4

CHAPTER

DETERminAnTs

Syllabus
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors
and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples,
solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of
a matrix.

Chapter Analysis
The analysis given here gives you an analytical picture of this chapter and will help you to
identify the concepts of the chapter that are to be focussed more from exam point of view.
2016 2017 2018
TOPIC
Delhi OD Delhi OD Delhi/OD
1. Q.
Expansion – – – –
(1 Mark)
Area of Triangle/Equation of line – – – – –
1. Q.
1. Q. (1 Mark)
1. Q. (1 Mark) 1. Q. 1. Q. 1. Q.
Property
(6 Marks) 1. Q. (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (4 Marks)
(6 Marks) 1. Q.
(4 Marks)
1. Q.
(4 Marks) 1. Q. 1. Q. 1. Q. 1. Q.
Solution of equations
1. Q. (4 Marks) (6 Marks) (6 Marks) (6 Marks)
(6 Marks)

TopiC-1 TOPIC - 1 Pg. 89

Determinants, Minors Determinants, Minors & Co-factors.

& Co-factors TOPIC - 2

Solutions of System of Linear
Pg. 118

equations.

Revision Notes
Determinants, Minors & Co-factors
(a) Determinant : A unique number (real or complex) can be associated to every square matrix A = [aij] of order
m. This number is called the determinant of the square matrix A, where aij = (i, j)th element of A.
a b  a b
For instance, if A =  c d  then, determinant of matrix A is written as |A| = c d = det (A) and its value
 
is given by ad – bc.
90 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

(b) Minors : Minors of an element aij of a determinant (or a determinant corresponding to matrix A) is the determinant
obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in which aij lies. Minor of aij is denoted by Mij. Hence, we can
get 9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements of a third order (i.e., 3 × 3) determinant.
(c) Co-factors : Cofactor of an element aij, denoted by Aij, is defined by Aij = (–1)(i + j) Mij, where Mij is minor of
aij. Sometimes Cij is used in place of Aij to denote the co-factor of element aij.
1. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix. Also, assume B = [Aij], where Aij is the cofactor of the elements aij in matrix A. Then
the transpose BT of matrix B is called the adjoint of matrix A and it is denoted by “adj (A)”.
a b   d −b 
To find adjoint of a 2 × 2 matrix : Follow this, A =  c d  or adj A =  − c a  .
   
1 2 3
For example, consider a square matrix of order 3 as A =  2 3 4  , then in order to find the adjoint matrix A, we
2 0 5
 
find a matrix B (formed by the co-factors of elements of matrix A as mentioned above in the definition)
 15 −2 −6   15 −10 −1
i.e., B =  −10 −1 4  . Hence, adj A = BT =  −2 −1 2 
 −1 2 −1  −6 4 −1
   
2. SINGULAR MATRIX AND NON-SINGULAR MATRIX :
(a) Singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A|= 0 i.e., its determinant is zero.
1 2 3 
e.g. A =  4 5 12 
1 1 3 
 
= 1(15 – 12) – 2(12 – 12) + 3(4 – 5) = 3 – 0 – 3 = 0
\ A is singular matrix.
 −3 4 
B=  = 12 – 12 = 0
 3 −4 
\ B is singular matrix.
(b) Non-singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |A| ≠ 0 .
0 1 1
e.g. A = 1 0 1
1 1 0
 
= 0 (0 – 1) – 1(0 – 1) + 1(1 – 0)
=0+1+1=2≠0
\ A is non-singular matrix.
• A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular.
3. ALGORITHM TO FIND A–1 BY DETERMINANT METHOD :
STEP 1 : Find |A|.
STEP 2 : If |A| = 0, then, write “A is a singular matrix and hence not invertible”. Else write “A is a non-singular
matrix and hence invertible”.
STEP 3 : Calculate the cofactors of elements of matrix A.
STEP 4 : Write the matrix of cofactors of elements of A and then obtain its transpose to get adj.A (i.e., adjoint A).
1
STEP 5 : Find the inverse of A by using the relation A–1 = ( adj A ) .
| A|
4. PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS OPERATIONS OF MATRICES AND THE DETERMINANTS :
(a) AB = I = BA (b) AA–1 = I or A–1 I = A–1
–1 –1 –1
(c) (AB) = B A (d) (ABC)–1 = C–1B–1A–1
–1 –1
(e) (A ) = A (f) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(g) A(adjA) = (adj A)A = |A| I (h) adj(AB) = adj(B) adj (A)

(m) |A adj A| = |A|n, where n is of the order of A.

1
(n) |A–1| = , if matrix A is invertible. (o) |A| = |AT|
| A|
• |kA| = kn |A|, where n is of the order of square matrix A and k is any scalar.
• If A is a non-singular matrix (i.e., when |A| ≠ 0) of order n, then |adj A|=|A|n – 1.
• If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then adj (adj A)=|A|n – 2 A.
DetermInants [ 91
5. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS :
(a) If any two rows or columns of a determinant are proportional or identical, then its value is equal to zero.
a1 b1 c1
e.g., a2 b2 c 2 = 0 [As R1 and R3 are the same]
a1 b1 c1
(b) The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
e.g., a2 b2 c 2 = b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c 3
Here, rows and columns have been interchanged, but there is no effect on the value of determinant.
(c) If each element of a row or a column of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then the value of new
determinant is k times the value of the original determinant.
a1 b1 c1 ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1
e.g., D = a2 b2 c 2 , D1 = a2 b2 c 2 = k a2 b2 c 2 or D1 = kD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

(d) If any two rows or columns are interchanged, then the determinant retains its absolute value, but its sign is
changed.
a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
e.g., D = a2 b2 c 2 , D1 = a2 b2 c 2 or D1 = – D [Here R1 « R3]
a3 b3 c3 a1 b1 c1

(e) If every element of some column or row is the sum of two terms, then the determinant is equal to the sum of
two determinants; one containing only the first term in place of each sum, the other only the second term.
The remaining elements of both determinants are the same as given in the original determinant.
a1 + α b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 α b1 c1
e.g., D = a 2 + β b2 c 2 = a 2 b2 c 2 + β b2 c 2
a3 + γ b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 γ b3 c3

6. AREA OF TRIANGLE :
Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2 , y2) and (x3, y3) is given by,
x y1 1
1 1
D = x 2 y 2 1 sq. units
2 x y 1
3 3

x y 1
x 1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1

objective Type Questions ⇒ 2x 2 − 40 = 18 + 14 (1 mark each)

⇒ 2x = 32 + 40
2

2x 5 6 −2 72
Q. 1. If = , then the value of x is ⇒ x2 = = 36
8 x 7 3 2
∴ x = ±6
(a) 3 (b) ±3
(c) ±6 (d) 6 a−b b+c a
[NCERT Exemp. ] Q. 2. The value of determinant b − a c + a b is
Ans. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : Given that c−a a+b c
2 x 5 6 −2 (a) a3 + b3 + c3 (b) 3bc
∴ = ,
8 x 7 3 3 3 3
(c) a + b + c – 3abc (d) None of these
⇒ 2 x − 40 = 18 + 14
2
[NCERT Exemp. ]
⇒ 2 x 2 = 32 + 40 Ans. Correct option : (d)
72
⇒ x2 = = 36
2
∴ x = ±6
 b 2 − ab b − c bc − ac b( b − a ) b − c c( b − a )
ab2 − a 2
a − b b 2 − ab = a( b − a ) a − b b( b − a )
b − ab b − c bc − ac 2 b( b − a ) b − c c( b − a )
bc − ac c − a ab − a c( b − a ) c − a a( b − a )
ab − a 2 a − b b 2 − ab = a( b − a ) a − b b( b − a )
92 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII
bc − ac c − a ab − a 2
c( b − a ) bc − ba − ac( b −c a )
Explanation : We have = ( b − a )b2 a b −a c− b c b
a−b b+c a a+c b+c+a a = ( b − a )2 a c a −c b− a b a
b−a c+a b = b+c c+a+b b [On c takin
c −n a g a( b − a ) common
c−a a+b c c+b a+b+c c [on taking (b – a) common
from
[On from ( bC−1C
Cn1gand
takin aand C3] each]
each
)3 common
from bC− c bC−3 ceach
1 and c]
[Q C1 → C1 + C2 and C2 → C 2 + C3 ]
= ( b − a )b2 −a −
c b b −a c− bc b
a+c 1 a
= ( b − a )2 a −c b− a a −c b− ab a
= (a + b + c) b + c 1 b c −−a C c] − a a
[ C → C1 1 3
c+b 1 c [=C01 → C1 − C3 ]
[Taking ( a + b + c ) common from C 2 ] [Since, two columns= C
0 1 and C2 are identical, so the
[Q R2 → R2 − R3 and R1 → R1 − R3 ] value of determinant is zero.]
2 λ −3
a−b 0 a−c
Q. 5. If A = 0 2 5 . Then A–1 exist if
= (a + b + c) 0 0 b−c
1 1 3
c+b 1 c
[Expanding along R2 ] (a) l = 2 (b) l ≠ 2
(c) l ≠ –2 (d) None of these
= ( a + b + c )( b − c )( b − a )
[NCERT Exemp. ]
Q. 3. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Given that,
(0, k) is 9 sq. units. Then, the value of k will be
2 λ −3
(a) 9 (b) 3
A= 0 2 5
(c) –9 (d) 6
1 1 3
[NCERT Exemp.]
Expanding along R1,
Ans. Correct option : (b) A = 2 (6 − 5) − λ (−5) − 3 (−2 )
Explanation : We know that, area of a triangle with = 2 + 5λ + 6
vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
x 1 y1 1
We know that A–1 exists, if A is non-singular matrix,
1 i.e., |A|≠0
∆ = x2 y2 1 ∴ 2 + 5λ + 6 ≠ 0
2
x3 y3 1
⇒ 5λ ≠ −8
−3 0 1 −8
1 ∴ λ≠
∴ ∆= 3 0 1 5
2
0 k 1 −8
So, A−1 exists if and only if l≠ .
[Expanding along R1 ] 5
Q. 6. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of
1
9 = −3(− k ) − 0 + 1( 3k ) the following is not correct?
2
( )
−1
⇒ 18 = 3k + 3k = 6 k (a) adj. A = A . A−1 (b) det A−1 = det ( A)
18
(c) ( AB) = B−1 A−1 (d) ( A + B) = B−1 + A−1
−1 −1
∴ k= =3
6
[NCERT Exemp. ]
b2 − ab b − c bc − ac Ans. Correct option : (d)
Q. 4. The determinant ab − a 2 a − b b2 − ab is equal Explanation : Since, A and B are invertible matrices,
so, we can say that
bc − ac c − a ab − a2 ( AB)−1 = B−1 A −1 ...(i)
to −1 1
Also, A = ( adj A )
(a) abc(b – c)(c – a)(a – b) A
(b) (b – c)(c – a)(a – b)
⇒ adj A = A −1 .| A | ...(ii)
(c) (a + b + c)(b – c)(c – a)(a – b)
(d) None of these Also, det( A )−1 = [det( A )]−1
1
[NCERT Exemp. ] ⇒ det( A )−1 =
[det( A )]
Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : We have ⇒ det( A ).det( A )−1 = 1 ...(iii)
From equation (iii), we conclude that it is true.
b 2 − ab b − c bc − ac b( b − a ) b − c c( b − a )
ab − a 2 a − b b 2 − ab = a( b − a ) a − b b( b − a ) 1
Again , ( A + B)−1 = adj ( A + B)
bc − ac c − a ab − a 2 c( b − a ) c − a a( b − a ) |( A + B)|
b b−c c ⇒ ( A + B)−1 ≠ B−1 + A−1 ...(iv)
= ( b − a )2 a a − b b
c c−a a
ng ( b − a ) common
[On takin
from C1 and C3 each]
b−c b−c c
= ( b − a )2 a − b a − b b
c−a c−a a
[Q C1 → C1 − C3 ]
DetermInants [ 93
x 2 6 2 1
Q. 7. If = then x is equal to (a) det(A) (b)
18 x 18 6 det( A)

(a) 6 (b) ±6 (c) 1 (d) 0

(c) −6 (d) 0 [NCERT Ex. ]
[NCERT Ex. ] Ans. Correct option : (b)
Ans. Correct option : (b) Explanation : Given that A is an invertible matrix,
Explanation : Given that, 1
A −1 exists and A −1 = adj. A.
x 2 6 2 | A|
=
18 x 18 6 a b 
As matrix A is order of 2, let A =  
⇒ x 2 − 36 = 36 − 36 c d 
⇒ x 2 − 36 = 0  d −b 
Then, | A |= ad − bc and adj. A =  
⇒ x 2 = 36 − c a 
⇒ x = ±6 Now,
Q. 8. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order  d −b 
3 × 3. Then |adj A| is equal to  
1 | A | | A |
(a) |A| (b) |A|2 A −1 = adj. A = 
3 | A|  −c a 
(c) |A| (d) 3|A|  
[NCERT Ex.] | A | | A |
Ans. Correct option : (b) d −b
Explanation : We know that, | A | | A|
∴ | A −1 |=
| A | 0 0  −c a
 
( adj A ) A =| A | I =  0 | A | 0  | A| | A|
 0 0 | A |
1 d −b
| A| 0 0 =
| A |2 − c a
⇒ |( adj A ) A | = 0 | A | 0 1
0 0 | A| = ( ad − bc )
| A |2
1 0 0 1
= .| A |
⇒| adj A || A | = | A |3 0 1 0 = | A |3 ( I ) | A |2
0 0 1 1
=
∴ | adj A | = | A |2 | A|
1
Q. 9. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det(A–1) ∴ det( A −1 ) =
det( A )
is equal to

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. Find the maximum value of x + 3 −2

