30- SQL
CHEATCODE FOR
EBEGINNERS
This is used to retrieve data from one or more tables. It is
SELECT
the most basic and frequently used query in SQL.
EXAMPLE: SELECT * FROM table_name;
WHERE This is used to filter data based on certain conditions.
EXAMPLE:SELECT* FROM table_name WHERE Column_name = value;
ORDER BY This is used to sort data in ascending or descending
order.
EXAMPLE:SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC/DESC;
This is used to retrieve data from one or more tables. It is
GROUP BY
the most basic and frequently used query in SQL.
EXAMPLE:SELECT column_name, COUNT(") FROM table_name GROUP BY
column_name;
This is used to combine data from two or more tables
JOIN
based on a related column.
EXAMPLE: SELECT* FROM tablel JOiN table2 ON tablel.column_name =
table2.column_name;
INSERT INTO This is used to insert new data into a table.
EXAMPLE: INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2, column3) VALUES
(valuel, value2, value3);
UPDATE This is used to update existing data in a table
EXAMPLE: UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value WHERE
condition;
DELETE This is used to delete data from a table.
EXAMPLE:DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
DISTINCT This is used to retrieve unique values from a column
EXAMPLE:SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;
LIKE This is used to search for patterns in a column.
EXAMPLE: ELECT* FROM table_name WHERE column_name
LIKE %pattern%';
BETWEEN This is used to retrieve data within a range
EXAMPLE:SELECT *FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN
valuel AND value2;
IN
This is used to retrieve data where a column matches any
value in a list.
EXAMPLE: SELECT* FROM table_name WHERE Column_name
IN (value1, value2, value3);
This is used to retrieve data that does not meet a certain
NOT
condition
EXAMPLE: SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT column_name = value;
DISTINCT This is used to retrieve unique values from a column
EXAMPLE: SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;
MAX This is used to retrieve the maximum value in a column.
EXAMPLE:SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
MIN This is used to retrieve the minimum value in a column.
EXAMPLE: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
AVG This is used to retrieve the average value ofa column.
EXAMPLE: SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
SUM This is used to retrieve the sum of values in a column
EXAMPLE:SELECT SUM(column _name) FROM table_name;
COUNT This is used to retrieve the number of rows in a table.
EXAMPLE :SELECT COUNT(") FROM table_name;
This is used to filter data based on a condition that uses
HAVING
an aggregate function.
EXAMPLE: SELECT column_name, AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name HAVING AVG(column_name) > 10;
This is used to combine the result of two or more SELECT
UNION
statements.
EXAMPLE: SELECT column_name FROM tablel UNION SELECT
column_name FROM table2;
This is used to retrieve data from the first SELECT Statement
EXCEPT that is not present in the second SELECT Statement.
EXAMPLE: SELECT column_name FROM table1 EXCEPT SELECT
column_name FROM table2;
This is used to retrieve data that is common to both
INTERSECT
SELECT statements.
EXAMPLE: SELECT column_name FROM tablel INTERSECT SELECT
column_name FROM table2;
EXISTS This is used to check if a subquery returns any rows.
EXAMPLE: SELECT*FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *FROM table2
WHERE tablel.column_name = table2.column_name);
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name > ANY
ANY
(SELECT column_name FROM table2);
EXAMPLE:SELECT *FROM table_name WHERE column_name> ANY (SELECT
column_name FROM table2);
ALL This is used to compare a value with all values in a list or
subquery.
EXAMPLE: SELECT* FROM table_name WHERE column_name > ALL (SELECT
column_name FROM table2);
CASE This is used to apply conditional logic in a SELECT statement.
EXAMPLE: SELECT column_name, CASE WHEN Column_name = value
THEN 'Output1'ELSE 'Output2' END FROM table_name;
This is used to retrieve the first non-null value from a list
cOALESCE
of values.
EXAMPLE: SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2,column3) FROM
table_name;
NULLIF
This is used to compare two values and return null if they
are equal.
EXAMPLE :SELECT NULLIF(column1, column2) FROM table_name;
This is used to combine rows from two or more tables
JOIN based on a related column.
EXAMPLE:SELECT column1, column2 FROM tablel JOIN table2 ON
table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE This is used to delete all data from a table
EXAMPLE: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
ALTER TABLE This is used to modify the structure ofa table.
EXAMPLE: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name data_type;
INDEX
This is used to create an index on a column, which can
improve the performance of queries.
EXAMPLE:CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name);
This is used to enforce rules on columns, such as
CONSTRAINT
requiring a value to be unique or not null.
EXAMPLE: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name
UNIQUE (column_name);
This is used to create a virtual table based on a SELECT
VIEW
statement, which can be used like a regular table
EXAMPLE: CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT COlumn1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE column1= value;
