Chapter 5 Circuit Theorems

Exercises
Ex 5.3-1 R = 10 Ω and is = 1.2 A.

Ex 5.3-2 R = 10 Ω and is = -1.2 A.

Ex 5.3-3 R = 8 Ω and vs = 24 V.

Ex 5.3-4 R = 8 Ω and vs = -24 V.

20 10 2
Ex 5.4-1 vm = 15+ 20( − 2) =6+ 20( − ) =−2 V
10+ 20+ 20 10+ (20+ 20) 5

25 3
Ex 5.4-2 im = − 5=5−3= 2 A
3+ 2 2+3

3 3
Ex 5.4-3 vm =3( 5) − 18=5−6=−1 A
3+ (3+3) 3+ (3+3)

Ex 5.5-1
Ex 5.5-2

2 i a − 12
ia = ⇒ i a = −3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = −6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a ⇒ i a = −3 A
2
3 i sc = 2 i a ⇒ i sc = ( −3 ) = −2 A
3

−6
Rt = =3Ω
−2

Ex. 5.5–3 No independent sources ∴ v oc = i sc = 0 ⇒ apply 1A test source

v ab = v t

vt
KCL at a: 2v t + − 1 = 0 ⇒ vt = 25 V
2 Thev. equiv. ckt
v
∴ RT = t = 25 Ω
it
Ex 5.6-1

Finally:

Ex 5.6-2

2 i a − 12
ia = ⇒ i a = −3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = −6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a ⇒ i a = −3 A
2
3 i sc = 2 i a ⇒ i sc = ( −3 ) = −2 A
3

−6
Rt = =3Ω
−2
Ex. 5.6-3
12 × 24 12 × 24
RT = = = 8Ω
12+24 36
24
v oc = 30 = 20V
12+24

So we have 20
i= A
8+R

Ex. 5.7-1 Find v oc

From voltage divider

 6 
v oc = 18V
 6+ 3 = 12V

Find R T (short 18V source)

= 3 6+ 2 = 4Ω

∴Thev. equiv ckt ⇒

( v RL )2 (6 )2
For max power to R L ⇒ R L = R T =4Ω ∴ P = = = 9W
max RL 4
to R L

Ex. 5.7-2 Find i sc From current divider

 25 
i sc = 5.6 A
 25+3
i sc = 5A

Find RT (open 5.6A source) R T = 25+ 3 = 28 Ω

∴ Norton equiv. ckt À

2 2
For max power R L = R T = 28Ω ∴ P = (i ) R L = (5 2) (28) =175W
L max RL
Ex. 5.7-3 10V 5  "# 2

 5+R  #$
=!
(v L )2 t
PL = max
max RL RL

Now for VL to be maximized, Rt must be minimized

∴ choose R t = 1Ω
10 5 "# 2

∴ PL = !  6 $ = 13.9W
max 5

Ex. 5.7-4

v  2
vT 2
Pmax = 5 =
 40 
T
20 =
80
vT = 400 = 20V
PROBLEMS
Section 5-3: Source Transformations
P5.3-1
(a)

∴ R t = 2Ω
v t = − 0.5V
 (b) −9 − 4i − 2i + ( −0.5) = 0
−9 + ( −0.5)
i = = −1.58A
4+2
v = 9 + 4i = 9 + 4( −1.58) = 2.67V
(c) i a = i = − 1.58A

P5.3-2

16
KVL: − 10 + 3i a + 4i a − =0 ∴ i a = 2.19A
3
P5.3-3

V = (1.2kΩ )(2.5mA) = 3V

P5.3-4

KVL a: − 6 + i (9 +19) − 36 − v 0 = 0
⇒ v o = − 42 + 28 (5 / 2) = 28V
P5.3-5

− 4 − 2000 i a − 4000i a + 10 − 2000 i a − 3 = 0

∴ i a = 375 µA

P5.3-6

0V = (3 + R L ) (2A)
5 = 3+R L
∴ R L = 2Ω
Section 5-4 Superposition
P5.4-1

−12 − 6i a + 24 − 3i a − 3 = 0 ⇒ i a = 1 A

P5.4–2 Consider 6A source only (open 9A source)

From current divider:

 15 "# ⇒ v
v1 / 20 = 6
!15 + 30 $ 1 = 40V

Consider 9A source only (open 6A source)

Current divider
 10 "# ⇒ v
v 2 / 20 = 9
!10 + 35 $ 2= 40V

∴ v = v1 + v 2 = 40 + 40 = 80V

P5.4–3 Consider 12V source only (open both current sources)

KVL a: 20i1 + 12 + 4i1 + 12i1 = 0

⇒ i1 = −1/ 3mA
 Consider 12mA source only (short 12V and open 6mA sources)

From current divider

 16 "# 4
i2 = 3
!16+ 20 $ =
3
mA

Consider 9mA source only (short 12V and open 12mA sources)

