 Specialconcrete is defined as concrete which

meets special performance and uniformity

requirements that cannot always be achieved
routinely by using only conventional
materials and normal mixing, placing and
curing practices.
 Itis one of the recent emerging technology
in making concrete. It has many advantages
when compared to the normal conventional
concrete.
 Fly ash is considered as one of the waste
industrial product that cannot be easily
disposed. It solves the problem of disposal of
fly ash and at the same time it reduces the
cost of the construction.
 The density is considerably reduced by using
fly ash based cellular lightweight concrete
than normal concrete and at the same time,
the strength is not affected by appropriate
design mix.
 The manufacturing process of this type of
concrete does not involve any high cost
techniques. Manufacturing process of LWC is
similar to normal concrete and in this
additionally foam generating machine is
used.
 Itis a version of lightweight concrete that is
produced like normal concrete under ambient
conditions. It is produced by initially making
a slurry of Cement +Sand + Fly Ash
(constituting 26% – 34 % content) + water

A cellular concrete is a lightweight product

consisting of Portland cement, cement-silica,
cement-pozzolan, lime-pozzolan, lime-silica
pastes or pastes containing blends of these
gradients and having homogeneous void or cell
structure, attained with gas-forming
chemicals of foaming agents.
 In cellular lightweight concrete, the density
can be controlled by the introduction of gas
or foam by foam generator.
 CLC is an air-cured lightweight concrete with
fly ash as a major ingredient that can be
produced at large project sites just like
traditional concrete, utilizing equipment and
moulds normally used for traditional
concreting.
 CLC block floats in water

Foam generator
 Fly Ash as a new additional constituent in its
manufacture. Fly ash can constitutes more than 25%
(ranging between 26% to 33%) of the solid material
constituents of CLC mixes for different density
outputs.

 Fly-ash- a nuisance waste product from thermal

power plants – as an over 25 % constituent material.
This CLC can be produced in a density range of 400
kg/m3 to 1,800 kg/m3, with high insulation value and
a 28-day cube crushing strength of up-to 275 kg/cm2.

