 628 /e AW? 2B9=/b0B2 (eZ. z>Bz/9z zhi AugConversion to ANP —> Given CPG mugt be IN oN &! Gnstuct a feammary IN GNP eguvalert to S-yAAla A28b Sol” the. gen Prammar is im enp, ® Rereme the vasiable as g-—y Aj A=zAL New the grammar is Ai 2 As As {4 Aa—2 AcAr(b. SB @ APAsAgla are im segiuvedl Perm (fat Ag such ee 6 Aa7b ts also vegunedl fom. So use fake As—2 Arh, Abbly the lemma to Aaah, ( Reblace Ar wath all ts ~ practuctions ’) Ar—> fafa [ary Now Aa prodyetunte a2 As? ‘b(Ashem (a Ar af Fh RRR A Ag? ahi & het ahZelbZa Za? AaAr Za AshiZg Now As peeductons are Ar precluctios - => New Take Ai—> sha la Petam Avaand ably lemma to Ai As As (rebhce As by th producing) ‘ A199 Aifla|bAa|aAizs fa[b% Ag and Ar 2a = Mow Take Ze predluctons. Zaha [Ariza (Replace As cotth ds poealucttont’) 224A 4] 6A, [ahzrn[bz0h 29 P4Muf2a| bALZ=[aA1ZeA1Zg | bz2 Zs AL i Fn QL, 243, £488,881) fg AR Conver the goammar to NE S— fb ABs /b B> sala gol Rename $ a8 Ar A as Ax Bas AZ The productions Qrwe Ar hah Aa —7 Ash, |b Ax > ArAs [@ Now the prealuctton of Ar € Im vegurrea fam 1@ [Ry —? As Ag isin ane Also [As—> Az Ai lb ts ale. 1m ane w 2Cmsider — Ag—> A Nala le. Aa As Agha (7! Ai? Aes) ” As—y Ag At AsAa| bAeAa (0 Aa Ashi[6+) fo noi Ay preductons are given by Aa—7 Ag Ar fabs [bAg Aa anal , A a 3-78 | Nahe After removing left vecuxsion, Ag froalueting are A3—> bAsAs [a | tas Bae : Ag aZs] bAaipZz [Oe GNF Za-7 AiAgha Novo consicler Ag prealuctuns Za AVA3 As Z3 [az 6] is im GME As—? As A Ag> bAaha Ay [aa,[azsAu | bAaksZ3 A; Go Peal Ap productions are. Aa—zb [Av AM [a [423 Ar [bAaAa Zs Ay Now conser Ay productions Ai? ha AB af Pua bea ate fis [2 Bi avzaA fb Rofl Zof Ag ” GNP | Now cooler Ze, poodlucturs. Za 7A Raha. (A AgheZ3, Za —> bAsAs As | PAghstifalehe b As Aghazs gem Za —> bAahaAiAAsha|bAs Ashish ar23 23> Ail fafs [aA Aa fs hez3 GNF ta QZ, AiAsAsha| az h, AsAshaz3 Za -> bAshs¥3AiAzhahs | bAshaZ3 A AahsAxZ3®3 Cmyoat the follewime Q to equivalent @NE 3-9 xA|B8 8-2 b[88 xb | e0F AV4 Sol — Rename varables as emi A> Aaa [Aafly a-348 Au—? b[AgAy } BQ Aq fav ook Par Au? Ay Ky ol uh tpelated e NP Xz is stamp of 0 or ‘mne variables, Au—7 Ar Ay fu AatisAu [Ay Aa he lb a Ar As As | Auay A Replace Aa wth & | aia itt | Az be fu Autihul & Ag ce Considle A> he he Arf fle amd elrmmate (ett vecusegiyn7, mii) afin Z-7 Ay hal Ay Aa Z. tee “elb fab 334 i Ai sities [bRcAezAu [bz Ay | bay Resurt | Z—> BAe Auf bs faz [bots Ay bases 2] 1y putt bz Au/b2 Mz | [bau] bay z. Au bAs hu] bAshaz/bz/b As—2b As—4Qk Convert to follecs imp to ANE 8> AR A Bs[b B7sAl® some at @.3 BS Convert the Pollocomp to ANE Evert (tr TR TeFIA FF (e)/a Sol" elimmate unit brodluctions evretr[tee/cedla T> Te lce) [a P-9 (e/a Now convert tha to ene, mboduac new vartabley. e-ear(TBF| Ceca Ty rerlcec(a F-Cecla A+ b> & Cy Now sename variables aa fr a— Ag F-Ay TAs E—Ae6 Pol -Guie Now.w x AN ep ~ Ie A E et “NS i e+e Be egy wl | IS reorRS \ roof vl e+€ val g ee VA uol ual rot Lou | +e ud dol dol dol Ty b Se thas Lomgusye 19 onmbgloes. Gn oder 0 define Recoctbiwnly , 8 wed vecnrsion pibblence , Use used levele 8 e2ett/r Tare le £2GtF 14 aud eh2 bese > bexb o> bexb| exp and bes —> | not bexb [Tee {Flse Leff boef~ oR. bexp > bexp OF Fle Lod Pah ove al4 13 Not & [True | Palte hs Eetd [yoSe SRR ER Es . (RB [afbje £-2e4+7/7 T> TE . F2e*[albic try a> Agel 8(B ; i £ @ ade operator C2 0@D 2 Dol I» we @>0 ¢ L#L’@ ED E*F [Pe /e Po e-F quo, ee tat = 1s