IEA HPP Annex 28 N 32

Country Report Germany Annex 28 Task 1

Further points to be discussed in the second meeting on 16./17. October at CETIAT:
• System definition/delimitation
• Definition of measurement for Task 2 (black box vs. grey box)
• Conclusions of system evaluation for test procedure and calculation method
• Missing items in existing standards for systems to be investigated
• Impact of the different boundary conditions on the test procedure/calculation method
Note that also results of Task 2 and Task 3 are to be discussed on the meeting to decide
about the basis for the test procedure and calculation method according to the time schedule
of our project matrix (document 21).
Working on the Swiss country report, the following items seem important to me, and I think,
they should be contained in the country reports of Task 1 as far as possible.

1 Analysis of the market

1.1 Systems and market share

Commonly the heating system in Germany is floor heating or radiator system with water,
heated by one central unit. Statistics about the sales figures in Germany also represent the
most commonly used systems:

Year Brine / Water Water / Water Air / Water Total : Heat pump for
Heat-pumps for hot water
space heating
2002 5.363 1.439 1.524 8.326 4.082

Changes from 2002 to 2003 (comparison of figures from January till June)
+ 2,93 % brine / water
- 2,27 % water / water
+ 30,68 % air / water
+ 6,6 % total market (heat-pumps for space heating)

Table 1: Sales figures of heat-pumps in Germany /3/

The most commonly used hydraulic schemes for space heating combined with hot water
production:
1) Modulation system – mono-energetic operation (Figure 1)
market share 20 %, only applied for small heat-pumps (max. 10 kW)
2) Mono operation with de-coupled modulation storage unit / heating water calorifier (Figure
2); market share 50 %
3) Mono-energetic operation – modulation system with heating water calorifier and heating
circuit distributor (Figure 3)
market share 30 %

Figure 1: Modulation system – mono energetic operation /2/.

Figure 2: Mono operation with de-coupled modulation storage unit (heating water calorifier)
/2/.
Figure 3: Mono-energetic operation – modulation system with heating water calorifier and
heating circuit distributor /2/.

1.2 Cooling with heat-pumps

Active cooling has almost no market share in Germany. Natural cooling has a small share
(few percent).
1.3 Systems under development
• Air to air and air to water heat-pump systems for passive houses, combined with hot
water production and ventilation (compact unit)
• Heat-pumps with CO2 and other natural refrigerants due to the „Eckpunktepapier“ of the
German ministry for environment. In this paper the ministry discusses a possible
prohibition of F-Gases until 2008 / 2012.

1.4 Data delivered by the manufacturer

Most producers give TÖSS-data (EN 255) /1/ and information for the installation. Some
manufacturers also deliver a more detailed correlation of primary / secondary temperatures
with heating power and electric consumption:

Figure 4: Dependency of brine temperature, water temperature, heating power and electric
power consumption /2/.
1.5 Required efficiencies
A minimum efficiency is not demanded by a standard but for the “Gütesiegel” is
Minimum measured COP (according to EN 255)
• Air / Water : 3.0 (at A2/W35)
• Brine / Water : 4.0 (at B0/W35)
• Water / Water : 4.5 (at W10/W35)

Some mains give other values for financial support. This values differ from company to
company and also differ from year to year. There are no general values.

2 Standards
2.1 General

Heat-pumps:

Table 2: National regulations and standards for heat-pumps /2/.

Ventilation systems:
• DIN 1946

Domestic hot water systems:

• DVGW technical guidelines
• DVGW Arbeitsblatt W 551: heat up the total content of the hot water system (boiler,
pipes) over 60°C once a day. The regulation is not applied to boilers with less than 400
litres and to pipes with less than 3 litres.
• Trinkwasserverordnung (Regulation for drinking-water systems)
2.2 Testing

Heat-pumps:
Standard testing procedure is EN 255 for air to water and brine to water, water to water and
air to air heat-pumps. This tests are usually done at TÖSS, the values are published in a
bulletin /1/. There is no other institute recognised by the D-A-CH (Germany, Austria,
Switzerland).
For the Netherlands heat-pumps are tested by TNO as TÖSS is not certified according to
ISO 9000.
Other systems like heat-pumps combined with ventilation (with heat recovery) and hot water
production are not covered by EN 255. The testing is done according to conditions fixed by
DIBt (Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik – German Institute for Building Technology) specially
for each machine.

Ventilation systems:
• Fans according to DIN EN 24 613
• Thermal performance DIN EN 13 141 – 7 and DIN EN 13 141 – 8.
• Noise according to DIN 4109
• Heat exchangers according to EN 308

Domestic hot water systems:

• DIN 4708 (performance test of water calorifier)
• DIN 4758-8 (thermal losses of water calorifier)

2.3 Calculation of the seasonal performance

2.3.1 Method of VDI 2067

Calculation of the annual performance according to VDI 2067, No. 6 (technical guideline).
The method is similar to the one proposed by SPF (see Annex28_N19, presentation of Mr.
Wemhoener).