 It is not only found a productive use of a waste

industrial product, but incorporation of fly ash also
saves nearly 40% on cement content, otherwise
needed for the corresponding Cement and Sand only
mixes, thereby also leading to substantial reduction
in the cost of manufacture.
 Normally the density of the
cellular light weight concrete ranges
from 400 kg/m3 to 1,800 kg/m3
 Cellular Light Weight
Concrete based housing
is fire proof, termite
proof, thermally insulated,
sound proof, environment
friendly. Cellular Light Weight
Concrete
 It has low weight.
 It has good fire resistance.
 It has good thermal insulation property.
 Thermal expansion is negligible.
 Freezing and thawing problems are absent.
 Sound absorption is good
 It is used for the construction of partition
walls.
 It is used for partitions for heat insulation
purposes.
 It is used for the construction of hollow filled
floors.
❑ Aerated concrete is made by air or gas int o
slurry composed of portland cement or lime
and fiely crushed siliceous filler so that mix
sets and hardened uniformly hardened
concrete formed.
❑ Aerated concrete is also refered to a gas
concrete, foam concrete or cellular
concrete.
❑ There are several ways for manufacturing
aerated concrete.
1) By formation of gas by chemical reaction
2) by mixing preformed stable foam with slurry
3)By using finely powdered metal (usually
Aluminum)
Properties:-
❑ Use of foam concrete has gained popularity
because of their thermal insulation property.
❑ Density varies between 300 kg/m3 to 800
Kg/m3.
❑ Lower density mainly used for insulation
purpose and medium density used for making
block.
 Higherdensity used for manufacturing
prefabricated structural member which used
with steel member.
 The third method for forming light weight
concrete is to omit the fines from
conventional concrete.
 The term ‘no fines’ itself suggest to omit fine
aggregate fraction from concrete.
 Concrete made up from coarse agregate ,
cement and water.
 Very often passing through 20 mm sieve and
retained on 10 mm is used.
 Single size aggregates make a good no fines
concrete and posses attractive architectural
look.
 Mix proportion:
 No- fines concrete made generally aggregate
/cement ratio of 6:1 to 10:1 mix proportion
 Strength depends upon W/c ratio, aggregate
cement ratio and unit weight of concrete.
 W/c ratio varies range between 0.38 to
0.52.
 Density of no-fine aggregate is 360 Kg/m3.
 Particular method for testing no-fine test is
not available but experienced visual
examination and trial and error method is
best guidance for this.
 The compressive strength varies for no- fine
is 1.4 Mpa to 14 Mpa.
 Itis used in large scale for load bearing cast
in situ external wall for single story and
multi storied building.
 Used as an attractive construction material
 Used as temporary structure because of low
initial cost.
 Good thermal resistivity used in thermal
insulation for external wall.
 Used as damp proof material in external
wall.
 Ferro-cement is a relatively new material
consists of wire meshes and cement mortar.
 Developed by P.L.Nervi, an Italian architect
in 1940.
 Widely used due to the low self weight, lack
of skilled workers, no need of framework
etc.
 Quality of ferro-cement works are assured
because the components are manufactured
on machinery set up and execution time at
work site is less.
 Maintenance cost is low.
 Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
 Its a type of thin reinforced concrete
construction, in which large amount of small
diameter wire meshes uniformly through out
the cross section.
 Mesh may be metal or suitable material.
 Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar
is used.
 Strength depends on two factors quality of
sand/cement mortar mix and quantity of
reinforcing materials used.
 Cement
 Fine Aggregate
 Water
 Admixture
 Mortar Mix
 Reinforcing mesh
 Skeletal Steel
 Coating
 Fabricating the skeletal framing system.
 Applying rods and meshes.
 Plastering.
 Curing
 Basic raw materials are readily available in
most countries.
 Fabricated into any desired shape.
 Low labour skill required.
 Ease of construction, low weight and long
lifetime.
 Low construction material cost.
 Better resistance against earthquake.
 Structures made of it can be punctured by
collision with pointed objects.
 Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to
the incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.
 It is difficult to fasten to ferro cement with
bolts, screws, welding and nail etc…..
 Large no of labors required.
 Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labors is
high.
 Tying rods and mesh together is especially
tedious and time consuming.
 Housing.
 Marine.
 Agricultural.
 Rural Energy.
 Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.
 Miscellaneous.
 Density of normal concrete-2400 kg /m3
 Density of Light weight concrete-
1900 kg /m3
 Density of High density concrete-3360 to
3840 kg /m3
 The high density concrete is used in radiation
Shield.
 Types of Radiation and Hazards:
1) Electro magnetic waves
2) nuclear particles
 Mainly
used to protect from x-rays and also
from hazards.
 Plain concrete posses very low tensile
strength , low ductility and low resistance to
cracking.
 Steel fibre, poly propelyene, nylons, asbestos
used as fibre material
 In steel fibre round fibre dia varies from 0.25
to 0.75 mm.
 poly propelyene and nylons used to increase
impact strength.
 Asbestos and mineral fibre used to resist
tensile strength.
 Tensile strength varies 560 to 980 N/mm2
 Glass fibre is newly introduced in fibre
concrete
 Tensile dtrength for glass fibre varies from
1020 to 4080 N/mm2.
 Carbon fibre has very high tensile strength
2110 to 2185 N/mm2
 Factors affecting Fibre reinforced concrete:
 Relative fibre matrix stiffness
 Volume of fibre
 Aspect ratio of fibre (strength and
toughness)
 Placement of concrete in inaccessible areas
has necessitated the use of pumps in today’s
construction. Especially with the growth of
ready mixed concrete across India, the need
for pumping has increased.
 Two types of concrete pumps (see Figure
1) are used:
 Direct-acting, horizontal piston type with
semi-rotary valves set to permit always the
passage of the largest aggregate particles.
 The concrete is fed in by gravity and is also
partially sucked in during the suction
stroke. The valves open and close with
definite pauses so that concrete moves in a
series of impulses, but the pipe always
remains full.
 These pumps are capable of pumping 130
m3 of concrete per hour with 8 inch pipes.
 Squeeze pumps or peristaltic pumps are the
ones that use vacuum pumping. These pumps
can cover a distance of 90 m horizontally and
30 m vertically, and are capable of pumping
20 m3 of concrete per hour using 3 inch
pipes.
 The bends in the pipes conveying concrete
from the pump should be minimal in order to
avoid losses
 The pipe diameter should be at least 3 times
the maximum aggregate size. Large
aggregates can especially tend to get
blocked near the bends.
 Requirements for pumped concrete:
 Concrete mixture should neither be too harsh
nor too sticky; also, neither too dry nor too
wet.
 A slump between 50 and 150 mm is
recommended.
 High cement content in concrete is generally
beneficial for pumping
 Water is the only pumpable component in
the concrete, and transmits the pressure on
to the other components
 For lightweight aggregate concrete,
pumping can fill up the voids in the
aggregate with water, making the mixture
dry.
 Itis a variety of concrete consisting of large
sized stones(Plums) with interstices filled
with concrete.
 Used mostly in mass concrete works like
concrete gravity dams
 Polymer concrete is part of group of
concretes that use polymers to supplement
or replace cement as a binder.
 The types include polymer-impregnated
concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer-
Portland-cement concrete.
 In polymer concrete, thermosetting resins
are used as the principal polymer component
due to their high thermal stability and
resistance to a wide variety of chemicals.
 Polymer concrete is also composed of
aggregates that include silica, quartz,
granite, limestone, and other high quality
material.
 The aggregate must be of good quality, free
of dust and other debris, and dry. Failure of
these criteria can reduce the bond strength
between the polymer binder and the
aggregate
 Density - 2260 kg/m3
 Rapid curing at ambient temperatures
 High tensile, flexural, and compressive
strength.
 Good adhesion to surfaces
 Good long-term durability with respect to
freeze and thaw cycles
 Low permeability to water and aggressive
solutions
 Good chemical resistance
 Good resistance against corrosion
 Lightweight
 May be used in regular wood and steel
formwork
 May be vibrated to fill voids in forms
 Some safety issues arise out of the use of
polymer concrete.
 The monomers can be volatile, combustible,
and toxic. Initiators, which are used as
catalysts, are combustible and harmful to
human skin.

 Polymer concrete may be used for new
construction or repairing of old concrete
 The low permeability of polymer concrete
allows it to be used in swimming pools,
sewer pipes, drainage channels, electrolytic
cells for base metal recovery, and other
structures that contain liquids
 It can also be used as a replacement for
asphalt pavement, for higher durability and
higher strength.
Thank you