From current divider

 12 "#
i3 = − 9
! 24 +12 $ = −3mA

∴ i = i1 + i 2 + i 3 = −1/ 3 + 4/3 − 3 = − 2 mA

P5.4–4 Consider 30mA source only (open 15mA and short 60V sources)

 2  = 6mA
Current divider ⇒ I = 30
 2+8
 6  = 2mA
∴ i1 = I
 6+12
Consider 15mA source only (open 30mA source and short 60V source)
Continued

4
Current divider ⇒ I = 15
 4+6  = 6mA

 6 
∴ i2 = I
 6+12  = 2mA

Consider 15V source only (open both current sources)

From current divider

 6/ /6   3 
i 3 = − 2.5
 6/ /6+12  = − 10
 3+12  = −. 5mA

∴ i = i1 + i 2 + i 3 = 2+2 −.5 = 3.5mA

P5.4-5 Consider 10V source only (open 4A source)
KVL 1st mesh a:
 v  +5 v 
 3   3
−3v x + 5
1
x1 x1
−ix = 0 
⇒ v x 1 = 15i x (1)

KVL 2nd mesh a: 5 (i x − v x1 /3) + 10 + 5i x = 0 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ v x1 = 10V

Consider 4A source only (short 10V source)

( 
) 
vx 2
Using current divider: 2
= 3 2v x − 4   ⇒ v x 2 = 16V
3 2
 2 + 3+ 5 2 
∴ v x = v x + v x = 10+16 = 26V
1 2

P5.4-6
KCL at b : i + 6i1 − 2 = 0
⇒ i1 = 1/3−1/ 6 i (1)
KVL around left lower mesh:
1(i1 +i)+3i1 −1 = 0 (2)

Plugging (1)into (2) ⇒ i = −1A

P5.4-7 Consider v2 source only

Voltage divider : v' = − v 2

 R "# 2

! R +R ||R $ 2 1 3

v' = − v
 R (R +R ) "# 2 1 3
Consider v1 source only ! R R +R R +R R $
2
1 2 1 3 2 3

 R ||R "# 2 3

! R ||R +R $
Voltage divider v" = v 1
2 3 1

 RR "# 2 3

! R R +R R +R R $
v" = v 1
1 2 1 3 2 3
Consider i1 source only

v' ' ' = 0 since no current flows through

R 2 ,R 3 and R 1

v1R 2 R 3 − v 2 (R 2 (R 1 +R 3 ))
∴ v = v ′ +v ′′ +v ′′′ =
R 1R 2 +R 1R 3 +R 2 R 3
Section 5-5: Thèvenin’s Theorem
Ex 5.5-1
P5.5-2 Use source transformations

R T = 10Ω
v oc = − 24V

P5.5-3 Use source transformations

Thev. equiv.ckt

P5.5-4 Find R T :

RT =
1
20 2 + 2.46 = 3.61Ω
20 + 2 + 2.4

Continued
Find v T :
v T = 2i1 + 4i 2
mesh i1 : 28i1 − 6i 2 = 0 116
mesh i 2 : − 6i1 + 10i 2 − 61 = 0 126

16 1 6
Solving 1 & 2 yields: i1 = 15
. A , i 2 = 7A
∴ v T = 3+ 28 = 31V
P5.5-5 Find v oc

KVL around 1st mesh a : − 50 + 2 i x − 20 + 4 i x = 0 ⇒ i x = 70 6 A

KVL around 2nd mesh a : − 4 i x +20+10i x + v oc = 0
⇒ v oc = − 90 V
Find i sc

1
KVL i x mesh a: − 50 + 2i x − 20 + 4 i x −i sc = 0 6
6i x −4i sc −70 = 0 116
1 6
KVL i sc mesh a: 4 i sc −i x +20+10i x = 0
6i x +4i sc +20 = 0 126
16 1 6
Solving 1 and 2 simultaneously ⇒ i sc = − 45 4 A
v oc
∴ RT = = 8Ω Thev. equiv.ckt :
i sc

P5.5-6
For v oc : v s − v oc
ix =
100
KCL at terminal a:
1
100
1 6 ! 1
v oc − v s − 9
1
100
1
6"#$
v s − v oc + v oc = 0
10
1
⇒ v oc = v s
2
Use current source at a-b to find RT:

v ab
ib = −
100
1  11
6"#$
1
KCL :
100 !
v ab − 9
100
− v ab + v ab − i = 0
10
1 v
⇒ i = v ab ∴ R T = ab = 5Ω
5 i
So Thev. equiv.
P5.5-7

vs + R1 ia + ( d + 1) R 2 ia = 0
vs
ia =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
( d + 1) R 2vs
v oc =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

vs
ia =
R1

i sc = ( d + 1) ia =
( d + 1) vs
R1

vT
−ia − d ia + − iT = 0
R2
R1 ia = −vT
vT vT R 2 ( d + 1) + R1
iT = ( d + 1) + =
R1 R 2 R1 R 2
vT R1 R 2
Rt = =
iT R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

