Note: If the number of files are very huge, then we can use less and more commands with Is to display page by page. $s /dev | less $s /dev | more If we want only fixed number of files either from top or from bottom we have to use head and tall commands with Is commands. $s /dev | head -5 > disply only top 5 lines $s /dev | tail -5 > display only bottom 5 lines Note: We can use these options simultaneously. When ever using options simultaneosuly then the order is not important. Ex: All the following commands are equal Sist-t-r Sis-t-rl Sis-lrt $is-ttr $is-tr Q1) Write the Command to display al Files including Hidden Files in Last Modifiction Time ‘Order. Oldest should be First and recent should be Last. It should include Inode ‘Number and the Number of Blocks used by that File, The Output should be in Long, listing Form? $ls -atrist 131279 4 -rw-r-r~ 1 durga durga 807 Jan 3 12:57 .profile 131277 4 -rw-r~-r~ 1 durga durga 3771 Jan 3 12:57 .bashre 162011 4 -rw-r--r~ 1 durga durga 220 Jan 3 12:57 .bash_logout 3 durga durga 4096 Jan 3 13:03 .gnupg 3 durga durga 4096 Jan 3 13:03 .local 404481 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 durga durga 4096 Jan 3 13:03 Templates Q2) Which Command will Lists all Files including Hidden Files along with their Inode Numbers? Is Q3) Which Command will make a Long listing of all the Files in our System including Hidden Files, sorted by Modification Date (Oldest First)? Is-latr DURGASOFT, # 202, 2” Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038, 83 85 25 26 27, 72.07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasottonline.com [email protected]a) False. It lists the files based on reverse of alphabetical order of names. srt > It ill list the files sorted by modification date (Oldest first) Q5) [sla wil False 2)date Command: We can use date command to display date and time of system. Various Options: 1) date +2%D To display only date in the form: mm/dd/yy 2) date +%T To display only time in the form: hh:mm:ss 3) date +%d To display only day value 4) date +%m To display only month value 5) date +%y To display only year value in yy form 6) date +%Y To display only year value in yyyy form. 7) date +%H To display only Hours value (in 24 hours scale format) 8) date +%M To display only Minutes value 9) date +%S To display only Seconds valueUNIX/LINUX £g.1; To display current system date in dd-mm-yyyy format. default format: mm/dd/yy date +%d-%m-%Y £g2; Create an empty file where file name contains current system date. touch "durgajobsS(date +%d%m%Y).log” durgajobs31102019.log durgajobs01112019.10g durgajobs02112019.log durgajobs03112019.log durgajobs04112019.log Eg 3: Create an empty file where file name contains current system date and time touch “durgajobs$(date +3%dxmV%HSKMM%S) log" durgajobs31102019205834.log Note: If the file name contains date and time then that file is said to be timestamped file file with timestamp) cal Command: $ cal > To display current month calendar. $ cal 2020 > To display total year calendar. $ cal 1 > To display 1st year calendar. $ cal 9999 - To display 999th year calendar. $ cal 10000 ~ cal: year '10000" not in range 1..9999 $ cal 08 2019 > To display august 2019th calendar Note: cal command can provide support only for the years 1 to 9999, ivanam, Ameerpet, Hyder 7/28 | wwew.durgasoftonline.com [email protected]Topic-5: Working with 1) Creation of Directories: ‘We can create directories by using mkdir command. 1) mkdir dirt To create a directory 2) mkdir dirt dir2 dir3 3) To create dir3, But make sure dir1 and in that dir2 should be available already. mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3 -p means path of directories. All directories in the specified path will be created. First dirt will be created and in that dir2 will be created and within that dir3 will be created. Case Study-1; Film Heroine's Manager heroines sunny jan2020, feb2020,mar2020, -dec2022 katrina jan2020, feb2020,mar2020, ......dec2022 kareena jan2@2e, feb2020,mar2e20,......dec2022 jan2020 schedule_1.txt schedule_2.txt schedule_31.txt $ mkdir heroines $d heroinesUNIX/LINUX $ mkdir sunny katrina kareena $ mkdir {sunny,katrina,kareena}/{ian,feb,mar,apr,may,jun,jul,aug,sep,oct,nov,dec}_{2020,2021,20 22} $ touch {sunny katrina kareena}/{jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun,jul,aug,sep,oct,nov,dec}_{2020,2021,20 22)/schedule_{1..31}.txt Case Study. Create 5 directories named with dir6,dir7,dir8,dir9 and dir10. In these directories create empty files with a.txt,b.txt,c.txt and d.txt $ mkdir dir{6..10} $ touch dir(6..10}/{a..d}-txt Note: *,[],{ } ete are called wild characters. We can use wild card characters in every command. 2) How to remove Directories: We can remove directories by using rmdir command. 1) $emdir dirt, To remove empty directory dirt 2) 2.$ rmdir dirt dir2 dir3 To remove multiple empty directories ‘Note: rmdir command will work only for empty directories. If the directory is not empty then we will get error. We cannot use rmdir for files. Hence the most useless (waste) command in linux is rmdir. durga@durga-VirtualBox:~$ rmdir heroines/ rmdir: failed to remove ‘heroines/': Directory not empty If the directory is not empty then to remove that directory we should use rm command. All internal content also will be removed. rm command can work for files also. Hence rm is. recommended to use than rmdir. durga@durga-VirtualBox:~$ rm heroines rm: cannot remove ‘heroines': Is a directory ‘Whenever we are using rm command for directories, we should use -r or -R option. Here case is not important. ivanam, Ameerpet, Hyder 7/28 | wwew.durgasoftonline.com [email protected]