Linking Words and If Clauses

although though even though
in spite of despite
A Study this example situation:
Last year Paul and Sarah had a holiday by the sea.

It rained a lot, but they had a good time.
You can say:
Although it rained a lot, they had a good time.
(= It rained a lot, but they …)
or
In spite of ⎫ the rain, they had a good time.
⎬
Despite ⎭
B After although we use a subject + verb:

Although it rained a lot, they had a good time.
I didn’t apply for the job although I had the necessary qualifications.
Compare the meaning of although and because:
We went out although it was raining heavily.
We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.
C After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:

In spite of the rain, we had a good time.
She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she continued working.
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
I didn’t apply for the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications.
Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite of, but despite (without of):
She wasn’t well, but despite this she continued working. (not despite of this)
You can say ‘in spite of the fact (that) …’ and ‘despite the fact (that) …’ :
⎧ in spite of the fact (that) ⎧
I didn’t apply for the job ⎨ ⎨ I had the necessary qualifications.
⎩ despite the fact (that) ⎩
Compare in spite of and because of:
We went out in spite of the rain. (or … despite the rain.)
We didn’t go out because of the rain.
D Compare although and in spite of / despite:

Although the traffic was bad, ⎧
⎨ we arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)
In spite of the traffic, ⎩
⎧
I couldn’t sleep ⎨ although I was very tired.
⎩ despite being very tired. (not despite I was tired)
E though = although:
I didn’t apply for the job though I had the necessary qualifications.
In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence:
The house isn’t so nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)
I see them every day. I’ve never spoken to them though. (= but I’ve never spoken to them)
Even though (but not ‘even’ alone) is similar to although:
Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep. (not even I was really tired)
Exercises
.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box.
I didn’t speak the language well she has a very important job
I had never seen her before we don’t like them very much
it was quite cold the heating was on
I’d met her twice before we’ve known each other a long time
1 Although she has a very important job , she isn’t well-paid.

2 , I recognised her from a photo.
3 Sarah wasn’t wearing a coat .
4 We decided to invite them to the party .
5 , I managed to make myself understood.
6 , the room wasn’t warm.
7 I didn’t recognise her .
8 We’re not close friends .
.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of.

1 Although it rained a lot, we had a good time.
2 a all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b we’d planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3 a I went home early I was feeling unwell.
b I went to work the next day I was still feeling unwell.
4 a Chris only accepted the job the salary, which was very high.
b Sam accepted the job the salary, which was rather low.
5 a there was a lot of noise, I slept quite well.
b I couldn’t get to sleep the noise.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:

6 a He passed the exam although .
b He passed the exam because .
7 a I didn’t eat much although .
b I didn’t eat much in spite of .
3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1 I couldn’t sleep. I was very tired. (despite)
I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
2 We played quite well. We lost the game. (in spite of)
In spite
3 I’d hurt my foot. I managed to walk home. (although)
4 I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)
5 We live in the same building. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)
6 They came to the party. They hadn’t been invited. (even though)
.4 Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end.
1 The house isn’t very nice. (like / garden) I like the garden though.
2 I enjoyed reading the book. (very long)
3 We didn’t like the food. (ate)
4 Laura is very nice. (don’t like / husband) I
IF-Clauses – Type 1
IF-CLAUSES – Type 1: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.
1. If we _____________ , we _____________ there in time. (HURRY, GET)
2. I _______________ to the doctor unless the pain _______________. (NOT GO, INCREASE)
3. If you _______________ in public places you _______________ into trouble. (SMOKE, GET)
4. We _______________ for a picnic tomorrow if the weather _______________ nice. (GO, STAY)
5. Everyone _______________ you if you _______________ them the truth. (BELIEVE, TELL)
6. If he __________________ up, he _______________ to work on time. (NOT WAKE, NOT GET)
7. If she _______________ her keys, she _______________ angry. (LOSE, BE)
8. If the baby _______________ a boy, I _______________ him Jonathon. (BE, CALL)
9. You _______________ an accident if you _______________ so carelessly. (CAUSE, DRIVE)
10. She _______________ it if she __________________ me the truth. (REGRET, NOT TELL)
11. If you _______________ the house now, you _______________ late for the meeting. (NOT
LEAVE, BE)
12. Margaret _________________ to the party unless you ______________ her. (NOT COME,
INVITE)
13. I _______________ you with the dishes if you _______________ tired. (HELP, BE)
14. We _______________ any tickets for the performance unless we _______________ them in
advance. (NOT GET, BUY)
15. If you _______________ shouting, I __________________ to you. (NOT STOP, NOT LISTEN)
16. If the dog _______________ again, I __________________ the police. (BARK, NOTIFY)
17. If you _______________ too much, you __________________ weight (EAT, NOT LOSE)
18. If it still _______________ tomorrow, I _______________ to work. (RAIN, NOT GO)
19. Unless she _______________ the ambulance immediately, her father _______________. (CALL,
DIE)
20. If you _______________ harder, you _______________ in your exams. (TRY, SUCCEED)
1. If I _________________ a car, I ____________________ to school. (HAVE, DRIVE)
2. If she _________________ foreign languages, she _________________ a job more easily.

