STUDEN

NAME T’S : -PRAYAG J.

PROFILE PRAJAPATI &
DEBMALYA
DUTTA
STANDARD & DIVISION:- 12th Science-B
ROLL NO: -PRAYAG J. PRAJAPATI-15
DEBMALYA DUTTA-2
SUBJECT: -PHYSICS
SUBJECT TEACHER:-NISHANT BAJPAI
SIR
ACADEMIC YEAR:-2023-2024

TITLE OF THE
PROJECT:-“TRANSF
ORMERS”
WHAT IS
A
TRANSF
ORMER
?
For many purposes, it is necessary to change (or transform) an
alternating voltage from one to another of greater or smaller
value. This is done with a device called transformer using the
principle of mutual induction.
The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a
device that steps up or steps down voltage. In a step-up
transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in a step-
down transformer, the output voltage is decreased. The step-
up transformer will decrease the output current, and the step-
down transformer will increase the output current to keep the
input and output power of the system equal.
The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is
used widely in the distribution and transmission of alternating
current power. The idea of a transformer was first discussed
by Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and was carried forward
by many other prominent science scholars. However, the
general purpose of using transformers was to maintain a
balance between the electricity that was generated at very
high voltages and consumption which was done at very low
voltages

MICH
AEL
FARA
 DAY
Michael Faraday  (; 22 September 1791 – 25 August
1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of
electromagnetism and electrochemistry.His main discoveries
include the principles of electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Though Faraday
received little formal education, he was one of the greatest
scientists in history. He also established the concept of
electromagnetic fields by his work on current carrying
conductors. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary
devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology,
and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became
practical for use in technology.Faraday was the first to provide
the concept of fields ,and provide a qualitative approach to
solving the mysteries of current carrying conductors rather
than using mere mathematical equations .His passion for
Physics is what motivates a lot of students these days to take
up physics in higher studies .He is the best example to show
that if you have a strong determination to achieve something,
there is no force stopping you to achieve success .Despite
being deprived of all the privileges ,Faraday followed his
passion and curiosity and uncovered many of the wonders in
the field of physics ,specially electricity and magnetism .
 TYPE Based on the levels of voltage used,
S OF transformers can be grouped into the
following 2 general categories: -
TRANS a)Step-up
FORME Transformer: They are
used between the power
RS generator and the power
grid. The secondary output
voltage is higher than the input voltage.
 b) Step-down Transformer: These
transformers are used to convert high-
voltage primary supply to low-voltage
secondary output.

The basic principle behind working of a

transformer is the phenomenon of WOR
mutual induction between two
windings linked by common magnetic KING
flux.. Basically a transformer consists of
two inductive coils; primary winding PRINCIP
and secondary winding. The coils are
electrically separated but magnetically LE OF A
linked to each other. When, primary
winding is connected to a source of TRANSF
ORMER
alternating
voltage,
alternating
magnetic flux is produced around the winding. The core
provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the
secondary winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the
secondary winding which is called as 'useful flux' or main
'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding is called as 'leakage flux'. As the flux produced is
alternating (the direction of it is continuously changing), EMF
gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction. This emf is called 'mutually
induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced emf is
same as that of supplied emf. If the secondary winding is
closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows through it,
and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one circuit
(primary) to another circuit (secondary).
Overall, a transformer performs the following
functions :-
1. Transfer of energy(electrical) from one circuit to
another
2. Transfer of electrical power through
electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in
frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

An Illustrative Diagram of the

Transformer: -
 CONSTR  PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER: -
UCTION 1. CORE
2. WINDING

OF A 3. INSULATION
4. TANK

TRANSF 5. TRANSFORMER OIL

6. OIL CONSERVATOR

ORMER 7. BREATHER
8. RADIATORS AND FANS
1 CORE: - These are made up of soft iron. It provides a
low reluctance path for electromagnetic flux and
supports primary and secondary windings. It is made
by stacking thin sheets of high-grade soft iron. A thin
insulating material separates each sheet to reduce loss
due to eddy current.
2.WINDINGS: - The transformer carries two sets of
winding per phase. These are Primary winding (The set
of turns of windings to which supply current is fed)
and secondary winding (The set of turns of winding
from which output is taken). Out of the primary and
secondary winding, the one with higher voltage is
known as High Voltage (HV) winding, and the other is
known as the Low Voltage (LV) winding.
3.INSULATION: - Proper insulation is the most
important part of transformers. Insulation failures can
cause severe damage to transformers. Proper
insulation is required for the stability and durability of
the transformers. Synthetic materials, paper, cotton,
insulating oil, etc., are used as insulation in
transformers.
4.TANKS: - The main tank of a transformer serves two
purposes:
1. Protects the core and the windings from the external
environment, such as rain and dust.
2. It serves as a container for oil and also support all other
transformer accessories.
5.TRANSFORMER OIL: - Most of the large
transformers are oil-immersed. The transformer oil
provides added insulation between the conducting
parts, better heat dissipation from the coils, and fault
detection features. Generally, hydrocarbon mineral oil
is used as transformer oil.
6.OIL CONSERVATORS: -The oil conservator is
located above the tank and bushings of the
transformer. A rubber bladder is present in some oil
conservators of transformers. When a transformer is
loaded, then the ambient temperature rises; this
causes an increase in the volume of oil inside the
transformer. A conservator tank of the
transformer provides adequate space for this
expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for
insulating oil.
7.BREATHER: -It is present in all oil-immersed
transformers that have a conservator tank. It helps in
keeping the oil-free from moisture.
 In the simple construction of transformers,
there are two coils of high mutual inductance
wound over the same transformer core. The core is
generally laminated and is made up of a good
magnetic material like silicon steel. Coils are
electrically insulated but magnetically linked via
transformer core. The coil across which alternating
voltage is applied is called primary coil P and the
coil from which output power is drawn out is called
secondary coil S. The assembled core and coils are
kept in a container which is filled with suitable
medium for better insulation and cooling purpose.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER: -The ideal transformer
has no other wastage/ losses. There is no leakage in
magnetic flux , the windings are found to have zero
resistance and there is no iron loss from its’ core.