Q. 2. If x Î N and −3 x 2 x = 8, then find the value of
1 1 1
1 1 + sin θ 1
x. R&U [O.D. Set I, II, III 2016]
1 1 1 + cos θ
x + 3 −2
R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III 2016] Sol. Given =8
−3x 2 x
Sol. Let the maximum value be
1 1 1 or 2x(x + 3) – (– 2) (– 3x) = 8
D = 1 1 + sin θ 1 or 2x2 + 6x – 6x = 8
1 1 1 + cos θ 8
or x2 = ½
Expanding, we get 2
D = sin q . cos q or x2 = 4
2 sin θ.cos θ 1 or x=±2 ½
= = sin 2θ ½
2 2 Since x Î N, so, x = 2
1 1 Commonly Made Error
\ Maximum value = ×1=
2 2  Sometimes Students attempt this question
1 using long calculations instead of using simple
=
2
[as − 1 ≤ sin 2θ ≤ 1] ½ fundamental concepts.
94 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Answering Tips Detailed Answer :

Since |kA| = kn|A|, where n is the order of matrix. ½
 Illustrate properties of determinants in detail. \ |3A| = 33|A|
π = 27|A|
Q. 3. In the interval < x < π , find the value of x for or k = 27 ½
2
Q. 7. If A and B are invertible matrices of order 3, |A| =
which that matrix  2 sin x 3  is singular.
1
 1 2 sin x  2 and |(AB)–1| = − . Find |B|. A [S.Q.P. 2018]
6
R&U [O.D. Set I, II, III Comptt. 2015]
1 1
Sol. = −
Sol. Let A =  2 sin x 3 
| AB | 6
 1 2 sin x 
1 1
For singular matrix Þ = −
|A| = 0 |A|| B | 6
\ 4 sin2x – 3 = 0 ½ Þ |B| = –3. 1
3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
or sin x = ±
2
4 6
2π Q. 8. If A =  7 5  , then what is the value of
or x=  
3
A.(adj A) ? R&U [S.Q.P. 2014]
π
as <x<p ½
2  −22 0 
Sol. A.(adj A) =  1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]  0 −22 

p p+1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]

Q. 4. Write the value of the determinant p − 1 . Detailed Answer :
p
4 6
R&U [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2014] A = 
 7 5 
p p+1 5 −6 
Sol. =1 1 adj A = 
p−1 p  −7 4 
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] 4 6   5 −6 
A·(adj A) =  ½
Detailed Answer :  7 5   −7 4 
p p+1 2 2
= p – (p – 1) 20 − 42 −24 + 24  =  −22 0 
p−1 p =  ½
 35 − 35 −42 + 20   0 −22 
2
=p –p +12
½
=1 ½ sin α cos β 1
Q. 9. If cos α sin β = – where a and b are acute
2x 5 6 −2 2
Q. 5. If 8 x = 7 3 , write the value of x. angles, then write the value of a + b .
R&U [NCERT Exemplar, Delhi Set I, 2014] R&U [S.Q.P. 2014]

2x 5 6 −2 π
Sol. = Sol. (a + b) = 1
8 x 7 3 3
or x=±6 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] Alternative Method :
Alternative Method : sin α cos β 1
=–
2 x 5 = 6 −2 cos α sin β 2
8 x 7 3 1
or sin a sin b – cos a cos b = –
2
2x – 40 = 18 + 14 2
or 2x2 = 32 + 40 ½ 1
or – cos (a + b) = –
or 2x2 = 72 2
or x2 = 36
π
or x=±6 ½ or cos (a + b) = cos ½
3
Q. 6. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix, |A| ¹ 0 and |3A| = k|A|,
π
then write the value of k. or cos (a + b) = cos
3
A [Foreign Set I, II, III, 2014]
π ½
Sol. k = 27 1 or (a + b) =
3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
DetermInants [ 95
or, 4(3 – 2x) – 2(x + 1) = 0
Q. 10. Evaluate x if : 2 4 = 2 x 4 .
or, 12 – 8x – 2x – 2 = 0
5 1 6 x
or, – 10x + 10 = 0
R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III Comptt. 2016] or, x=1 ½
Sol. 2 – 20 = 2x2 – 24 1
or x= ± 3
A [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2013]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
Sol. |adj A| = 25 1
 4 2 5
Q. 11. Given A =  2 0 3  , write the value of det. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
 - 1 1 0 
(2AA–1). A [Outside Dec. Set I, II, III Comptt. 2016]
Sol. |2AA–1| = (2)3 [Q AA–1 = I] ½
2
=8 1 \ |adj A| = 5 Or |adj A| = 25 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
x + 1 x − 1 4 −1
Q.16. If =
Q. 12. If A is square matrix of order 3 such that x − 3 x + 2 1 3 , then write the value of x.
|adj A| = 64, find |A|. A [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2013]
R&U [Delhi Set I 2013]
Sol. |A| = 8 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013] Sol. x=2 1
Detailed Answer : [CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
|adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is the order of the matrix ½ Detailed Answer :
|A|2 = 64 x +1 x −1 4 −1
Or, |A| = 8 ½ =
x−3 x+2 1 3
2x x+3 1 5 or, (x + 1)(x + 2) – (x – 3)(x – 1) = 12 + 1 ½
Q. 13. If 2( x + 1) x + 1 = 3 3 , write the value of x. or, x2 + 3x + 2 – x2 + 4x – 3 = 13
or, 7x – 1 = 13
A [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2013] or, 7x = 14
2x x+3 1 5 or, x =2 ½
Sol. = Or x = 1 1
2( x + 1) x + 1 3 3 Q. 17. If Aij is the cofactor of the element aij of the
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013] 2 -3 5
Detailed Answer : determinant 6 0 4 , then write the value of
1 5 -7
2x x+3 1 5
=
2( x + 1) x + 1 3 3 a32A32. A [O.D. Set I, 2013]
or, 2x(x + 1) – (x + 3) [2(x + 1)] = 3 – 15 ½ Sol. a32A32 = 110 1
or, 2x2 + 2x – 2x2 – 8x – 6 = – 12 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
or, – 6x – 6 = – 12 Detailed Answer :
or, – 6x = – 12 + 6
or, x=1 ½ a32A32 = −5 2 5
6 4
Answering Tips
 Give extensive practice in different types of = – 5(8 – 30) ½
questions based on properties of determinants. = – 5 (– 22) = 110 ½
Q. 14. For what value of x, the given matrix Q. 18. If A is square matrix of order 2 and |adj A| = 9,
3 − 2x x+1 find |A|.
A= is a singular matrix ?
2 4 A [Outside Delhi Set I, II, III Comptt., 2016]
R&U [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2013] Sol. |adj A| = |A|2–1
Sol. x=1 1 or, |A| = 9 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
Detailed Answer : Q. 19. If A is a square matrix and |A| = 2, then write the
3 − 2x x + 1 value of |AA’|, where A’ is the transpose of matrix
A= 2 4 A. A [Foreign Set I, II, III, 2013]
Since A is a singular matrix. i.e., |A| = 0 Sol. |AA’| = 4 1
3 − 2x x + 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
2 4 =0 ½
96 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Detailed Answer : Sol. |5A| = 500 1

|AA’| = |A||A’| [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
=2×2 [Q |A| = |A’|] ½
Detailed Answer :
=4 ½ |kA| = kn|A| ½
 3 10  Þ |5A| = 53(4) = 125(4) = 500 ½
Q. 20. If A =  , then write A–1.
 2 7  Q. 24. Is A is square matrix of order 3 and
|2A| = k|A|, then find the value of k.
R&U [Foreign Set I, II, III, 2013]
A [S.Q.P. 2016-17]
 7 −10  Sol. k = 23 = 8 1
Sol. A–1 =  −2 3  1
  [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013] Q. 25. If the determinant of matrix A of order 3 × 3 is of
Detailed Answer : value 4, write the value of |3A|.
 3 10  A [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2012]
A= 
 2 7  Sol. |3A| = 108 1
1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
A–1 = ( adj A ) ½ Detailed Answer :
| A|
|kA| = kn|A|
3 10
|A| = = 21 – 20 = 1 or |3A| = 33(4) ½
2 7
= 27 (4)
 7 −10   7 −10 
adj A =  or A–1 =  −2 3  = 108 ½
 −2 3   
Q. 26. Write the value of the determinant :
½
102 18 36
Q. 21. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that 1 3 4 R&U [Foreign Set I, 2012]
|adj A| = 225, find |A’|. A [S.Q.P. 2012] 17 3 6

Sol. |A’| = ± 15 1
102 18 36
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] Sol. 1 3 4 =0 1
Detailed Answer : 17 3 6
|adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is the order of the matrix. ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
|A|2 = 152 Or |A| = ± 15 Or |A’| = ± 15 ½ Detailed Answer :
102 18 36
Q. 22. Write the inverse of the matrix  cos θ − sin θ . D= 1 3 4
 sin θ cos θ 
17 3 6
A [S.Q.P. 2012]
17 3 6 1
 cos θ sin θ  = 1 3 4 (R1 ® R) ½
Sol. A–1 = − sin θ cos θ 1 17 3 6 6 1
 
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] =0 ( R1 and R3 are identical) ½
Detailed Answer :
Q. 27. For what value of x, the matrix  1 + x 7  is a
 cos θ − sin θ 3 − x 8 
A =  sin θ cos θ 
  singular matrix ? R&U [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2012]
1
A–1 = ( adj A ) 13
| A| Sol. x= 1
15
cos θ − sin θ [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
|A| = ½
sin θ cos θ Detailed Answer :
= cos2q + sin2q = 1 Since, A is a singular matrix
 cos θ sin θ  1+ x 7
adj A =  − sin θ cos θ  =0
3−x 8
 
or 8(1 + x) – 7(3 – x) = 0 ½
 cos θ sin θ 
or A–1 =  − sin θ cos θ  ½ or 8 + 8x – 21 + 7x = 0
  or 15x – 13 = 0 ½
Q. 23. The value of the determinant of a matrix A of order 13
or x =
3 × 3 is 4. Find the value of |5A|. 15
A [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2012]
DetermInants [ 97
5 3 8 C1 : C1 + 9C2
Q. 28. If D = 2 0 1 , write the minor of the element 65 7 65
1 2 3 75 8 75 1
a23. R&U [Delhi Set I, 2012] 86 9 86

Sol. a23 = 7 1 Since two columns are same, hence the determinant
value will be zero
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
Detailed Answer : Q. 30. If A = [aij] is is a matrix of order 2 × 2, such that
5 3 8 |A| = –15, and Cij represents the cofactor of aij,
Given D= 2 0 1 then find a21c21 + a22c22 R [S.Q.P. 2017–18]
1 2 3 Sol. a21c21 + a22c22 = |A| = –15 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017-18]
a23 = 5 3 ½
1 2 Q. 31. If for any 2 × 2 square matrix A, A(adj A) =
a23 = 10 – 3 = 7 ½ 8 0
0 , then write the value of |A|.
 8 
2 7 65
Q. 29. Write the value of 3 8 75 R [OD Set I 2017]
5 9 86 Sol. |A| = 8 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
R&U [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2014] OR

2 7 65
Sol. 3 8 75 = 0 1
5 9 86
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
Alternative Method :
2 7 65
D = 3 8 75
5 9 86 [Topper’s Answer, 2017]

Q. 32. If A is a square matrix such that |A| = 5, write the value of |AAT|. R&U [OD Set II 2016]

Sol

[Topper’s Answer, 2016]

1 2   1 −4
Q. 33. If A =  and B =  , find |AB|. R&U [OD Set II 2016]
 3 −1  3 −2

Sol.

[Topper’s Answer, 2016]

98 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)

 −3 2
Q. 1. Find the inverse of the matrix  . Sol. Any skew symmetric matrix of order 3 is
5 −3
0 a b
Hence, find the matrix P satisfying the matrix  
A=  − a 0 c 
 −3 2   1 2   −b − c 0 
equation P  = .
 5 −3  2 −1
R&U [S.Q.P. 2017-18] or ⇒ | A | = − a( bc ) + a( bc ) = 0 1
−1
 −3 2 1  −3 −2   3 2  Since A is a skew-symmetric matrix ∴ AT = –A
Sol.  = = 1+½
−3 
 
5 9 − 10  −5 −3   5 3 
∴ |AT| = |–A| = (–1)3. |A| ½
 1 2   3 2  13 8 
\P=  =  ½ or |AT| = – |A|
 2 −1  5 3   1 1 
or 2|A| = 0 or |A| = 0. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017-18] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
2 3 −1 OR
Q. 2. If A = 4 1 0 ,find M12 × M21 + C21 × C12 when
3 3 2 Sol.

Mij is called minor and Cij is called co-factors of A.

