SMOKE

Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions

http://www.smoke-model.org

What is SMOKE?
l Software package to prepare air pollutant emissions
data for input to chemistry-transport models (CTM)
l Open source Linux software developed by the University
of North Carolina Institute for the Environment with
Institute for the Environment funding from the U.S. EPA
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Boundary
Meteorology Emissions
www.smoke-model.org Conditions

CTM
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SMOKE SMOKE
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions
http://www.smoke-model.org http://www.smoke-model.org

What SMOKE is not… Features:

l An emissions model: SMOKE is an emissions data l Open-source, highly optimized
Actively developed
processor that has the primary function of translating l

emissions data for use in photochemical grid models l Criteria and toxics pollutants
l Supports CMAQ and CAMx
l A database: while it is packaged with tutorial data and
l Annual, daily, hourly
has specific file formats, SMOKE is software not data inventories
l MOVES and BEIS3
l Fire plume rise algorithms
l Flexible QA/QC features
l Large user community
l Active training program

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Training Overview Overall Goal

Lectures Hands-on Labs ž Emissions inventory ž Air quality model input
ž What is Emissions ž Area sources lab — Usually annual data — Hourly
Modeling? ž Biogenics lab (i.e. tons/yr) — Gridded
ž Emissions processing ž Point sources lab — Reported by source — By model species
basics using SMOKE (may be county or — May be 3-D file (layered)
ž Mobile sources lab
ž Running SMOKE coordinate)
ž Merge lab — By inventory pollutant
ž SMOKE-MOVES
ž Quality assurance lab (CO, NOx, VOC, etc.)
programs
ž SMOKE problem
solving

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1
Emission Inventories Source Categories
ž Database of air pollution emissions sources ž Point source characteristics
ž Top down vs. Bottom up — Country, state, and county (FIPS)
ž Emissions Equation: — Latitude and longitude
— Plant, point, stack, segment, and source category
E = A x EF
code (SCC)
E = emissions
— Ex: power plants, wildfires, landfills
A = activity (e.g. # of vehicles)
EF = emissions factor (e.g. annual tons NOx/vehicle) ž Non-point/Area source characteristics
ž Characteristics ž Source Categories — Country, state, and county
— Spatial — Point — Source category code (SCC)
— Temporal — Area/Non-point — Ex: residential heating, vehicular road dust,
— Mobile (on and off-road) livestock
— Chemical
— Natural
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Source Categories Definitions

ž Mobile source characteristics
— Onroad vs offroad ž Inventory pollutant: A compound or group
— Country, state, and county of compounds defined for record-keeping
— Road class (e.g. rural interstate, urban local)
— Vehicle type (e.g. light/heavy duty gasoline vehicles)
and regulatory purposes (e.g. CO, NOx, VOC,
— For onroad: on vs off network PM10, PM2.5)
— Emissions Mode: evaporative, exhaust, brakewear, etc
— Ex: light duty gasoline trucks on restricted highways,
lawn and garden 2-stroke gasoline engines ž Species: A compound or group of
ž Natural source characteristics compounds defined as part of the estimation
— Gridded land use/land cover of air chemistry in an air quality model
— Ex: biogenics, windblown dust, lightning, seasalt
(AQM) (e.g. CO, NO, NO2, PAR, TOL, OLE)

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Definitions Definitions

ž Speciation: Convert the inventory pollutant ž Map projection: The mathematical 2-d
data to the species needed by the AQM (e.g. representation of the spherical surface of the
VOC gets split into PAR, OLE, XYL, TOL, Earth
ISOP, and more)
ž Model grid: A 2-d region based on a map
ž Chemical mechanism: A parameterized projection; defined by starting coordinates,
representation of coupled chemical reactions number of columns and rows, and the physical
(e.g. CB5, SAPRAC99) size of the grid cells

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Model Grid Definition Definitions
ž Spatial allocation: Convert the source
spatial extent to the grid cell resolution
needed by the air quality model

ž Gridding surrogates: A dataset used to

spatially allocate the emissions to the grid
cells; developed from data at a finer
resolution than the emissions (e.g.
population, housing, airports, roads)

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Definitions Definitions
ž Model layers: Vertical spatial divisions of ž Elevated source: A point source in which
the atmosphere defined by an air quality emissions extend beyond the first model
model; used to model variations in the layer due to plume rise
atmosphere at different vertical positions
ž Plume-in-grid (PinG): A special
ž Plume rise: The rising of exhaust from point treatment of elevated sources in which the
sources due to the velocity and temperature plume rise is modeled with extra detail by
of the exhaust gases the AQM

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Definitions Cross-reference Example

ž Temporal allocation: Convert the annual X-ref table Profiles table
or daily inventory data to the hourly data
needed by the CTM State County ID ID Factor 1 Factor 2

NC Durham 14 13 1.2 10.4

ž Profile data: Factors used for converting
NC Orange 14 14 1.4 12.7
inventory emissions data to CTM data
NC Wake 15 15 1.7 18.3
ž Cross-reference: A dataset used to match SC all 17 16 1.6 15.2
sources in the inventory with profile data
17 1.1 9.8

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Area Emissions Processing Point Emissions Processing

ž Import data ž Import, speciation, temporal allocation,

growth/controls, plus…
ž Spatial allocation
ž No surrogates needed for spatial allocation
ž Speciation
ž May have day- and hour-specific emissions
ž Temporal allocation ž Determine elevated and PinG sources
ž Growth (to a future or past year) and ž Special processing for elevated and PinG sources
controls

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Mobile Emissions Processing Mobile Emissions Processing

ž Emission factors from MOVES depend on
ž Same steps as area emissions processing, emissions process (e.g. start exhaust,
plus… running exhaust, running evaporative, hot
ž May start with VMT and VPOP soak)
— Create emission factors using MOVES with ž Temporal allocation and speciation can
meteorology (T & RH) and speed data
depend on emissions process
— Emissions = emission factors (g/mi) x VMT (mi/hr)
ž Use this approach only for on-road mobile
— Emissions = emission factors (g/vehicle) x VPOP
sources (nonroad mobile and vehicular
road dust are processed as area sources)

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Natural Emissions Processing Merging

ž Biogenic Sources ž Combine independent import, gridding,
— BEIS3 emissions model speciation, temporal allocation, and other
— About 230 land use types (for BELD3 data) steps for a single source category to create
— Estimate winter and summer emission factors of the
model-ready files
different land use types for the modeling time
period. ž Combine multiple source categories into a
— Adjusted by temperature and solar radiation single data set, called model-ready output for
ž Geogenic Sources the CTM
— Volcanos and seeps may be treated as point sources ž Output correct units, species, time steps,
ž Outside of SMOKE grid, and file format for the CTM
— Lightning NOx, windblown dust, seasalt

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Quality Assurance
ž Compare emission totals from emissions
processor with inventory totals (by state, county, End of Part 1
SCC, etc.)
ž Compare emission totals after each stage of
processing
ž Ensure that input file formats are correct Next: SMOKE Basics
ž Ensure that no errors occurred during processing
ž Compare emissions between states and counties

©2014 Institute for the Environment 25 ©2014 Institute for the Environment 26