EMF
EQUATI
ON OF
A
 TRANFO
The EMF equation of a transformer can be understood in the
form of a graph as follows: -

Where ,
T = Time period of the cycle
ɸ = Flux in the Weber
ɸm= Maximum Flux in the Weber
The graph formed is a sinusoidal wave .It reaches a maximum
value ɸm in the first quarter and decreases afterwards reaching
its maximum value .
Let ,
N1 – Number of turns in the primary coil
N2 – Number of turns in the secondary coil
Average rate of change of flux = Φm/(T/4) = 4fΦm
Where, f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced EMF per turn = Rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor = RMS value / average value
RMS value = 1.11  (4fΦm) = 4.44 fΦm [form factor of a
sine wave is 1.11]
RMS value of EMF induced in winding = RMS value of
EMF per turn x No. of turns
Primary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1
Secondary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2

This is the EMF equation of the transformer.

For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E1 = Supply voltage on the primary winding
E2 = Terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the
secondary winding

Voltage Transformation Ratio

 E 1 E2
=
N 1 N2

K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a

constant.
Case 1: : If N2< N1, K<1, it is called a step-down
transformer.
Case 2If N2 > N1, K>1, it is called a step-up transformer.

A transformer consists of two sets of

coils, insulated from each other. WORKI
They are wound on a soft-iron core,
either one on top of the other or on NG OF
separate limbs of the core . One of
the coils called the primary coil has A
TRANS
FORME
R
N p turns. The other coil is called the secondary coil; it
has Ns turns. Often the primary coil is the input coil and
the secondary coil is the output coil of the transformer
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the
resulting current produces an alternating magnetic flux which
links the secondary and induces an emf in it. The value of this
emf depends on the number of turns in the secondary. We
consider an ideal transformer in which the primary has
negligible resistance and all the flux in the core links both
primary and secondary windings. Let φ be the flux in each
turn in the core at time t due to current in the primary when
a voltage Vp is applied to it. Then the induced emf or voltage
εs , in the secondary with Ns turns is
dɸ
ϵ s =−N s
dt

The alternating flux ɸ also induces an EMF

also called the back EMF in the primary coil .

dɸ
ϵ p=−N p
dt

But ϵs=Vp If this were not so, the primary current would
be infinite since the primary has zero resistance(as assumed).
If the secondary is an open circuit or the current taken from it
is small, then to a good approximation
ϵs=Vs
Where Vs is the voltage across the secondary.Hence ,
 The above equations can be rewritten as : -

dɸ
V s =−N s
dt

dɸ
V p=−N p
dt

Hence , We can write that ,

V s Ns
=
V p Np

The above relation has been obtained using

three assumptions:
(i) The primary resistance and current are small.
(ii) The same flux links both the primary and the
secondary as very little flux escapes from the
core.
(iii) The secondary current is small.

If the transformer is assumed to be 100%

efficient (no energy losses), the power input is
equal to the power output, and since p = i v,
i p v p=i s v s

Although some energy is always lost, this is a

good approximation, since a well designed
 transformer may have an efficiency of more than
95%.
ip v s N s
= =
i s vp N p

Since i and v both oscillate with the same frequency

as the ac source, the above equation also gives the ratio
of the amplitudes or rms values of corresponding
quantities .
The below Equations show how a transformer can
affect the voltage and current ,
v s=
( )
Ns
v
Np p

I s=
( )
Np
I
Ns p
 The above Equations used apply to
PROBL an Ideal Transformer. While using an
actual Practical Transformer ,many
EMS problems relating to energy losses do
occur .Some of the problems faced
FACED are: -

WHILE (i)Flux Leakage:- There is always

some flux leakage; that is, not all of
USING the flux due to primary passes
through the secondary due to poor
A design of the core or the air gaps in
the core. It can be reduced by
TRANS winding the primary and secondary
coils one over the other.
FORM (ii) Resistance of the windings:-
The wire used for the windings has
ER some resistance and so, energy is lost
due to heat produced in the wire
(I2R). In high current, low voltage windings, these are
minimised by using thick wire.
(iii)Eddy currents:- The alternating magnetic flux
induces eddy currents in the iron core and causes
heating. The effect is reduced by having a laminated
core.
(iv)Hysteresis:- The magnetisation of the core is
repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field.
The resulting expenditure of energy in the core appears
as heat and is kept to a minimum by using a magnetic
material which has a low hysteresis loss.
 BIBLIO
The references
project are: -
GRAP used in this

 NCERT HY Textbook
 Internet
TH
AN
K