R&U
2 3 −1
Sol. We have, A= 4 1 0 1
3 3 2
4 0
M12 = =8−0=8
3 2
3 −1 [Topper’s Answer, 2017]
M21 = =6+3=9
3 2
3 −1 Q. 5. If A, B are square matrices of the same order, then
C21 = − = − ( 6 + 3) = − 9 prove that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
3 2
Sol. We know that
4 0
C12 = − = − (8 − 0) = − 8 (AB) adj(AB)= |AB| = adj(AB)(AB) ...(i)
3 2
(AB)(adj B adj A)
M12 × M21 + C21 × C12
= A·B adj B·adj A = A(B adj B) adj A
8 × (9) + (– 9) (– 8) = 72 + 72 = 144 1
= A(|B|I) adj A [Q B adj B = |B|I]
6 0 1 
Q. 3. If A = 0 1 2  , then show that |2A| = 8|A|. = |B|(A· adj A)
0 0 4 
  = |B||A|I [Q A adj A = |A|I]
R&U = |A||B|I 1
6 0 1 = |AB|I ...(ii)
Sol. We have, |A| = 0 1 2
From (i) and (ii), we get
0 0 4
AB(adj AB) = AB(adj B·adj A)
|A| = 6(4 – 0) – 0(0 – 0) + 1(0 – 0)
= 24 1 On multiplying both sides by (AB)–1, we get
12 0 2 (AB)–1[(AB) adj AB]
|2A| = 0 2 4 = (AB)–1 [(AB) adj B·adj A]
0 0 8 or adj AB = adj B·adjA 1
= 12(16 – 0) – 0(0 – 0) + 2(0 – 0) Q. 6. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that
= 192 1 |A| = –1, |B| = 3, then find the value of |2AB|.
|2A| = 8 × 24 = 8|A| Hence proved. R&U [Foreign 2017]
Q. 4. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then Sol. |2AB| = 23 × |A| × |B| 1
prove that det A = 0. R&U [OD Set I 2017] = 8 × (–1) × 3 = –24 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
DetermInants [ 99

Long Answer Type Questions-i (4 marks each)

Q. 1. Using properties of determinants, prove that :

( a + 1)( a + 2 ) a + 2 1 A–1 = − 1  − 4 − 3
( a + 2 )( a + 3) a + 3 1 = – 2 11  − 1 2 
( a + 3)( a + 4 ) a + 4 1 Taking R.H.S. = B–1A–1
−1 −1
R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III Comptt. 2015] =  1 −2   2 3 
 −1 3   1 −4 
( a + 1)( a + 2 ) a + 2 1
Sol. LHS = ( a + 2 )( a + 3) a + 3 1 3 2  1  −4 −3
= 1 ×− 
( a + 3)( a + 4 ) a + 4 1  1 1  11  −1 2 

Applying R2 ® R2 – R1 1 1 14 5
= 1+1
( a + 1)( a + 2 ) ( a + 2 ) 1 11  5 1 
= 2( a + 2 ) 1 0 \ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
( a + 3)( a + 4 ) ( a + 4 ) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]

Q. 3. Using properties of determinants, solve for x :
( a + 1)( a + 2 ) ( a + 2 ) 1 a+ x a− x a− x
= 2( a + 2 ) 1 0 1 a− x a+ x a− x =0
4 a + 10 2 0 a− x a− x a+ x
Expanding along C3 R&U [OD Comptt. 2015] [OD 2011] [S.Q.P. 2015-16]
= 4a + 8 – 4a – 10 1½
= – 2 = RHS ½ Sol. a+x a−x a−x
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] a−x a+x a−x =0
a−x a−x a+x
2 3   1 −2 
Q. 2. If A =  , B= , verify that
 1 −4   −1 3  Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3
–1 –1 –1
(AB) = B A 3a − x 3a − x 3a − x
A [NCERT] [O.D. Set I, II, III Comptt. 2015] a−x a+x a−x =0 1
a−x a−x a+x
Sol. Given A = 2 3  Applying C2 ® C2 – C1
 1 −4 
3a − x 0 3a − x
and B =  1 −2  a − x 2x a − x = 0 1
 −1 3 
a−x 0 a+x
then AB =  2 3   1 −2  =  −1 5  1 Applying C3 ® C3 – C1
 1 −4   −1 3   5 −14 
3a − x 0 0
adj( AB) a − x 2x 0 = 0 1
Taking L.H.S. = (AB)–1 =
| AB | a − x 0 2x

− −5 Expanding along C3

Here adj(AB) =  14 and 4x2(3a – x) = 0
 −5 −1
\ x = 0, 3a 1
|AB| = 14 – 25 = – 11 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
1  −14 −5 1 14 5
\ (AB)–1 = − = 1 Q. 4. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
11  −5 −1 11  5 1  1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
3 2  3 4 + 3 p 2 + 4 p + 3q = 1
adj B =  4 7 + 4 p 2 + 7 p + 4q
1 1 
R&U [OD 2009] [S.Q.P. 2015-16]
|B| = 3 – 2 = 1

adj A =  − 4 − 3 1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
 − 1 2  Sol. Taking L.H.S. = 3 4 + 3 p 2 + 4 p + 3q
4 7 + 4p 2 + 7p + 4q
|A| = – 8 – 3 = – 11
Applying R2 ® R2 – 3R1
B–1 = 1 ( adj B) = 3 2  1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
| B| 1 1 
= 0 1 −1 + p 1
4 7 + 4p 2 + 7p + 4q
100 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Hence A’ is invertible.
Applying R3 ® R3 – 4R1
Cofactors of A’ are :
1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
= 0 1 −1 + p 1 C11 = – 9, C21 = – 8, C31 = – 2
0 3 −2 + 3 p C12 = 8, C22 = 7, C32 = 2

Applying R3 ® R3 – 3R2 C13 = – 5, C23 = – 4, C33 = – 1 1

1 1+ p 1+ p+ q  −9 −8 −2 
= 0 1 −1 + p 1 adj A’ =  8 7 2
 −5 −4 −1
0 0 1  

1 1+ P  −9 −8 −2 
Expanding along R3 adj A ' =  8 7 2  1½
0 1 \ (A’)–1 =
| A '|  −5 −4 −1
 
= 1 = R.H.S. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
Q. 7. Using properties of determinants, prove the
Q. 5. Without expanding the determinant at any stage; following :
prove that :
a a2 bc
0 2 −3
R&U [S.Q.P. 2015-16] b b2 ca = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(bc + ca + ab).
−2 0 4 = 0.
c c 2 ab
3 −4 0
R&U [NCERT] [Delhi Comptt. 2011]
0 2 −3 [OD Comptt. 2013] [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2014]
Sol. Let A = −2 0 4 OR
3 −4 0 Using properties of determinants, prove that
a b c
Interchanging rows and columns
a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a − b )(b − c )(c − a )(ab + bc + ca )
0 −2 3 bc ca ab
A = 2 0 −4 1½
−3 4 0 [All India 2013C, Delhi 2011C]

Multiplying R1, R2 and R3 by (– 1) a a2 bc

0 2 −3 Sol. D = b b2 ca
A = (– 1)(– 1)(– 1) −2 0 4 c c2 ab
3 −4 0
Using R1 ® a R1, R2 ® b R2, R3 ® c R3
1½
a2 a3 abc
or A = (– 1)A or 2A = 0 ½ 1 2
D= b b3 abc ½
or A=0 ½ abc 2
c c3 abc
Hence proved
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] Taking abc common from C3
a 2 a3 1
Commonly Made Error
D = 2 b3 1
b ½
 Mostly candidates expand the determinant to solve c2 c3 1
it, though it is clearly determinants.
Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
Answering Tips a2 a3 1
 Give extensive practice in different types of question D = b − a22
b − a3
3
0 1½
based on properties a of determinants. c 2 − a2 c 3 − a3 0

 1 −2 3  Taking common (b – a) from R2, (c – a) from R3

Q. 6. If A =  0 −1 4  , find (A’)–1. a2 a3 1
 −2 2 1 
  D = ( b − a )( c − a ) b + a b + ab + a 2
2
0 ½
A [Delhi, 2015] c + a c 2 + ac + a 2 0
Expanding along C3, we get
 1 0 −2 
Sol. Getting A’ =  −2 −1 2  1 Δ = ( b − a )( c − a )
b + a b 2 + ab + a 2
3 4 1 c + a c 2 + ac + a 2
 
then |A’| = 1(– 9) – 2(– 5)
= – 9 + 10 = 1 ¹ 0 ½
DetermInants [ 101

R2 ® R2 – R1 a+x y z
Sol. D= x a+y z
b+a b + ab + a
2 2
Δ = ( b − a )( c − a ) x y a+z
c − b c 2 − b 2 + ac − ab
Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3
= ( b − a )( c − a ) b + a b 2 + ab + a 2 a+x+y+z y z
− ( b − c ) −( b − c )( a + b + c ) = a+x+y+z a+y z
a+x+y+z y a+z
= ( b − a )( c − a )( b − c ) b + a b + ab + a
2 2

− 1 −( a + b + c ) Taking common (a + x + y + z) from C1

1 y z
= − ( b − a )( c − a )( b − c ) a + b a + b + ab
2 2

1 a+b+c = (a + x + y + z) 1 a + y z 1
1 y a+z
{
= ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) a + ab + ac + ab + b
2 2
Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
+ bc − a − b − ab
2 2
} 1 y z
= (a + x + y + z) 0 a 0 2
= (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(ab + bc + ac) 1 0 0 a
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] Expanding along C1,
Q. 8. Using properties of determinants, prove that D = (a + x + y + z) (a2 – 0)
following : Hence, D = a2(a + x + y + z) 1
b+c a a [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
b c+a b = 4 abc . Q. 10. Using properties of determinants, prove that
c c a+b 1 1 1 + 3x
R&U [NCERT] [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2014] 1 + 3y 1 1 = 9(3 xyz + xy + yz + zx )
[O.D. Set I, 2012] 1 1 + 3z 1
R&U [CBSE Delhi/Outside Delhi Set I, II, III 2018]
b+c a a
Sol. D= b c+a b 1 1 1 + 3x
c c a+b Sol. LHS = 1 + 3 y 1 1 1
1 1 + 3z 1
Using R1 ® R1 – R2 – R3
0 −2 c −2b 1 0 3x
= b c+a b 1 = 1 + 3 y −3 y −3 y 1
c c a+b 1 3z 0
(Using C3 ® C2 – C1 & C3 ® C3 – C1)
R2 ® cR2, R3 ® bR3 and taking common (– 2) from R1
= 1 × (9yz) + 3x(3z + 9yz + 3y)
0 c b (Expanding along R1) 1
2
=− bc c 2 + ac bc = 9(3xyz + xy + yz + zx) = RHS 1
bc
bc bc ab + b 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
Taking common bc from C1, c from C2 & b from C3 Commonly Made Error
0 1 1  Students should know the properties of determinants.
= −2bc 1 c + a c 1 Before applying the properties of determinants, students
1 b a+b directly expand the determinant, which is wrong.
C2 ® C2 – C3 Q.11. Using properties of determinants, prove that
0 0 1 x + λ 2x 2x
= –2bc 1 a c 1 2x x + λ 2 x = (5x + l)(l – x)2.
1 −a a + b 2x 2x x+λ

Expanding along R1, we get R&U [NCERT] [Delhi 2011, 2009]

D = – 2bc(– 2a) [ Foreign Set II, 2014]
D = 4abc 1 x + λ 2x 2x
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] Sol. D= 2x x + λ 2x
Q. 9. Using properties of determinants, prove that 2x 2x x + λ
a+ x y z Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3
x a+y z = a2(a + x + y + z).
x y a+ z 5x + λ 2 x 2x
= 5x + λ x + λ 2 x
R&U [NCERT Exemplar] [Foreign Set I, 2014] 5x + λ 2 x x + λ
102 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Taking (5x + l) common from C1 Using R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3

1 2x 2x x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z
= ( 5x + λ ) 1 x + λ 2 x 1 = 2z 2z z−x−y 1
1 2x x + λ x−y−z 2x 2x

Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1 Using C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1

1 2x 2x (x + y + z) 0 0
= ( 5x + λ ) 0 − x + λ 0 2 = 2z 0 −( x + y + z ) 2
0 0 −x + λ x − y − z (x + y + z) (x + y + z)
Expanding with respect to R1,
Expanding along C1, we get = (x + y + z){0(x + y + z) +(x + y + z)2} 1
D = (5x + l){(l – x)2 – 0} = (x + y + z)3
D = (5x + l)(l – x)2 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] Q. 14. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
Q.12. Prove the following : a + b + 2c a b
a2 bc ac + c 2 c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)3.
a + ab
2
b 2
ac = 4a2b2c2. c a c + a + 2b
ab b2 + bc c2 R&U [NCERT] [Delhi Set II, 2014]
[Delhi Set I Comptt. 2012]
R&U [NCERT] [OD 2015] [Foreign Set III, 2014] [Foreign 2011, OD Comptt. 2009]
a2 bc ac + c 2 a + b + 2c a b
Sol. D = a + ab
2
b 2
ac Sol. D= c b + c + 2a b
ab b 2 + bc c2 c a c + a + 2b
Taking a, b and c common from C1, C2 and C3
respectively Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3
a c a+c 2( a + b + c ) a b
= abc a + b b a 1 = 2( a + b + c ) b + c + 2 a b 1
b b+c c 2( a + b + c ) a c + a + 2b
Using C1 ® C1 + C2 – C3
Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
0 c a+c
= abc 2b b a 1 2( a + b + c ) a b
2b b + c c = 0 b+c+a 0 2
0 0 c+a+b
Using R2 ® R2 – R3
0 c a+c Expanding along C1,
= abc 0 −c a − c 1 D = 2(a + b + c){(a + b + c)2 – 0}
2b b + c c D = 2(a + b + c)3 1
Expanding along C1, [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
D = abc[0 – 0 + 2b(ca – c2 + ca + c2)] Q. 15. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
or D = abc(4abc) or D = 4a2b2c2 1
x2 + 1 xy xz
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
xy y2 + 1 yz = 1 + x2 + y2 + z2.
Q. 13. Using properties of determinants, prove that : xz yz z2 + 1
2y y−z−x 2y
2z 2z z − x − y = (x + y + z)3. R&U [Delhi Set III, 2014], [NCERT]
x−y−z 2x 2x OR
Using properties of determinants, prove the
R&U [NCERT] [Delhi Set I, 2014]
OR following :
Prove, using properties of determinants a2 + 1 ab ac
a−b−c 2a 2a ab b2 + 1 bc = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2.
2b b−c−a 2b = ( a + b + c )3 . ca cb c2 + 1
2c 2c c−a−b [OD Comptt. 2011] [Foreign 2009] [Foreign Set I, 2013]
[NCERT] [Foreign 2011]
x2 + 1 xy xz
2y y−z−x 2y Sol. D = xy y2 + 1 yz
Sol. LHS = 2z 2z z−x−y xz yz z2 + 1
x−y−z 2x 2x
DetermInants [ 103

Using R1 ® xR1, R2 ® yR2, R3 ® zR3 Sol. Operating C1 ® C1 – (C2 + C3), we get

x( x + 1)
2
x y 2
x z 2 −2 a c + a a + b
1 LHS = −2 p r + p p + q 1½
= xy 2 y( y 2 + 1) y2z 1
xyz −2 x z + x x + y
xz 2
yz 2
z( z 2 + 1)
Taking common x from C1, y from C2 & z from C3 Taking (– 2) Common from C1
a c+a a+b
x2 + 1 x2 x2 = −2 p r + p p + q ½
xyz
= y 2
y +1
2
y2 ½ x z+x x+y
xyz
z 2
z 2
z +1
2

