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Grammar

The document discusses alphabets, strings, languages, and Chomsky hierarchy of grammars. It defines that an alphabet is a character set, a string is a set of characters from an alphabet, and a language is the set of all possible strings from an alphabet. It also defines grammar as a 4-tuple consisting of variables, terminals, rules, and a start variable. Finally, it explains Chomsky hierarchy which classifies grammars from type-0 to type-3 based on restrictions on production rules.

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17 views13 pages

Grammar

The document discusses alphabets, strings, languages, and Chomsky hierarchy of grammars. It defines that an alphabet is a character set, a string is a set of characters from an alphabet, and a language is the set of all possible strings from an alphabet. It also defines grammar as a 4-tuple consisting of variables, terminals, rules, and a start variable. Finally, it explains Chomsky hierarchy which classifies grammars from type-0 to type-3 based on restrictions on production rules.

Uploaded by

Camper Chill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alphabet, String & Language

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Alphabet, String & Language
 Alphabet ( ∑ )
• Character set 0&1

 String
• Set of characters defined over alphabet 10010

 Language ( L ) { 0 , 1 , 01 , 10 , 00 , 11 ,
• Set of all possible strings over alphabet 001 , 010 , 011, 101 ,
110 , 111 }

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Grammar

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Grammar
 Grammar (G) is a 4-tuple ( V , ∑ , R , S )

V : finite set of nonterminals / variables


∑ : finite set of terminals
R : rules / productions
S : start nonterminal / variable

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Grammar
 Symbols used as Terminal

• Lower-case letter ( a-z )


• Operator symbols ( + - / * etc. )
• Punctuation symbols ( , ; : () {} [] etc. )
• Digits ( 0-9 )
• Boldface string ( if , while etc. Used represent single terminal)

 Symbols used as Nonterminal

• Upper-case letters ( A-Z )


• S used as start symbol
• Lower-case italic names ( expression , statement etc.)

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Grammar
 Rules/Productions

• It will be of form V  w

 Start variable

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Chomsky Hierarchy

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Classification of grammar
 Grammars can classified on the basis of the nature of productions
used in them

 Chomsky have given grammar classification (Chomsky hierarchy)


• Type-0 : Phase Structured Grammar/Recursively enumerable grammar
• Type-1 : Context Sensitive Grammar
• Type-2 : Context Free Grammar
• Type-3 : Regular Grammar

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Classification of grammar : Chomsky
hierarchy

Type – 0
Recursively enumerable grammar

Type – 1
Context sensitive grammar

Type – 2
Context free grammar

Type – 3
Regular grammar

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Type-3 : Regular Grammar/Linear Grammar
 Contain productions of the form

A  tB | t or
A  Bt | t

 Specific form of RHS

• Single terminal
or
• String of single terminal and single nonterminal

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Type-2 : Context free Grammar (CFG)
 Contain productions of the form

AΠ

where
A : single nonterminal
Π : string of terminals and/or nonterminals

 String “Π” can be replaced by “A” (or vice versa) independent of its
context

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Type-1 : Context Sensitive Grammar
 Contain productions of the form

αAβαΠβ

 String “Π” can be replaced by “A” (or vice versa) only when it is
enclosed by the strings “α” and “β”

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT


Type-0 : Phase Structured Grammar
 Contain productions of the form

αβ

where
α and β both an be string of terminals and nonterminals

Trusha R. Patel, CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT

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