Course:

Database Management System

Lecture # 2
Types of Databases
There are various types of databases used for storing different
varieties of data:
• Centralized Database
• Distributed Database
• Relational Database
• Cloud Database
• Hierarchical Databases
• Network Databases
• Personal Database
• Operational Database
• Enterprise Database
Types of Databases
Centralized Database

• It is the type of database that stores data at a

centralized database system. It comforts the users to
access the stored data from different locations through
several applications. These applications contain the
authentication process to let users access data securely.
An example of a Centralized database can be Central
Library that carries a central database of each library in a
college/university.
Types of Databases
Advantages of Centralized Database

o It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of data will not
affect the core data.

o Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.

o It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to establish data

standards.

o It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.
Disadvantages of Centralized Database

o The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the response time
for fetching the data.

o It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.

• If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a huge loss
Types of Databases
Distributed Database

• Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is

distributed among different database systems of an organization. These
database systems are connected via communication links. Such links help the
end-users to access the data easily. Examples of the Distributed database are
Apache Cassandra, HBase, Ignite, etc.
Types of Databases
o Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the
same operating system and use the same application process and
carry the same hardware devices.

o Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on

different operating systems under different application procedures,
and carries different hardware devices.

Advantages of Distributed Database

o Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the

system can be expanded by including new computers and
connecting them to the distributed system.

o One server failure will not affect the entire data set.
Types of Databases
Relational Database

This database is based on the relational data model, which stores

data in the form of rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and
together forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL
for storing, manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F.
Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the database
carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of
Relational databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle,
etc.
Types of Databases
Properties of Relational Database

Four commonly known properties of a relational model known as ACID properties, where:

• A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either with success or
with failure. It follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For example, a transaction will either be
committed or will abort.

• C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its value before and
after the operation should be preserved. For example, the account balance before and after
the transaction should be correct, i.e., it should remain conserved.

• I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at the same time from
the database. Thus, isolation between the data should remain isolated. For example, when
multiple transactions occur at the same time, one transaction effects should not be visible to
the other transactions in the database.

• D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and commits the
data, data changes should remain permanent.
Types of Databases
Cloud Database
• A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and executes over
the cloud computing platform. It provides users with various cloud computing services
(SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing the database. There are numerous cloud platforms,
but the best options are:

o Amazon Web Services(AWS)

o Microsoft Azure

o Kamatera

o PhonixNAP

o ScienceSoft

o Google Cloud SQL, etc.

Types of Databases
Hierarchical Databases
• It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children relationship
nodes. Here, it organizes data in a tree-like structure.

• Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each child record
in the tree will contain only one parent. On the other hand, each parent record can have
multiple child records.
Types of Databases
Network Databases

• It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the
representation of data is in the form of nodes connected via links between them. Unlike
the hierarchical database, it allows each record to have multiple children and parent
nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

Personal Database

• Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal Database. This
database is basically designed for a single user.

• Advantage of Personal Database

o It is simple and easy to handle.

o It occupies less storage space as it is small in size.

Types of Databases
Operational Database`

• The type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is
basically designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in several
businesses. For example, An organization uses operational databases for managing per
day transactions.

Enterprise Database

• Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a massive amount
of data. It helps organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a database
allows simultaneous access to users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database:

o Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.

o It allows executing parallel queries on the system.

What is DBMS Schema
The schema defines the logical view of the database. It provides some
knowledge about the database and what data needs to go where. OR
• A schema is a logical database description and is drawn as a chart of
the types of data that are used . It gives the names of the entities and
attributes and specify the relationships between them.
• A database schema includes such information as :
– Characteristics of data items such as entities and attributes .
– Logical structures and relationships among these data items .
– Format for storage representation.
– Integrity parameters such as physical authorization and back up
policies.
What is DBMS Schema
• The employee table contains the following attributes.
These attributes are EMP_ID, EMP_ADDRESS,
EMP_NAME, EMP_CONTACT. These are the schema of
the employee table.

• Schema is further divided into three types. These three are

as follows.
1. Logical schema.