C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1
Using R1 ® R1 + R2 + R2
a c b
1 + x2 + y2 + z2 1 + x2 + y2 + z2 1 + x2 + y2 + z2 LHS = −2 p r q 1½
= y2 y2 + 1 y2 1 x z y
z2 z2 z +1
2
a b c
Using C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1 C2 « C3 = +2 p q r = RHS ½
x y z
(1 + x + y + z ) 0 0
2 2 2

= y2 1 0 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]

z2 0 1
Q. 18. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
Expanding along C1 1+ a 1 1
D = (1 + x2 + y2 + z2) ½ 1 1+ b 1 = abc + bc + ca + ab.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] 1 1 1+ c
OR R&U [NCERT] [OD 2009] [Foreign 2016]
Part is Same [O.D. Set III 2014, 2012]
Put a = x, b = y and c = z
Rest same 1 1 1
Sol. R1 → R1 , R2 → R2 , R3 → R3
Solution as above. a b c
Q. 16. Using properties of determinants, prove that
x+y x x 1 1 1
5 x + 4 y 4 x 2 x = x3. R&U [O.D. Set I, 2014] +1
a a a
10 x + 8 y 8 x 3 x 1 1 1
\ LHS = abc +1 1
[OD 2009] [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2013] b b b
1 1 1
+1
Sol. Operating R2 ® R2 – 4R1 and R3 ® R3 – 8R1, we get c c c
R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3
x+y x x
Þ LHS
RHS = x 0 −2 x 2
2 x 0 −5x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
Expanding along C2, we get 1 1 1
= abc +1 1
= – x(– 5x2 + 4x2) = x3 1+1 b b b
1 1 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] +1
c c c
Q. 17. Using properties of determinants, prove that :  1 1 1
Taking  1 + + +  common from R1
b+c c+a a+b a b c  a b c
q+r r+ p p+q =2 p q r .
y+z z+x x+y x y z 1 1 1
R&U [NCERT] [OD Comptt. 2010][O.D. Set II, 2014]  1 1 1 1 1 1
= abc  1 + + +  +1 ½
[Delhi Set I, 2012] [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2013]  a b c b b b
1 1 1
OR +1
Using properties of determinants, prove that c c c
C2 ® C2 – C1 and C3 ® C3 – C1
b+c q+r y+ z a p x
c+a r+p z+x =2 b q y 1 0 0
a+b p+q x+y c r z  1 1 1 1
= abc  1 + + +  1 0 1
a b c b
[NCERT] [Delhi 2012] 1
0 1
c
104 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Expand along R1 OR
Using properties of determinants, prove that :
 1 1 1
= abc  1 + + +  (1) 1 1 1
 a b c
a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c).
= abc + bc + ca + ab = RHS ½ a 3 b3 c 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
[NCERT] [Delhi Comptt. 2011] [Delhi Set II, 2012]
Commonly Made Error
1 a a3
 Most of the candidates make errors while applying 3
Sol. D= 1 b b
the properties of determinants in the correct order. 3
1 c c
Answering Tips Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
 Elucidate all properties of determinants and their 1 a a3
applications. = 0 b − a b − a3
3
1
a b c 0 c − a c 3 − a3
Q. 19. If a + b + c ¹ 0 and b c a = 0, then using Taking (b – a) and (c – a) common from R2 and R3
c a b
respectively
properties of determinants, prove that a = b = c.
1 a a3
R&U [OD Comptt. 2017] = ( b − a )( c − a ) 0 1 b + a 2 + ab
2
1
[CBSE OD 2015][NCERT Exemplar] [S.Q.P. 2013] 0 1 c 2 + a 2 + ac

a b c Using R3 ® R3 – R2
Sol. D= b c a 1 a a3
c a b = ( b − a )( c − a ) 0 1 b + a 2 + ab
2
½
0 0 c − b 2 + ac − ab
2

Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3
a+b+c b c Taking (c – b) from R3
D= a+b+c c a ½ 1 a a3
a+b+c a b
= ( b − a )( c − a )( c − b ) 0 1 b + a 2 + ab
2
½
Taking a + b + c common from C1 0 0 a+b+c

1 b c Expanding with respect to C1

= (a + b + c) 1 c a ½ Δ = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c) 1
1 a b [CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
Q. 21. Find the equation of the line joining A(1, 3) and
1 b c B(0, 0) using determinants and find the value of
= (a + b + c) 0 c − b a − c 1 k if D(k, 0) is a point such that area of ΔABD is 3
0 a−b b−c square units.
Expanding along C1 A [NCERT] [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2013]
Δ = (a + b + c)[(c – b)(b – c) – (a – c)(a – b)]
Sol. Using determinants, the line joining A(1, 3) and
or Δ = (a + b + c)[ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2] ½
Multiplying and dividing by 2 x y 1
B(0, 0) is given by 1 3 1 = 0 1
1
Δ= (a + b + c)[(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] ½ 0 0 1
2
As D = 0 and (a + b + c) ≠ 0 Expanding along R3, we get 1(3x – y) = 0
thus [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0 ½ or y = 3x 1
\ a – b = 0, b – c = 0, c – a = 0 i.e., a = b = c ½ Now, D(k, 0) is a point such that area
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
DABD = 3 sq. units
Q. 20. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
1 3 1
1 a a3 1
\ 0 0 1 = |3| 1
1 b b3 = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c). 2k 0 1
1 c c3
Expanding along R2
R&U [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2013] (0 – 3k) = ± 6 ½
[Delhi Comptt. 2009]
or k=±2 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
DetermInants [ 105
Q. 22. Using properties of determinants, prove the
following : C1 → C1 + C 2 + C 3
2
1 x x 1 x+y x + 2y
x2 1 x = (1 – x3)2.
= 3( x + y ) 1 x x+y 1
x x2 1
1 x + 2y x
R&U [NCERT] [Delhi Set I 2013]
OR R1 → R1 − R2 , R3 → R3 − R2
Using properties of determinants, prove that
0 y y
1 a a2
a 2
1 a =(1 - a ) . 3 2 = 3( x + y ) 1 x x+y 1+1
a a2 1 0 2y −y

[NCERT] [Foreign 2015, 2009] = −3( x + y )( − y 2 − 2 y 2 ) = 9 y 2 ( x + y ) 1

1 x x2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]

2
Sol. D= x 1 x Q. 24. Using properties of determinants, prove the
x x2 1 following :
Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3 1 + a 2 − b2 2 ab −2 b
1+ x + x 2
x x 2 2 ab 1 − a 2 + b2 2a = (1 + a2 + b2)3.
= 1 + x + x2 1 x ½ 2b −2 a 1− a − b
2 2

1 + x + x2 x2 1
R&U [NCERT] [Delhi 2009] [Foreign Set III, 2013]
Taking (1 + x + x2) common from C1
1 + a2 − b2 2 ab −2b
1 x x2
Sol. D= 2 ab 1 − a2 + b2 2a
= (1 + x + x ) 1 1
2
x ½
2b −2 a 1 − a2 − b2
1 x2 1

Using C1 ® C1 – bC3, C2 ® C2 + aC3

Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
1 x x2 1 + a2 + b2 0 −2b
= (1 + x + x ) 0 1 − x x − x 2
2
1 = 0 1 + a2 + b2 2a 1
0 x2 − x 1 − x2 b(1 + a 2 + b 2 ) − a(1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 1 − a 2 − b 2
Taking (1 – x) common from R2 and R3 Taking (1 + a2 + b2) common from C1 and C2
2
1 x x
= (1 + x + x 2 )(1 − x )2 0 1 x 1 0 −2b
1
= (1 + a + b ) 0 1
2 2 2
0 −x 1 + x 2a ½
b −a 1 − a2 − b2
Expanding with respect to C1
Δ = (1 + x + x2)(1 – x)2 (1 + x + x2) Using R3 ® R3 + aR2 – bR1
= {(1 – x)(1 + x + x2)}2
Δ = (1 – x3)2 1 1 0 −2b
= (1 + a + b ) 0 1
2 2 2
2a 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
0 0 1 + a2 + b2
Note : OR part is same.
Put x = a & solve by same method Taking (1 + a2 + b2) common from R3
Q. 23. Using properties of determinants, prove that 1 0 −2b
following : = ( 1 + a 2 + b 2 )3 0 1 2 a ½
x x + y x + 2y 0 0 1
x + 2y x x + y = 9y2(x + y).
Expanding with respect to R3
x + y x + 2y x
Δ = (1 + a2 + b2)3(1)
R&U [NCERT Exemplar] [Delhi 2017]
[OD 2017] [O.D. Set I, 2013] or Δ = (1 + a2 + b2)3 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2013]
x x+y x + 2y
x + 2y x x+y
Commonly Made Error
Sol.
x+y x + 2y x  Sometimes candidates fail to take common factor
(1 + a2 + b2)3 and could not simplify the determinant.
106 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Q. 25. Using properties of determinants, prove that

following : Using C1 ® C1 + C2
α β γ 0 0 1
α2 β2 γ 2 = (a – b)(b – g)(g – a)(a + b + g) = (a + b + c) a − b b − c b 1
β+ γ γ +α α+β b−c c−a c
R&U [Delhi Comptt. 2010] Expanding with respect to R1
[Delhi Set II Comptt. 2012] Δ = (a + b + c)[(c – a)(a – b) – (b – c)2]
α β γ or Δ = (a + b + c)(– a2 – b2 – c2 + ab + bc + ca] ½
Sol. D= α2 β2 γ2 or Δ = (3abc – a3 – b3 – c3) ½
β+γ γ +α α+β [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]

Using R1 ® R1 + R3 Q. 27. Using properties of determinants, prove the

following :
α+β+ γ γ +α+β α+β+ γ
= α2 β2 γ2 ½ a b c
β+γ γ+α α+β a − b b − c c − a = a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.
b+c c+a a+b
Taking a + b + g common from R1
R&U [NCERT Exemplar] [Delhi 2009]
1 1 1 [Delhi Set III Comptt. 2012]
= α + β + γ α2 β2 γ2 ½
β+γ γ +α α+β a b c
Sol. D= a−b b−c c−a
Using C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1
b+c c+a a+b
1 0 0
= (α + β + γ ) α β2 − α 2 γ 2 − α2
2
1 Using C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3
β+ γ α−β α−γ
a+b+c b c
Taking (b – a) and (g – a) common from C2 and C3 = 0 b−c c−a ½
1 0 0 2( a + b + c ) c + a a + b
= ( α + β + γ )(β − α )( γ − α ) α 2 β + α γ + α 1
β+γ −1 −1
Taking (a + b + c) common from C1

Expanding with respect to R1 1 b c

Δ = (a + b + g)(b – a)(g – a)(– b – a + g + a) = (a + b + c) 0 b − c c − a ½
Δ = (a – b)(b – g)(g – a)(a + b + g) 1 2 c+a a+b
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
Using R3 ® R3 – 2R1
Q. 26. Using properties of determinants, prove the
following : 1 b c
= (a + b + c) 0 b−c c−a 1
b+c a−b a
0 c + a − 2b a + b − 2 c
c + a b − c b = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3.
a+b c−a c Using R3 ® R3 + R2
R&U [NCERT Exemplar] [SQP Dec. 2016-17] 1 b c
[O.D. Set I Comptt. 2012] = (a + b + c) 0 b − c c − a 1
0 a−b b−c
b+c a−b a
Sol. D= c+a b−c b Expanding with respect to C1
a+b c−a c
Δ = (a + b + c)[(b – c)2 – (c – a)(a – b)]
Using R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3 Δ = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) ½
2( a + b + c ) 0 a+b+c 3 3 3
Δ = (a + b + c – 3abc) ½
= c+a b−c b ½
a+b c−a c [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]

Taking (a + b + c) common from R1 Q. 28. Using properties of determinants, prove the

following :
2 0 1
= (a + b + c) c + a b − c b ½ a 2 a 2 − ( b − c )2 bc
a+b c−a c b 2 b 2 − ( c − a) 2 ca = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
Using C1 ® C1 – 2C3 c 2 c 2 − ( a − b)2 ab
(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2).
0 0 1
= ( a + b + c ) c + a − 2b b − c b 1 R&U [O.D. Set II Comptt. 2012]
a + b − 2c c − a c
DetermInants [ 107

a2 a 2 − ( b − c )2 bc 0 tan A − sin B tan A

= 0 × − tan A − sin B × 1
Sol. Let D = b 2 b 2 − ( c − a )2 ca 0 − cos C 0
c2 c 2 − ( a − b )2 ab − sin B 0
+ cos C ×
− cos C − tan A
Using C2 ® C2 – 2C1 – 2C3
a2 −a2 − b2 − c 2 bc = 0 – sin B tan A cos C + cos C sin B tan A 1
b 2
−a2 − b2 − c 2 ca =0 ...(i) 1
= 1
c 2
−a2 − b2 − c 2 ab [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]