olefrmedl ap PE aye cel 94 ayht ecole,RECERZ(M — PD left vecessun & Right vect%flm | \ A AX|B Araale A & 4 | — 40 7” Ar hf ey , B * | Lat A | “A oe \ = L\- PO A1@ Téb cloton basger com not Work poopeshy. istth left decertn. So lept sectssiemr need 4 be semoved (tee oe vel 630 enettir — A px B 9 Fe | Non lebt vectsive goarmmeg, piyel+re @® clinmete LePE vece.sgim gga sels , g)—y é [osiss 6 eo) fx v= |} femove lef} secesitm L—us/s L-+ysv ane ry A aft voe/se =eee ee ee ONS a | C AA [AXs/ any! [8.1% [8 [8 “a A> ByA'| B28" | BoA .-- > these leva’. Le Removing lePt Pactewmy —> A-DKB, (Bp [oC By Non aetermmishe goamnes AzekA) L— pedermrstic goemmah. A> Bil&s [By left Petoort: 40 [eeatetes le) Eb SONS [ep erde ME ES eS a 6-7 yee (a A Left Pactorrg does not~vemeve “ees 7 1m bigulty te “ ONT feouse te thoent repels of lazeyg,Remove. Prabyguaty Poem G& preselere] Ce) | Tab So e-yett(T Ta THF le F4(e)lalb a q Q@ Remove Ambiguity Prom A. | 69 ulas[uCases|2- gp up & then S Cb [upc then § else S$ S01" la sl” Te ulm Lob m5 ule mel] upc Then iP & Hen $1 ebeoSg\ yp ule fut Me i Cb ( | g3% gauces|T + ieaveF [F Foe Cb Yhat the CPG given below generates all etormps of falanceol © show pasenthesis ts ambiguous. Give ain equaled unambiguous @ g-yss (sé gol A 5 3 8 re => sost| - | A 8 eh iy a > THEO IN £6433 : é > @ AN bam biguoes bk ‘ ; D Gremmas ie éOs. Me On & UnambiZ-Loug g CFR fer made. exebversiony ( oferatos ! py e , a | tana mn @ a,b,2,¢ ae be possible fo generate boackefs couth yore § rl os tP show AN © Gere dller(-P) Prem yar. gronme 1‘ Poet + as T2 reele/e[e a Fr Fae la 4 phe) Ze ; A> 4] Jo [dle le (Ce) Fr nh S 7 AS fit er bk | b A 4 oy Tf if rd [ H > ! Qa NT aT One?) NT Ae NT NT 7 EQ ett |T | To THe lF ges one > TCA 6-2 Ce) |e agg! J pe ee a §Pumping Lemma Por CFL —Y Theo Pambiay Lerma * . : Let L be a Cmlecct Pree bngusge, Them te com Prd a medural numbern such thet (D vey 2 el with [2[>,n cam be wotten a4 UVisag Por some sfongs Wj, W,0C)4 ; (9) (veel 71 (3) [vworl an (b8/ Bb By subsrtedton there @—5 aAB| bas 1bB @NP { A ah [bBlb Bb ~~ Seas se “algarttmes A= 3) a cee to delemme te flewoms- @ Empty 21s hee ony tora im L, Question of emblmess ® Pmite 1s b Pmide , Question en @® Anfmde ws + imPrade , Ouerton inbruress @® Membershih » Per a given etary 0, (8 © eELP Membershp. k Besk Cmbtness Jot CPG G= (Vn,2,0,8.) gnersdes b . we. convest it in CME amal let Ye new gramme S, 5 Gus (Maj Z,29.) such thet +061) = Ll@)—é2) amgcle. $ bredluetton of the. goommer , ( stebL 9 8-4, where a é 2 , then q eblGi) So qel. So L ts mon empty eloe goto seb 2 mit ric\ - replace all woutobles y pessible termma® . Now if 8*>419s = © behee @.03. Om, e4 , ¥ LG) ts ron empty otherwise £9 finders & mbes lef G= (Nn, Z,P8) bea CPA, let amverd tt to cue oma the mews goammes be. Gu= Vn 2,23) gach thet Hon= Ll@a)—fe3 toe chars a clveoted goabh wth a yertece For each waduahle. fy edge. Poem Nestea: A to verdace B (s tow (FP we hae a productton ule: A2Ba a A—7aB where A,B 2 Vn, anol ACE. ise clefne. Rane of avasiablen to be the length oP the. tongest path in goaph ath begming ot A. Absence of cycle in graph implies that vamk is Arate FH cycle is Kere vant Ug infrute- 9# also ehoves that a- * recwseatve rules then lompuaye generated Us intirte, else mule. Ch Cosel $58 (A A8el9 By celb 4a @ © Chece. the fnutenen “5 Pome (8) 22. (=) | Bal fincte | —— es)Membeach Ccve flys) OVW; let @=(Vn,€,09) be