2.3.2 Method of DIN 4702-8 (not for heat-pumps)

For other heating systems (gas, oil, ...), the DIN 4702-8 defines an annual performance.
Here, the heating demand is divided in five equal parts. For each part an average outside
temperature an heating demand is defined.

Relative heating
demand Outside temperature
φ [%] taußen [°C]
63 - 3,9
48 0,6
39 3,3
30 6,0
13 11,1
Table 3: Heating demand and outside temperature in DIN 4702/8
The annual performance („Normnutzungsgrad“) is:
5
ηN = 5
,
1
∑ε
i =1 i

where εi is the COP at each point in table 2.

The correlation of outlet temperature of the heat source and the ambient temperature is
fixed.

63% 48% 39% 30% 13%

75 75

70 70

65 Outlet / Inlet 65
75°C / 60°C
60 60

55 55
Outlet temperature in °C

50 50

45 Outlet / Inlet 45
55°C / 35°C
40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Ambient temperature in °C

Figure 5: Correlation of ambient temperature and in/outlet temperatures for two different
heating systems.

2.3.3 Method of DIN 4701-10 (for all heating systems)

In the standard DIN 4701-10 an other calculation method is presented. The advantage is the
direct comparison of different heating systems (boiler, heat-pump, ...) since all heating
systems are characterised by the primary energy use. The basic equation is:
QP = (Q h + Q tw ) ⋅ eP

with
QP primary energy use of a building
Qh heating demand
Qtw hot water demand
eP Aufwandszahl
Three different calculation methods for the Aufwandzahl are allowed:
1. determination by diagrams
2. table calculation method
3. detailed calculation

For hot water with a heat pump the Aufwandzahl is the reciprocal of the COP, corrected by
factors:
1
e TW ,g =
ε N ⋅ F1 ⋅ F2

with: εΝ COP according to DIN EN 255/3

F1 correction for hot water temperature
F2 correction for heat source

For the heating, the Aufwandzahl is the reciprocal of the annual performance:

e L,g,WP = 1 / β WP

The annual performance may become difficult (as for example for exhaust air heat pumps
with an air to air heat recovery), but still it is represented by one equation, achieved by the
correction of the three measurement points:

β HP = ε N(A-3) . F ϑ-3 + ε N(A4) . Fϑ4 + ε N(A10) . Fϑ10

with: β HP annual performance in [-]

ε N(A-3) COP at ambient air temperature of -3°C, in [-]
ε N(A4) COP at ambient air temperature of 4°C, in [-]
ε N(A10) COP at ambient air temperature of 10°C, in [-]
F ϑ−3 correction for –3°C, in [-]
F ϑ4 correction for 4°C, in [-]
F ϑ10 correction for 10°C, in [-]

For a brine water heat pump the equation is::

βHP = εN(B0/W35) . Fϑ . F∆ϑ

with: β HP annual performance in [-]

εN(B0/W35) COP according to EN 255 at B0/W35, in [-]
Fϑ correction for brine temperature, in [-]
F∆ϑ correction for temperature difference of the heating system (inlet-outlet), in [-]

For an air to water heat pump the annual performance is derived by a correction of EN 255
values:
βHP = (εN(A-7/W35) . Fϑ-7 + εN(A2/W35) . Fϑ2 + εN(A10/W35) . Fϑ10) . F∆ϑ

with: β HP annual performance in [-]

εN(A-7/W35) COP according to EN 255 at A-7/W35, in [-]
εN(A2/W35) COP according to EN 255 at A2/W35, in [-]
 εN(A10/W35) COP according to EN 255 at A10/W35, in [-]
Fϑ−7 correction for A-7, in [-]
Fϑ2 correction for A2, in [-]
Fϑ10 correction for A10, in [-]
F∆ϑ correction for heating system, in [-]

The correction factors for the heating demand have to be determined with regard to other
national standards for the calculation of the heating demand of the building, in Germany the
DIN 4108-6 (developed on the base of EN 832).
For the hot water production it should be possible to find values for the factors which do not
depend on a country. The big influence factor is the calculation of the heating demand (which
differs from country to country).

2.4 Energy demand of the house

• EnEV (general standard for houses and heating systems)
• DIN 4108-6 Heating demand of the house
• DIN V 4701 (calculation methods for heating demand and DHW demand), only till 2004-
08-01
• EN 12831 (instead of DIN 4701)
• EN 12828 (hot water based heating systems)

2.5 Meteorological data

For the system design different minimum and average outside temperatures are given by
DIN 4701 or EN 12831.
For a more detailed system design (which is not required by the standard), meteorological
data sets are the “Test Reference Years” from DWD (Deutscher Wetter-Dienst). There are 12
data sets for different regions in western part of Germany. Unfortunately for the eastern part
of Germany the Test Reference Years are not yet available. Usually for the eastern part of
Germany the program Meteonorm is used.

3 Heat-pump design
The energy demand of the building for heating an hot water is calculated according to DIN
4701. For further design of the heat-pump there is no common standard. Some
manufacturers give a calculation method for the system design.
Table 4: Recommendations of Viessmann for the heat-pump design /2/.

Table 5: Design of heat-pump power according to DIN 4701, respecting cut-off times from
the mains /2/.