Taking (a2 + b2 + c2) common from C2 x 3 7

Q. 30. Given that x = – 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0 . Find
a 2
− 1 bc 7 6 x
= ( a 2
+ b 2
+ c 2
) b 2
− 1 ca 1 the other roots. R&U [Delhi Set I, 2012]
c 2
− 1 ab [NCERT Exemplar]
Using R2 ® R2 – R1, R3 ® R3 – R1
x 3 7
a2 −1 bc Sol. LHS = 2 x 2 = 0 ...(i)
= (a + b + c ) b − a
2 2 2 2 2
0 c( a − b ) ½ 7 6 x
c −a
2 2
0 b( a − c ) (Expanding along R1) 1
Taking (a – b) and (c – a) common from R2 and R3 x 2 2 2 2 x
or x −3 +7 =0 1
and multiplying C2 by (– 1) 6 x 7 x 7 6
Using R2 ® R2 + R3 or x(x2 – 12) – 3(2x – 14) + 7(12 – 7x) = 0
or x3 – 12x – 6x + 42 + 84 – 49x = 0
a2 1 bc
x3 – 67x + 126 = 0 ...(ii)
= ( a − b )( c − a )( a + b + c ) − a − b 0 c
2 2 2
½
c + a 0 −b x = – 9 is a root of (ii).
\ x + 9 is a factor of x3 – 67x + 126. 1
R2 ® R2 + R3 Dividing x3 – 67x + 126 by x + 9, the quotient is
x2 – 9x + 14.
a2 1 bc \ (ii) (x + 9)(x2 – 9x + 14) = 0
2
= ( a − b )( c − a )( a 2
+ b 2
+ c 2
) c −b 0 c−b ½ Solving x – 9x + 14 = 0, we get
c + a 0 −b 9 ± 81 − 56
x=
2
a2 1 bc
( a − b )( c − a )( c − b )( a + b + c ) 1
2 2 2
0 1 9±5
= = 2 , 7.
c + a 0 −b 2
\ The other roots are 2 and 7. 1
Expanding along C2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
(a – b)(c – a)(c – b)(a2 + b2 + c2) Q. 31. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
[+1(– b – c – a)] a b−c c+b
= (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a2 + b2 + c2)(a + b + c)] a+c b c − a = ( a + b + c )( a 2 + b2 + c 2 )
a−b b+a c
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
Q. 29. If A + B + C = p. then find the value of R&U [SQP 2018-19]
sin( A + B + C ) sin B cos C [O.D. Marking Scheme 2012]
− sin B 0 tan A
cos( A + B) − tan A 0 a b−c c+b
Sol. LHS = a + c b c−a C1 ® aC1
R&U [SQP Dec. 2016-17]
a−b b+a c
Sol. As A + B + C = p
a2 b−c c+b
sin( A + B + C ) sin B cos C 1 2 1
= a + ca b c−a
− sin B 0 tan A 1 a 2
a − ab b + a c
cos( A + B) − tan A 0
C1 ® C1 + bC2 + cC3
0 sin B cos C
a + b + c2
2 2
b−c c+b
= − sin B 0 tan A ...(i) 1 2
= a +b +c c−a
2 2
− cos C − tan A 0 b
a
a − ab
2
b+a c
108 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Taking (a2 + b2 + c2) common from C1

Using R2 ® R2 – 2R1, R3 ® R3 – 3R1
1 b−c c+b
(a + b + c )
2 2 2
a b c
= 1 b c−a
a = 0 a a+b 1
1 b+a c
0 3 a 4 a + 3b
[R2 ® R2 – R1]
[R3 ® R3 – R1] Expanding with respect to C1
D = a[a(4a + 3b) – 3a(a + b)]
1 b−c c+b
(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) = a[4a2 + 3ab – 3a2 – 3ab] ½
= 0 c −a − b
a 0 a+c −b = a3 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
½+½
Expanding with respect to C1 1 a a2
(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) Q. 33. If ∆ = a a2 1 = −4
= ( − bc + a 2 + ac + ba + bc )
a a2 1 a
= (a2 +b2 +c2)(a + b + c) = RHS 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018-19] a3 − 1 0 a − a4
Q. 32. Using the properties of determinants, show that : then find the value of 0 a − a a3 − 1 .
4

a − a a3 − 1
4
0
a a+b a+b+c
2 a 3 a + 2 b 4 a + 3 b + 2 c = a 3. R&U [SQP 2017-18]
3 a 6 a + 3b 10 a + 6 b + 3 c
a3 − 1 0 a − a4 c11 c12 c13
R&U [NCERT] [Foreign Set I, 2012]
Sol. Let ∆1 = 0 a − a a 3 − 1 = c 21
4
c 22 c 23 . 2
a a+b a+b+c a − a 4 a3 − 1 0 c31 c32 c33
Sol. D = 2 a 3 a + 2 b 4 a + 3b + 2 c
3a 6 a + 3b 10 a + 6b + 3c
Where Cij = the cofactor of aij and aij = the (i, j)th
Using C2 ® C2 – C1 element of determinant D
a b a+b+c c11 c12 c13
= 2 a a + 2 b 4 a + 3b + 2 c 1 We know that c 21 c 22 c 23 = ∆ 2 1
3a 3a + 3b 10 a + 6b + 3c
c31 c32 c33
Using C3 ® C3 – C1 – C2
a b c ∴ ∆1 = ∆ 2 = ( −4 )2 = 16 1
= 2 a a + 2b a + b + 2c 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017-18]
3 a 3 a + 3b 4 a + 3b + 3 c

Q. 34. Using properties of determinants, prove that

a2 + 2 a 2 a + 1 1
2 a + 1 a + 2 1 = ( a − 1)3
3 3 1

R&U [OD Set I 2017] [NCERT Exemplar]

Sol.
DetermInants [ 109

[Topper’s Answer, 2017]

Q. 35. Using properties of determinants show that a b−y c− z

1 1 1+ x Q. 36. If a − x b c − z = 0, then using properties
1 1+ y 1 = xyz + yz + zx + xy. a− x b−y c
1+ z 1 1 a b c
of determinants. find the value of + + ,
x y z
R&U [Foreign 2017]
Sol. Since a negative sign is missing in the question, so where x, y, z ≠ 0. R&U [Delhi Comptt. 2017]
the equality can not be proved. So, 4 marks may
be given for genuine attempt. Sol. Taking x, y, z common from C1, C2, C3 respectively.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] we get
Detailed Answer : a b c
−1 −1
From L.H.S. 1 1 1+x x y z
1 1+ y 1 a −1 b c
xyz −1 = 0 1
1+ z 1 1 x y z
a b c
Apply C1 ® C1 – C2 and C2 ® C2 – C5 −1 −1
x y z
0 −x 1 + x
= −y y 1 C1 → C1 + C 2 + C 3
z 0 1
a b c b c
Now, expanding above + + −2 −1 −1
x y z y z
y 1 −y 1 −y y
= 0 − (−x ) + (1 + x ) a b c b c
0 1 z 1 z 0 + + −2 −1 = 0 1
x y z y z
= 0 + x(– y – z) + (1 + x)(0 – zy) a b c b c
= – xy – xz – zy – xyz + + −2 −1
x y z y z
= –(xy + yz + zx + xyz)
= RHS
110 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

a −1 0
1 b c Sol. Given, f ( x ) = ax a −1
y −1 z −1 ax 2 ax a
a b c 
 + + − 2 1 b c =0 ½
x y z  y z −1 On taking a common from C1, we get
1 b c 1 −1 0
y −1 z f (x) = a x a −1 1
x2 ax a
R2 → R2 − R1 ⋅ R3 → R3 − R1
On applying C1 ® C1 + C2, we get
1 b c
0 −1 0
y −1 z −1
a b c  f (x) = a x+a a −1 1
 + + − 2 0 1 0 =0
x 2 + ax ax a
x y z  0 0 1
Now, on expanding along R1, we get
1
f(x) = a [1 {a (x + a) + 1 (x2 + ax)}]
a b c  a b c = a (ax + a2 + x2 + ax)
 + + − 2  ⋅ 1 = 0 or + + = 2 ½
 x y z  x y z = a (x2 + 2ax + a2)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] = a (x + a)2 1
\ f(2x) = a(2x + a2)
Answering Tips [put x = 2x]
 Properties of determinants and their applications. Now, f(2x) – f(x) = a(2x + a)2 – a(x + a)2
= a[(2x + a)2 – (x + a)2]
Q. 37. Let A =  -2 1  , then verify the following : = a[(2x + a + x + a) (2x + a – x – a)]
 3 4 
[ (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|I, where I is the identity = a[(3x + 2a) (x)]
matrix of order 2. A [S.Q.P. 2015-16] = x(3x + 2a)a = ax (3x + 2a) 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
 -2 1 
Sol. A= Q. 39. Show that Δ = D1, where
 3 4 
T
Ax x2 1 A B C
 4 −3   4 −1
then adj A =  = 1 ∆ = By y2 1 , ∆1 = x y z .
 −1 −2   −3 −2 
Cz z2 1 zy zx xy
 −2 1   4 −1
Taking A (adj A) = 
 3 4   −3 −2  A [NCERT Exemplar]
[All India 2014C]
 −11 0  1 0 2
= = −11  1 Ax x 1
 0 −11 0 1  Sol. Given, ∆ = By y 2 1
 4 −1  −2 1  Cz z2 1
Taking (adj A)·A = 
 −3 −2   3 4  On taking x, y and z common from R1, R2 and R3
 −11 0  1 0 respectively, we get
=  = −11  1
 0 −11 0 1  A x 1/x
−2 1 ∆ = xyz B y 1 / y 1
Getting |A| = = −11
3 4 C z 1/ z
1 0 Now, on applying C3 ® xyzC3, we get
\ |A|I = −11 0 1 1
A x yz A x yz
A·(adj A) = (adj A)·A = |A|I xyz
∆= B y zx = B y zx 1
Hence proved. xyz
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] C z xy C z xy

a -1 0 On interchanging rows and columns we get

Q. 38. If f ( x ) = ax a -1 , using properties of A B C
ax 2 ax a ∆1 = x y z [Q |A’| = |A|] 1½
determinants, find the value of f(2x) – f(x). zy zx xy
A [Delhi 2015] or D = D1 ½
DetermInants [ 111
Q. 40. Using properties of determinants, prove that On expanding along C1, we get
3x − x + y − x + z
2 a + 4 b 2 a − 2b
x− y 3y z − y = 3( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx ) = (a + b + c) ½
2a − 2c 4 c + 2a
x− z y− z 3z
a + 2b a − b
= 4( a + b + c )
a − c 2c + a
R&U [NCERT] [All India 2013]
= 12(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ac) ½+½
3x −x + y −x + z [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
Sol. To prove x−y 3y z−y Q. 42. Using properties of determinants, prove that
x−z y−z 3z − a2 ab ac
= 3(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) ba − b2 bc = 4 a2 b2 c 2 .
3x −x + y −x + z
ca cb −c2
LHS = x − y 3y z−y R&U [Delhi 2011; All India 2011C]
x−z y−z 3z − a2 ab ac
Sol. To prove ba −b2 bc = 4 a2 b 2 c 2
On applying C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3, we get ca cb − c2
x + y + z −x + y −x + z
LHS = x + y + z 3y z−y 1
− a2 ab ac
x+y+z y−z 3z
LHS = ba −b2 bc
On taking (x + y + z) common from C1, we get ca cb − c2
1 −x + y −x + z
On taking a, b and c common from R1, R2 and R3
LHS = ( x + y + z ) 1 3y x−y respectively, we get
1 y−z 3z −a b c
1
On applying R1 ® R2 – R1, R3, ® R3 – R1, we get LHS = abc a −b c 1
1 −x + y −x + z a b −c
LHS = ( x + y + z ) 0 2 y + x x−y 1 Again, on taking a, b and c common from C1, C2 and
0 x−z 2z + x C3 respectively, we get
−1 1 1
Now, on expanding along C1, we get 1
LHS = a2 b 2 c 2 1 −1 1
LHS = (x + y +z) ∙ 1 ∙ {(2y + x)(2z + x)
1 1 −1
– (x – y)(x – z)}
= (x + y +z){4yz + 2xz + 2xy On applying C1 ® C1 + C2, we get
+ x2 – x2 + xy + zx – yz}
= (x + y +z) ∙ (3xy + 3yz + 3zx) 0 1 1
= 3(x + y +z) ∙ (xy + yz + zx) = RHS 1 LHS = a2 b 2 c 2 0 −1 1 1
Hence proved. 2 1 −1
Q. 41. Using properties of determinants, prove that
= a2b2c2 [2(1 + 1)] [expanding along C1]
5a −2 a + b −2 a + c
= 4a2b2c2 = RHS Hence proved. 1
−2 b + a 5b −2 b + c = 12( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca)
Q. 43. Using properties of determinants, prove that
−2 c + a −2 c + b 5c
x y z
R&U [Comptt. 2018 Set I, II, III]
x2 y2 z 2 = xyz( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ).
Sol. C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3 gives LHS as x3 y3 z3
a + b + c −2 a + b −2 a + c
a+b+c 5b −2b + c 1 R&U [Delhi 2011, 2010C]
a + b + c −2 c + b 5c Sol. To prove
Taking common (a + b + c) from C1, x y z
1 −2 a + b −2 a + c x 2
y 2
z2 = xyz( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ).
= (a + b + c) 1 5b −2b + c ½ 3 3
x y z3
1 −2 c + b 5c
R2 ® R2 – R1,R3 ® R3 – R1 gives
x y z 1 1 1
1 −2 a + b −2 a − 2b
= ( a + b + c ) 0 2 a + 4 b 2 a − 2b 1 LHS= x 2 y2 z2 = xyz x y z ½
0 2a − 2c 4 c + 2a x3 y3 z3 x2 y2 z2
112 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

[taking x, y and z common from on expanding along R2

C1, C2 and C3, respectively] 1 −6
On applying C1 ® C1 – C2 and then 4×3 =0
x − 8 −5x + 44
C2 ® C2 – C3, we get
12(–5x + 44 + 6x – 48) = 0
0 0 1 12 (x – 4) = 0
LHS = xyz x−y y−z z 1½ x–4 =0
x2 − y2 y 2 − z2 z2 x = 4. 1
Q. 45. Using properties of determinants, solve the
On expanding along R1, we get following for x.
x+a x x
x−y y−z
LHS = xyz 1 x x+a x =0
x − y y 2 − z2
2 2