a cha fox CPt 4" be convert it to ONE amol let new Qt —= Cn A,B) ‘ Ua) = Ma) $63 bet Vi LA hp And, £801%..Am3 onal wo (8 4 edving over. Z . Conswoler all substomys of to. 96 (9g ts a cubetoory of 69 ama Aa >t, fy te calledd Ye preduamp varucble of Wy, There tony | be other vasuables also which precluse Lg , 192 Make sett | Buch wastables . Length. of Substring Substoing breclucing vasa be = Qu, Ma... , Au, Ag. = 6 es | thee epee Ap, fg -— ain A tAx09 ... Few co | Bow anylen te Pmal ehenpees subsbiny of -dength lis) oma lst ef poeducing yoouble. 96 slesterg symbol Sis thoae. wel,yee ben YO gaEae bevehip (eRe Ago) —> dinen a Pd ariel aehoypl im gome. alphabet, ise oom gleciole whethete a not 9 Us m LG). PreoP_by CRE Algo Ae ete tama concent by Teh Cooke amal Subsequently also published dy Tadao Kasami amd Danel H. Younger. - SE SAB t= Qabbh A-BBla orePoe CVE Ale MO Te ee Ce oo me i one |ac ' a boas we |b alee BBR ; aelael? 3 ley bY joloopape ee Bors A et ia closet umcler following operation, 1 -Unton - 2. Concatencdion 8 Kleene StAX 4, Reversal. -3 cPL ts mot clesed under mderection 5 cpl ts not closed wnoler aomplimentation. FL witha RL Isa crFLl. = the wiesectin of al chest. 9P Lr and ba are CPL, then Lila 6% cPL Peok Let Lr bea CPL generaitcal ty CFA a= CWT PS) be a afl generated by CPA Ge 2A, &, fi82) ama Ga into one P Lr amol +2 Stmilarly Le we eam cambme There to goannas Gr grammar. CG thoct will generate the union ol — A new Symbol 8 6 added to & —— Tho nets poe dluctions gi [$2 The Ga( wor 0853 TUT, PUR U ES*SI83 , S Sem generede a etomy of terminals ether by selecting aos symbol $1 Of Gro % oF Ga- Thug & Com generede a atamg Pron Lt or Prom Lo. J b= L (an VE C2) -theows CPL ts Closed under. aneedenatin gp bi ama ba ove crL then So t@ Lily pest bbe cP dlewel by @=C\,T,8,8,) bo wn cee OY Ga= (Ms, 8,82) = ) UN s Lat = (i083, TUTE, A URUSS25.53 2] », S$ SiS Is added ,[The gtaxt Symbol 3 toll! Penesaie & SNe EH 19 the Porm, L9= U9, la: ee | ; lshere. 9) el; | ‘ ise La, | O. bebe, | Theor Kleene Stare | 9 Lis a cel. then L* ts alo a CPL | Beck pot 1 be a epe with Gio (,7,,F,S:) . A new lomptoge L 1s conttouctel Pram bi peohich ts Ly he L=p > A mew symbol 8 1s added to G& oP L —2 Tho mew praductions ove. actbled 8>S38; Boe * preduction $9 83 [e. will generede.a shtny Us ‘ f e where WEL, G Com be usttlen OQ! G= OM, TR USSs8 23, $) CPL le mot eclogecl undler Gurlersectoyr | “thes cpu's me not clesecl under ndeseotion. | feeek Let us eonsidex b= gaye [nm7o ie tio cel Li amd La ‘ ba= Za Per (mm7yo3 Ly is a CPL with @ S5AB Pe en A-sanble Bo cBlepes RE ee Bry be ign YU ley SRB As aale. R—>bBele A sting im Li contams equal no of 4 andl 6. * A atong im Le aondans ron ab Oma * Ash to 2 Ly Nls contams equal no of ates ig equal no of band ec Thos Li Aly =P ABAMnr,0.3 . Prem bumbiry Lemma. Por CPL ya stomg OP Pam Ab"e” com not be Poem CPE, Hence Reveal. “Theor tte set of CPL & mot closed under aompblrmentaten. frook this com be froveol by con tpealiction , £ Jot ta oscume Hof CPL (8 doseel Under amplientosten, “pe iP Ly ts CPL 8 18 Ly f 9@ ds tg cre cos Now Lr fla com be wertien a2 Leg QF the Pormily of CPL is eloseal umdler pet cutting abeve excfoession wotildl be a CPL Par xt ee La. ad a amdaaclic coith cade fave, goat ahouomne the mterssection of too CPL ts, not necerganiy context bee . Hence Agsumpston toas nang , cpus are wot clogeo! males. comblmentatin,