ORACLE

1. DDL (Data Definition Language)

o We can define the data base objects.

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table,
altering a table, etc.

o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all
the changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE

o ALTER

o DROP

o TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

1. CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPE[size],DATATYPE[size],…
DATATYPE[size]);  

Number data type 0- 9 ( empno number(3)

Charater data type --- (char and varchar2) (a- z 0-9 sepcial (+-~~ )

Char(10) varchar2(100)

Date date type only date ‘dd-mm-yy’ ’01/05/21’

01/01/2021 dd/mm/yy

Example:
1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMPNO NUMBER(10),

EName VARCHAR2(20),

 Email VARCHAR2(100), 

DOB DATE);  

CREATE INDEX INDEX_NAME ON TABLE_NAME(EMPNO);

CREATE SEQUENCE S1;

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and records stored in the table.

Syntax

1. DROP TABLEtable_name ;  

Example

1. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;  
 c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either
to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

1. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;    

To modify existing column in the table:

1. ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);  
 A=1

B=2

I want to swipe the values from A to B and B to A

Expected out put

A=2 and B=1

Steps need to follow

Take one new variable C

C=A

A= B

B= C.

EXAMPLE

1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));  
2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));  

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space
containing the table.

Syntax:
1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;  

Example:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;  

2. Data Manipulation Language

o We can manipulate the data base objects (tables and views).

o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently

save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT

o UPDATE

o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row
of a table.

Syntax:

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    
2. (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)  
3. VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);  

Or

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    
2. VALUES (100, value2, value3, .... valueN);   

3. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    
4. VALUES (101, value2, value3, .... valueN);   
 For example:

1. INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");  

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the

table.

Syntax:

Update javapoint set author =’siva’ where author =’Sonoo’;

1. UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHER
E CONDITION]   

For example:

1. UPDATE students    
2. SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'    
3. WHERE Student_Id = '3'  

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];  

For example:

DELETE FROM javatpoint  WHERE Author="Sonoo";  

TRANSACTION :

If we perform any dml operation we can call it as transaction.

It may be insert ,update or delete.

3. Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant
 o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

1. GRANT  ALL ON TABLE_NAME TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;  

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

1. REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

2. REVOKE all  ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;  

4. Transaction Control Language

TCL stands for Transaction Control Statements.

TCL commands can work for only for DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
only.

It will either save the pending transactions or roll back the pending transaction.
These statements play the vital role because unless the transaction is saved the
changes through DML statements will not be saved in the database. Below are the
different TCL statements.

COMMIT Saves all the pending transaction

ROLLBACK Discard all the pending transaction
SAVEPOINT Creates a point in the transaction till which rollback can be done later
ROLLBACK TO Discard all the pending transaction till the specified <save point>

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:
1. COMMIT;  

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  
2. WHERE AGE = 25;  
3. COMMIT;  

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already

been saved to the database.

Syntax:

1. ROLLBACK;  

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  
2. WHERE AGE = 25;  
3. ROLLBACK;  

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling
back the entire transaction.

Syntax:

1. SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;  

5. Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used

to select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.

Syntax:

1. SELECT expressions    
2. FROM TABLES    
3. WHERE conditions;  

For example:

1. SELECT emp_name  
2. FROM employee  
3. WHERE age > 20;

SELECT * FROM ALL_USERS;

ALTER USER HR IDENTIFIED BY ASHOK;

ALTER USER HR ACCOUNT UNLOCK;

CREATE INDEX INDEX_NAME ON TABLE_NAME(EMPNO);

CREATE INDEX INDEX_SIVA ON EMPLOYEES(PHONE_NUMBER);

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX INDEX_SIVA_12 ON EMPLOYEES(EMPLOYEE_ID,COMMISSION_PCT);

--- how to copy the data from one table to another table (if table not present)

--- we are creating the table

create table employees1

as

select * from EMPLOYEES ;

select * from EMPLOYEES1;

--- how to copy the data from one table to another table (if table is already present)
insert into employees1

select * from EMPLOYEES; --- (both table must be same structure )

--- how to create duplicate table with out data

create table employees2

as

select * from EMPLOYEES where 1=2; --- false condition ---- creates empty table employe2

create table employees1

as

select * from EMPLOYEES ; --- true condition

aa