On taking (x – y) common from C1 and (y – z) from x x x+a

C2, we get
R&U [NCERT] [All India 2011]
1 1 x+a x x
LHS = xyz( x − y )( y − z )
x+y y+z Sol. Given, x x+a x =0
x x x+a
= xyz (x – y)(y – z)[(y + z – (x + y))]
= xyz (x – y)(y – z)(z – x) 1 On applying C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3, we get
= RHS Hence proved. 3x + a x x
3x + a x + a x =0 1
Q. 44. Using properties of determinants, solve the
3x + a x x+a
following for x
x − 2 2x − 3 3x − 4 On taking (3x + a) common from C1, we get
x − 4 2 x − 9 3 x − 16 = 0. R&U [All India 2011] 1 x x
x − 8 2 x − 27 3 x − 64 (3x + a) 1 x + a x =0 ½
1 x x+a
Sol. Given,
Now, on applying R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1, we get
x − 2 2 x − 3 3x − 4
⇒ x − 4 2 x − 9 3x − 16 = 0 1 x x
x − 8 2 x − 27 3x − 64 (3x + a) 0 a 0 = 0 1½
0 0 a
On applying R1 ® R1 – R2 and then R2 ® R2 – R3,
we get On expanding along C1, we get
2 6 12 (3x + a)(1 ∙ a ∙ a) = 0
⇒ 4 18 48 =0 1½ Þ a2(3x + a) = 0
x − 8 2 x − 27 3x − 64 a
\ x=− 1
3
On taking 2 common from R1 and R2, we get Q. 46. Find the adjoint of the matrix
1 3 6 - 1 - 2 - 2 
 
⇒ 2×2 2 9 24 =0 ½ A= 2 1 - 2  and hence show that
x − 8 2 x − 27 3x − 64  2 - 2 1 

On applying R2 ® R2 – 2R1, we get A(adj A) = |A|I3. R&U [All India 2015]

 −1 −2 −2 
1 3 6  
⇒ 4 0 3 12 =0 1 Sol. Given, A =  2 1 −2 
x − 8 2 x − 27 3x − 64  2 −2 1 
Let Aij be the cofactor of an element aij of |A|.
On expanding along C1, we get Then, cofactor of elements of |A| are
1 3 6 1 −2
4 0 3 12 =0 A11 = (– 1)1+1 = (1 – 4) = – 3
−2 1
x − 8 2 x − 27 3x − 6 x
2 −2
C3 ® C3 – 4C2 A12 = (– 1)1+2 = – (2 + 4) = – 6
2 1
1 3 −6
4 0 3 0 =0 2 1
A13 = (– 1)1+3 = (– 4 – 2) = – 6 ½
x − 8 2 x − 27 −5x + 44 2 −2
DetermInants [ 113
−2 −2 1 b c
A21 = (– 1)2+1 = – (– 2 – 4) = 6 = (a + b + c) 0 c − b a − c
−2 1
0 a−b b−c
−1 −2
A22 = (– 1)2+2 = (– 1 + 4) = 3 [Applying R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1]
2 1
c−b a−c
= (a + b + c) a − b b − c 1
−1 −2
A23 = (– 1)2+3 = – (4 + 2) = – 6 ½
2 −2
−2 −2
A31 = (– 1)3+1 = (2 + 4) = 6
1 −2
−1 −2
A32 = (– 1)3+2 = (– 2 + 4) = – 6
2 −2
−1 −2
A33 = (– 1)3+3 = (– 1 + 4) = 3 ½
2 1
1
Clearly, the adjoint of the matrix A is given by Q. 48. Without expanding, evaluate the determinant :
 A11 A21 A31   −3 6 6 ( a x + a − x )2 ( a x − a − x )2 1
  =   ( a y + a − y )2 ( a y − a − y )2 1 ,
adj A =  A12 A22 A32   −6 3 −6 
 A13 A23 A33   −6 −6 3  ( a z + a − z )2 ( a z − a − z )2 1

½ where a > 0 and x, y, Î R. C

−1 −2 −2 Sol. Let D be the given determinant.
Applying C1 ® C1 – C2, we get
Now, |A| = 2 1 −2
4 ( ax − a− x ) 1
2 −2 1
D = 4 ( a y − a − y )2 1 2
= – 1(1 – 4) + 2(2 + 4) – 2(– 4 – 2) 4 ( a z − a − z )2 1
= – 1(– 3) + 2(6) – 2(– 6)
= 3 + 12 + 12 = 27 1 [Using (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab]
 −1 −2 −2   −3 6 6 Taking out 4 from C1, we get
   1 ( a x − a − x )2 1
and A.(adj A) =  2 1 −2   −6 3 −6 
 2 −2 1   −6 −6 3  D = 4 1 ( a y − a − y )2 1 2
1 ( a z − a − z )2 1
 3 + 12 + 12 −6 − 6 + 12 −6 + 12 − 6 
  Þ D = 4 × 0 = 0[Q C1 and C3 are identical]
=  −6 − 6 + 12 12 + 3 + 12 12 − 6 − 6 
cos t t 1 f (t )
 −6 + 12 − 6 12 − 6 − 6 12 + 12 + 3 
Q. 49. Let f(t) = 2 sin t t 2t , then find lim .
sin t t t
t →0 t2
 27 0 0  1 0 0
=  0 27 0  = 27 0 1 0  AE [NCERT Exemplar]
   
 0 0 27  0 0 1  Sol. Given,
cos t t 1 cos t t 1
= 27I3 = |A|I3 Hence proved. 1 f(t) = 2 sin t t 2t = 0 −t 0
Q. 47. If a, b, c are real numbers, then prove that sin t t t sin t t t
a b c
b c a = − ( a + b + c )( a + bω + cω2 )( a + bω2 + cω) , [Applying R2 ® R2 – 2R3]
c a b cos t 1 1
= t 0 −1 0 2
where w is a complex number and cube root of sin t 1 t
unity. AE
a b c Expanding an along R2, we get
Sol. D= b c a t[(– 1)(t cos t – sin t)]
c a b = – t2 cos t + t sin t
a+b+c b c f (t ) −t 2 cos t + t sin t
\ lim 2
= lim
= b+c+a c a t →0 t t → 0 t2
c+a+b a b
 − t 2 cos t t sin t 
= lim  + 2 
[Applying C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3] t→0  t2 t 
1 b c
sin t 
= (a + b + c) 1 c a 1 = lim  − cos t +  = −1 + lim
sin t
1 a b t→0  t 

t→0 t
[Taking out (a + b + c) from C1] =–1+1=0 2
114 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Long Answer Type Questions-ii (6 marks each)

Q. 1. Using properties of determinants, prove that :

( b + c )2 a2 bc
( c + a) 2 b2 ca = ( a − b)( b − c )( c − a)( a + b + c )( a2 + b2 + c 2 )
( a + b)2 c2 ab

R&U [OD Set I 2016]

Sol.

[Topper’s Answer, 2016]

DetermInants [ 115
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2
2 Apply, R1 ® R1 – R2 – R3 ½
Q. 2. Prove that zx − y xy − z 2 yz − x 2 is divisible by
xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2 2 yz − 2z − 2y
= ( x + y + z )2 y 2 x + z − y 0
(x + y + z), and hence find the quotient. z2 0 x+y−z
R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III, 2016]
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2 Apply, C2 ® yC2, C3 ® zC3 ½
= zx − y xy − z yz − x
2 2 2
Sol. 2 yz − 2 yz − 2 yz
( x + y + z )2 2
xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2 = y xy + zy − y 2 0
yz
z2 0 zx + yz − z 2
Applying R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1 1
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2 Apply, C2 ® C2 + C1 & C3 ® C3 + C1 1
= ( x − y )( x + y + z ) ( y − z )( x + y + z ) ( z − x )( x + y + z ) 2 yz 0 0
( x − z )( x + y + z ) ( y − x )( x + y + z ) ( z − y )( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z )2 2
= y xy + zy y2
Taking (x + y + z) common from R2 and R3 yz
z2 z2 zx + yz
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2
( x + y + z )2
= (x + y + z) x − y y−z z−x
2
= · ( 2 yz )·( x 2 yz + xy 2 z + xyz 2 + y 2 z 2 − y 2 z 2 )
x−z y−x z−y yz

Applying C1 ® C1 + C2 + C3 1 = 2xyz(x + y + z)3 = RHS 1

= (x + y + z)2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
( xy + yz + zx ) − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) zx − y 2 xy − z 2
0 y−z z−x Commonly Made Error
0 y−x z−y  Sometimes candidates make errors while applying
the properties of determinant in the correct order.
Expanding along C1
= (x + y + z)2[xy + yz + zx – (x2 + y2 + z2)] 1½ Q. 4. Using properties of determinants, prove that
[(y – z)(z – y) – (z – x)(y – x)] − bc b2 + bc c 2 + bc
= (x + y + z)2[xy + yz + zx – (x2 + y2 + z2)] 1½ a2 + ac − ac c 2 + ac = ( ab + bc + ac )3 .
[yz – y2 – z2 + yz – yz + xz + xy – x2] 2 2
a + ab b + ab − ab
= (x + y + z)2[xy + yz + zx – (x2 + y2 + z2)]2
Hence, it is divisble by (x + y + z) and the quotient is R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III Comptt. 2016]
(x + y + z)[xy + yz + zx – (x2 + y2 + z2)]2. 1
Q. 3. Using properties of determinants, prove that : Sol. R1 ® aR1, R2 ® bR2, R3 ® cR3,
( y + z )2 xy zx
− abc ab 2 + abc ac 2 + abc
xy ( x + z )2 yz = 2 xyz( x + y + z )3 . 1 2
2 LHS = a b + abc − abc bc 2 + abc 1½
xz yz ( x + y) abc 2
a c + abc b 2 c + abc − abc
R&U [Outside Delhi Comptt. Set I, II, III 2016]
− bc ab + ac ac + ab
( y + z )2 xy zx abc ½
= ab + bc − ac bc + ab
Sol. LHS = xy ( x + z )2 yz abc ac + bc bc + ac − ab

xz yz ( x + y )2
R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3
Apply ( R1 → xR1 , R2 → yR2 , R3 → zR3 ) 1
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
x( y + z ) 2 x2y zx 2 =
1 ab + bc − ac bc + ab
= xy 2 y( x + z ) 2 y2z
xyz ac + bc bc + ac − ab
xz 2 yz 2 z( x + y ) 2
1 1 1
( y + z )2 x2 x2
= ( ab + bc + ac ) ab + bc − ac bc + ab 1
= y2 ( x + z )2 y2 1
ac + bc bc + ac − ab
z2 z2 ( x + y )2

Applying C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1 C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1

( y + z )2 x 2 − ( y + z )2 x 2 − ( y + z )2 1 0 0
= y2 ( x + z )2 − y 2 0 1 = ( ab + bc + ac ) ab + bc −( ab + bc + ac ) 0
z2 0 ( x + y )2 − z 2 ac + bc 0 −( ab + bc + ca )

Taking (x + y + z) common from C2 and C3. 1+1

( y + z )2 x−y−z x−y−z Expanding along R1
= (x + y + z) 2
y2 x+z−y 0 = (ab+ bc + ca)3. 1
z2 0 x+y−z [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
116 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Q. 5. A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I for matrix A =

1 − 1 2  Þ 2x2 = 1; 6y2 = 1 and 3z2 = 1
3 0 − 2  . R&U [S.Q.P. Dec. 2016-17] 1 1
1 0  Þ x= ± ; y= ± ;
 3  2 6
1
1 −1 2 z= ± ; 1½
3
Sol. Here, |A| = 3 0 − 2
1 0 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
= 1(0 + 0) + 1(9 + 2) + 2(0 – 0) Q. 7. Using properties of determinants, prove that
= 11 1 ( a + b)2
c c
11 0 0  c
Þ |A|I =  0 11 0  ...(i) ½ ( b + c )2
 0 0 11 a a = 2( a + b + c )3 .
  a
( c + a) 2
 0 3 2 b b
b
adj A=  − 11 1 8  2
 0 − 1 3 
 R&U [SQP Dec. 2016-17]
1 − 1 2   0 3 2
Now, A(adj A) = 3 0 − 2   − 11 1 8  ( a + b )2 c2 c2
1 0 1
 3   0 − 1 3  Sol. LHS = a2 ( b + c )2 a2
abc
b2 b2 ( c + a )2
11 0 0 
=  0 11 0  ...(ii) 1 C1 ® C1 – C3, C2 ® C2 – C3 ½
 0 0 11
  ( a + b + c )( a + b − c ) 0 c2
1
= 0 ( b + c + a )( b + c − a ) a2
 0 3 2  1 − 1 2  abc
( b + c + a )( b − c − a ) ( b + c + a)( b − c − a ) ( c + a )2
and (adj A)A =  − 11 1 8  3 0 − 2  1
 0 − 1 3  1 0 3  1

(a + b − c) 0 c2
11 0 0  ( a + b + c )2
= 0 (b + c − a) a2 ½
=  0 11 0  ...(iii) ½ abc
 0 0 11 ( b − c − a ) ( b − c − a ) ( c + a )2
 
R3 ® R3 – R1 – R2
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
(a + b − c) 0 c2
Thus, it is verified that A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I ( a + b + c )2
= 0 (b + c − a) a2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016] abc ( −2 a ) ( −2 c ) 2 ca
 0 2y z 
Q. 6. Find the value of x, y and z if A =  x y − z  taking common 2ac from R3
 x −y z 
  ac + bc − c 2 0 c2
( 2 ac )( a + b + c )2
satisfies A’ = A–1. R&U [SQP Dec. 2016-17] = 0 ab + ca − a 2 a2 ½
ba 2 c 2 −1 −1 1
Sol. The relation A’ = A gives A’A = A–1A = I
–1
1
0 x x  0 2 y z  (C1 ® C1 + C3, C2 ® C2 + C3)
Thus,  2 y y − y   x y − z  ( ac + bc ) c2 c2
 z − z z  x − y z  2 ac( a + b + c )2
   = a 2
( ba + ca ) a 2 1
ba 2 c 2 0 0 2 ca
1 0 0
= 0 1 0  1½ Taking c from R1 & a from R2
0 0 1
  a+b c c
2 ac( a + b + c )2
0 + x2 + x2 0 + xy − xy 0 − xz + xz  = a b+c a 1
( ac )b 0 0 1
 