2. Physical schema.

3. View schema.
What is DBMS Schema
1. Physical schema:
• In the physical schema, the database is designed at the physical level.
At this level, the schema describes how the data block is stored and how
the storage is managed. OR
• Physical data refers to the data stored in the secondary memory.
2. Logical schema:
• In the logical schema, the database is designed at a logical level. At
this level, the programmer and data administrator perform their work.
Also, at this level, a certain amount of data is stored in a structured way.
But the internal implementation data are hidden in the physical layer for
the security purpose. OR
• Logical data are the data for the table created by user in primary
memory.
What is DBMS Schema
3. View schema:

• In view schema, the database is designed at the view

level. This schema describes the user interaction with the
database system.
• Moreover, Data Definition Language (DDL)
statements help to denote the schema of a database. The
schema represents the name of the table, the name of
attributes, and their types; constraints of the tables are
related to the schema. Therefore, if users want to modify
the schema, they can write DDL statements.
Database Applications
Nowadays, any business that has small or large amounts of data needs a database to
store and manage the information. The database is an easy, reliable, secure, and
efficient way to maintain business information. There are many applications where
databases are used.
Database abstraction
Database abstraction
• A database management system that provides three level of data is
said to follow three level architecture
1. External level
2. Conceptual level
3. Internal level
External level :
• The external level is at the highest level of database abstraction . At
this level, there will be many views define for different users
requirement. A view will describe only a subset of the database. Any
number of user views may exist for a given global or subschema. for
example , each student has different view of the time table. the view
of a student of BSCS is different from the view of the student of BSSE.
Thus this level of abstraction is concerned with different categories of
users. Each external view is described by means of a schema called
schema.
Database abstraction
Conceptual level :
• At this level of database abstraction all the database entities
and the relationships among them are included . One
conceptual view represents the entire database . This
conceptual view is defined by the conceptual schema. The
conceptual schema hides the details of physical storage
structures and concentrate on describing entities , data types,
relationships, user operations and constraints. It describes all
the records and relationships included in the conceptual view
There is only one conceptual schema per database . It includes
feature that specify the checks to relation data consistency and
integrity.
Database abstraction
Internal level :

• It is the lowest level of abstraction closest to the physical

storage method used . It indicates how the data will be stored
and describes the data structures and access methods to be
used by the database . The internal view is expressed by
internal schema. The following aspects are considered at this
level:
1. Storage allocation e.g: B-tree, hashing

2. access paths eg. specification of primary and secondary keys, indexes etc

3. Miscellaneous eg. Data compression and encryption techniques,

optimization of the internal structures.
DBMS Architecture

• DBMS architecture describes the structure and how

the users are connected to a specific database system.

It also affects the performance of the database as it

helps to design, develop, implement, and maintain

the database management system.

DBMS Architecture
• The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The
basic client/server architecture is used to deal with a large
number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.

o The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a

workstation which are connected via the network.

o DBMS architecture depends upon how users are

connected to the database to get their request done.
DBMS Architecture
• The DBMS architecture affects the performance of the
database as it helps to design, develop, implement,
and maintain the database management system. The
database management system design depends on
the DBMS architecture for its representation. It
describes the structure and the way in which the users
are connected to a specific database system.
Types of DBMS Architecture
• Single Tier Architecture (One-Tier Architecture)
• Two-Tier Architecture
• Three-Tier Architecture
DBMS Architecture
1. Single Tier Architecture
• In this architecture, the database is directly available to the
user. It means the user can directly sit on the DBMS and uses
it.
• Any changes done here will directly be done on the database
itself. It doesn't provide a handy tool for end users.
• The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local
application, where programmers can directly communicate
with the database for the quick response.
Single Tier DBMS Architecture is used whenever:
• The data isn't changed frequently.
• No multiple users are accessing the database system.
• We need a direct and simple way to modify or access the
database for application development.
DBMS Architecture
2. Two Tier Architecture
• The 2-Tier architecture is the same as the basic client-server.
In the two-tier architecture, applications on the client end
can directly communicate with the database on the server
side
• The user interfaces and application programs are run on the
client side.
• The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities
like query processing and transaction management. To
communicate with the DBMS, the client-side application
establishes a connection with the server side.
• The main disadvantages of Two-Tier DBMS Architecture are:
• Scalability - As the number of clients increases, the load on
the server increases. Thereby declining the performance of
the DBMS and, in turn, the client-side application.
• Security - The Direct connection between the client and
server systems makes this architecture vulnerable to attacks.
DBMS Architecture
3. Three Tier Architecture
• The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and server.
In this architecture, the client can't directly communicate with the server.
• The application on the client end interacts with an application server which
further communicates with the database system.
• The end-user has no idea about the existence of the database beyond the
application server. The database also has no idea about any other user
beyond the application. The 3-Tier architecture is used in the case of the
large web application.
The main advantages of Three Tier DBMS Architecture are:
Scalability - Since the database server isn't aware of any users beyond the
application layer and the application layer implements load balancing, there
can be as many clients as you want.
Data Integrity - Data corruption and bad requests can be avoided because of
the checks performed in the application layer on each client request.
Security - The removal of the direct connection between the client and server
systems via abstraction reduces unauthorized access to the database.
DBMS Architecture