(SPEAK, GET)
3. I _________________ to a lawyer if I _________________ you. (GO, BE)
4. If I _________________ the lottery, I _________________ myself for a new life. (WIN, PREPARE)
5. If I _________________ a purse on the sidewalk, I _________________ it to the lost and found

office. (FIND, TAKE)
6. If I _________________ my own car, I ____________________ to take the bus to work every day.
(HAVE, NOT HAVE)
7. Jane _________________ very happy if someone _________________ her a job. (BE, OFFER)
8. If she _________________ a mouse, she _________________. (SEE, PANIC)
9. If my dad _________________ more, we ______________________ our holidays abroad. (EARN,

SPEND)
10. She ______________________ so much if she _________________ smoking. (NOT COUGH,

STOP)
11. If I _________________ my son a lot of money, he _________________ all of it. (GIVE, SPEND)
12. I _________________ to get a better job if I _________________ a university degree. (TRY,

HAVE)
13. If you _________________ a dangerous animal in the street, what ______________________?

(SEE, YOU DO)
14. If dad _________________ harder, he ____________________ to ask his boss for more money.
(WORK, NOT HAVE)
15. I _______________ my friends more often if I _______________ more free time. (SEE, HAVE)
16. I _________________ the meat if it _________________ so salty. (EAT, NOT BE)
17. If she _________________ for more help, I __________________ her down. (ASK, NOT TURN)
18. If I _________________ her address, I _________________ her an invitation. (KNOW, SEND)
19. If he _________________ afraid of heights he ____________________ by plane. (NOT BE,

TRAVEL)
20. I _________________ more photos if the camera _________________. (TAKE, WORK)

1. If I ____________________ more, I ___________________________ the exam. (STUDY, PASS)

2. Mark ___________________________ me if he ___________________________ my cell number.
(PHONE, NOT LOSE)
3. We ___________________________ a taxi if the public transport workers _____________________
on strike. (NOT TAKE, NOT BE)
4. Mom _______________________ us to the beach if it _____________________. (TAKE, NOT RAIN)
5. If I _______________________ you were coming, I ___________________________ you at the
airport. (KNOW, MEET)
6. I ___________________________ them a present if they ___________________________ me to their
wedding. (BUY, INVITE)
7. If we ___________________________ a map with us, we ___________________________ the village
in time. (TAKE, REACH)
8. If Emma ______________________ up earlier, she ___________________ the train. (GET, REACH)
9. If I ___________________________ shopping, what ______________________________? (NOT GO,
YOU EAT)
10. If you ___________________________ the fine, you ___________________________ to prison. (PAY,
BE SENT)
11. She ________________________ me if she ___________________ I was busy. (NOT VISIT, KNOW)
12. We ___________________________ to Spain if there ________________ the right flight. (FLY, BE)
13. My dad _____________________ mom if she _________________ a poor lady. (NOT MARRY, BE)
14. If the wall ___________________________ properly it ___________________________ down. (BE
BUILT, NOT BREAK)
15. If I _____________________ more careful, I ___________________________ so many mistakes. (BE,
NOT MAKE)
16. I ______________________ there in time if the weather __________________ better (ARRIVE, BE)
17. If I ______________________ more time, I ______________________ my homework. (HAVE, DO)
18. If Nina ___________________________ well, my aunt ___________________________ her to the
zoo. (BEHAVE, TAKE)
19. If I ___________________________ to the stereo, I ___________________________ the doorbell.
(NOT LISTEN, HEAR)
20. If he ________________ with us to the cinema, __________________ himself. (COME, ENJOY)