Þ 0 + xy − xy 4 y + y + y 2 yz − yz − yz 
2 2 2

 0 − zx + zx 2 yz − yzz − yz z + z + z 
2 2 2
Expanding along R3
2 ac( a + b + c )2
1 0 0 =  ab + ac + b 2 + bc − ac 
= 0 1 0  abc
0 0 1 2 abc( a + b + c )3
  =
abc
2x 2 0 0  1 0 0
 0 6y2 0  = 0 1 0  = 2(a +b + c)3 ½
Þ   2
3 z 2  0 0 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
 0 0  
DetermInants [ 117
p q pα + q On taking common (a + b + c) from R1, we get
Q. 8. If p ¹ 0, q ¹ 0 and q r qα + r = 0 ,
then 1 1 1
pα + q qα + r 0
D = (a + b + c) b c a ½
using properties of determinants, prove that at c a b
least one of the following statements is true :
(a) p, q, r are in G.P., On applying C2 ® C2 – C1 and C3 – C1, we get
(b) a is a root of the equation px2 + 2qx + r = 0.
1 0 0
R&U [SQP 2016-17]
D = (a + b + c) b c − b a − b
p q pα + q c a−c b−c
Sol. Given equation, q r qα + r = 0 1 1
pα + q qα + r 0 On expanding along R1, we get

pq q2 pqα + q 2 D = (a + b + c) [– (b – c)2 – (a – b) (a – c)]

1
Given equation Þ pq pr pqα + pr = 0 = (a + b + c) [–(b2 + c2 – 2bc) – (a2 – ac – ab + bc)]
pq pα + q qα + r 0 = (a + b + c) [– b2 – c2 – 2bc + a2 + ac + ab – bc]
1 = (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
0 q 2 − pr q 2 − pr = – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) 1
1
Þ pq pr pqα + pr = 0 1 1 2 2 2
pq pα + q qα + r 0 = − (a + b + c) (2a + 2b + 2c – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca)
2 1
On Taking Common q2 – pr from R1
0 1 1 [multiplying and divide by 2]
q 2 − pr
Þ pq pr pqα + pr = 0 1 −1
pq pα + q qα + r = (a + b + c) {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2} < 0
0 2 1
On Taking Common P from R2
0 1 1 \D<0 [Q a, b, c > 0 and a ¹ b ¹ c]
q 2 − pr
Þ p q r qα + r = 0 1 Hence proved. ½
pq pα + q qα + r 0 [CBSE marking Scheme 2010]
(C2 ® C2 – C3) Q. 10. Using properties of determinants, prove that
0 0 1 following
q 2 − pr 1
Þ p q − qα qα + r = 0 x x2 1+ px 3
pq pα + q qα + r 0 y y2 1+ py 3 = (1 + pxyz) (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)
Expanding along R1 z z2 1+ pz 3
Þ q − pr (q2a + rq + pqa2 + q2a) = 0
2
R&U [NCERT] [All India 2010]
q
x x 2
1 + px 3
Þ (q2 – pr)(2qa + r + pa2) = 0 Sol. To prove y y 2
1 + py 3
Þ q2 – pr = 0
(i.e., p, q, r are in GP) or 2qa + r + pa2 = 0 z z2 1 + pz 3
(i.e., a is root or the equation (2qx + r + px2 = 0)
= (1 + pxyz) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]
x x 2 1 + px 3
Q. 9. If a, b, c are positive and unequal, show that the
LHS = y y 1 + py
2 3

following determinant is negative.

z z 1 + pz
2 3

a b c
D= b c a R&U [All India 2010] [NCERT] x x2 1 x x2 px 3
c a b = y y
2
1 + y y2 py 3 1
z z2 1 z z2 pz 3
a b c
x x2 1 1 x x2
Sol. Given, D= b c a
= y y2 1 + pxyz 1 y y 2 1
c a b
z z2 1 1 z z2
On applying R1 ® R2 + R3, we get
[Taking common p from C3, x from R1, y from R2
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
and z from R3]
D= b c a 1
On interchanging C1 and C3 is Ist determinant, we
c a b get
118 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

1 x2 x 1 x x2 A31 = 0; A32 = 0 and A33 = 1 2

 A11 A12 A13 
LHS = 1 y
2
y + pxyz 1 y y2  
2 \ adj (A) =  A21 A22 A23 
1 z z 1 z z2
 A31 A32 A33 
On interchanging C2 and C3 in Ist determinant, we
get ½ cos α − sin α 0 
 
1 x x2 1 x x2 =  sin α cos α 0 
LHS = 1 y y 2 + pxyz 1 y y2 ½  0 0 1 
2 2
1 z z 1 z z  cos α sin α 0 
 
=  − sin α cos α 0  1
1 x x2
 0 0 1 
Þ (1 + pxyz ) 1 y y 2 
1 z z2 Now, A (adj A)
1  cos α − sin α 0  cos α sin α 0
On applying R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1, we get =  sin α cos α 0  − sin α cos α 0
   
 0 0 1  0 0 1
1 x x2
LHS = (1 + pxyz) 0 y − x ( y − x )( y + x )  cos2 α + sin 2 α 0 0
0 z − x ( z − x )( z + x ) =  0 sin 2 α + cos2 α 0 ...(i) ½
 
 0 0 1
1 x x2
= (y – x) (z – x) (1 + pxyz) 0 1 y + x  cos α sin α 0
0 1 z+x (adj A)·(A) =  − sin α cos α 0
 0 0 1
[Taking common y – x from R2 and z – x from R3]
 cos α − sin α 0
= (y – x) (z – x) (1 + pxyz) (z + x – y – x)  sin α cos α 0
1  
 0 0 1
= (1 + pxyz) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) 1
Hence proved.  cos2 α + sin 2 α 0 0
=  0 sin 2 α + cos2 α 0 ½
 cos α - sin α 0  
 0 0 1
Q. 11. If A =  sin α cos α 0 find adj A and verify
 
 0 0 1  1 0 0
=  0 1 0 ...(ii) ½
that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I3.  
 0 0 1
R&U [Foreign 2015]
 cos α − sin α 0 cos α − sin α 0
Sol. We have, A = D  sin α cos α 0 and |A| = sin α cos α 0
 
 0 0 1 0 0 1
Clearly, the cofactors of elements of |A| are given = 1·(cos2a + sin2a) = 1 ...(iii) ½
by
(expanding along R3)
A11 = cos a ; A12 = – sin a; A13 = 0; From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
A21 = sin a; A22 = cos a; A23 = 0
A (adj A) = (adj A)·A = |A| I3 1

TopiC-2
Solutions of System of Linear Equations

Revision Notes
SOLVING SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS BY MATRIX METHOD [INVERSE MATRIX METHOD
(a) Consistent and Inconsistent system : A system of equations is consistent if it has one or more solutions
otherwise it is said to be an inconsistent system. In other words an inconsistent system of equations has no
solution.
DetermInants [ 119

system if B = 0. Otherwise it is called a non-homogeneous system of equations.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1,
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2,
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
 a1 b1 c1   d1  x 
STEP 1 : Assume A =  a2 b2 c2  , B = d2  and X = y .
a b3 c3  d  z
 3  3  

 −1 1 
X = A–1B  where A = ( adj A )
 A 
Then by using the definition of equality of matrices, we can get the values of x, y and z.
(ii) |A| = 0 Þ A–1 does not exist. It implies that the given system of equations may be consistent or inconsistent.
In order to check proceed as follow :
Þ Find (adj A) B. Now, we may have either (adj A) B ¹ 0 or (adj A) B = 0.
• If (adj·A)B = 0, then the given system may be consistent or inconsistent.
To check, put z = k in the given equations and proceed in the same manner in the new two variables system
of equations assuming di – cik, 1 £ i £ 3 as constant.
• And if (adj A) B ¹ 0, then the given system is inconsistent with no solutions.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. For what values of k, the system of linear equations

x+y+z =2 Sol. For a unique solution
2x + y – z =3 1 1 1
3x + 2y + kz =4 2 1 −1 ¹ 0 1
has a unique solution ? A [Outside Delhi 2016] 3 2 k
k + 2 + 2k + 3 + 4 – 3 ¹ 0
Þ k ¹–2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016]

Short Answer Type Questions (2 mark each)

 2 −3 LHS = RHS 1

Q. 1. Given A =  −4 7  , compute A–1 and show that
  [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
2A–1 = 9I – A. A [Delhi 2018, Set I, II, III]
2 3 
|A| = 2, Q. 2. If A =  5 −2  , be such that A–1 = kA, then find
 
1 7 3 
A–1 =  4 2  1 the value of k. A [Comptt. 2018, Set I, II, III]
2 
−1  −2 −3
LHS = 2A–1 Sol. Finding A–1 = 1
19  −5 2 
7 3 
=  ,
 4 2  −1  −2 −3  2 k
=
3k 
Þ ½
19  −5 2   5k −2 k 
 1 0   2 −3
RHS = 9 0 1  −  −4 7  1
    Þ k= ½
19
7 3 
= 4 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
 
120 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Long Answer Type Questions-i (4 marks each)

 1 −2
Q. 1. If A =  then using A–1, solve the following
 2 1 
Sol. A = 2 3
 1 2 
system of equations : x – 2y = – 1, 2x + y = 2.
R&U [S.Q.P. 2016-17]  4 −6 
and B= 
Sol. |A| = 5  −2 4 
 1 2
then AB =  2 3   4 −6 
adj A = −2 1  1 2   −2 4 
 

adj A 1  1 2 
= AB =  2 0  = 2 I 1
A–1 = 1  0 2 
| A | 5  − 2 1 
1 
Given system of equations is AX = B, where Þ A  B = I
2 
 1 −2  x
where A=  ,X= y On multiplying by A–1
2 1    1
A–1 = B
2
 −1
B=    2 −3
2 A–1 =  −1 2  1
 
 1 −2   x   −1
2 1   y =  2  1 The given system of equations are equivalent to
     A’X = C,
x  1  1 2 -1 where
x 
X=   1
 y  = 5 −2 1 2  y
    
4  2 1
3 and C =   , A’ =  
x  1  −1 + 4    1 3 2
y =   =  45  1
  5 2+2    X = (A’)–1C = (A–1)’C
5
x   2 −1  4 
3 4 Þ  y  =  −3 2   1 
x= and y = 1
5 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2016] x   7 
Þ  y  =  −10 
2 3   4 −6 
Q. 2. Let A =  , B= . Then compute AB. \ x =7
 1 2   −2 4 
and y = – 10 1
Hence, solve the following system of equations :
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
2x + y = 4, 3x + 2y = 1. A [S.Q.P. 2015-16]

Long Answer Type Questions-ii (6 marks each)

3 1 2 
Q. 1. If A =  3 2 −3 ½
–1
 2 0 −1 , Find A .
   −2 −3 −4 
Hence, solve the system of equations : Cofactor matrix of A =  1 −7 2  2
3x + 3y + 2z = 1  −7 15 3 
 
x + 2y = 4
2x – 3y – z = 5 A [SQP 2018-19] 1
A–1 = AdjA
|A|
3 1 2 
A =  3 2 −3
 2 0 −1  −2 1 −7 
  1 
= −3 −7 15  ½
−17  −4 2 3 
|A| = 3(– 2) – 1(3) + 2(– 4) 
= – 6 – 3 – 8 = – 17 ¹ 0 1
DetermInants [ 121
Now for given system of equations.
 1 2 −3 
3 3 2   x  1 Sol. A = 2 3 2
1 2 0   y = 4   3 −3 −4 
 2 −3 −1  z   5  
     Co factors are :
(At)X = B C11 = – 6, C21 = 17, C31 = 13
Þ X = (At)–1B C12 = 14, C22 = 5, C32 = – 8
Þ X = (A–1)tB [ (At)–1 = (A–1)t] ½ C13 = – 15, C23 = 9, C33 = – 1 2
 −2 −3 −4   1  |A| = – 6 + 28 + 45 = 67
1 
X= 1 −7 2   4   −6 17 13 
−17  −7 15 3   5  1 
   \ A–1 = 14 5 −8  1
67  −15 9 −1
 −34   2   
1 
X= −17  =  1  Now the equations are :
−17  68   −4 
    x + 2y – 3z = – 4,
x = 2, y = 1, z = – 4 1½ 2x + 3y + 2z = 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018] and 3x – 3y – 4z = 11
 2 −3 5  They may be written as
Q. 2. If A =  3 2 −4  , Find A–1. Use it to solve the  1 2 −3   x   −4 
 1 1 −2 
  2 3 2  y =  2  ½
 3 −3 −4   z   11 
system of equations     
Hence, solve the system of equations :
x − 4 
2x – 3y + 5z = 11
3x + 2y – 4z = – 5 where X =  y  and B = 2
z  11 
x + y – 2z = – 3    
A [Delhi OD 2018 Set I, II, III] Þ AX = B
Þ X = A–1B
 −6 17 13   −4 
1 1 
Þ X= 14 5 −8   2  1
A11 = 0; A12 = 2; A13 = 1 1 m for  67  −15 9 −1  11 
   
A21 = – 1; A22 = – 9; A23 = – 5 4 correct  2
A31 = 2; A32 = 23; A23 = 13 cofactors   201   3 
 1 
= −134  =  −2  ½
 0 −1 2  67  67   1 
   
adj(A) =  2 −9 23
 1 −5 13  Þ x = 3, y = – 2 and z = 1 ½
 
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
1
Þ A–1 = .adj(A)  1 2 1
|A| Q. 4.If A =  -1 1 1 , find A–1. Hence solve the system
 1 - 3 1
 0 1 −2   
=  −2 9 −23 ½
 −1 5 −13
 
x   11  R&U [Delhi Set I Comptt. 2012]
For, X =  y  and B =  −5 , the system of
z  −3  1 2 1
   
Sol. Given A =  −1 1 1
½  1 −3 1
 
 0 1 −2   11   1 
|A| = 1(1 +3) – 2(– 1 – 1) + 1(3 – 1)
\ X = A–1·B =  −2 9 −23  −5 =  2  1
 −1 5 −13  −3  3  = 4 + 4 + 2 = 10 1
    