(b) Let R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ. Then

1000 1000
625 Ω = R t = ⇒ d= − 2 = −0.4 A/A
d +2 625
and

5=
( d + 1) vs ⇒ vs =
−0.4 + 2
5 = 13.33 V
d +2 −0.4 + 1
P5.5-8
Since no independent sources v oc = i sc = 0 ∴ apply test source

V = v1 + vt

(V− 3 2 v1 ) V v1
KCL at V : 4 + 6+ 6 = 0 & with V = v1 + 1 so v1 = − 2A
v1 v 1
now i t = − = 1 A ∴ RT = t = = 3Ω
6 3 it 1
3

P5.5-9 R
V= v
R+R t t
2000
6 = vt (line 1)
2000 + R t
4000
2 = vt (line 2 )
4000 + R t

∴ v t = 1.2 V and R t = −1600Ω

8000
When R = 8000, V = 1.2 = 1.5V
8000−1600

P5.5-10

vt
i=
R+R t
vt
0.004 = (1)
2000+R t
vt
0.003 = (2)
4000+R t

so v t = 24 V and R t = 4000Ω

24
(a) 0.002 = ⇒ R = 8000Ω
R+4000

24
(b) when R = 0 then i = = 6 mA
4000
P5.5-11
From the graph, when v ab = v = 0 ⇒ i = i sc = 20 mA
when i = 0 ⇒ v = v oc = − 3 V
v oc −3V
∴ RT = = = −.15 kΩ = −150 Ω
i sc 20 mA

Thev. equiv. ckt À

P5.5-12

−12 + 6000 i a + 2000 i a + 1000 i a = 0

i a = 4 3000 A
4
v t = 1000 i a = V
3

0
ia = = 0
1000

−12 + 6000 i sc = 0 ⇒ i sc = 2 mA
4
vt
Rt = = 3 = 667 Ω
i sc .002

4
ib = 3
667+R

4
∴ i b = 0.002 requires R = 3 − 667 = 0
0.002
P5.5-13

1) disconnect R L
open circuit a − b KVL : − v ab − 4 i + 2i = 0, i = 10A
⇒ v T = v ab = − 2 i = −20 V

2) set independent source = 0 and place 1A source at a − b

KVL : − v ab − 4i + 2i = 0, i = 1A
⇒ v ab = − 2A
∴ R T = v ab 1 A = −2 Ω

3)

−20 V
−2 A = i L = ⇒ R L = 12 Ω
R L −2 Ω

P5.5-14
When the terminals of the boxes are open-circuited, no current flows in Box A, but the resistor in Box B
dissipates 1 watt. Box B is therefore warmer than Box A. If you short the terminals of each box, the resistor in
Box A will draw 1 amp and dissipate 1 watt. The resistor in Box B will be shorted, draw no current, and
dissipate no power. Then Box A will warm up and Box B will cool off.

P5.5-15
Redraw ckt as:
Since points A & B are at same
potential, virtually no current
exists between A-B ∴ open ckt.

Find R T : kill v cc source ⇒ R T = R 1 R 2 = R 1R 2 R 1 + R 2

 R 
v oc = v cc
 R +R 
2
Find v oc : voltage divider
1 2

 R 
where v oc = v cc
 R +R 
2
can replace above ckt as :
1 2

R 2 R1
RT =
R 2 + R1
P5.5-16

(a) Since there are no independent sources, apply test source

1
KCL at v be : − i t + 12 v be + v be − v c 1000 = 0 6

−1000i t + 501 v be − v c = 0 (1)

1 6
KCL at v c : v c − v be 1000 + 50 v be + v c 100 = 0
 11v +50000 v
c be = 0 (2)
1
also 1− v be 6 .1= i
t ( 3)
Solving (1), (2), & (3) simultaneously yields i t = 3.35 mA
vt 1V
∴ R IN = = = .299 kΩ = 299 Ω
it 3.35 mA

(b) Apply test source

1
KCL at v be : v be .1 + v be 2 + v be − v t 1000 = 0 6
 10501v = v be t (1)
KCL at v t : 1 v − v 6 1000 + 50 v + v 100 −1 = 0
t be be t

 11v + 49999 v −1000 = 0

t be (2)
Solving (1) & (2) yields : v t = 63.5 V
∴R out = v t i t = 635
. V 1 mA = 635
. kΩ

P5.5-17
When 0< V< Vp , it works as a pure resistor

so R = Vp I p Voc = 0
When Vp < V<Vm , it is linear but shows negative resistance characteristic

⇒ Voc = Voc I=0

= V1
Voc V
R = = − 1
I sc I1

When Vm < V< Vf , it is linear

so Voc = V I=0 = V2
Voc V − V2
R = = f
I sc Ip