Hot water demand is determined according to DIN 4701, but only if the hot water
consumption exceeds a certain percentage of the total heating power.
Table 6: Hot water demand /2/.

Bivalent operation are taken into account by some manufacturers (no standard).

Figure 6: Dual-mode heating systems, parallel and alternative dual-mode operation /2/.
Figure 7: Design criteria for ground probes /2/
Figure 8: Ground temperatures according to VDI 4640

Figure 9: Design criteria for ground collectors (no standard) /2/

Figure 10: Design criteria for ground water heat-pumps (no standard) /2/

In many regions, ground water heat-pumps need the permission of local authorities /2/. The
Approval may be subject to certain conditions. Insofar as connection and use of public water
supply are compulsory, a permit for the utilisation of groundwater as heat source may be
required from the parish council.

4 Electric power supply

Figure : Information about power supply and tariffs /2/.

5 Refrigerants
Refrigerants with F and Cl are forbidden in Germany (like R 22).
End of 2002 the German ministry for environment published a paper where a prohibition of F-
gases is discussed. The reason is that during the Kyoto conference the German government
promised to reduce CO2 emissions /4/.

6 What is missing in EN 255?

Combined hot water production and heating:
• Part load buffering in the DHW storage tank
• Combination of heat-pumps with solar thermal systems

Combined ventilation and heating:

• EN 255 is not valid for exhaust air heat pumps with variable air flow rate.
Suggestion: determine the air flow rates according to DIN EN 13141.
• The ventilation heat exchangers for the heat recovery are tested according to EN 308.
Unfortunately this gives different measurement points than EN 255 for exhaust air heat
pumps.
• Combined use of exhaust air and ambient air as a heat source for the heat pump is not
regarded. This is of special interest for heating systems in ultra-low energy houses an
passive houses.

General
• Comparison of electric heat pumps, thermal boilers and thermal heat pumps: The annual
performance of electric heat pumps is calculated with VDI 2067, No. 6. There is no direct
comparison to other heating systems (gas, oil, biomass) DIN 4702/8 and direct electric
heating systems (EnEV).

7 Suggestions for a calculation method

We suggest the different methods for the standard. All methods should be based on the
comparison of primary energy use:

7.1 Diagram determination method

It should be possible to define a standard diagram (or table) calculation method, for example
as it is given in DIN 4701-10. This method is sufficient for standard systems.
To do: A detailed review of the heating demand is necessary for a final evaluation of this
method.

7.2 Simplified calculation method

A method as presented by C. Wemhoener (similar to VDI 2067) should be sufficient for more
complex systems. This values lead directly to an annual performance which may be used in
characterising the heat-pump in a building (method of EnEV). As it has been shown in a
study /5/ there is almost no difference of the calculation according to DIN 4702/8 and VDI
2067 when the full load is taken into account. But usually for the characterisation of oil or gas
boilers the full load point is not regarded.
To do: The method has to be verified (an possibly extended) for a comparison with boilers
(and other heating systems).

7.3 Detailed calculation method

For standard systems the detailed calculation is not necessary. But a new EN 255 should be
open for other systems and give the opportunity to calculate them on a daily / hourly basis or
more detailed dynamic simulations.

For the daily method, the heating demand for each day is calculated by a static model from
the heat losses and gains of the house /6/. The hot water demand is given per day.
The heating system has to cover the energy demand of the day. The heating power is
determined by a static model from average source and sink temperature for the day. If the
heat-pump is not able to cover the energy demand, an additional heat source is switched on
(dual-mode parallel) or the heat pump is switched off according to source temperatures
(dual-mode bivalent). Energy demand of the control, pumps and fans is determined per day.
Solar thermal collectors of other heat sources can be included in the model.

For more detailed dynamic simulations, an extension of the MATLAB-Carnot models would
be helpful. Possibilities today:
• Linear heat pump model (suitable for brine / water and water / water heat-pumps)
• Refrigerant properties
• Properties of humid air

Future extensions (and possible contributions to Annex 28):

• Detailed compressor model
• Detailed models of heat exchangers as evaporator, condenser, de-superheater und sub-
cooler
• Condensing and freezing model of air heat exchangers
• Simple model of air to water heat-pump with appropriate corrections for defrost mode

8 Literature
/1/ WPZ Bulletin, No. 35, 2003
/2/ Vitocal 300, Technical Guide, Viessmann 2003
/3/ Bundesverband Wärmepumpe (BWP) e.V., 2003
/4/ Bundesumweltministerium: Eckpunktepapier zum Ausstieg aus den F-Gasen, Oktober
2002
/5/ Forschungszentrum Kältetechnik und Wärmepumpen: Theoretische Ermittlung der
Jahresarbeitszahlen für verschiedene Wärmepumpenkreisläufe, Hannover 2003
/6/ Wittekindt, Udo: Energetische Jahresbilanzierung von Kompakten Heizungs- und
Lüftungssystemen für Passivhäuser, Diplomarbeit Universität Gesamthochschule
Kassel, Fachbereich 15, Maschinenbau, Institut für Solar- und Anlagentechnik, 2002