Co-factor Matrix is :
1 4 2 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]  −5 0 5  1
 1 −2 3 
 1 2 -3   
Q. 3. If A =  2 3 2
 3 -3 -4 \ adj A = transpose of above matrix
   4 −5 1 
=  2 0 −2  1
2 5 3 
 

R&U [S.Q.P. 2012] [Delhi Set III Comptt. 2012]
122 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

adj( A ) Multiplying both sides by A–1, we get

\ A–1 = A–1AX = A–1B
| A|
Þ X = A–1B
 4 −5 1  x  2 / 5 −1 / 2 1 / 10   4 
1 
= 2 0 −2  Þ  y  = 1 / 5 0 −1 / 5  0 
10  2 5 3  z  1 / 5 1 / 2 3 / 10   4 
      
 2 / 5 −1 / 2 1 / 10  ½
Þ A–1 =  1 / 5 0 −1 / 5 1
 1 / 5 1 / 2 3 / 10  8 2
  5 + 5
x 4 4
Given set of equations are : y =  − 
Þ
x + 2y + z = 4 z 5 5
  4 + 6
– x + y + z =0 ½
 5 5 
x – 3y + z = 4
 1 2 1  x  4  x 2
Þ  −1 1 1  y  =  0  Þ  y  = 0 
 1 −3 1  z  4  z 2
        
Þ A · X =B \ x = 2; y = 0, z = 2 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]

 −4 4 4   1 −1 1 
Q. 5. Determine the product  −7 1 3   1 −2 −2  , and use it to solve the system of equations :
 5 −3 −1  2 1 3 
  
x – y + z = 4, x – 2y – 2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1. R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III-2017, Delhi Set II Comptt. 2012]

 −4 4 4   1 −1 1  8 0 0 
    
Sol. Getting  −7 1 3   1 −2 −2  = 0 8 0  ...(i) 1½
 5 −3 −1  2 1 3  0 0 8 

 1 −1 1   x   4
Given equations can be written as  1 −2 −2  y =  9 1
    
 2 1 3   z   1

or AX = B
 −4 4 4 
1
From (i) A–1 = −7 1 3  1
8  
 5 −3 −1

 −4 4 4   4
1
\ X = A–1B = −7 1 3   9 1
8   
 5 −3 −1  1

x  24   3
  1   
 y  = 8  −16 =  −2 1
 z   
 −8   −1

[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] ½

OR
DetermInants [ 123

[Topper's Answer 2017]

 1 -1 0   2 2 −4 
Q. 6. If A =  2 3 4  and B =  −4 2 −4  are \ AB = 6I
0 1 2   2 −1 5 
    On multiplying by A–1
square matrices, find A·B and hence solve the A–1AB = 6A–1I
system of equations :
Þ IB = 6A–1I ( A–1A = I)
x – y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17 and y + 2z = 7.
Þ B = 6A–1 ( IX = X)
R&U [O.D. Set I Comptt. 2012] [NCERT Exemplar]
1
Þ A–1 = B
 1 −1 0  6
Sol. Given A = 2 3 4 
  Given equations are :
0 1 2 
x – y =3
 2 2 −4 
and B =  −4 2 −4  ½ 2x + 3y + 4z = 17 ½
 2 −1 5  y + 2z = 7
 
 2+4 2−2 −4 + 4   1 −1 0   x  3
Þ  2 3 4   y  = 17  ½
\AB =  4 − 12 + 8 4 + 6 − 4 −8 − 12 + 20  ½ 0 1 2   z  7
 −4 + 4 2−2 −4 + 10      

6 0 0  3
= 0 6 0  = 6 I 1 AX = C, where C = 17  ½
0 0 6  7
   
124 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

x  40 34 33   27 
− − −
X = y ½  27 27 27   27 
z  10 22 66   54 
  = − + −  = −  ½
 27 27 27   27 
Þ A–1AX = A–1C
 50 2 33   81 
Þ X = A–1C 1  27 − +  
27 27   27 
 2 2 −4   3  1
 12   2 
1  −1
Þ X =  −4 2 −4  17  =  −6  =  −1 ½
6  2 −1 5   7  6  24   4  =  −2 
       3
 
\ x = 2, y = – 1 and z = 4 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] Þ x = – 1, y = – 2 and z = 3 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
1 2 5 
Q. 7. If A =  1 -1 -1 5 0 4 1 3 3 
 2 3 -1
  Q. 8. Given A =  2 3 2  , B–1 = 1 4 3  , compute
 1 2 1 1 3 4 
   
(AB)–1. R&U [Comptt. 2018 Set I, II, III]
R&U [O.D. Set III Comptt. 2012]
Sol. |A| = 5(– 1) + 4(1) = – 1 1
C11 = – 1 C21 = 8 C31 = – 12
1 2 5 
Sol. A =  1 −1 −1 C12 = 0 C22 = 1 C32 = – 2 2
 2 3 −1
  C13 = 1 C23 = – 10 C33 = 15
a11 = (1 + 3) = 4  1 −8 12 
a12 = – (– 1 + 2) = – 1 A–1 =  0 −1 2  1
 −1 10 −15
a13 = (3 + 2) = 5 ½  
a21 = – (– 2 – 15) = 17
(AB)–1 = B–1A–1
a22 = (– 1 – 10) = – 11
a23 = – (3 – 4) = 1 ½ 1 3 3   1 −8 12 
= 1 4 3   0 −1 2  1
a31 = (– 2 + 5) = 3 1 3 4   −1 10 −15
a32 = – (– 1 – 5) = 6   
a33 = (– 1 – 2) = – 3 ½  −2 19 −27 
| A | = 1 × 4 + 2 × (– 1) + 5 × (5) =  −2 18 −25  1
 −3 29 −42 
= 4 – 2 + 25 = 27 ½  
 4 17 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
1 
Þ A–1 = −1 −11 6 
27  5 1 −3 Q. 9. Using matrices, solve the following system of

linear equations :
 4 / 27 17 / 27 1 / 9  x – y + 2z = 7, 3x + 4y – 5z = – 5, 2x – y + 3z = 12.
=  −1 / 27 −11 / 27 2 / 9  1 R&U [Delhi Set I, II, III, 2012]
 5 / 27 1 / 27 −1 / 9 

Sol. Given equations can be written as
Given set of equations can be written as
x + 2y + 5z = 10,  1 −1 2   x  7
 3 4 −5  y  =  −5
x – y – z =– 2  2 −1 3   z   12
and 2x + 3y – z = – 11     
1 2 5  x   10 
 1 −1 −1  y  =  −2  1
 2 3 −1  z   −11
    
Þ AX = B,
x  10  1
where X =  y  and B =  −2  a11 = 7 , a12 = −19 a13 = −11
z  − 11 
    a21 = 1, a22 = −1 a23 = −1 
On multiplying by A–1 a31 = −3 a32 = 11 a33 = 7 
X = A–1B
{1 mark for any four correct cofactors} 2
x  4 / 27 17 / 27 1 / 9   10 
Þ  y  =  −1 / 27 −11 / 27 2 / 9   −2   7 1 −3
1
z
 
 5 / 27
 1 / 27 −1 / 9   −11 Þ A–1 = −19 −1 11  ½
4  −11 −1 7 
 
1
DetermInants [ 125

\ X = A–1B  16 + 0 + 4 
1 
= − 20 + 0 + 10  ½
x  7 1 −3  7  10  4 − 0 + 6 
\  y  = 1  −19 −1 11   −5 1  
z 4  −11 −1 7   12 
     x  20   2 
 y  = 1  −10  =  −1
2 z 10  10   1 
= 1 ½      
3
  The required solution is ½
\ x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3 \ x = 2, y = – 1 and z = 1.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
 3 -1 1  1 2 -2
Q. 11. If A–1 =  -15 6 -5 and B = -1 3 0 , find
 5 -2 2  0 -2 1
 
R&U [Foreign Set I, 2012]
(AB)–1. R&U [Foreign Set I, 2012]
Sol. Given equations are
x – y + z =4 1 2 −2
2x + y – 3z = 0 Sol. |B| = −1 3 0
and x + y + z = 2 0 −2 1
We can write this system of equations as = 1(3 – 0) – 2(– 1 – 0) – 2(2 – 0)
 1 −1 1   x  4  =3 + 2 – 4 = 1 ¹ 0 ½
 2 1 −3  y  =  0 
½ ½
1 1 1   z  2
     3 0
1+1
Now C11 = ( −1) =3−0 =3
Let AX = B, −2 1
 1 −1 1 
where A =  2 1 −3 , −1 0
C12 = ( −1)1 + 2 = −( −1 − 0 ) = 1
1 1 1  0 1
 
−1 3
x C13 = ( −1)1 + 3 =2−0=2 ½
0 −2
X = y
z
  2 −2
C21 = ( −1)2 + 1 = −( 2 − 4 ) = 2
−2 1
4 
and B = 0  ½
2 1 −2
  C22 = ( −1)2 + 2 = 1−0 = 1
0 1
1 −1 1
\ |A| = 2 1 −3 1 2
C23 = ( −1)2 + 3 = −( −2 − 0 ) = 2 ½
1 1 1 0 −2

2 −2
C31 = ( −1)3 + 1 =0+6=6
3 0
1
Now, X = A–1B 1 −2
–1
For A , we have cofactors matrix as C32 = ( −1)3 + 2 = −( 0 − 2 ) = 2
−1 0
 4 −5 1 
P =  2 0 −2  1½ C33 = ( −1)3 + 3
1 2
= (3 + 2) = 5 ½
2 5 3  −1 3
 
T
4 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 6
\ adj A =  −5 0 5  \ adj B =  2 1 2  =  1 1 2  ½
 1 −2 3  6 2 5 2 2 5
     

adj A 1 
4 2 2 1
Þ B–1 = ( adj B)
\ A–1 = = −5 0 5  1½ | B|
| A | 10  1 −2 3 
 
3 2 6 3 2 6
4 2 2 4  1
1  = 1 1 2 = 1 1 2 1
Thus, X = A–1B = −5 0 5   0  1 2 2 5 2 2 5
10  1 −2 3   2     
  
126 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, MatheMatics, Class–XII

Now (AB)–1 = B–1·A–1  1 −1 2   −2 0 1  1 0 0

 3 2 6   3 −1 1      
Sol. AB = 0 2 −3  9 2 −3  = 0 1 0  1
=  1 1 2 · −15 6 −5 1
 2 2 5   5 −2 2   3 −2 4   6 1 −2  0 0 1 
  
 9 − 30 + 30 −3 + 12 − 12 3 − 10 + 12  AB = I
=  3 − 15 + 10 −1 + 6 − 4 1− 5+ 4   −2 0 1 
6 − 30 + 25 −2 + 12 − 10 2 − 10 + 10   
  or A–1 = B =  9 2 −3  1
 9 −3 5   6 1 −2 
=  −2 1 0  1
 1 0 2 Given equations in matrix form are :
 
1 −1 2  x  9
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]   
0 2 −3 y  
   =  4  1
 2 -3 5  3 −2 4  z   −3
Q. 12. If A =  3 2 -4 , find A . Hence using A
–1 –1
 
 1 1 -2 AX = C ½
or X = (A)–1 C = (A–1) C 1
solve the system of equations 2x – 3y + 5z = 11,
3x + 2y – 4z = – 5, x + y – 2z = – 3. x  −2 9 6  9  0 
      
U&A [NCERT] [O.D. Set-II, III 2017] y =  0 2 1   4  =  5
 z   1 −3 −2   −3  3 
 2 −3 5  or
  or x = 0, y = 5, z = 3 ½
Sol. A =  3 2 −4 
 1 1 −2  [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]

or |A| = 2(0) + 3(– 2) + 5(1) = – 1 1  2 3 1

A11 = 0, A12 = 2, A13 = 1 Q. 14. If A =  1 2 2  find A–1 and hence solve the
 
A21 = – 1, A22 = – 9, A23 = – 5 2  -3 1 -1
A31 = 2, A32 = 23, A33 = 13
system of equations 2x + y – 3z = 13, 3x + 2y + z = 4,
0 2 1
x + 2y – z = 8. U&A [Delhi Set III 2017]
or A–1 = −1  −1 −9 −5
  Sol. Try yourself like Q.13 long Answer Type Q. II.
 2 23 13 
2 3 10 

Q. 15. In A = 4 -6 5  find A–1. Using A–1 solve the
 0 −1 2   0 1 −2   
 6 9 -20
= −1  2 −9 23 =  −2 9 −23
   
 1 −5 13  −1 5 −13
2 3 10 4 6 5
system of equations + + =2; + + = 5 ;
½ x y z x y z
Given equations can be written as 6 9 20
+ + =4 U&A [Delhi Set-II 2017]
 2 −3 5   x   11  x y z
 3 2 −4  y =  −5 or AX = B
     Sol. Here |A| = 1200
 1 1 −2  z   −3
Co-factors are
or X = A–1B C11 = 75, C21 = 150, C31 = 75 

 x  0 1 −2   11   1 C12 = 110, C22 = – 100, C32 = 30  2
 y =  −2 9 −23  −5 =  2 C13 = 72, C23 = 0, C33 = – 24 
or 
        75 150 75 
 z   −1 5 −13  −3  3
1  
A–1 = 110 −100 30  ½
or x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. 1½ 1200 
 72 0 −24 
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
Given equation in matrix from is :
 1 -1 2   -2 0 1  1
    
Q. 13. Use product 0 2 -3  9 2 -3  to solve the
 2 3 10   x  1
 3 -2 4   6 1 -2   1  
 4 −6 5 y = 2 1½
system of equations x + 3z = 9, – x + 2y – 2z = 4,  6 9 −20     −3
2x – 3y + 4z = – 3 U&A [Delhi Set-I 2017] 1
 z 
Determinants [ 127
or AX = B or x = 2, y = – 3, z = 5
or X = A–1B [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] ½
1 1
  2
x  
1  −1 
or y = 1½
3
   
1 1
 z   5 

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