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Linking Words and If Clauses

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although though even though

Last year Paul and Sarah had a holiday by the sea.

B After although we use a subject + verb:

C After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:

D Compare although and in spite of / despite:

1 Although she has a very important job , she isn’t well-paid.

.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of.

Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:

1. If we _____________ , we _____________ there in time. (HURRY, GET)

6. If he __________________ up, he _______________ to work on time. (NOT WAKE, NOT GET)

7. If she _______________ her keys, she _______________ angry. (LOSE, BE)

8. If the baby _______________ a boy, I _______________ him Jonathon. (BE, CALL)

9. You _______________ an accident if you _______________ so carelessly. (CAUSE, DRIVE)

18. If it still _______________ tomorrow, I _______________ to work. (RAIN, NOT GO)

1. If I _________________ a car, I ____________________ to school. (HAVE, DRIVE)

2. If she _________________ foreign languages, she _________________ a job more easily.

3. I _________________ to a lawyer if I _________________ you. (GO, BE)

5. If I _________________ a purse on the sidewalk, I _________________ it to the lost and found

8. If she _________________ a mouse, she _________________. (SEE, PANIC)

9. If my dad _________________ more, we ______________________ our holidays abroad. (EARN,

10. She ______________________ so much if she _________________ smoking. (NOT COUGH,

12. I _________________ to get a better job if I _________________ a university degree. (TRY,

13. If you _________________ a dangerous animal in the street, what ______________________?

16. I _________________ the meat if it _________________ so salty. (EAT, NOT BE)

18. If I _________________ her address, I _________________ her an invitation. (KNOW, SEND)

19. If he _________________ afraid of heights he ____________________ by plane. (NOT BE,

20. I _________________ more photos if the camera _________________. (TAKE, WORK)

1. If I ____________________ more, I ___________________________ the exam. (STUDY, PASS)

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1. If we _ , we _ there in time. (HURRY, GET)

6. If he ____ up, he _ to work on time. (NOT WAKE, NOT GET)

7. If she _ her keys, she _ angry. (LOSE, BE)

8. If the baby _ a boy, I _ him Jonathon. (BE, CALL)

9. You _ an accident if you _ so carelessly. (CAUSE, DRIVE)

18. If it still _ tomorrow, I _ to work. (RAIN, NOT GO)

1. If I _ a car, I ____ to school. (HAVE, DRIVE)

2. If she _ foreign languages, she _ a job more easily.

3. I _ to a lawyer if I _ you. (GO, BE)

5. If I _ a purse on the sidewalk, I _ it to the lost and found

8. If she _ a mouse, she _. (SEE, PANIC)

9. If my dad _ more, we ______ our holidays abroad. (EARN,

10. She ______ so much if she _ smoking. (NOT COUGH,

12. I _ to get a better job if I _ a university degree. (TRY,

13. If you _ a dangerous animal in the street, what ______?

16. I _ the meat if it _ so salty. (EAT, NOT BE)

18. If I _ her address, I _ her an invitation. (KNOW, SEND)

19. If he _ afraid of heights he ____ by plane. (NOT BE,

20. I _ more photos if the camera _. (TAKE, WORK)

1. If I more, I _______ the exam. (STUDY, PASS)